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A Strategic Study on Foreign Fund Utilization in Chinese Insurance Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol, nº 2, nº4 pp.238-256.Rosendahl. S & Marçal.M “When urban geology meets cultural tourism” WHEN URBAN GEOLOGY MEETS CULTURAL TOURISM Stefan Rosendahl1 Marta Marçal Gonçalves2 Abstract The region of Algarve (Southern Portugal) has a rich geological history, whose testimonies are the different rock types, their structures and the fossils. These can be found not only in the countryside, in quarrels or in the cliffs, but also in the towns, in the building-stones of monuments, other edifices or pavements. The state and the way of weathering of the stones informs about their exposition and durability. By observing the stones, they can tell us about their origin and age. Joining this history with the history of the buildings and their art, and knowing (or presuming) the local of the provenience of the building material, it is possible to get a more complete image of the whole context, including, for instance, the transport possibilities. If there are any “exotic” stones, that is to say stones whose origin was far from the visited site, we may take conclusions about trading connections in the country or even overseas. The inclusion of Urban Geology in the usual paths of cultural tourism will enrich the touristic offer of a town. It is aimed to people with historical and scientific interest and can be participated by persons with reduced mobility. The stones and eventually the fossils can be observed in the town during the whole year, at any weather, without the need of pollutant cross-country vehicles or long and exhausting walking-tours. Therefore, Urban Geology is a very interesting complement of the Cultural Tourism in the Algarvian towns. Keywords: Urban Geology, Cultural Tourism, Natural Heritage, Cultural Heritage, Algarve, Portugal 1 Instituto Superior Dom Dinis, Av. 1º de Maio, 164, 2430 Marinha Grande, Portugal, Tel: +351 96 781 1384, E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, Faro, Tel. 289800100, E-mail: [email protected]. 238 Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol, nº 2, nº4 pp.238-256.Rosendahl. S & Marçal.M “When urban geology meets cultural tourism” 1. INTRODUCTION The region of Algarve (southern Portugal) is one of the most visited touristic sites of Europe. Its main attractions are the beaches and the Mediterranean climate, so every year thousands of people, Portuguese and foreigners, come to spend their vacations there. In the last years the tourists’ habits have been changing. Many tourists want to learn about the heritage, tangible and intangible, of the region they are visiting, instead of spending a lot of time at the beach. The Algarve has an extension from east to west of about 140 km, and from north to south of about 40 km. There are three main landscape units which build up the Algarve region: in the north, a mountain chain of shale rocks with heights from about 200 to 400 m, which culminates in the “Serra de Monchique” with 900 m above sea level, is sparsely populated and has low agricultural capacity. To the south, the “Barrocal”, a hilly region, whose main rocks are limestone, has better ability for agriculture and is more populated. Finally, along the coast in the south, the “Litoral” is densely populated with a lot of touristic explorations and other economic activities. The main cities of Algarve are Faro, the capital of the district, Loulé, Portimão, Lagos, Tavira, Vila Real de Santo António, Silves and Aljezur. The cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, is influenced by Roman, Visigoth, Arabian and Christian occupation. However, a big number of buildings was destroyed in the earthquake of 1755, so a large part of the former architectonic heritage is lost. Beside the cultural heritage, there is natural heritage, which reveals itself mainly in the cliffs of the coastal areas in the western Algarve and in the watt coast with islands in the eastern part. Tourism is the most important economical factor of the Algarve. In the last years, there was a significant boom in this branch: The total revenues of the algarvian hotel establishments rose from 521.848.000€ in 2009 to 1.076.233.000€ in 2017. This corresponds to a growth of 106,6% in 9 years. In the same period, the overnight stays per 100 habitants grew from 2918,5 to 4586,9. This means an increase of 57,2% (PORDATA, 2018). The methodology used for the elaboration of this article involved bibliographic and webgraphic research, the study of topographic and geologic maps, discussions with colleagues and specialists, and visits to the locations and museums. The experiences obtained by the preparation and orientation of guided visits in the field and in the city were an invaluable contribution to this work. Previous works about examples of urban geology and cultural tourism exist, among others, about Lisbon (M. L. Rodrigues, Machado, & Freire, 2011), Madrid (Spain), focussing the degradation and decay of building stones (Perez-Monserrat, Buergo, Gomez-Heras, Muriel, & Gonzalez, 2013), some locations in France (Société Géologique de France, n.d.; 239 Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol, nº 2, nº4 pp.238-256.Rosendahl. S & Marçal.M “When urban geology meets cultural tourism” Wever et al., 2017), in Poland and Czech Republic (Chylińska & Kołodziejczyk, 2018), and the cities of Lausanne, Turin and Rome, emphasizing the growing use of digital mobile application technology (Pica et al., 2018). Guidebooks about urban geology in Algarve (Portugal) have been published about the cities of Faro, Lagos and Tavira (L. A. Rodrigues & Agostinho, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). 2. CULTURAL TOURISM In 2017, the General Assembly of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) agreed that “cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions” (UNWTO, 2018b). The main target of cultural tourism is the cultural heritage. According to the International Cultural Tourism Charter – Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance (1999), “heritage is a broad concept and includes the natural as well as the cultural environment. It encompasses landscapes, historic places, sites and built environments, as well as biodiversity, collections, past and continuing cultural practices, knowledge and living experiences. It records and expresses the long processes of historic development, forming the essence of diverse national, regional, indigenous and local identities and is an integral part of modern life. It is a dynamic reference point and positive instrument for growth and change. The particular heritage and collective memory of each locality or community is irreplaceable and an important foundation for development, both now and into the future” (ICOMOS, 1999). Cultural tourism holds an important share in world tourism. It is estimated that more than 39% of all international tourism arrivals in 2017 had their destination to enjoy cultural heritage (UNWTO, 2018a). The same report states that the main emphasis of cultural tourism is moving from the tangible heritage towards the participation and consumption of cultural practices (Richards, 2018). These practices may include, besides intangible heritage like traditions, gastronomy etc., even “experiences” and “adventure trips”. The growing numbers also show that cultural tourism escaped from a niche-market, whose visitors have relatively high education levels and high income, to a market of mass tourism, whose range of people is much wider (ib.). In consequence, many key sites are overcrowded, as the authors experienced in Rome in August of 2018, where it was impossible to get near the Trevi Fountain because of the massive accumulation of visitors at this place. 240 Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol, nº 2, nº4 pp.238-256.Rosendahl. S & Marçal.M “When urban geology meets cultural tourism” 3. URBAN GEOLOGY The definition of urban geology can emanate from different points of view. On the one hand, it can be seen within the context of engineering, architecture and urbanism and may be defined as “The study of the interaction of human and natural processes with the geological environment in urbanised areas, and the resulting impacts, and the provision of the necessary geo-information to enable sustainable development, regeneration and conservation” (Culshaw & Price, 2011, p. 4). According to the same authors, urban geology is considered as an important part of engineering geology to be used for the prevision and minimization of impacts and to aid urban development, regeneration and conservation. On the other hand, urban geology can be described from the cultural and touristic point of view, which includes the area of geotourism. In a broad sense, geotourism corresponds to a tourism segment which is focused on the sustainable use of the geoheritage, which includes the geological, geomorphological, pedological, hydrological and scenic heritage, among others, together with the cultural heritage (tangible and intangible) of the visited place (M. L. Rodrigues et al., 2011). This concept joins natural heritage with cultural heritage and can be used as a sustainable form of promotion, development (ib.) and protection of areas with a rich and miscellaneous heritage. To emphasize the complex and diverse character of geotourism, the following list shows the most important reasons of its appeal to tourists (Chylińska & Kołodziejczyk, 2018): 1. Location of cities in areas of geological interest or occurrence of geosites within the city. 2. Urban architecture and building materials of natural stone. 3. Protected green enclaves with geotouristical interest. 4. Industrial urban areas and landscapes, originated, for example, by mining activities.
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