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Habitat and Nest Site Preferences of Red-Backed Shrike (Lanius Collurio) in Western Denmark

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Habitat and Nest Site Preferences of Red-Backed Shrike (Lanius Collurio) in Western Denmark Ornis Fennica 92:63–75. 2015 Habitat and nest site preferences of Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) in western Denmark Jannie K. Svendsen*, Henrik Sell, Peder Klith Bøcher & Jens-Christian Svenning J.K. Svendsen, P.K. Bøcher, J.-C. Svenning, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] J.K. Svendsen, H. Sell, Natural History Museum – Aarhus, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 210, DK- 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Received 22 November 2013, accepted 4 November 2014 In this study we evaluate nest site and habitat preferences of Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) in the national park Mols Bjerge, Denmark. In total, 28 nests were found during 2010 and 2011. To determine nesting site preferences, the species composition of vegeta- tion in scrub used for nesting was compared to that of nearest unused scrub. To evaluate habitat preferences, a Resource Selection Probability Function (RSPF) was modelled based on presence/absence data. The habitat factors were represented by Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) derived measures of vegetation height and topographic wetness as well as distance to nearest road/path, as an indicator of human disturbance. Scrub used as nesting sites were characterized by thorny shrub species such as Prunus spinosa and Rubus fruticosus. RSPF showed that shrike presence was positively correlated with vege- tation heterogeneity and high topographic wetness, and that it was unaffected by the dis- tance to the nearest road/path. These results provide some guidelines for management, showing that Red-backed Shrike for nesting preferred habitats with high wetness, possi- bly linked to food availability, and heterogeneous vegetation, consistent with their need for low vegetation for hunting and higher vegetation for hunting perches and nest sites, with thorny shrubs especially important for the latter. 1. Introduction land birds (e.g. Tucker & Heath 1994, Pain & Dixon 1997, Donald et al. 2006). One of these Over the last century the landscape in Europe has birds is the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio), undergone major changes. The historical mosaic which has declined since the 1970’s (Tucker & rural landscape with often extensive non-culti- Heath 1994, Pihl et al. 2006) and is now listed on vated, often grazed areas, a diversity of small ara- Annex I of the EU Birds Directive (Bird Directive ble areas, and numerous hedgerows has disap- 2009/147/EC). For birds on this list specific ac- peared and is now replaced with large areas of ara- tions must be done by the members of the EU to ble monocultures (Lefranc 1997, Potter 1997). protect these birds and especially their habitats. This reduction in mosaic habitats has led to a mas- Agricultural intensification has been proposed as sive decline in wildlife, especially notable in farm- one of the main reasons for the overall decline of 64 ORNIS FENNICA Vol. 92, 2015 Red-backed Shrike as it has led to both loss of suit- Söderström 2001) found that Red-backed Shrike able habitat and decreased prey availability (Le- uses scrub of the most frequently plant species in franc 1997, Kuper et al. 2000). the breeding area, others found that Red-backed In Denmark the number of Red-backed Shrike, more specifically, chose spiny scrub as Shrikes is estimated to be relatively stable with nest sites (Olsson 1995b, Farkas et al. 1997, Cam- 1,500–3,000 breeding pairs (Pihl et al. 2006), al- pos & Lizarraga 2000). though there has been a geographic shift over the Habitat preferences of Red-backed Shrike last 30 years, with fewer now breeding in the east- have not yet been studied in Denmark. Therefore, ern part of Denmark and more in the western part we specifically aimed to investigate if Red-backed (Grell 1998). Some of the Red-backed Shrikes in Shrike had specific preferences in (1) their choice Denmark breed in Mols Bjerge, which was de- of vegetation for nest sites and in (2) overall local fined as a national park in 2009 in order to con- nesting habitat, as a basis for management to fa- serve the unique nature, flora and fauna in the area. vour the persistence or increased presence of the Presence of Red-backed Shrike has been proposed species both generally as well as specifically in as a good indicator for biodiversity in semi-open Mols Bjerge. habitats by Brambilla et al. (2009), as they found a We focused on three descriptors of local habi- higher floral diversity in areas occupied by this tat conditions: (i) height of vegetation, as Red- species. Safriel (1995) also proposed that shrikes backed Shrike uses shrubs for nesting sites and for (Laniidae) would be good bioindicators due to hunting perches in areas of low vegetation; (ii) their sensitivity to changes in habitats. Therefore, topographic wetness, as Titeux et al. (2007) have it will be an advantage to maintain the area suitable put avoidance of drained fields as a recommenda- for this bird species, as it will benefit the biodiver- tion for Red-backed Shrike habitat management in sity in Mols Bjerge in general. order to optimize prey availability; (iii) distance to Habitat preferences for the Red-backed Shrike nearest road or path, to investigate whether Red- have been studied previously, and it has been backed Shrike is affected by human disturbance, to found associated with open land with scattered address if low-intensity nature tourism within na- scrub such as low-intensive farming areas, mead- ture reserves such as Mols Bjerge poses a threat to ows and waste land (Olsson 1995a, Lefranc 1997, the species. Lefranc & Worfolk 1997, Grell 1998, Kuzniak & Tryjanowski 2000, Vanhinsbergh & Evans 2002, Brambilla et al. 2007, Golawski & Golawska 2. Material and methods 2008, Brambilla et al. 2009). However, several outstanding questions exist, notably as concerns 2.1. The study area the role of vegetation height, as well as the role of topography. Red-backed Shrike uses different The study was conducted in the National Park vegetation heights; higher vegetation like scrub Mols Bjerge, Denmark (56.225 N, 10.58 E), in two are used as nesting sites and hunting perches, and areas (near Mols Laboratoriet and at Trehøje) – a lower vegetation provides prey items. Topography well-known breeding area for Red-backed Shrike may influence habitat selection via effects on prey (Fig. 1). Mols Bjerge has a unique landscape with availability (Titeux et al. 2007). Here, we use many different habitat types. We only surveyed Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR), a remote- opened areas and used natural limits like dense fo- sensing technology (Vierling et al. 2008), to inves- rest. The areas are often grazed by livestock, but tigate Red-backed Shrike’s habitat selection in parts of the area at Trehøje are also mown. Mols Bjerge. LIDAR has the important advantage that it allows broad-scale, but detailed mapping of vegetation height and topography (see review in 2.2. The study period Vierling et al. (2008)). To maintain Mols Bjerge as a suitable breeding area it is also important to in- Data were collected in May–August 2010 and vestigate specific choice of nest sites for Red- 2011, as part of the Red-backed Shrike project, run backed Shrike. Some authors (Holan 1995, by Natural History Museum, Aarhus (Sell et al. Svendsen et al.: Red-backed Shrike habitat 65 Fig. 1. Map showing the study area in Mols Bjerge, Denmark. The white squares represent the Red-backed Shrike’s nests (n = 20), the black circles represent the pseudo-absence points (n = 280), which were ran- domly distributed within the surveyed areas. 2013). In the beginning of May the area was vis- ing both years, Red-backed Shrikes were captured ited weekly until the first Red-backed Shrikes ar- and colour-ringed to be able to identify the shrikes rived. Hereafter, the area was visited almost daily individually. Seven (two females, five males) of to locate the nests by observing the parent birds. the 30 (17 adult, 13 juveniles) ringed shrikes in Data on vegetation composition and GPS posi- 2010 returned to the study area in 2011. All the re- tions of the nests and vegetation were collected, turning shrikes had a new mate in 2011, but three when the juveniles had left the nest. of the males returned to the same territory. Having repeating individuals can result in pseudo- replication. The dataset is not large enough to use 2.3. Data collection and analyses the individuals as a random factor in the analysis, so instead we developed a reduced dataset to ac- In total, 28 nests were located during the two years. count for any pseudoreplication introduced by in- Observations of Red-backed Shrikes displaying dividuals observed in both years. The reduced territorial behaviour where the nests could not be dataset was made by excluding one of the two ob- found (n = 6) were not included in the dataset. Dur- servations of individuals that were represented 66 ORNIS FENNICA Vol. 92, 2015 twice (i.e., in two years) in the dataset. The exclu- grasses (Poaceae spp. L) were grouped as a single sion was done randomly, except for the constraint herbaceous ground-layer category, as they did not that the two years should be equally presented. constitute part of the nest-holding vegetation (see Hence, in the final dataset each individual only oc- appendix for a list of all plant species found). curs once and only with one nest (n =20nests). Data from both years are used as part of the same sample, as weather data (mean monthly tempera- 2.3.2. Territory habitat ture, monthly sum of precipitation and monthly hours with sunlight) from both years did not differ The GPS positions of the nests (n = 20) were im- when compared on a monthly base (Wilcoxon ported to ArcMap 9.3.1 (ESRI ® 2009) (Fig.
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