Women's Studies Int. Forum, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 459-472, 1994 Copyright © 1994 Elsevier ScienceLtd Pergamon Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0277-5395/94 $6.00 + .00 0277-5395(94)00051-4

THE QUEER DISAPPEARANCE OF Sexuality in the Academy

SHEILA JEFFREYS Department of Political Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3068, Australia

Synopsis-This article suggests that the developing field of and gay studies shows a likeli- hood to discriminate against the interests of lesbians and certainly against lesbian through the incorporation of a 'queer' perspective. Recent writings in the field suggest that 'queer' theory and politics are and should be based on the celebration of certain specifically male gay cul- tural forms, particularly those of camp and drag. The importance of camp as well as a worrying tendency to want to protect the study of sexuality from the intrusion of feminist insights promises to create lesbian and gay studies which will disappear lesbians.

The appearance of queer theory and queer Tong's Women's Studies reader Feminist studies threatens to mean the disappearance Thought (1989). Although many of the femi- of lesbians. The developing field of lesbian nist theorists covered in the book are lesbi- and gay studies is dominated now by the ans, lesbian is not one of the varie- queer impulse. is conspicu- ties of feminist thought included here. The ous by its absence. Lesbian feminism starts index directs the reader to find lesbian femi- from the understanding that the interests of nist thought in three pages under the heading lesbians and gay men are in many respects of ' and sexuality' (Tong, very different because lesbians are members 1989). Lesbians might well have expected to of the political class of women. Lesbian liber- find the new lesbian and gay studies more ation requires, according to this analysis, the sympathetic to their interests, but that is only destruction of men's power over women. In true in practice if they see themselves as a va- queer theory and queer studies, lesbians seem riety of gay men rather than as women. The to appear only where they can assimilate new lesbian and gay studies is 'feminism- seamlessly into gay male culture and politics. free.' By not recognising the different inter- No difference is generally recognised in inter- ests, history, culture, experience of lesbians, ests, culture, history between lesbians and lesbian and gay studies homogenises the in- gay men. The new field of the study of 'sexu- terests of women into those of men. It was ality' seems similarly to be dominated by gay precisely this disappearance of women's in- male and interests. Both areas terests and experience in the malestream aca- are remarkably free of feminist influence. As demic world which caused the development I discuss here, there is seldom any mention in of Women's Studies in the first place. It can- queer theorising of sexuality of issues which not therefore be an unalloyed cause for cele- are of concern to feminists and lesbian femi- bration in the 1990s that lesbian and gay nists, such as sexual violence and pornogra- studies are becoming sufficiently well recog- phy or any politics of sexual desire or prac- nised to have a whole new journal GLQ and tice, and there is no recognition of the a first reader, The Lesbian and Gay Studies specificity of lesbian experience. Reader (Abelove, Barale, & Halperin, 1993). Within traditional Women's Studies, les- Both are American in origin and content. bian students and teachers have long been Even a casual glance at these publications angry at the 'lesbian-free' nature of courses suggests that lesbians and feminists have con- and textbooks. A good example is Rosemarie siderable cause for concern.

459 460 SHEILA JEFFREYS

It is not simply an abstract desire to right densed to the point of explosion" (Radicales- the injustice of lesbian disappearance which bians, 1988, p. 17). Irritable is how one might motivates my concern at the way that lesbian feel about not having garbage collected, not and gay studies are going. The work of this about ending the rape, murder, and torture new field does and will increasingly influence of women, including lesbians. the ideas and practices of lesbian and gay cul- Some queer studies writers are currently ture. Academia is not hermetically sealed but seeking to establish that 'camp' is a fundament- reflects and influences the world outside the al part of 'queer.' There is still a controversy academy. The disappearance of lesbians into about what constitutes camp, with gay male an economically powerful commercial gay critics opposing their own notions to that ex- culture in the streets and the clubs will be ex- pressed in the famous Susan Sontag piece and acerbated by what is happening in queer pointing out that her version is heterosexist theory. (Miller, 1993; Sontag, 1986). Sontag saw camp The editorial of the first issue of GLQ cele- as a sensibility and one that was not necessar- brates its commitment to 'queer' politics. The ily queer or gay. Moe Meyer, in the volume queer perspective is not a gender-neutral one. the POLITICS and POETICS of CAMP, Many lesbians, perhaps the vast majority of which is said on the blurb inside the cover to lesbian feminists, feel nothing but hostility contain essays by "some of the foremost crit- toward and alienation from the word queer ics working in queer theory" says that camp and see queer politics as very specifically is "solely a queer discourse" and certainly not masculine. The editorial tells us that the j our- just a "sensibility" but "a suppressed and de- nal will approach all topics through a queer nied oppositional critique embodied in the lens. "We seek to publish a journal that will signifying practices that processually consti- bring a queer perspective to bear on any and tute queer identities" (Meyer, 1994b; p. 1). all topics touching on sex and sexuality" Rather, the function of camp is the "produc- (Dinshaw & Halperin, GLQ, 1993; p. iii). We tion of queer social visibility" and the "total are told that the Q in the title of the journal body of performative practices and strategies GLQ has two meanings, quarterly and also used to enact a queer identity" (Meyer, "the fractious, the disruptive, the irritable, 1994b; p. 5). So camp is defined here not just the impatient, the unapologetic, the bitchy, as one aspect of what it is to be queer, but as the camp, the queer" (p. iii). This definition absolutely fundamental to queer identity. of the word 'queer' should alert readers to its Camp appears, on examination, to be masculine bias. The adjectives accompanying based largely on a male gay notion of the it here refer to male gay culture. They arise feminine. As his example of camp political from traditional notions of what is camp. tactics, Meyer uses the Black drag queen, Camp, as we shall see, lies at the very founda- Joan Jett Blakk, who ran as a mayoral candi- tion of queer theory and politics and is inimi- date in Chicago in 1991. This man ran as a cal to women's and lesbian interests. 'Queer Nation' candidate. He is referred to by But before looking at the problems with female pronouns throughout this piece, camp in detail, it is worth considering an- which raises some difficulties in itself for other way in which this list of adjectives women who wish to recognize themselves in might not sit well with lesbian feminism. Al- the text. Meyer tells us that there were some though gay men's rebellion against oppres- objections from what he calls "assimilationist sion might well have been so mild that it gays" who saw the drag queen political tactic could be expressed in terms like irritability, as "flippant and demeaning." The implica- this has not been the way that lesbians have tion is that men who objected did so for con- traditionally phrased their rebellion. Perhaps servative motives, whereas in fact they might because lesbians have a great deal more to have been expressing profeminist sympa- fight, that is, the whole system of male su- thies. For women and lesbians who have re- premacy, rage has been a more prevalent jected femininity, the celebration of it by a emotion than irritability. The early woman- gay man is likely to be seen as insulting rather ifesto of lesbian feminism, the Woman- than as something with which to identify in Identified-Woman paper, expressed it thus: 'queer' solidarity. Actually, women might "A Lesbian is the rage of all women con- well want more women in parliament rather Sexuality in the Academy 461 than men wearing the clothing that has been bration of camp and the 'queer' culture which culturally assigned to women. seems to derive from it, is finding a new re- It appears that some gay theorists are de- spectability even in the academy amongst gay termined to place a male gay version of the theorists who might have been expected to see feminine at the heart of camp and the idea of its problems. camp at the heart of queer theory and prac- But many of the lesbian theorists of the tice. Surely it would be hard not to notice that new queer studies are failing to see why camp a problem arises when seeking to include les- is a problem too. Women are included in an- bians in notions of camp and queer which de- thologies and journals devoted to lesbian and pend on 'performativity' of the feminine. Ob- gay studies and queer theory. It seems that viously, lesbians cannot be drag queens. the editors often feel that the mere presence Femininity is something women have thrust of women is enough and somehow disap- upon them, and suffer severe penalties for es- pears the problem of women's oppression. caping, rather than a joyous opportunity to The GLQ editorial seeks to show that it re- perform. If women do dress up as 'drag spects diversity. The editors want to achieve queens,' the parodic aspect would not be the widest possible historical, geographical, obvious to the man or woman in the street. and cultural scope, seeking resources before The importance of camp to queer theory and the 20th century and "non-anglophone cul- politics demonstrates very clearly their mas- tures, and into the experiences of those whose culine bias. Meyer quotes Anthony Giddens race, ethnicity, age, social class, or sexual as defining dominance as the power to practice has detached them from dominant control the production of cultural mean- cultures." Women are not mentioned here, ings. Unfortunately, because Meyer, like not even the anodine term 'gender,' which is many gay theorists, sees himself as represent- frequently employed to remove the question ing an oppressed group, he cannot see that of agency, or who benefits, from consider- gay men are the dominant group who are dis- ation of women's oppression. The editorial appearing lesbians in queer studies. Gay men team is comprised of a majority of women, have an influential role in defining what the eight women to seven men. Perhaps the pres- feminine is in male supremacist culture ence of women as editors is supposed to cover through their involvement in the media and the woman question. It would be good if that fashion industries. In this they are the op- were true, but feminist goals are not achieved pressors rather than the oppressed. But to simply by the presence of women. If the mention a power difference between men and women editors do not see any separation of women appears to be impolite in queer interests between lesbians and gay men, then theory. feminism is not served. The importance of Lesbian feminists are likely to see gay the freedom of women still requires mention men's use of 'femininity' as an anachronism in a list of 'differences.' The new journal in the present. Gay men's identification with even begins with two pieces by women, but effeminacy before the 1970s is an under- if we look closely at the content, we can standable effect of a system of oppression in see why the inclusion of women does not nec- which same sex love was identified with not essarily mean the achievement of a feminist being 'real' men. The adoption of an effemi- agenda. nate identity can be seen as an example of The two important theorists of the new identification with the values of the oppres- lesbian and gay studies whose work begins sor. It was to be expected that as a result of this journal are Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and gay liberation gay men would reject the old . They are stars of lesbian and culture of oppression and launch out into gay studies perhaps because they do not chal- some new vision of what it might mean to lenge the gay male agenda that dominates the love men. But it seems that traditional gay field. Sedgwick writes on issues of interest to male culture has triumphed over the revolu- gay men, such as gay male anal eroticism. In tionary possibilities of the 1970s. In the writing about Henry James in GLQ she 1980s, drag and camp have been rehabilitated shows an ability to see the male model as rep- from even the little criticism which some gay resenting homosexuality and what it is to be theorists were prepared to launch. The cele- queer. 462 SHEILA JEFFREYS

The thing I least want to be heard as offer- ognise that lesbians might have different in- ing here is a "theory of homosexuality." terests, a culture and traditions of their own,

• .. When I attempt to do some justice to but she selects, as the way forward, precisely the specificity, the richness, above all the those aspects of gay male culture that have explicitness of James's particular erotics, been subjected to fairly rigorous criticism by it is not with an eye to making him an ex- lesbian feminist and some gay male theorists emplar of "homosexuality" or even of one too. There may well be elements of tradi- "kind" of "homosexuality," though I cer- tional gay male cultural practice which, al- tainly don't want, either, to make him though they emerged and were shaped as a re- sound as if he isn't gay. Nonetheless I do sponse to oppression, nonetheless might be mean to nominate the James of the Pre- worthy of celebration, but those that relate to faces as a kind of prototype of- not "ho- and could be seen as perpetuating the oppres- mosexuality"-but queerness, or queer sion of women are not. Rigorous criticism of performativity. In this usage, "queer per- male gay culture is as necessary as the femi- formativity" is the name of a strategy for nist criticism of other aspects of male su- the production of meaning and being, in premacist culture. relation to the affect shame and to the Butler represents the enthusiasm for post- later and related fact of stigma. (Sedg- modern male masters in lesbian and gay stud- wick, 1993, p. 11) ies. It is puzzling that a variety of postmod- ern thought which derives directly from the Here a woman is using the example of a man practices and pleasures of certain French to define that which is 'queer.' It is not sur- male gay icons and lauds traditional practices prising that lesbian feminists might feel a lit- of camp and drag is being adopted by some tle excluded from this discussion. Sedgwick's lesbians as if this could easily be suited to work is stimulating so long as the reader is their experience• Suzanne Moore (1988) has not looking for feminist stimulation. What is characterised the obsession of male postmod- striking about the contributions by men and ernists with genderbending as 'gender tour- women to this new field is that they are so ism,' 'whereby male theorists are able to take 'feminism-free.' The reader can feel rather as package trips into the world of femininity' in though a women's liberation movement and her thought-provoking article "Getting a Bit lesbian feminism never existed. No distinc- of the Other-The Pimps of Postmodern- tions between the political interests of women ism.' These male theorists, such as Barthes, and man are made, and there is no mention Deleuze and Guattari, Baudrillard, Lyotard, of lesbian specificity. essentialise a notion of the 'feminine' as a The adherence of the female stars of les- place of otherness and transformation which bian and gay studies to a gay male agenda is does, they admit, have little to do with real even clearer in the second piece by Judith women. Women merely simulate the femi- Butler. Butler explains that her approach is nine, and men can do it too to their advan- critically 'queer.' She celebrates 'performativ- tage. ity,' which turns out to mean traditional gay This idea disappears women who end up male cultural forms with lesbian roleplaying as nothing but a simulation without disap- added in for balance. This performativity is pearing the masculine• It makes women inau- politically progressive because it serves to thentic, and women are told in compensation demonstrate the socially constructed nature that they are clever to be playing the game of of gender• Performativity as resistance and being feminine and they should continue if hyperbolic display comprises: "crossdress- they want to join men in their escape. ing, drag balls, streetwalking, butch- spectacles, die-ins by ACT-UP, kiss-ins by This metaphor of becoming woman--the Queer Nation, drag performance benefits for necessity of entering a feminine subjectiv- AIDS e.g. Liza Minelli does Judy" (Butler, ity in order to have access to the jouiss- 1993, p. 23). It should be clear from this list sance of the maternal body-is a way of that the practices that are to be celebrated as 'being' sexuality that escapes sexual differ- political ways forward here are largely those ence ..... So even women have to 'be- of gay men. Butler does not simply fail to rec- come woman' in order to express desire Sexuality in the Academy 463

that is free of the constraints of gender. of the sex industry has constructed how we ... Woman acts as the place and the will view women so dressed. boundary of this otherness, but in this The manufacture of femininity by gay process she will lose her identity as the men provides the same benefits that it pro- boundary is permeated. (Moore, 1988; p. vides to heterosexual men, which is the op- 179) portunity to take pleasure from good old- fashioned . Heterosexual men are It should be clear that this is a philosophy of able to experience all the sexual and other de- camp transformed into the dominant ideol- lights of being 'real' men by projecting femi- ogy of fashionable academia for men and ninity onto women. Without the feminine, women too. Just as women end up with no- which women are supposed to act out, men where to go as postmodern men appropriate could not be men. The sexual excitements of the feminine, so lesbians find themselves with masculinity, of aggression and objectifica- nowhere very comfortable to go as gay men tion, of dominance, cannot exist in a vac- make their own appropriation of the femi- uum. They require their opposite if they are nine the very touchstone of both lesbian and to be experienced. Thus, femininity must be gay culture. constructed if masculinity is to be found ex- A good example of how lesbians are disap- citing by both its players and its admirers. peared in practice is the 1994 gay Mardi Gras Femininity cannot exist without masculinity in Sydney. Drag, gay appropriation of the and vice versa. Catharine MacKinnon is a feminine, was the central motif of the pa- feminist theorist of sexuality whose ideas are rade. This left lesbians in a difficult position. very unpopular in the field of lesbian and gay What there they to wear? Interestingly, they studies, but her analysis linking dominance/ did not seek to appropriate the masculine. submission sexuality with the very construc- Many tried to be feminine too. Men and tion of gender is helpful to an understanding women dressed as Playboy bunnies, for in- of the eroticising of fetishised gender differ- stance. For the men this might have seemed a ence in gay male culture. By gender fetishism transgressive incursion into the otherness of here, I mean sexual excitement produced by the sex industry. For the lesbians it could not the trappings of exaggerated gender stereo- be transgressive. The sexual objectification types. MacKinnon argues that, "Male and fe- that Playboy bunnies represent so well is still male are created through the erotization of the routine condition of women and is pre- dominance and submission. The man/ cisely what 25 years of feminist campaigning woman difference and the dominance/sub- have sought to eliminate. mission dynamic define each other..." Despite the desperate contortions by (1989; p. 114). Gay male crossdressers can be which some lesbian postmodernists try to tell seen as constructing femininity for their own women that they too are being subversive by erotic purposes to fuel and maintain a sexual- being 'feminine' and that they are really en- ity of inequality. Feminists such as MacKin- gaged in 'parody,' this somehow does not ring non and myself see the construction of sexu- true. 1 It isn't likely that the heterosexuals ality under male supremacy as arising from watching the television coverage would see the eroticised subordination of women. The that the lesbians were being anything other project of those feminists who wish to elimi- than Playboy bunnies, in fact showing that nate male violence is the dismantling of the that is what all women, even lesbians, would sexuality of inequality and its replacement by really like to be. To recognize that women as- a sexuality of equality if women are to be suming all the trappings of their oppression free. If this project were successful, then the is really 'parody' might require the long years excitements which presently fuel the fascina- of training in cultural studies that most peo- tion with 'gender' would evaporate. ple simply don't have. Nor, I suspect, do The version of the feminine that is created armchair poststructuralists keep correcting through drag enables its devotees to worship the image they are receiving from the TV and gain sexual excitement from its opposite. screen as they say to themselves 'This is just It is masculinity that needs to be examined parody.' I suspect they 'see' just traditional when we seek to understand drag and camp. Playboy bunnies too. The propaganda power As Marjorie Garber explains, transvestism is 464 SHEILA JEFFREYS exciting precisely because of the penis con- stream audiences must depend upon the in- cealed under the uniform of the subordinate vestment of men in general, heterosexual and group, women (Garber, 1993). Gay male gay, in female vestments. Drag is an estab- femininity protects and celebrates that very lished form in malestream culture. Male im- masculinity that feminism seeks to disman- personation is not. It could be that the excite- tle. Drag and all the playing with gender that ment created by Sydney's gay Mardi Gras are being employed and defended as the very derives precisely from the excitement that the fount of gay culture represent the gay male idea of crossdressing affords a majority of equivalent to the heterosexual male project men. As Wayne Dynes comments, "Undeni- of leaching all possible satisfactions, particu- ably, camp is subversive, but not too much larly of a sexual nature, from the gender sys- so, for it depends for its survival on the pat- tem which arises from and serves to fuel male ronage of high society, the entertainment supremacy. Effeminacy is necessary so that world, advertising and the media" (Davy, masculinity, the power of the male ruling 1994; p. 141). class, can remain the source of the sexual ex- Interestingly, Davy, like the other lesbian citement of eroticised dominance and sub- theorists who seek to remain within the pale mission even in a culture in which women are of queer studies, is not critical of camp itself, not available. The manufacture of femininity simply of the idea that lesbians can fit into it, demonstrates male power. and sees the theatrical portrayal of butch/ the Politics and Poetics of Camp does in- femme roleplaying as subversive, but not any clude some contributions from lesbians who part of camp. Postmodern theory has legit- are critical of camp. Kate Davy points out the imised the 1980s revival of lesbian roleplay- purely masculine nature of drag: ing, which provided mild sadomasochistic satisfactions to fashionable lesbians who .... female impersonation, while it cer- found that the pursuit of equality damaged tainly says something about women, is pri- their orgasmic potential. 2 This sexual prac- marily about men, addressed to men, and tice has been represented in the academy as for men ..... Both female and male im- the lesbian version of drag and the way that personation foreground the male voice lesbians can fit into camp. It is revealed also and, either way, woman are erased. in Butler's list of forms of performativity. (Davy, 1994; p. 133) Any serious examination of the politics of fe- male and male impersonation, however, Davy explains, with reference to the theatre, shows such differences that these practices that lesbians cannot simply be fitted into cannot be neatly rolled together as varieties camp by performing in gender roles. In a very of queer performativity. interesting article she compares the way that Feminist analysis of gender suggests that female impersonation, as in the plays of masculinity and femininity are not just harm- Charles Ludlum, can move into malestream less variations in human behaviour that can culture in a way that male impersonation can- be swapped at will. This genderswapping not. She suggests that the lesbian theatre ideal contains the same faulty analysis that group WOW took up male impersonation in underlies the androgynous ideal. Well- order to enter the malestream, to escape the meaning antisexist men tend to say that they poverty and limitations of marginality, but are developing the feminine sides of them- there is "something magical and compelling selves and expect approval from feminists for about a crossdressed male" and not a cross- this odd project. But, as the French feminist dressed female (Davy, 1994). One explana- theorist has pointed out, tion that she, like Marjorie Garber, advances masculinity and femininity do not represent is that what matters about male crossdressers timeless universal human values that simply is that there is a male underneath. The cross- need to be in balance in individuals (Delphy, dressing emphasises and creates excitement 1993). They represent, in fact, the values of a out of masculinity. But the acceptability of male supremacist hierarchy. Emerging from male crossdressing, from performances by hierarchy they cannot be expected to survive army theatre troupes in the Second World the creation of a nonhierarchical society. War to drag performances now to male- That which is seen as archetypal 'feminine' Sexuality in the Academy 465

behaviour, much of what is reproduced in tradictory agendas involved, is typical of drag and camp, is in fact the learned behav- queer politics, and it excludes feminist analy- iour of the oppressed, learnt to avoid punish- sis. Feminist analysis has pointed out that the ment. It is behaviour which shows awareness phenomenon of transsexualism derives from of low status and suitable respect for the the cruelty of male supremacy's determina- powerful male class. 'Feminine' body lan- tion to divide human beings arbitrarily into guage, use of space, of eyes, touch, voice, two political classes with accompanying rigid represent lack of power) Examples include rules of conduct and appearance in order to keeping knees together, eyes down, qualities organise and maintain male dominance. of attention which are the opposite of the be- Such analysis has shown that the medical haviours allowed to those with power. In a profession invents transsexualism for its own posthierarchical world it is hard to imagine profit and to maintain the gendered catego- that these certainly nonuniversal qualities ries necessary to the political control of would survive. It is the task of feminism for women (Raymond, 1994). Feminists seek to women and for the men who support the create a world in which brutal physical muti- feminist project to imagine and create in the lation of human beings for profit and to fit present, ways of behaving which represent into political categories of control is unthink- the nonhierarchical values we aspire to. able. The editorial of GLQ clearly gives cred- Feminist analysis does not see gender as ibility to the idea that people can be 'trans- just something which can be subversively gendered,' a notion created by the medical swapped and played with but as emerging profession and in direct opposition to femi- from the real material oppression of women. nist and, one might have thought, poststruct- 'Playing' with gender is a problem precisely uralist understandings of gender as a political because it keeps gender 'in play' and contrib- construction. It could be that the postmodern utes to maintaining the political classes of tendency to regard the body as a text and not male supremacy in place. Indeed feminists to take seriously what happens to the mate- who are conscientious objectors to the idea of rial body allows the cruelty of surgical muti- gender, who refuse to take sides, who refuse lation to be taken so lightly. Susan Bordo, to empower the whole system by their partici- who is an incisive critic of postmodern pation, who have lived and continue to live thought while still purporting to consider it beyond gender, are derided as utopian and useful, comments: essentiaiist by those committed to the sup- posedly revolutionary or simply pleasurable I view current postmodern tendencies possibilities of playing with it. Although the thoroughly to "textualize" the body-ex- theorists of genderbending defend it by em- emplified in Judith Butler's analysis of phasising its socially transformative poten- drag as parody ..... as giving a kind of tial, the which underlies it is deeply free, creative rein to meaning at the ex- pessimistic, one in which only accommoda- pense of attention to the body's material tion to male supremacist duality is seen as locatedness in history, practice, culture. possible or desirable. (Bordo, 1993; p. 38) Postmodern lesbian and gay theory is committed to the idea that gender is infinitely Somer Brodribb has pointed out in her femi- flexible. Transsexualism should provide an nist critique of postmodern theory that the indigestible problem because there is nothing fundamental separation of mind and body flexible about surgical mutilation. But the that underlies it is a masculine problem; new lesbian and gay studies does not show "Postmodernism is an addition tO the mas- any ambivalence toward transsexualism. In culinist repertoire of psychotic mind/body the introduction to GLQ the editors state the splitting and the peculiar arrangement of re- target audience. It will cover material of rele- ality as Idea... "(Brodribb, 1992; p. xvix). vance to "lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and A body of theory which believes that 'gender' transgendered people" (GLQ, Dinshaw & can float around with no relation to bodies, Halperin, 1993; p. iii). This ragbag approach particularly the body of woman, can appar- to 'sexual minorities,' which fails to recognise ently see the cutting up of bodies, too, as sim- the different political constructions and con- ply an interesting idea. 466 SHEILA JEFFREYS

Another aspect of the new lesbian and gay clear that there is a great deal they are re- studies that does not bode well for the inter- quired politely to avoid. ests of lesbians and feminists is the determi- nation to establish that the study of sexuality Feminist conceptual tools were developed is a field of inquiry quite separate from and to detect and analyze gender-based hierar- impervious to feminist theory. There is a chies. To the extent that these overlap with movement afoot to afford intellectual pro- erotic stratifications, feminist theory has tection to a broad spectrum of men's sexual some explanatory power. But as issues be- interests, particularly those of gay men. The come less those of gender and more those 1993 reader in lesbian and gay studies makes of sexuality, feminist analysis becomes ir- this clear. As the first collection of its kind, it relevant and often misleading. Feminist is and will be important in affecting the shape thought simply lacks angles of vision lesbian and gay studies is to take. It contains which can encompass the social organiza- writings that the editors see as the most sig- tion of sexuality. The criteria of relevance nificant contributions to the field. This gives in feminist thought do not allow it to see weight to their choice to place first, in the or assess critical power relations in the opening section on philosophy, Gayle Ru- area of sexuality. (Rubin, 1993; p. 34) bin's piece entitled 'Thinking Sex,' which was originally a paper contributed to the Barnard It is clear what feminists are not supposed to conference in 1982 and anthologised in Plea- concern themselves with, that is, the sexual sure and Danger (Vance, 1984). 4 minorities. These, such as the transvestites, Rubin seeks to put feminism in its place transsexuals, sadomasochists, and those in- and to establish the illegitimacy of feminist terested in what Rubin calls 'crossgenera- analysis for many areas of sexual behaviour. tional sex,' are oppressed in a separate system Her project suits the male interests repre- from that of gender. This is convenient be- sented in the new queer studies very well. In cause these are practices of which feminists the early 1970s, gay liberation theorists, both have long had a developed critique. lesbian and gay, explained and criticised Rubin's sexual freedom analysis is very many aspects of male gay behaviour from a old-fashioned. Sexual liberals have long feminist perspective. They showed how goal- sought to warn feminists not to interfere in oriented, phallic sexuality supported male su- sexuality. I detail in my book The Spinster premacy and how drag and other forms of and Her Enemies (Jeffreys, 1985) how early objectification and fetishism were connected 20th century sex reformers attacked prewar with the oppression of women. There was an British feminists, who had had well- understanding at that time in gay politics that developed campaigns and analysis against the suppression of male homosexuality male sexual violence, as prudes and puritans, served male supremacy by maintaining the ignorant about sex. Alex Craig explains that nuclear family in which women's unpaid la- the had 'undesirable re- bour is extracted. A holistic analysis was sults' in the area of sex. This was because: sought which tied together feminist, socialist, antiracist, and gay politics. What took place In the first place, the women who gained in the 1980s was an undoing of the analysis most in political, economic and social in- to separate out 'sexuality' from analysis of fluence were generally celibates. Their in- 'gender' or the oppression of women. Rubin's fluence on the national life tended towards article has been crucial to this process. puritanism, drabness and a safety first at- In 'Thinking Sex' she explains that she has titude to sociological problems. (Craig, rejected the analysis of her earlier ground- 1934; p. 16) breaking article "The Traffic in Women" in which she showed how sex and gender were is a contemporary representa- interlinked. Now, she says, she recognises tive of a tradition of sexual liberalism in that there are only some areas of sexuality which feminists have always been told to that are appropriate objects for feminist mind their own business. analysis. She does not specify what exactly Rubin does see some relevance for a gen- feminists are allowed to look at here, but it is der analysis. She considers that women have Sexualityin the Academy 467 been unfairly excluded from certain of men's subordination relations does... All this sexual privileges. She sees the exclusion of suggests that what is called sexuality is the women from being producers and consumers dynamic of control by which male domi- in the sex industry as an example of gender nance- in forms that range from intimate inequity. Rubin also sees women as having to institutional, from a look to a rape-er- been unfairly excluded from some sexual otizes and thus defines man and woman, practices, perhaps the 'crossgenerational sex' gender identity and sexual pleasure. It is she defends in this article. So gender is rele- also that which maintains and defines vant only where Rubin sees women as having male supremacy as a political system. been unfairly denied the right that men have (MacKinnon, 1989; p. 137) to sexually abuse women and children but not when it might mean a feminist analysis of the MacKinnon does not exempt gay men from very existence of these practices. her analysis. Butler responds: Feminist theory threw old-fashioned sex- ual liberalism into disrepute by showing how In theories such as Catharine MacKin- it protected men's privileges and prevented non's, sexual relations of subordination women from protecting themselves from sex- are understood to establish differential ual violence and exploitation. Feminist anal- gender categories, such that "men" are yses of rape, sexual abuse of children, prosti- those defined in a sexually dominating so- tution, , and sexuality and cial position, and "women" are those de- its role in the social control of women in gen- fined in subordination. Her highly deter- eral depended upon vigorously deracinating ministic account leaves no room for the whole male philosophy of sexual liberal- relations of sexuality to be theorized apart ism. Rubin does not mention sexual violence from the rigid framework of gender differ- in 'Thinking Sex' but defends traditional sex- ence or for kinds of sexual regulation that ual liberalism against the impertinence of do not take gender as their primary objects feminism. The creation of a feminism-free (i.e. the prohibition of sodomy, public theory of sexuality may be convenient for the sex, consensual homosexuality). (Butler, new lesbian and gay studies because it enables 1993; p. 27) gay men to consider that their practices, his- tory, experience are somehow immune to Butler shows the importance of Rubin's arti- feminist analysis. It does, however, make it cle by specifically enlisting her "influential difficult for lesbians who recognise that their distinction between sexuality and gender" interests as women are different from those and "Sedgwick's reformulation of that posi- of men in the area of sexuality to be involved tion" as "important theoretical opposition to in this evolving field. MacKinnon's deterministic form of structur- It seems that the determination to separate alism" (Butler, 1993; p. 27). off 'sex' from 'gender' is quite fundamental to Feminism is not ignored in the 1993 lesbian and gay studies. Judith Butler, too, is Reader, but given its place as a minor theme very critical of the determination of feminist within lesbian and gay studies. Four strong theorists of sexuality, such as MacKinnon, to feminist pieces are included by Monique Wit- look at the construction of sexuality as a tig, , , and Mari- whole from a feminist perspective. MacKin- lyn Frye. But the place of feminism is as- non, like many other radical feminist theo- serted in the foundational piece by Rubin. rists, does approach sexuality holisticaUy and The philosophy of lesbian and gay studies as fails to leave feminism-free enclaves. She illustrated in this volume and in journals writes: which give attention to this field is a context deeply hostile to feminism. The feminist To be clear: what is sexual is what gives a pieces here float in a vacuum, as examples of man an erection. Whatever it takes to an interesting but slightly quirky minority make a penis stiffen with the experience of perspective. its potency is what sexuality means cultur- The Reader does contain one very instruc- ally... Hierarchy, a constant creation of tive piece, by Esther Newton, which suggests person/thing, top/bottom, dominance/ the serious contradictions which can exist be- 468 SHEILA JEFFREYS tween lesbian and gay interests. It would not might seem surprising because it is precisely be wise to assume that the interests of lesbi- in the area of sexuality that feminist theo- ans and gay men would necessarily coincide, rists, both heterosexual and lesbian, have considering that their political situations in made such important and exciting interven- respect of male supremacy are so different. tions in the last 25 years. Feminist theorists As has pointed out, but not in have written copiously about sexual violence this volume, gay men can be seen as the con- in all its forms from sexual abuse of children formists to male supremacy because they through to the use of women in , choose to love those whom everyone is man- about the history of sexuality and sexology dated to love under this political system, that and its construction of compulsory hetero- is, men (Frye, 1983). Lesbians, on the other sexuality, and most importantly about the in- hand, choose to love those who are despised, stitution of heterosexuality, its functions and that is, women. The significant implications the way that it is maintained. These feminist this might have for lesbian and gay politics insights were scarcely represented at a confer- are seldom even mentioned in lesbian and gay ence on sexuality held at the prestigious Hu- theory. One is certainly the loyalty which it is manities Research Centre at the Australian possible for some gay men to have to the val- National University in Canberra in 1993. ues of male supremacy and all of the privi- Matters of concern to feminists, and particu- leges which it ensures to them as men. larly heterosexual feminists, were conspicu- Newton's article is about the way in which ous by their absence. The organisers had cho- gay men can claim men's traditional right to sen to focus their invitations to 3-month control public space and keep women out research fellowships on certain carefully cho- (Newton, 1993). Newton analyses the experi- sen American stars of the new lesbian and ence of lesbians in Cherry Grove, a tradition- gay studies. The women stars were those ally male gay resort in the United States whose research interests would not lead to the which lesbians have been asserting more and discomfiture of gay male theorists. Carol more right to use in recent years. She explains Vance and Cindy Patton spoke interestingly that until recently the gay men there had en- but about matters mainly of concern to gay forced an 'agreement' with the few lesbians men, making no distinctions between the in- who wanted to use the resort. This stipulated terests or experience of lesbians and gay men. that gay men would cease to cause inconve- Gayle Rubin spoke about her research over nience to the lesbians by engaging in sexual many years into the gay male leather commu- activity on the beach so long as the lesbians nity and sadomachism in the United States, agreed to give over to the men all rights to a how the developed, its symbols and public area which in fact formed an impor- meeting places. She showed slides of leather tant bridge between one part of the island clubs inside and out, of slings and tins of the and another. Recently lesbians had been lubricant used in fistfucking (Jeffreys, per- challenging this clearly unequal arrangement sonal observation, 1993). and demanding their right to use all public When asked at the end of the conference spaces. This interesting example of a clash why this particular selection of speakers had between men's control of public space and been made, the organisers stated that they women's right to enter it, demonstrates an were chosen for their distinction in theorising area of gay male practice where a feminist sexuality. It is surprising then that Catharine analysis is vital rather than, as Rubin might MacKinnon was not chosen, for her distinc- feel, inappropriate. If lesbian interests are tion is beyond dispute. But her work is not of going to be represented in lesbian and gay comfort to gay male interests. It is becoming studies, the tensions between the contradic- more and more clear that women, heterosex- tory interests of men and women, particu- ual or lesbian, wishing to have their distinc- larly in the area of sexuality, must be a sub- tion recognised in the study of sexuality need ject of ongoing analysis. to assimilate into gay male interests, culture, The relatively new academic field of 'sexu- history, or simply to research or write, uncrit- ality' seems to be dominated by the theorists ically, on gay male experience. The study of of lesbian and gay studies and demonstrates sexuality as well as lesbian and gay studies the same sorts of problems. At first sight this will become simply a celebration of gay male Sexuality in the Academy 469 cultural forms if feminists and lesbian femi- ney, 1992; p. 21). Lesbian and gay are said to nists decide not to confront such a develop- be old-fashioned and clumsy terms, but al- ment with energy. The dominance of gay ready it is clear in the writings even of the male theory in studying sexuality is aided by most convinced converts to 'queer' politics some belief in the heterosexual community that the word is not inclusive. Cherry Smyth, that gay men will have a radical-and per- a British advocate of the inclusivity of the haps because of their oppression--a neces- word 'queer' finds herself forced to use quali- sarily progressive analysis of sexuality, and tiers which suggest that the word is not inclu- by a tradition of ignoring lesbians and lesbian sive in practice. In the midst of a pamphlet feminism. in which she promotes the inclusive nature of The celebration of gay male culture by 'queer' she uses phrases such as "mixed both women and men in the academy is par- queer" and "Black and White lesbian queer alleled by precisely similar developments in artist" (Smyth, 1992). popular lesbian culture which threaten the The word 'queer' is justified as politically existence of lesbian pride and the lesbian spe- progressive because it is inclusive not just cific culture that a generation of lesbians has of race and gender but of sexual minori- been dedicated to constructing over the last ties other than lesbians and gays, all those 25 years. I have written elsewhere of the pres- seen by Rubin as being outside the charmed sures upon lesbians outside the academy to circle of missionary position heterosexuality. assimilate into traditional gay male culture These minorities include bisexuals and others (Jeffreys, 1993). This is taking place in par- who more clearly defy easy inclusion in tradi- ticular in relation to sexual practice. Some tional lesbian and gay politics, such as trans- lesbian sex therapists bewail lesbian failure to sexuals, sadomasochists, paedophiles. This live up to gay men sexually. Lesbian com- inclusiveness is seen as progressive in a time mentators write with approval of the way when the celebration of diversity is valued that gay men's is being used as over any clarity as to political aims and ide- the model of a new, commercially profitable als. Lesbian feminists have considerable dif- lesbian sexuality aimed at the consumption ficulty in accepting that their form of resis- of other women and products in a lesbian sex tance, their practice of womanloving, is just industry. The failure of lesbian confidence is a sexual practice similar to paedophilia or evident in such practices as lesbian-to- transvestism. constructed-gay male transsexualism. This The word queer presents difficulties be- failure of confidence comes at a time when yond a mere consideration of who is to be in- feminism is under massive attack and makes cluded under its umbrella. The word is politi- it difficult for lesbians, whether in clubs or cally loaded. It is a politics of outsiderhood. conferences, to assert a lesbian specific iden- The 'queer' are defined by their difference tity and interests. from traditional heterosexuality. The catego- The very word 'queer,' whether applied to ries of 'queer' arise from the categorisations queer theory within the academy or to queer of 19th century sexologists who accepted the politics outside, is discriminatory. The expe- inevitability of majority heterosexuality. rience of lesbians has been that generic words Queer politics accepts and celebrates the for male and female homosexuality quickly minority status of homosexuality. This is a come to mean only men. This happened to politics which is in contradiction to lesbian both 'homosexual' and 'gay.' Lesbians strug- feminism. Lesbian feminists do not see them- gled long and hard to assert the existence and selves as being part of a transhistoricai mi- difference of lesbians. Naming was crucial to nority of 1 in 10 or 1 in 20, but as the model this. Without a name of our own, lesbians for free womanhood. Rather than wanting could not have organised. Amazingly, the acceptance as a minority which is defined in supposedly all-inclusive quality of the word opposition to an accepted and inevitable het- Queer is being put forward as one of its ad- erosexual majority, lesbian feminist theorists vantages rather than its clearest disadvan- seek to dismantle heterosexuality, and one tage. Thus, Simon Watney explains "The strategy is the promotion of lesbianism as a great convenience of the term 'queer' today choice for women. lies in its gender and race neutrality" (Wat- The outsider politics that the word 'queer' 470 SHEILA JEFFREYS represents arises from an age in which partic- droves to associate with the word queer, but ularly fierce attacks have been made on an this is not the case. The politics of disgust cre- emerging lesbian and gay pride, an era of ate difficulties for feminist and lesbian femi- backlash. Eve Sedgwick recognises a connec- nist activism. How, for instance, will lesbians tion between queerness and 'shame.' She seeking custody of their children in court be speaks of the importance of the ways that aided by a celebratory association with fist- shame is incorporated into identity forma- ing queers? Men's disgust at women leads to tion for certain people and suggests that these the slaying of women in considerable num- are the people who are drawn to queer poli- bers so that for women to represent them- tics. So queer is a category very closely asso- selves as disgusting is not a very safe option. ciated with lesbian and gay politics but not No word which is supposed to cover les- exclusively so because some of the categories bian and gay experience would be sufficient of people moved by 'shame' to associate with to allow for lesbian specificity, but the word the word 'queer' will not be lesbian or gay 'queer' has inbuilt problems that even 'gay' at all. does not. To associate with the word, to at- tend the proliferating 'queer' conferences and Yet many of the performative identity ver- events, lesbians must associate themselves naculars that seem most recognizably not just with a dominant male majority but "flushed" (to use James's word) with with a particular politics. It is the politics of shame-consciousness and shame-crea- deviance, a politics which assumes lesbians tivity do cluster intimately around lesbian and gays will always be a minority and natu- and gay worldly spaces: to name only a ralises heterosexuality. It utilises the catego- few, butch abjection, femmitude, leather, ries and ideology of 1980s sexologiss. The les- pride, SM, drag, musicality, fisting, atti- bian feminist understanding that 'any women tude, zines, histrionicism, asceticism, can be a lesbian' implies the rejection of mi- Snap! culture, diva worship, florid religi- nority status. It symbolises the progressive osity, in a word, flaming... (Sedgwick, politics possible in a more hopeful time, one 1993; p. 13) of opportunities for social change and for brave thinking that we can only hope may re- Sedgwick's understanding of the word emerge in the future. "Queer" politics arises 'shame' is based on psychoanalysis. But it from a time of despair. It represents the 'Vic- may be helpful to our understanding of queer torian values' of the gay community. In politics without that reference. It could be Thatcher's Britain, much was made of cast- that gay pride suffered through the impact of ing aside the dangerous values of the 1960s the AIDS epidemic on gay men and the back- and returning to the 'Victorian' values of re- lash which accompanied it. Queer politics spect for the family, rejection of lesbians and celebrates and seeks to arouse in the non- gays, and unmarried mothers. The onslaught queer a disgust which the politics of gay pride has escalated under John Major. 'Queer' pol- sought to overcome. As a London Queer itics, rather than being a challenge to this, is Power leaflet put it: a complement, a politics trapped into opposi- tion to a particular moral right moment, Queer means to fuck with gender. There trapped in the values of the 1890s, the frame- are straight queers, bi-queers, lez queers, work of sexology. fag queers, SM queers, fisting queers in In seeking to understand why some lesbian every single street in this apathetic country theorists are prepared to support a develop- of ours. (Smyth, 1992; p. 17) ing queer theory which is discriminatory in so many ways, it is important to recognise the This is a politics which does not resonate well constraints that a desire to survive and make with the feminist project of overcoming cen- a living in the academy put on the ability to turies of men's hatred of women and the dis- create original, woman and lesbian positive gust at women's bodies so integral to male su- thinking. Gay men are already likely to be in premacist western culture. Because women the academy, and, as lesbian and gay studies know well what shame is all about, one might have developed, they are the ones who have have expected that they would arrive in been in a position to set its parameters. Sexuality in the Academy 471

Women have had great difficulty even getting gay studies women's bodies, including the les- into the academy and are still under immense bian body, disappear so completely. It seems pressure to couch what they might want to that lesbian theorists who enter 'queer' cul- say within the terms of some male thinker's ture are under pressure to disown their own wisdom even though he might fail to consider embodiment. The very considerable pressure women or even be explicitly womanhating. exerted within lesbian and gay studies for les- Somer Brodribb, in her mistressful critique bians to suppress any difference, either in of the current fashion for postmodern male bodies or in interests from gay men needs to masters in feminist theory, explains that: be resisted if lesbians are to claim any space within this field. • . . the objection to leaving male theory behind expresses a real fear of being si- ENDNOTES lenced: unless you read/write/speak the boys, no one will listen to you. You will be 1. See my discussion of the idea of parody in the outside the defined and policed arena of chapter entitled "Return to Gender" in Jeffreys, Sheila discourse. (Brodribb, 1992; p. xxvii) (1993). The Lesbian Heresy. A feminist perspective on the . Brodribb points out that "Women's memory, 2. See my chapter ": Now and Then" in Lesbian History Group (Jeffreys, 1989). women's language, women's body and sexu- 3. For an analysis of the politics of body language see ality have been annulled in the patriarchal Henley, Nancy M. (1977), Body Politics. tradition which has feared the female sex" 4. A new anthology, Kaufman, Linda (Ed•) (1993) (Brodribb, 1992; p. xix). The result, which we American Feminist Thought, also puts Rubin's piece first in the section entitled "Sexuality and Gender." It is can see very clearly in queer theory and the surprising that a feminist anthologyshould be so keen to development of lesbian and gay studies to emphasise the limitations of feminist theory rather than date, is that women are forced into the cele- its promise. But this does suggest the influence this deter- bration of men and particularly of male sexu- mined separation of sexuality and gender is now gaining ality. "What we are permitted, encouraged, in apparently respectable feminist circles. coerced into, and rewarded for, is loving the male sex and male sex: the bad girls are the REFERENCES ones who don't, and who thereby risk men's rage and women's fear" (Brodribb, 1992; p. Abelove, Henry, Barale, Michele Aina, & Halperin, Da- xix). Lesbian feminists are the bad girls who vid M. (1993). The lesbian and gay studies reader. fail to love the male frame of mind that cur- New York: Routledge. Bordo, Susan. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, rently dominates lesbian and gay studies• western culture and the body. Berkeley:University of It is important that feminists do not just California Press. ignore lesbian and gay studies. Lesbian and Brodribb, Somer. (1992). Nothing mat(t)ers; A feminist gay studies has the potential to give strength critique of postmodernism. Melbourne: Spinifex; and confidence to lesbian students as Wom- New York: New York University Press. Butler, Judith. (1993). Critically queer. GLQ, 1, 17-32. en's Studies has for women students in gen- Craig, Alex. 0934). Sex and revolution. London: Allen eral. The ideas created there will influence the and Unwin. way that lesbianism is thought and practised Davy, Kate. (1994). Fe/male impersonation: The dis- in the academy and out of it. It is too impor- course of camp. In Moe Meyer (Ed.), the Politics and Poetics of camp. London: Routledge. tant to ignore. It should be shaped to recog- Delphy, Christine. (1993). Rethinking sex and gender. nise the experience of women. This will entail Women's Studies International Forum, 16, i-9. a serious challenge to the use of the term Dinshaw, Carolyn, & Halperin, David M. (1993). From 'queer,' which disappears lesbians by sub- the editors. GLQ, 1, iii-iv. suming them, at best, into a variety of gay Frye, Marilyn. (1983). Lesbian feminism and the gay rights movement:Another view of male supremacy, men, and to the dominant politics of queer another separatism. In The politics of reality (pp. theory and practice, the politics of camp. It 128-151). New York: The Crossing Press. is interesting to me that to write this piece I Garber, Marjorie. (1993). Spare parts: The surgical con- found the ideas of radical feminist theorists, struction of gender. In Henry Abelove, Michele Alna Barale, & David M. Halperin (Eds.), The lesbian and mostly heterosexual, particularly in relation gay studies reader (pp. 321-336). New York: Rout- to sexuality and the material reality of the ledge. body really useful, whilst within lesbian and Henley, Nancy M. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex and 472 SHEILA JEFFREYS

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