Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences Vol. (7) No. (1)B 2016

Identification of the potential vector of some (Parabronema skrijabini) in dromedary in Iraq. Alfatlawi MA Department of Microbiology And Parasitology, college of veterinary medicine, Al- qadissyia University, Iraq.

Abstract

This search carried out to determine the possible vector of the Parabronema skrijabini, 44% of 43 samples from camels were infected, infection isolated from abomasum. 141 parasites found in 19 infected camels, worm burden ranged from 1-13 per head, in range 7.4 parasite\camel. 423 flies were collected, 6 species of flies were identified. Stomoxys calcitrans was 26.7% of them (113 of 423). Rate of infection in camels with P. skrijabini and number of flies increased concurrently with decrement of temperature.

تشخيص المضائف الناقلة لبعض الخيطيات (Parabronema skrjabini ) المصيبة للمعدة الرابعة للجمال في العراق أ.م.د. منير عبد االمير عبد الفتالوي فرع االحياء المجهرية و الطفيليات، كلية الطب البيطري، جامعة القادسية، القادسية، العراق. الخالصة: شخصت االصابة بطفيلي الـ Parabronema skrijabini في 44% من 44 جمل فحصت منفحتها للكشف عن هذه االصابة وبواقع 91 جمل مصاب. عزل 949 طفيلي من 91 جمل مصاب وتراوحت شدة االصابة بين 94-9 طفيلي في الراس الواحد، وبلغ معدل عدد الطفيليات 4.4 طفيلي للجمل الواحد. كما جمعت 424 ذبابة تعود لـ 6 انواع مختلفة من الذباب، شكل الذباب من نوع Stomoxys calcitrans 26.4% وبواقع 994 ذبابة. لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة االصابة بالطفيلي )Parabronema skrijabini ( في الجمال تزامنا مع زيادة اعداد الذباب بصورة عامة ومع ذباب االسطبل )Stomoxys calcitrans( بصورة خاصة.

Introduction Parabronema skrijabini considers as Nubian ibex and giraffe in Egypet a large parasite that infect the (Ezzat, 1945), in Pakistan and India abomasum of camels, P. skrijabini recorded in sheep and goat (Singh Rassowska, 1924 a nematdes with a 2012, Al-Asadi 2014). Мачульский high pathogenic effect, and below to (1950) found this species in deer, order Spirurida Chitwood 1933, cattle, Camelus bactrianus as well as suborder Spirurata Railliet, 1914, small ruminants in Russia, and in subfamily Parabronematinae skrijabini, Lama in Kazachistan and Kazak. In 1941, genus Parabronema baylis 1921. Kirkyzistan this parasite has been This species has been found in Okapi found in sheep, and in domestic in London (Sarwar, 1954), and in

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Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences Vol. (7) No. (1)B 2016 in Auzbakistan and in deer in Pamyris depends on food intake (animal feces), (Токтоучикова, 1975). because it very important to flies for Because of a high economic value laid their eggs, in 1 to 2 days after of camels by providing meat, milk and laying eggs, they hatching and begin wool as well as transportation and for eating feces and Parabronema eggs labor, a lot of studies on camels record which have in it. Eggs of parasite many species of parasites of gastro- hatching in intestine of flies’ larva, intestinal tract. In Iran, lancet formed in anterior end of larva Mohammad(2011), Borji et al,(2010), which helps in penetrate of intestinal Tajik(2011) found Nematodirus, wall of flies’ larva. Parabronema larva Trichuris, Marshallagia, Moniezia, stay in haemacoel of flies till enter to Strongyloides, Stilesia, Nematodirella, final host body, where larva Trichostrongilus, Esophagostomum, developing to infective stages parallel Chabertia, Camelostrongylus with developing of larva of mentulatus, T. colubriformis, intermediate hosts. Final host infected Haemonchus longistipes, Cooperia when infective stage enter to him by onchophora, Parabronema skrjabini, oral rout (Borji et al., 2010). Marshallagia marshalli and Intermediate host of Parabronema it Teladorsagia circumcincta in camels. flies, larva of flies live in the feces of Magzoub (2000), In Saudi Arabia, ruminants, eggs hatching after eating found that most endemic species were of flies to eggs, in intestine larva be an Haemonchus longistips, H. contortus, infective. many studies discuss the probolurus, control of parasitic infection by control Camelostrongylus mentulatus, of intermediate hosts (flies)(Soulsby, Parabronema skrjabini, Nematodirus 1982). Seven species of Parabronema spp., Trichuris spp. 91% of camels founded, flies of type Lyperosia sample have a Trichostrongylus eggs, titillans, L. irritans and Paregle highly number of eggs found in alatayensis (farm flies) act as October to December. He discovered important role as intermediate host. seasonal variation in infection rates Mohan (1947) determined between these species of parasites. development of Parabronema in Infective stage of parasites can be lived Stomoxys stilesi, S. calcitrans, S. in a freezing weather and highly assamensis, Lyperosia titilans and L. summer temperature. He found out the irritans in ratio 90 to 100% in sites critical period in life cycle of each where these flies lives, which preferred parasite of them that will be very worm moist area. As well as these helpful in design control strategy. species, Parabronema founded other Adults female shedding enveloped species of Stomoxys (S. bengalensis eggs with a thin shill, with lateral Picard,1908, S. bilineatus Grunberg, curved larva, shedding of Parabronema 1906, S. boueti Roubaud, 1911, S. eggs to environment occurring in indicus Picard, 1908, S. inornatus certain period of year, in camels, Grunberg, 1906, S. luteolus shedding occurring in May to October, Villeneuve, 1934, S. niger Macquart , in highly qualitative of this happened 1851, S. ochrosoma Speiser, 1910, S. in summer, when adult female found in omega Newstead, Dutton and Todd, abomasum after September when eggs 1907, S. pallidus Roubaud, 1911, S. seen in feces of infected . pullus Austen, 1909, S. sitiens Development of intermediate host Rondani, 1873, S. stigma Emden,

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1939, S. taeniatus Bigot, 1888, S. period make this parasite one of the transvittatus Villeneuve, 1916, S. important infection in camels (Zhao, uruma Shinonaga and Kano, 1966, S. 2011). Campbell et al. (1978), varipes Bezzi, 1907 and S. Catangui et al. (1997) and Mramba et xanthomelas Roubaud, 1937). al. (2007) observed that the presence of Stomoxys flies named as stable flies stable flies with a huge group causes and dog flies, stable flies look like and decreases in milk house flies but have smallest size, and production, a bite of stable flies not under anatomical microscope appear painfull, but it transmits the wider and striated abdominal region, Trypanosoma evansi, T. bruci, adults 6 to 8 mm in length with light Brucellosis, Equine infectious anemia, color in contrast with hose flies, and African horse sickness, fowl pox, mouth part adapted for sponging fluid, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococus and while the mouth part of stable flies Enterobacter sakazakii and many viral adapted for piercing and sucking the diseases. Borji et al, (2010) found that blood of mammals (Gregor et al., 2002 uses of anti-parasitic drugs in camels and Talley 2008). lead to the increasing in production,as Muller et al, (2011) observed that the infection with gastro-intestinal the flies of Muscidae that classified as parasite in camels lead to decrease of Stomoxyini, it’s a small group with ten absorption of food, diarrhea and mal- geneses, and 49 species around the production. Stomoxys calcitrans and world, these groups consider flies with Haemonchus irritanus causes losing a large wing, some of them feed on billion dollar in cattle industry (Byford nectar, and others on sucking the blood et al., 1992). As well as the bite of flies which easily recognized under the is painful, a lot of biting causes loss of microscope. The Muscoid flies persist body weight and decrease of milk as cosmopolitan pest of human and production and biting man where there domestic animals because of ability of are no animals (Foil and Hogsette, immature phase to develop in the 1994). human west and animals organic In purpose of classified of materials such as manure, garbage intermediate hosts of Parabronema (Keiding, 1974). skrijabini in Iraq camels, this study Parasitic diseases consider major searched for that in abattoir and in causes of economic losses in the farm. production of meat and milk in camels. Material and methods As well as the camel plays a role in Between October and December transmit of a lot of zoonotic pathogens 2015, 43 samples abomasum contains (Tafti et al, 2013), and for incidence of were taken from camels in Al- infection with Parabronema must Diwanyah. Samples were collected obtain the final hosts (camels) and from abattoir and transforted to college intermediate hosts (flies), adults of veterinary medicine for checking the Parabronema live in the mucosa of infection with gastro-intestinal abomasum. The infection of camels parasites. with Parabronema skrijabini causes Lactophenol used for clearing of inflammation and bleeding and parasites and classification, parasites ulceration in abomasum, with diarrhea were fixed on the slide by Canada- and malnutrition, and some time death, balsam and covered with cover slip. and the economic losses for long 10% of parasites were fixed in

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Formalin (5%) and sent by mail to the Results United state department of agriculture, Parabronema skrijabini was Agricultural research Service, U.S. identified in 19 of 43 collected sample National Parasite Collection Log to with ratio 44%, density of infection confirm diagnosis. ranged 1-13 parasite\infected camel 423 flies were hunted by net, 6 (Table 1,2)(Figure 1,2,3). species of flies recognized, 26.7% of them were Stable flies (Zumpt, 1973). Table (1) Rate of infection in camel in Diwanyiah abattoir.

Month No. of examined No. of Rate of camels infected infection% October 13 4 30.7 November 19 6 31.6 December 11 9 81.8 Total 43 19 44

Table (2) Density of infection with Parabronema skrijabini in camel.

No. of No. of infected No. of isolated Mean Number of parasites camels parasites parasites per camel 1-5 5 13 2.6 6-10 11 93 8.5 11-13 3 35 11.6 Total 19 141 7.4

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Figure (1) anterior end of Parabronema skrijabini.

Figure (2) posterior end of Parabronema skrijabini female.

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Figure (3) posterior end of Parabronema skrijabini male.

Some of Parabronema skrijabini have been sent to United state department of agriculture, Agricultural research Service, U.S. National Parasite Collection Log for confirm diagnosis (Figure, 4).

Figure (4) report of united state department of agriculture, Agricultural research Service.

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Stomoxys was classified as one of 6 species of flies were hunted in this study (Table, 3).

Table (3) Number of Stomoxys according to months of study.

Month No. of hunted flies No. of Stomoxys Rate of Stomoxys October 151 34 22.5 November 133 35 26.3 December 139 44 31.7 Total 423 113 26.7

Discussion 72.5% of camels were infected with P. Parabronema skrijabini is widely skrijabini, and the intensity of infection distributed in sheep in Mosul (Al- was 1315 parasite\camel. Wang(2009) Saeed and Al-Khalidi, 1990), in Basrah found during examination of flies found in goat (Al-Asadi and Al- searching for P skrijabini in China, 11 emarah, 2014), But in camels not species of flies found fly around studied yet, that what we have studied camels, and the Haematobia irritans in our research. was the mean vector of this parasite. In our study, Parabronema Gu (2011) and Zhao (2011) found 25 skrijabini found in camels. Rate of species of flies live around camels in infection and number of parasite centra Mongolia\China, and Zhao increased parallel with decrease isolated P. skrijabini from Stomoxys temperature of weather, that may be calcitrans, Haematobia titillans and due to increasing the number of flies. Haematobia irritans, intensity of Infection of camels with parasites was 1-22 larvae \ fly, and Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Larvae were spiral in shape and in Haemonchus longistips, Moniezia different length. benedeni and M. expansa recorded. We founded that flies of species Borji et al, (2010) examined 306 Stomoxys calcitrans were the most camelus dromedarius, 10% infected probability vector of P. skrijabini. Hadi with Parabronema skrijabini in and Al-amery (2012) found the larvae Mashhad in Iran, and they found also of Spiruridii in the intestine of stable Trichostrongylus probolurus, Trichuris flies. Hassan and Alkafagi (2013) globulosa, Camelostrongylus determined increasing the intensity of mentulatus, T. colubriformis, Stilesia flies in December in Abu Garyb in globipunctata, Nematodirella Iraq. dromedarii, Haemonchus longistips, Our study determined also another Nematodirus oiratianus, Cooperia species of flies (M.crassirostris, M. onchophora, Trichuris barbetonensis, larvipara, M. mesopotamiensis, M. Nematodirella cameli, Marshallagia nebulo and M. determinate) which marshalli, Teladorsagia circumcincta, don’t act any role as vector of Moniezia benedeni, M. expansa and P.skrijabini around the world. And we Trichostrongylus vitrines in rate ranged found increasing of intensity of flies in 2-64%. Zhang (2009) in China found cold weather, and that agreement with

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