D. Agriculture CONTENTS
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D. Agriculture CONTENTS D.1 PROFILE OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURE D.1.1 Agricultural Production D- 1 D.1.2 Farm Size D- 3 D.1.3 Agricultural Policies D- 4 D.2 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION TREND BY PROVINCE D.2.1 Number of Agricultural Holdings by Farm Size D- 5 D.2.2 Planted Area D- 5 D.2.3 Production Trend and Yield D- 6 D.2.4 Production Value D- 8 B.3 FEATURES OF AGRICULTURE IN THE STUDY AREA D.3.1 Agriculture Type D- 9 D.3.2 Cropping Season D-11 D.3.3 Agricultural Inputs D-12 D.3.4 Irrigation D-15 D.3.5 Marketing D-19 D.3.6 Village Cooperatives and ORKOY Credit D-21 D.4 AGRICULTURE IN THE SELECTED MICRO-CATCHMENTS D.4.1 BT-04 MC: Savsat D-24 D.4.2 MC-03 MC: Yusufeli D-27 D.4.3 OL-04 MC: Oltu D-30 D.4.4 TR-06 MC: Uzundere D-33 D.4.5 UC-03 MC: Bayburt D-38 D.4.6 UC-14 MC: Ispir D-41 D.5 AGRICULTURAL PROJECT FOR LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT PLAN D.5.1 Problem Causes and Proposed Solutions D-45 D.5.2 Proposed Livelihood Improvement Programs/Projects D-49 D.5.3 Agricultural Production Plan D-56 D.1 Profile of National Agriculture D.1.1 Agricultural Production Turkey is a major producer of cereals (wheat, barley), cotton, tobacco, pulses (chickpeas and lentils), dried fruit (hazelnuts, seedless rains, figs apricots), fresh fruits (apples and citrus), tomatoes and tea. The total corps planted area is estimating 26 million hectares (ha) in 2000. Cereal production occupies about 60% of Turkey’s cropland. Table D.1.1 Trend of Agricultural Planted Area by Crop Categories unit:1,000ha Field crops*1) Vegetables Vine Fruit Olive Total Planted Fallow gardens yards trees area trees area area 1981 16,711 8,204 568 800 1,397 833 28,513 (%) (58) (29) (2) (3) (5) (3) (100) 1985 17,908 6,025 662 625 1,489 821 27,530 (%) (65) (22) (3) (2) (5) (3) (100) 1990 18,868 5,324 635 580 1,583 866 27,856 (%) (68) (19) (2) (2) (6) (3) (100) 1991 18,776 5,203 652 586 1,560 877 27,654 (%) (68) (19) (2) (2) (6) (3) (100) 1992 18,811 5,089 663 576 1,565 871 27,575 (%) (68) (18) (2) (2) (6) (3) (100) 1993 18,940 4,887 654 567 1,615 872 27,535 (%) (69) (18) (2) (2) (6) (3) (100) 1994 18,641 5,255 709 567 1,618 881 27,671 (%) (69) (18) (3) (2) (6) (3) (100) 1995 18,464 5,124 785 565 1,340 556 26,834 (%) (69) (19) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) 1996 18,635 5,094 785 560 1,344 568 26,986 (%) (69) (19) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) 1997 18,605 4,917 775 545 1,364 658 26,864 (%) (69) (18) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) 1998 18,751 4,905 783 541 1,389 600 26,969 (%) (70) (18) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) 1999 18,450 5,039 790 535 1,393 595 26,802 (%) (69) (19) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) 2000 18,207 4,826 793 535 1,418 600 26,379 (%) (69) (18) (3) (2) (5) (2) (100) Source: Prepared based on the “The Summary of Agricultural Statistics, 1981,1982,1983,194,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997, 1998,1999,2000,2001, State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry of Turkey (SIS)” Note: *1) Field crops area mainly occupied by cereals such as wheat, barley and maize. With a wheat production 21million tons, barley production 8 million tons, maize production 2.3 million tons in 2000, Turkey is one of the world’s biggest wheat and barley producers. Besides cotton, sugar beat and tobacco is another important industrial crops, the production of these crops are 2 million ton, 17 million tons and 243 thousands tons respectively. In 2000, average yield of wheat in Turkey was 2.2 tons/ha, one–third of that in advanced countries (world average 2.6 ton/ha). Other cereal’s yield is low as well as wheat. This indicates the potential and need for technology transfer and productivity improvement. D - 1 Table D.1.2 Trend of Planted Area, Yield and Production by Major Cereals Planted Area (1,000ha) Yield (ton/ha) Production (1,000ton) Year Wheat Barley Maize Rice Wheat Barley Maize Rice Wheat Barley Maize Rice 1981 9,250 2,965 580 73 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.7 13,000 5,900 1,240 198 1985 9,350 3,350 567 62 1.8 2.0 3.4 2.6 17,000 6,500 1,900 162 1990 9,450 3,350 515 53 2.1 2.0 4.1 2.6 20,000 7,300 2,100 138 1991 9,630 3,450 518 40 2.1 2.3 4.2 3.0 20,400 7,800 2,180 120 1992 9,600 3,440 525 43 2.0 2.0 4.2 3.0 19,300 6,900 2,225 129 1993 9,800 3,485 550 45 2.1 2.2 4.5 3.1 21,000 7,500 2,500 135 1994 9,800 3,500 485 40 1.8 2.0 3.8 3.0 17,500 7,000 1,850 120 1995 9,400 3,525 515 50 1.9 2.1 3.7 3.0 18,000 7,500 1,900 150 1996 9,350 3,650 550 55 2.0 2.2 3.6 3.1 18,500 8,000 2,000 168 1997 9,340 3,700 545 55 2.0 2.2 3.8 3.0 18,650 8,200 2,080 165 1998 9,400 3,750 550 60 2.2 2.4 4.2 3.2 21,000 9,000 2,300 189 1999 9,380 3,650 518 65 1.9 2.1 4.4 3.1 18,000 7,700 2,297 204 2000 9,400 3,629 555 58 2.2 2.2 4.1 3.6 21,000 8,000 2,300 210 Source: Prepared based on the “The Summary of Agricultural Statistics, 1981,1982,1983,194,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2 001, State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry of Turkey (SIS)” Table D.1.3 Trend of Planted Area, Yield and Production by Pulses Sown Area (1,000ha) Yield (ton/ha) Production (1,000ton) Year Dry Cow Chic Lentil Dry Cow Chic Lentil Dry Cow Chic Lentil beans vetches pears (red) beans vetch pears (red) beans vetch pears (red) 1981 105 122 200 - 1.5 0.8 1.2 - 160 100 235 - 1985 150 212 399 - 1.1 0.7 1.0 - 170 169 400 - 1990 171 259 890 276 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.8 210 175 860 630 1991 178 257 878 253 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.8 214 172 855 440 1992 168 260 856 230 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.7 200 165 770 430 1993 162 270 820 199 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.8 200 185 740 570 1994 163 265 760 165 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 180 165 650 510 1995 170 270 745 165 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.9 225 160 730 515 1996 172 260 780 145 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.9 230 160 732 520 1997 175 252 721 130 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 235 165 720 410 1998 172 235 665 108 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.9 236 140 625 440 1999 174 233 625 97 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 237 130 560 300 2000 176 225 636 82 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.9 230 134 548 280 Source: Prepared based on the “The Summary of Agricultural Statistics, 1981,1982,1983,194,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,200 1, State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry of Turkey (SIS)” D - 2 Table D.1.4 Trend of Planted Area, Yield and Production of Major Industrial Crops and Fodder Crops Sown Area (1,000ha) Yield (ton/ha) Production (1,000ton) Year Sugar Sunflower Alfalfa Sugar Sunflower Alfalfa Sugar Sunflower Alfalfa beets beets beets 1981 360 500 143 30.1 1.1 - 11,165 575 1,622 1985 322 643 169 30.4 1.2 - 9,830 800 2,104 1990 380 716 197 36.8 1.2 - 13,985 860 1,848 1991 401 567 172 38.5 1.4 - 15,474 800 1,675 1992 400 613 195 37.7 1.6 - 15,126 950 1,658 1993 423 597 206 36.9 1.4 - 15,620 815 1,581 1994 412 586 194 31.4 1.3 - 12,944 740 1,570 1995 312 585 214 35.7 1.5 - 11,170 900 1,803 1996 422 575 229 34.4 1.4 - 14,543 780 1,935 1997 472 560 217 38.9 1.6 - 18,400 900 1,905 1998 504 586 230 44.5 1.5 - 22,282 860 1,750 1999 423 595 245 40.4 1.6 - 17,102 950 1,594 2000 410 542 250 39.1 1.5 - 18,821 800 1,807 Source: Prepared based on the “The Summary of Agricultural Statistics, 1981,1982,1983,194,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,200 0,2001, State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry of Turkey (SIS)” Table D.1.5 Production Trend of Selected Vegetables Production (1,000ton) Year Cabbages Black Spinach Cucumber Tomatoes Eggplants Potatoes cabbages 1981 435 130 130 510 3,600 700 180 1985 550 171 136 780 4,900 680 207 1990 575 124 160 1,000 6,000 735 192 1991 560 124 160 1,010 6,200 750 200 1992 585 117 153 1,050 6,450 750 195 1993 580 117 157 1,050 6,150 750 192 1994 595 104 170 1,140 6,350 810 190 1995 573 102 180 1,250 7,250 750 200 1996 575 103 180 1,300 7,800 850 210 1997 577 102 181 1,400 6,600 847 211 1998 612 100 191 1,475 8,290 915 203 1999 621 96 200 1,650 8,956 976 220 2000 622 103 205 1,825 8,890 924 205 Source: Prepared based on the “The Summary of Agricultural Statistics, 1981,1982,1983,194,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997, 1998,1999,2000,2001, State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry of Turkey (SIS)” D.1.2 Farm Size Another characteristic of Turkish agriculture is the small farm size.