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Home, Home on the Range Home, home on the range. .. J OHN N EWBY ...where the deer and the antelope play1. Well, perhaps used conservation can also generate complementary income and to play, if the rangelands of the Sahel and Sahara are anything employment. In this regard, the wildlife of the Sahel and to go by. Today, the large bird and mammal fauna of this vast Sahara is no different from a host of other threatened species region of North Africa is one of the most threatened, in faced with similar threats of habitat loss and increased oc- part as a result of livestock development. Drought, desertifi- cupation and transformation of once wilder lands. fi cation, habitat loss and, especially, overexploitation have Signi cant similarities and common ground exist reduced many species to the verge of extinction, with species between the arid-land wildlife and pastoral sectors. such as the addax Addax nasomaculatus, dama gazelle Traditionally, pastoralism mirrors wildlife in its dependence Nanger dama and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus absent from on access to pastures and plants of high quality, in seasonal over 95% of their former ranges (Durant et al., 2014). One movements based on climate, precipitation and the ensuing pasture, and in mobility as an adaptation to unpredictability species, the scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, is extinct in in the distribution, quantity and quality of grazing. Both the wild, and populations of others, such as the Barbary sheep sectors share common threats, and possibly benefits, from Ammotragus lervia, dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, slender- climate change, depending on the prevailing scenario (IIED, horned gazelle Gazella leptoceros, Cuvier’s gazelle Gazella 2013). A drier Sahel could possibly favour the better-adapted cuvieri, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, ostrich Struthio wildlife whereas a wetter Sahel would undoubtedly lead to camelus, and Nubian Neotis nuba and Arabian Ardeotis increased pressure from livestock and possibly the expan- arabs bustards, are seriously threatened over large parts sion of rain-fed agriculture. 2013 2014 of their range (IUCN, ; BirdLife International, ; Whereas wildlife is, with few notable exceptions (e.g. 2014 Newby et al., ). Without dedicated programmes and livestock predation), entirely compatible with and benign to fi signi cant funding, once abundant and widely distributed pastoral interests, the inverse is not necessarily true. Com- species will dwindle to insignificance. Over the next decade petition from livestock, spatially, seasonally and quantitat- new extinctions cannot be ruled out, with the Critically ively, is depriving wildlife of former habitats and pastures, a Endangered addax and dama gazelle most in danger. process that has been facilitated greatly over the past few dec- ades by the tremendous expansion in the number of deep Beyond strict protection from illegal or unsustainable wells and pumping stations. Formerly, many areas of prime offtake as a result of hunting and poaching, and the impacts grazing, especially during the long, waterless hot season, of processes of a very large and complex scale and nature, were unavailable to pastoralists other than on an ephemeral such as desertification and climate change, the major long- or seasonal basis. As a result of expansion of livestock into term challenge facing Sahelo–Saharan species is finding these areas, gazelles and antelopes are increasingly confined a workable and mutually beneficial balance between their to poorly accessible marginal areas, where they are doubly needs and those of the pastoral communities and their prone to the impacts of drought and desertification. livestock that share the same resources of space, pasture, Increasingly rare are those areas where human occupancy water and shade. There is no doubt of the economic, social and livestock numbers still allow cohabitation with wildlife. and cultural values of pastoralism in the Sahel and Sahara Over the past 50–60 years the prime response of govern- but it is imperative we seek and develop scenarios where ments and the conservation community to the disappear- pastoralism and its development progress hand in hand ance of Sahelo–Saharan wildlife has been the setting up of with biodiversity conservation and improvements in the invariably large protected areas such as the Ahaggar and status of threatened species, including restoration of habitats Tassili National Parks in Algeria, the Aïr and Termit Nature and the reintroduction of lost or failing species where Reserves in Niger, and the Ouadi Rimé–Ouadi Achim Game necessary. Biodiversity conservation plays a valuable but Reserve in Chad. Although suitably vast in area (together largely ignored or undervalued role in sustaining pastoral- 2 these five protected areas total . 360,000 km ) to accom- ism and increasing its resilience to drought, desertification modate widely dispersed mobile species, lack of resources, and climate change. If developed carefully, biodiversity civil strife and inadequate management have resulted in failure to address the root causes of wildlife loss and, JOHN NEWBY Sahara Conservation Fund, Rue des Tigneuses, 1148 L’Isle, especially, the need to find and implement enlightened, Switzerland. E-mail [email protected] integrated management of the wildlife–livestock relation- 1 From a poem originally penned by Dr Brewster Higley in 1876 before being ff reworked as the well-known folk song, and state song of Kansas, extolling the ship. Even where e ective, protected areas and their wildlife virtues of the American rangelands. populations are increasingly at risk from isolation and © 2014 Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 48(2), 157–158 doi:10.1017/S0030605314000143 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 27 Sep 2021 at 17:28:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000143 158 John Newby fragmentation, with the land between these islands increas- has been developed and implemented at several sites in ingly occupied or degraded, leaving little hope for the Chad, Niger and Tunisia by the Sahara Conservation establishment of effective wildlife corridors. Fund through its Pan Sahara Wildlife Survey programme Protected areas also offer excellent opportunities for (Wacher & Newby, 2012). The programme is helping trying novel approaches to integrated wildlife–livestock identify wildlife hotspots for priority action, including im- management. Although not always the case, Sahelo– proved management, protection and zonation. Data collec- Saharan wildlife is generally better off in parks and reserves tion and analysis is carried out rigorously using proven than in surrounding areas. Protected areas also provide a sampling techniques. Equal effort is spent on the collection useful framework to experiment with innovative forms of of comparable data for livestock numbers and composition, park management, such as public–private models, local as well as seasonal distribution in relation to wildlife governance, and community-based management. Because resources and habitat condition. of their large size, the reserves also offer the opportunity to It is vital that this sort of information reaches the hands work at a scale of high relevancy with respect to ecological, of decision-makers. It is equally important that the decision- climatic and socio-economic parameters and processes. makers are willing to listen and consider the impacts of Beyond wildlife conservation and the benefits that accrue pastoral development on wildlife. Failure to do so will in- to the sustainable use and management of natural resources evitably lead to the disappearance of the remaining gazelles in terms of ecological health, services and stability in the face and antelopes, their rightful home on the range totally of threats such as drought, desertification, overgrazing and occupied and quite possibly degraded by growing numbers climate change, improvements in pastoral practices and of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. I’m not against livestock management are also necessary to maintain productivity, in reasonable numbers but would certainly prefer a home resilience and sustainable livelihoods for pastoralists and to ‘where the buffalo roam and the deer and the antelope play’ avoid the pitfalls of overgrazing, habitat degradation, and the alongside those camels and goats if possible. loss of mobility through sedentarization around wells and pumping stations. Failure to embrace these issues fully References will not only lead to reduced pastoral productivity and heightened food insecurity but will also result in out- AFD (AGENCE FRANCAISE DÉVELOPPEMENT)(2014a) Declaration de migration and ecological refugees, unplanned urbanization, N’Djamena. Http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PORTAILS/ and associated crisis management and its related costs. In a PAYS/TCHAD/PDF/D%C3%A9claration%20de%20N%27Djam% region beggared by chronic insecurity and civil strife it is not C3%A9na%20trilingue.pdf [accessed 15 February 2014]. 2014 at all unreasonable to stress the role a healthy and productive AFD (AGENCE FRANCAISE DÉVELOPPEMENT)( b) La Politique Sectorielle du Pastoralisme au Tchad: Quelles orientations? Http:// environment can play in maintaining stability and peace. www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PORTAILS/PAYS/TCHAD/ Improvements in the status quo can be brought about PDF/Actes%20du%20colloque_pasto_%20Tchad.pdf [accessed 15 through integrated management of wildlife and pastoral re- February 2014]. sources, better
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