Redalyc. Miradas Desde Los Márgenes: El Caso De Deepa Mehta . Revista Mexicana De Estudios Canadienses (Nueva Época)

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Redalyc. Miradas Desde Los Márgenes: El Caso De Deepa Mehta . Revista Mexicana De Estudios Canadienses (Nueva Época) Revista Mexicana de Estudios Canadienses (nueva época) Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre Canadá, A.C. [email protected] ISSN (Versión impresa): 1405-8251 MÉXICO 2007 Graciela Martínez Zalce MIRADAS DESDE LOS MÁRGENES: EL CASO DE DEEPA MEHTA Revista Mexicana de Estudios Canadienses (nueva época), primavera-verano, número 013 Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre Canadá, A.C. Culiacán, México pp. 35-43 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México http://redalyc.uaemex.mx MIRADAS DESDE LOS MÁRGENES: EL CASO DE DEEPA MEHTA GRACIELA MARTÍNEZ-ZALCE Resumen El presente texto es una visión de la recepción crítica obtenida por la filmografía comercial de la cineasta Deepa Mehta, cuyo caso resulta particularmente interesante para abordar las preguntas sobre si la creación de mujeres y la de los migrantes se sitúan en los márgenes, en vista de que su obra suscita suspicacias en Canadá y la India y que se cuestiona su pertenencia a algún canon específico. Palabras clave: Estudios cinematográficos, cine canadiense, cine en la India, teoría de la recepción. odas las generalizaciones son peligrosas; sin embargo, es posible afirmar, Tcon base en el estudio de las artes en Canadá que, a diferencia de otras culturas, este país ha permitido la inclusión de las mujeres en su canon de manera evidente. Los nombres de escritoras y cineastas mujeres se mencionan siempre, ya sea encabezando ya sea a la par de sus colegas hombres en el canon literario y fílmico tanto anglocanadiense como quebequense. Así pues, habrá que preguntarse si la mirada de las mujeres se sitúa en los márgenes en Canadá. Por otro lado, si el multiculturalismo es una política estatal en este país, tal vez también podría preguntarse si las manifestaciones literarias y fílmicas de las comunidades alófonas pueden considerarse como surgidas desde los márgenes. Es por ello que el caso de la cineasta Deepa Mehta resulta particularmente interesante para abordar las preguntas sobre la creación de mujeres y el multiculturalismo, en vista de que su obra suscita suspicacias de un lado y de otro y que se cuestiona su pertenencia a algún canon específico. Deepa Mehta1 nació en Amristar en la India en 1950; obtuvo un grado en filosofía en la Universidad de Nueva Dehli, cuando intentaba alejarse de la in- dustria fílmica, pues su padre era distribuidor de películas en la India. Emigró a Canadá en 1973 debido a su matrimonio con el cineasta Paul Saltzman, donde junto con éste y su hermano, Dilip Mehta, fundó la compañía Sunrise Films. RMEC / núm. 13 / primavera-verano / 2007 REVISTA MEXICANA DE ESTUDIOS CANADIENSES Para el NFB filmó varios documentales2 y para la industria comercial la película Camila, con Jessica Tandy y Bridget Fonda, además de un par de episodios de la serie Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, producida por George Lucas. En la enciclopedia de cineastas mujeres, se le asienta como india/canadiense y se hace una reseña de la obra que hasta entonces había filmado, que es poco halagadora. Se comenta que sus primeras películas rondaron el tema de las vidas de las mujeres y la forma en que éstas se comunican en los niveles más profundos e íntimos. Un tema común, se dice, es el de la extraña unión que se desarrolla entre una pareja de individuos dispares que trascienden sus diferencias y barreras culturales para lograr un entendimiento y desarrollar una amistad; en ciertos casos, de ello deriva la prohibición, por parte de los que conforman las comunidades de origen de los implicados, quienes se preocupan más por la costumbre y los convencionalismos que por la interacción humana. ¿Por qué considerar como poco halagadora la crítica? Porque se le adjetiva como melodramática, es decir, se plantea que sus preocupaciones están relacionadas con seguir la ruta del feminismo virulento de los setenta. De su película Fire3 dice, por ejemplo,4 que aunque Mehta quería hablar de la intolerancia con respecto a la clase social, a la cultura y a la identidad personal, y de cómo 36 los individuos deben luchar contra esos obstáculos que la sociedad impone a través de la tradición para lograr la independencia personal, lo hace de manera fallida para esas trascendentes metas porque el resultado es un drama superficial que carece de personajes redondos y de un guión complejo. Las afirmaciones que la propia Mehta ha hecho de sí misma se prestan, de entrada, a la polémica. En una entrevista, la cineasta revela: Nunca me sentí canadiense. Me molestaba que me catalogaran como parte de una minoría visible; así es como llaman a la gente de color allí. Venía a la India y me llamaban una India No Residente aquí. El problema no era pertenecer a algún lado; era el desagrado que me producen las etiquetas... Ahora me siento feliz con quien soy, Deepa Mehta [...] Me niego a escoger. Paso la mitad del año en cada país. Mi hija es canadiense. Allí soy una inmigrante, y no me quedaría exclusivamente en ningún lugar.5 En relación con las identidades compuestas, para analizar la obra de los artistas de origen asiático que trabajan en Norteamérica y Europa, Eleanor Ty 6 denomina las narrativas de los asiáticos en la diáspora como escritura global y las clasifica en tres categorías: la primera se refiere a obras que tematizan abiertamente la globalización; la segunda incluye obras de autores asiáticos en Norteamérica, Gran Bretaña o Australia cuyos temas tienen poco o nada que ver con los países de adopción de los autores, las cuales se sitúan muchas veces en el pasado y con frecuencia tratan algún elemento de la historia o alguna crisis MIRADAS DESDE LOS MÁRGENES: EL CASO DE DEEPA MEHTA política en el país con el cual el autor se siente más identificado; la tercera está formada por obras de asiáticos en la diáspora que no incluyen protagonistas asiáticos o no tienen que ver con lo asiático. Ty afirma que es más fructífero considerar a estas obras y autores como pertenecientes a una nueva geografía de la identidad a la cual ve como un sitio históricamente instalado, una posición, una locación, un punto de vista, un terreno, una intersección, una red, un cruce de caminos donde se sitúan múltiples saberes. La clasificación es útil para situar la obra reciente de Mehta. En la primera, yo colocaría Bollywood/Hollywood (2002);7 en la segunda a la trilogía compuesta por Fire (1996),8 Earth (1999)9 y Water (2005);10 y en la tercera a The Republic of Love(2003),11 basada en la novela de Carol Shields. Volviendo al punto de partida de este texto, me interesa hablar de la importancia de la obra de Mehta dentro del canon canadiense y me apoyaré en la recepción de sus películas para ello. Bollywood/Hollywood tematiza la globalización a partir de varios de sus rasgos principales; tal como su título lo anuncia, la película de Mehta es una parodia de los musicales que han convertido a la industria fílmica de la India en una de las más importantes del mundo. En ella, Mehta presenta a Toronto como una ciudad global, donde el protagonista es un empresario cibernético exitoso 37 que cree haber superado el yugo de la tradición familiar. El enredo de la comedia romántica se basa en que el protagonista, Rahul, en busca de una novia que sea del gusto de su madre y de su abuela (es decir, india, no blanca anglocanadiense, como la anterior), encuentra a una acompañante que dice ser española y, al final, resulta ser la hija de una obrera que rellena galletas chinas de la suerte y de un mecánico, gran conocedor y fanático de Bollywood, y, por supuesto, indios ambos. Al final, se enamoran y se presupone que vivirán felices para siempre. En su texto “Creole City: Culture, Class and Capital in Toronto”, Kanishka Goonewardena y Stefan Kipfer12 hacen una fuerte crítica a la que consideran la simplona trama de una mala película, porque afirman que festeja el potencial ilimitado de las identidades socioculturales cuando se han liberado de sus ataduras etnoculturales. El título de la película, dicen, es fiel a lo peor o mejor de los dos mundos de celuloide al culminar en el predecible producto de la máquina creadora de parejas heterosexuales; además, tiene como centro la utopía discursiva de la identidad plástica, que permite resolver simbólicamente la ansiedad de la discriminación racial. No es tan fácil que las diferencias étnicas se superen, mucho menos las económicas. Ahora bien, por ser una parodia, Mehta no problematiza ni las relaciones interétnicas ni los conflictos de clase. El musical es una comedia de enredos romántica sin mayores pretensiones que la diversión. Eso es obvio desde el REVISTA MEXICANA DE ESTUDIOS CANADIENSES slogan que anuncia la película: “Nada es lo que parece”; es cierto, pues lo que se esconde –el origen del que Sue, la coprotagonista, reniega– es lo que pone todo en su lugar –el orden familiar, la tradición, como debe ser. Pero sería injusto ignorar el matiz irónico de la película, su propósito como parodia. Sobre The Republic of Love, adaptación de la novela homónima de la gran escritora anglocanadiense Carol Shields, la crítica parece no haberse pronunciado, ni en su carácter de adaptación ni en tanto obra autónoma, como tal. Puede ser porque corresponde a la categoría de obras de asiáticos en la diáspora que no incluyen protagonistas asiáticos o no tienen que ver con lo asiático; es decir, porque podría leerse como un producto anglocanadiense;13 una amena película donde Mehta hace un guiño a su obra cuando uno de los personajes pone en un video Bollywood/Hollywood, con el fin de reavivar la pasión con su pareja, que está a punto de terminar con él, por puro aburrimiento.14 En cuanto a recepción, el caso más interesante es el de la trilogía conformada por Fire (sobre la política de la sexualidad), Earth (sobre el nacionalismo) y Water (acerca de la religión y sus imposiciones), la cual se inscribe dentro del grupo de obras cuyos temas tienen poco o nada que ver con los países de adopción de los autores, y que se sitúan en el pasado y tratan algún elemento de la historia o alguna crisis política en el país de origen de la autora.
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