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National Historical Park New Jersey Contents o<*>15£o kt NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK NEW JERSEY CONTENTS Page UNITED STATES Historical Background 3 Morristown as a Military Headquarters . 3 DEPARTMENT Revolutionary Morristown and Its People. 3 OF THE INTERIOR The Loantaka Valley Encampment of HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary 1777 4 The Jockey Hollow Encampment of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 1779-80 4 ARNO B. CAMMERER, Director The Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line in 1781 6 The New Jersey Brigade Encampment of 1781-82 ' 6 Washington's Headquarters .... 8 CIVILIAN The Historical Museum .... 9 CONSERVATION CORPS Fort Nonsense 10 ROBERT FECHNER, Director Jockey Hollow and Its Environs . 11 The Continental Army Encampment Sites ADVISORY COUNCIL of 1779-80 11 The Camp Hospital, Revolutionary Bury­ GEORGE P. TYNER, Brigadier General ing Ground, and Bettin Oak . 11 Representing the Secretary of War The Wick House and Farm . 12 CONRAD L. WIRTH, Supervisor of Recreation and Natural Scenery and Wildlife . 13 Land Planning, National Park Service. Representing the Secretary of the Interior How to Reach the Park .... 15 FRED MORREI.L, Assistant Chief Forester, United Service to the Public 15 States Forest Service. Representing the Secretary of Agriculture CHESLEY W. BAILEY. Representing the Veterans' Administration THE COVER Marble bust of Washington. This finely sculptured piece stands on a pedestal in the entrance hall of the Morristown Historical Museum Morristown National Historical Park DURING two winters of the Revolutionary War, The park has three geographical units. In 1777 and 1779-80, the rugged hill country around Morristown proper are the site of Fort Nonsense, Morristown, N. J., sheltered the main encamp­ built in 1777, and the Ford Mansion, which was ments of the Continental Army. Morristown Washington's Headquarters in 1779-80. On the National Historical Park was established by act headquarters grounds is the historical museum, of congress in 1933 to preserve the physical remains which contains a valuable collection of material and to commemorate the men and events which dealing with Colonial and Revolutionary history. were associated with this phase of American history. The third park unit is Jockey Hollow, about 3 The area is administered by the National Park miles southwest of Morristown, where are located Service, United States Department of the Interior. the Continental Army camp sites of 1779-80. HISTORICAL BACKGRO UJVD MORRISTOWN AS A MILITARY HEADQUARTERS the patriotic cause; food and clothing could gen­ erally be found for the army; and from the furnaces FROM 1776 to the end of the Revolutionary War, and forges at Hibernia, Mount Hope, Ringwood, New York City was the principal British stronghold and Charlottesburg, hidden away in the moun­ in America, and in its vicinity occurred the most tainous country northwest of Morristown, much continuous military operations of the conflict. needed iron supplies were obtainable. British sea power made it impossible for the Con­ tinental Army successfully to attack New York; REVOLUTIONARY MORRISTOWN AND ITS PEOPLE but through skillful maneuvering, and despite his inferior forces, Washington was able generally to BEFORE the war Morristown had been a rustic, confine the enemy to their lines about Manhattan frontier community, settled largely by immigrants and Staten Islands. This was chiefly the result of New England origin. Farming was the economic of certain physical features in northern New Jersey mainstay of its 250 people, although neighboring and southeastern New York. Fifteen miles west­ iron mines, furnaces, and forges were already en­ ward from the mouth of the Hudson River lay the riching a few families and employing an increasing Watchung Mountains, whose parallel ridges number of laborers. stretched out, like a huge earthwork, from the The outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain Raritan River on the south toward the northern changed all this. Because it was the largest town boundary of New Jersey, whence they were con­ for miles around, and by reason of its location near tinued by similar ridges to the Hudson Highlands the midpoint of the defensive arc formed by the and West Point. Not far west of the Watchungs, Watchungs, with its approach from the east further rose the foothills of the main Appalachian chain. guarded by large swamps on either side, Morris­ By keeping his lines of communication in the town became in effect "the military capital of the valley between these protective hills, Washington United States." Washington spent more contin­ was able to remain safely near New York City and uous time there than at any other headquarters; watch the British, to guard the roads which con­ the main body of the Continental Army was nected New England with Pennsylvania and the quartered nearby during two winters, and large South, and to hold himself in readiness to move parts of it at other times; and the "Committee at his troops with great rapidity to any point threat­ Headquarters," in which was concentrated much ened by the enemy. Other factors also made the authority of the Continental Congress in 1780, sat section advantageous as a base for American mili­ at Morristown during the greater portion of its life. tary operations: Its people were actively loyal in A prominent citizen, Col. Jacob Ford, was sub- 3 sidized by the State of New Jersey for the mainte­ 1779, eleven brigades of the Continental Army nance of a powder mill which did good service to (Virginia, First and Second Maryland, Hand's, the Nation. The Morris County Militia was New Jersey, First and Second Connecticut, First called upon three times, once in 1776 and twice and Second Pennsylvania, New York, and Stark's), in 1780, to repulse British raids into the hill coun­ were put into camp on or near Mount Kemble, try; and each time the enemy was turned back. about 4 miles southwest of Morristown, in Jockey One unit of the State beacon system for summoning Hollow. General and Mrs. Washington, together the militia also was established at Morristown, with the Commander in Chief's official family, possibly on the crest of Fort Nonsense Hill. Its took up their residence in the home of Mrs. geographic situation and other factors thus kept the Theodosia Ford, about a mile northeast from town free from British attack throughout the war. Morristown Green. Again, it was a winter of severe hardships, due largely to the scarcity of THE LOANTAKA VALLEY ENCAMPMENT OF 1777 provisions and clothing for heavy snows often blocked the roads and made it impossible for MORRISTOWN first reached a position of national supply wagons to get through. Some observers significance early in January 1777, following Wash­ thought it the worst winter of the century. Wash­ ington's brilliant victories at Trenton and Princeton ington himself wrote that his soldiers occasionally when the entire American Army took up winter went "5 and 6 days together without bread," quarters in the Loantaka Valley, a few miles to the and that at one time they "ate every kind of horse southeast. The Commander in Chief established food but hay." The troops were fairly well his headquarters in the Arnold Tavern on Morris­ housed, however, and relatively free from sickness. town Green. The months that followed, as in every winter of the war, were filled with intense There were no important military operations suffering for the troops, who often lacked the bare around Morristown itself, but in January the necessities of food, clothing, and shelter. Smallpox, weather was so cold that the Hudson River froze desertion, and expiring enlistments nearly destroyed over, and Washington, taking advantage of this the Army; but the fact that Washington held un­ natural bridge, sent a force under Lord Stirling molested a position less than 30 miles from the to attack the British posts on Staten Island. scene of his crushing defeat a few months previous Unfortunately, the enemy learned of this movement bore silent testimony to the vitality of the inde­ in time to reinforce their position and the expedi­ pendence movement, and to the strength of the tion accomplished nothing. Minor raids from great commander's leadership. both sides constituted the only active hostilities during the remainder of the winter. In June, however, the Hessian general, Knyphausen, led THE JOCKEY HOLLOW ENCAMPMENT OF 1779-80 two strong offensive movements against Morris­ THE PART which Morristown played in the next town, both of which were turned back at Spring­ few years was less significant, although the place field by Continentals and militia, long before seems to have been continuously garrisoned by they could endanger the main American position. Continentals or militia, and also remained an It was in the field of planning and organization important supply depot. that the winter spent at Morristown counted most. In the winter of 1779-80, however, the shifting Inspector Gen. Baron von Steuben continued his scenes of war made the village more prominent effective efforts, begun at Valley Forge 2 years than ever before. The new British commanders, before, to whip the undisciplined American levies Clinton and Cornwallis, had carried the conflict into a real military machine. Nathanael Greene's into the South, and in the fall of 1779 Washington manful struggle to organize an efficient quarter­ foresaw the necessity of sending heavy reinforce­ master's department, notwithstanding lack of ments to that quarter. This made it essential to resources and the failure of Congress to give proper concentrate the remainder of his troops in a support, should be noted. The Commander in position strongly defensible, yet easily accessible Chief drew plans for an army that would enable to roads leading southward, and at the same time him to end the war in one decisive campaign, covering New York City and its vicinity. Morris­ plans which, though the Government's weakness town met all these requirements, and in December prevented their complete execution, eventually 4 Reconstructed officers'" hut.
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