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Components of RACP GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN Public Disclosure Authorized

Department of Agriculture

Public Disclosure Authorized Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project

Environment Assessment and Management Framework January 2012

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Environment Assessment (EA) team of the Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project (RACP) is grateful to Shri D.B. Gupta, Principal Secretary, Agriculture for the guidance provided towards the study. The team is thankful to Shri B.S. Detha, Project Director, RACP for the continued support. The support provided by the World Bank team especially Mr. Severin Kodderitsch, Mr. M Pathy, Ms. Priti Kumar and Mr. Varun Singh; and, World Bank Consultants Mr. S.C. Rajshekhar and Ms. Varsha Mehta, is highly appreciated.

The project team was greatly helped by various organizations that provided relevant data and information for the study. Specifically, the support provided by the Department of Agriculture, Water Resource Department, Ground Water Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the Forest Department was very useful.

The support provided by RACP team and other district officers of agriculture department for making necessary arrangements during the field visit, multi-stakeholder and disclosure workshops is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. M.S. Rathore, Centre for Environment and Development Studies (CEDSJ), Jaipur for providing the long and historical database and, contributing significantly in key aspects of the study. In addition, we are thankful to NGOs (for example, Shree Vivekananda Seva Nyas, Mavli, Foundation for Ecological Services, and BAIF) for their valuable contributions from their implementation experience during field visit and workshops.

We thank the RACP team and RACP Consultants—Dr. Shanti Lal Mehta, Lead Technical Consultant, Dr. Ashok Chauhan, OSD and Nodal Officer and, Mr. Shashikant Chopde, Dr. Alka Awasthi, Mr. Ladulal Sharma, Mr. Narendra Pratap Singh and Dr. Dalbir Singh, Consultants, RACP for preparing the report.

Last, but not least, the study would not have been possible without the kind support and cooperation rendered by the communities, namely the SHGs, Farmers Cooperatives, Agriculture Produce Market Committee, and villagers from Dudu and Banswara clusters. The team owes special thanks to each one of them.

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Contents

1 Project Overview ...... 1 1.1 Introduction: Project description ...... 1 1.2 Environment Assessment (EA): Objectives and Methodology ...... 1 2 Environment Baseline ...... 5 2.1 Agro-Climatic features of Rajasthan ...... 6 2.2 Climate ...... 11 2.3 Land Use Pattern ...... 15 2.4 Forest Cover ...... 19 2.5 Water Resource ...... 21 2.6 Irrigation scenario ...... 24 2.7 Agriculture ...... 26 2.8 Zone-wise Area, Production and Yield of Different Crops in Rajasthan ...... 28 2.9 Livestock ...... 36 2.10 Summary of Environment Assessment & Implications for EMF ...... 41 3 Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks ...... 42 3.1 WB Safeguard Operational Policies ...... 42 3.2 Environmental Policies framed by the GoI and GoR ...... 43 3.3 Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR ...... 47 3.4 Policies and Acts vis-vis RACP interventions ...... 52 4 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of RACP Component ...... 61 4.1 Components of RACP ...... 61 4.2 RACP Interventions – Assessment of Environmental Impact ...... 62 4.3 Classification of RACP Interventions based on Environmental Impacts ...... 69 5 Chapter 5: Environmental Management Framework ...... 72 5.1 Rationale and Objectives...... 72 5.2 Process of Development of the EMF ...... 72 5.3 Scope of Application of EMF ...... 72 5.4 Strategic Approach of EMF ...... 73 5.5 Components of EMF ...... 74 5.6 Process of EMP Preparation ...... 74 5.7 Mapping EMF Implementation to Project Activity Cycle ...... 77 5.8 Institutional Arrangements ...... 82 5.9 Environment Audit & Monitoring Framework ...... 84 5.10 Training Plan ...... 88 5.11 Budget...... 92

ANNEXURES A

Annexure I: Field Consultations under RACP-EA 96 Annexure II: List of pesticides banned by Government of India 129

Annexure III: List of pesticides not permissible 132

(WHO classes Ia, Ib and II)

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Annexure IV: Integrated Pest Management Plan for Rajasthan 135

Annexure V: Best Practices 147

Annexure VI: Review of relevant projects of Word Bank 153

Annexure VII: OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment 157 Annexure VIII: OP 4.09 – Pest Management 163

ANNEXURE B Environmental Management Framework Toolkit 165

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List of Tables

Table 1-1: RACP Project Components ...... 1

Table 2-1: An Overview of Rajasthan ...... 5

Table 2-2: Agro-Climatic Features of Rajasthan ...... 6

Table 2-3: District-wise rainfall ...... 11

Table 2-4: District-wise Maximum & Minimum Temp ...... 12

Table 2-5: Status of Land degradation in Rajasthan ...... 19

Table 2-6: Zone-wise status of forest cover ...... 20

Table 2-7 : Basin-wise availability of surface water ...... 22

Table 2-8: Basin wise status of Groundwater Resource ...... 22

Table 2-9: Agro-climatic zone wise Sources of irrigation ...... 24

Table 2-10: Fertility status and problematic soils in the project districts...... 26

Table 2-11: Agro-climatic zone wise consumption of fertilizer ...... 27

Table 2-12: Area, Production and Productivity of different Crops ...... 35

Table 2-13: Grazing pressure in Rajasthan ...... 38

Table 2-14: Fodder demand and supply in the state of Rajasthan ...... 40

Table 3-1: WB Safeguard Operation Policies ...... 42

Table 3-2: Policies of GoI and GoR ...... 43

Table 3-3: Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR ...... 47

Table 3-4: Policies and Acts vis-à-vis RACP interventions ...... 52

Table 4-1: Environmental benefits of ecosystem farming ...... 64

Table 4-2: Crop Intensification, Issues & Mitigation Measures ...... 65

Table 4-3: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Water Harvesting and Water Management) ...... 67

Table 4-4: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Livestock Management) ...... 68

Table 4-5: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Storage and marketing) ...... 69

Table 4-6: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (FPC operations) ...... 69

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Table 4-7: Classification of impacts of RACP interventions ...... 70

Table 5-1: Mapping of EMF on RACP components ...... 72

Table 5-2: Responsibility and stage of application of various EGs ...... 76

Table 5-3: Mapping EMF implementation to Project Cycle ...... 79

Table 5-4: Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team ...... 82

Table 5-5: Cluster Level Arrangements- Service Providers ...... 83

Table 5-6: Community Level Arrangements ...... 84

Table 5-7: EG-wise process and outcome indicators ...... 84

Table 5-8: Training type, target groups and frequency ...... 89

Table 5-9: Training Content and Duration for 4 tiers of training ...... 90

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan ...... 7

Figure 2-2: Drought Frequency Map of Rajasthan ...... 12

Figure 2-3: Rainfall variability in select project districts ...... 14

Figure 2-4: Intensity and frequency of drought (1901-2002) ...... 14

Figure 2-5: Landuse patterns across agro-climatic regions ...... 17

Figure 2-6: Showing the Forest Cover in Rajasthan ...... 21

Figure 2-7: % Blocks Overexploited for Groundwater ...... 24

Figure 2-8: Irrigation trends across selected districts of RACP ...... 25

Figure 2-9: Trend in fertilizer consumption in selected districts of RACP ...... 28

Figure 2-10: Various crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan ...... 29

Figure 2-11: Livestock Composition across agro-climatic zones ...... 37

Figure 5-1: Stages of Project Cycle and EMF Strategy ...... 73

Figure 5-2: Process of EMP preparation and process of approval in RACP ...... 75

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List of Abbreviations

Sr. No Abbreviation Full form 1 AACP Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project 2 ACUs Adult Cattle Units 3 AESA Agro-Ecosystem Assessment Andhra Pradesh Farmers Groundwater Management 4 APFAMGS System 5 APMC Agriculture Produce Market Committee Andhra Pradesh Groundwater Bore-well Irrigation 6 APWELL Schemes 7 BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industry Foundation 8 BCM Billion Cubic Metres 9 BoD Board of Directors 10 CACP Cluster Agriculture Competitiveness Plans 11 CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute 12 CEO Chief Executive Officer 13 CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment 14 CoP Code of Practices 15 Cu.M Cubic Metres 16 CVS Charagah (pasture land) Vikas Samitee District Environment Management Coordinator/ 17 DEMC Consultant 18 DLIC District Level Implementation Committee 19 DoA Department of Agriculture 20 DPRs Detail Project Reports 21 EA Environment Assessment 22 EC Electrical Conductivity 23 EG Environmental Guidance 24 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 25 EMF Environmental Management Framework 26 EMP Environmental Management Plan 27 EFP Environmental Focal Point 28 ETL Economic Threshold Level 29 FES Foundation for Ecological Security 30 FFS Farmers' Field School 31 FGDs Focus Group Discussions 32 FPC Farmers Producer Company 33 FWS Farmers Water School 34 GMC Groundwater Management Committees 35 GoI Government of India 36 GoR Government of Rajasthan

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Sr. No Abbreviation Full form 37 ha Hectare/hectares 38 HDI Human Development Index 39 HU Hydrological Unit 40 HUN Hydrological Unit Network 41 IDE International Development Enterprises 42 IGNP Indira Gandhi Nahar Project 43 IMD India Meteorological Department 44 IMR Infant Mortality Rate 45 INM Integrated Nutrient Management 46 INPM Integrated Nutrient and Pest Management 47 IPM Integrated Pest Management 48 M&E Monitoring and Evaluation 49 MACP Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project 50 MCM Million Cubic Metres 51 MLPs Micro-level Plans 52 MoU Memorandum of Understanding 53 NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations 54 NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce 55 OD Operational Directive 56 OP Operational Policy 57 PAN Protected Area Network 58 PCU Project Coordination Unit 59 PD Project Director 60 PFT Project Facilitation Team 61 PIU Project Implementation Unit 62 PRI Panchayati Raj Institution 63 PVSP Participatory Varietal Selection and Promotion 64 RACP Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project 65 RRLP Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project 66 SC Scheduled Caste 67 SCPI Sustainable Crop Production Intensification 68 SEMC State Environment Management Coordinator 69 SHGs Self Help Groups 70 SP1 Service Producer 1 71 SP2 Service Producer 2 72 SP3 Service Producer 3 73 SPMU State Project Management Unit 74 sq.km Square Kilometres 75 SSOs Sector Specific Organisations 76 ST Scheduled Tribe

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Sr. No Abbreviation Full form 77 TGA Total Geographical Area 78 TGCS Tree Growers Cooperative Society 79 VCDP Value Chain Development Plan 80 VPMC Village Forest Protection and Management Committee 81 WB World Bank 82 WDC Watershed Development Committee

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Executive Summary

Project Overview

The Department of Agriculture (DOA) of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR) is preparing the Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project (RACP) with proposed financing by the World Bank. The development objective of RACP is: to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological, climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes. Specifically, the key components of the RACP include: Climate Resilient Agriculture Markets and Value Chains and, Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, Project Management. This diverse range of interventions will have important environmental dimensions--including benefits, potential adverse impacts and risks.

The beneficiaries of the project will primarily be small and marginal farmers with actual or potential commercial outlook in the selected agro-climatic zones supported through collective action in achieving economies of scale. The project will be taken up in 10 regional clusters from different agro-climatic conditions of the state.

The GOR undertook an Environment Assessment (EA) of the proposed RACP, with the objective of identifying, assessing and mainstreaming the environmental aspects of RACP in project planning, detailed design and implementation. The EA would act as a decision-making tool to ensure that the project design and implementation are environmentally sound. The specific objectives of the EA are to:

 Identify and assess the potential environmental impacts and risks of the interventions proposed under the RACP, and recommend mitigation measures;

 Identify opportunities for enhancing environment benefits, including proactive pesticide management measures for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural practices;

 Assess the applicability of i) World Bank’s Operational Policies (OPs) and Government of India (GOI) and GOR legislations and policies on environment issues which would apply to RACP; and

 Develop a simple and practical environment management framework (EMF) that would be used by the RACP to screen and mitigate potentially adverse environmental impacts at cluster levels;

The methodology for conducting EA involved:

 Review of secondary data and literature from the viewpoint of identifying key policies and regulatory environment issues across various marginalised groups by agro-climatic zones. Specifically, it included relevant environment policies, legal and regulatory provisions of the World Bank, Government of India and Government of Rajasthan.

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 Relevant projects of WB viz. Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project (RRLP), Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project (MACP) and Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project (AACP) were reviewed (Annex-VI).

 The key stakeholders consulted included community institutions, SHGs, federations, NGOs, and line departments. Overall, three levels of consultation with stakeholders were held:

o Twenty-eight field consultation to identify Environmental issues and potential impacts of RACP interventions in select two clusters with farmers, SHGs, village leaders, key informants, agriculture Producer Company and agri-processing organisations.

o Consultation workshops: Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted at Jaipur and Banswara, where representatives from line departments, research and academic institutes, NGOs were invited for seeking feedback and suggestions. The summary of key environmental issues from field consultations and the workshops are presented in a report.

o The draft final report was presented to the RACP and the World Bank, and their comments incorporated. The report was also hosted on the web for seeking feedback and comments. A public disclosure workshop with NGOs, research and academia institutions and line departments was held on 19 January 2012 at Jaipur.

The findings from the secondary data, literature and stakeholder consultations fed into developing an Environmental Management Framework (EMF).

Environment Baseline

The RACP project will be implemented in 20 clusters across 10 districts from diverse agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. A summary of the environmental status across the various zones is as below:

Climate variability: Droughts of severe to very severe intensities have occurred in all the districts in approximately 20 years in the past 100 years while moderate droughts have occurred in 10-15 years in the same period.

Land-use pattern: Wide variation exists in land use pattern across the different zones that require due attention while making certain intervention in agriculture sector from environmental point of view.

Land degradation: Twenty-seven per cent of total geographical area of Rajasthan is degraded. The nature and extent of degradation of lands varies considerably in the state requiring attention of the planners and project implementing agencies not only in arresting the degradation but also regenerating the degrading lands in the project areas.

Forest cover: About a third of the total geographical area in the zones in southern regions are under forests, while in flood prone region forests occupies about one-fifth of the total geographical area. The arid and hyper-arid regions have just two per cent forest cover.

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Water resources: Rajasthan has very uneven distribution of surface water resources. There are 14 river basins in the state. This apart, almost 50% of the area of the state i.e. the western arid area is “outside” any river basin with mere 10% of the total surface water resources. More than 50% of the state’s surface water resource is from inter-state transfers. Groundwater development in all the river basins except Mahi, Sabarmati and West Banas is bleak with discharge exceeding the recharge. Even in the above three river basins the development has reached almost 90% of the recharge.

Irrigation development: Groundwater is the major source of irrigation in the state. While the North Eastern region (Zones IB and IC) and South Eastern region (Zones IVB and V) of the state have high proportion of irrigated area from surface water, about 90% of the irrigated area in the remaining zones is dependent on groundwater.

Agriculture: Largely, all the zones are low in nitrogen (N), which is the main element that supports crops. The application of phosphorus (P) is medium in all the agro-climatic zones while consumption of K is high in four zones. Largely, in certain zones fertiliser consumption is low—even lower than the national average (90 kg per hectare), except two zones such as Humid Southern Eastern and Flood Prone Eastern Plain. In these zones, there is intensive agriculture as compared to other zones that is attributed to the availability of good irrigation facilities—from canal and groundwater.

Livestock: In irrigated north plain zone, the share of cattle and buffaloes is considerable i.e. about 53 per cent and small ruminants constitute their share as about 44 per cent and 3 per cent share belong to other animals such as camel, horse, donkeys and pigs. In this zone, households keep cattle mainly for farm operations.

The key environment issues identified in Rajasthan are: high dependence on groundwater leading to large scale and increasing exploitation; use of fertilizers has increased considerably in irrigated agriculture making agriculture unsustainable and dependent on external inputs; soil fertility has decreased considerably demanding increased use of fertilizers to maintain the productivity levels; status of fodder is critical. The commons are shrinking and largely degraded.

Regulatory and legal framework

All the relevant acts, rules, and regulations of the Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the safeguard policies of World Bank concerning water resources, agriculture development, and value chain that are likely to be of relevance under RACP have been reviewed. The RRLP triggers the following safeguard policies of the World Bank:

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

Pest Management (OP 4.09)

The necessary measures to ensure compliance with these laws, regulations, and policies are included in the environmental guidelines (EGs) developed as part of the EMF.

Key Environmental Issues and Implications for RACP

 Selected crop may lead to consumption of more water

 Selected cropping pattern may lead to nutrient depletion

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 Degradation of soil physical characteristics due to intensive cropping Deterioration of nutrient content of soil due to intensive cropping Increased and imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers

 Increased chemical pesticide use

 Increased incidence of pests if the same crop is promoted repeatedly

 Safety issues in storing and using chemical pesticides

 Downstream flow needs to be maintained from economic and environmental consequences including ecosystem maintenance. Recharge structures need to consider scientific, hydrological and community concerns.

 Farm ponds need to be designed on dependable yield from only the catchment of the private land.

 Introduction of micro irrigation devices may lead to expansion of cropped area leading to no net reduction in water use in agriculture sector

 Cropping pattern may be leading to unsustainable use of available water

 It may be difficult to ensure that individual users agree to use water as per an aquifer based crop-water plan

 Poor storage may lead to pest and disease infestation of seeds

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Environment Management Framework (EMF)

Crop Intensification

The key objective of interventions in crop production is to increase crop productivity so that farmer income is enhanced. The dominant and “business-as-usual” approach to achieving this is to intensify crop production by introducing hybrid seed varieties that respond well to chemical fertilizers and apply chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack the crop.

 A suggested “good practice” is Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI) which views agriculture as a part of a larger ecosystem and tries to reduce the eco-footprint of agriculture while at the same time enhancing productivity and returns to the farmer.

 Specifically, SCPI proposes to: minimize soil disturbance, enhance and maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, the use of well adapted, high-yielding varieties, enhanced crop nutrition based on healthy soils, integrated management of pests, diseases and weeds, and efficient water management.

Water Harvesting and Water Management

Water harvesting and water management activities are expected to be implemented under three water regimes in the RACP, namely, rain fed, groundwater based and surface water based. The suggested measures include:

 RACP should as a rule apply water wherever feasible only through micro irrigation devices. Other cultural means of conserving resources such as zero or minimal tillage, constant maintenance of green cover or soil mulching, etc., should be promoted.

 As in the case of crop production, the RACP should mainstream the concepts of matching cropping pattern to water availability, use of micro irrigation system as a rule and adoption of water conservation techniques.

 Overall, activities under this subcomponent are expected to reduce absolute quantity of water use in agriculture while increasing water-use efficiency. Therefore, environmental impacts are expected to be positive.

Livestock Management

RACP has recognized the importance of livestock in ensuring nutrient recycling in cropping systems. Accordingly, it has included a component that focuses on improving small ruminant livestock management, especially for goats. Further, the project proposes to provide health care through health camps and Rural Technology Centre-cum-Animal Health Centres. Suggested mitigation measures include:

 Develop silvi-pasture (tree & grasses) lands on common and private land

 Bring in improved feed practices such as using chaff cutters

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 Use of mineral supplements to increase productivity

 Herd and breed management techniques

 Inclusion of fodder crops in the cropping pattern to ensure year-round feed and fodder availability etc.

Storage & Marketing of Inputs and Produce

Storage and processing of produce are activities expected to be taken up under value chain development component of the RACP. The key environmental impact of building storage structures is felling of trees to clear the land. Dust, noise and discharge & disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are expected to be the chief environmental impacts sorting grading and any primary processing—these impacts will need to be assessed on case to case basis before any mitigation measures are suggested. Hence, the specific mitigation measure is:

 Selecting a site that is free of trees, failing which compensatory planting in the ratio of 1:10 trees for every tree felled may be taken up.

Operation of Farmer Producer Organization

The operations include input supply to its members, output marketing and processing support to its members, providing warehousing facility, etc. These activities when carried out in a “business-as- usual” manner would affect the environment in one way or the other. For example, if the FPC were to promote agri chemicals indiscriminately, as a pesticides dealer would, it would result in increased use of such chemicals in the project area. Therefore, there is a need for the FPC to operate as a responsible business entity.

Strategic Approach to EMF

The EMF strategy is to integrate and mainstream environment management into the project cycle right from the planning and design stage and needs to be linked with various stages of the project cycle.

 CACP preparation by SP1 (0-6 months): CACP to be prepared in consultation with community. SP1 to use Environmental Guidance (EGs included as part of EMF toolkit) to design various interventions. A simple checklist needs to be filled by SP1 to ensure compliance with EGs.

 DPR preparation by SP1 with Community participation (0-6 months): Based on the framework provided by CACP, SP1 will develop DPRs in consultation with community. DPRs need to have sub-plans on Crop Intensification, Water Harvest and Management, Livestock Management and Value Chain Management. Mitigation measures will be incorporated in the design stage itself by SP1 using EGs for designing interventions. EMP checklist will need to be filled up for approval to start execution of activities.

 Project Implementation Phase (6 months from start of SP2 to end of project): SP2 will oversee the implementation of the EMP on the ground with oversight from the DPMU and SPMU teams.

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Components of EMF

 A ‘regulatory requirements list’: is drawn up on the basis of a review of the existing law and regulations of the Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the safeguard policies of the World Bank (Annex B).

 Classification of project activities by degree of environmental impact: This list has been drawn up on the basis on implementation experience in the Bank's existing livelihood and agriculture projects and an analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed activities in RACP (see Section 4.3).

 Environmental guidelines (EGs) for key project activities: Guidelines are provided for Crop Intensification, Water Resources Development & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Post-harvest storage and processing.

 Environmental Management Plan Checklists: Specimen EMP Checklists have been provided for seven sets of project activities that help the user apply the EGs and prepare a mitigation plan.

Finally, to aid effective implementation of EMF the report provides institutional arrangement (Section 5.7), Environment Audit and Monitoring Framework (Section 5.8), Training Plan (Section 5.9) and Budget (Section 5.10).

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PART A PROJECT OVERVIEW: PROJECT DESCRIPTION, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Final

1 Project Overview

1.1 Introduction: Project description The Department of Agriculture (DOA) of the Government of Rajasthan (GOR) is preparing the Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project (RACP) with proposed financing by the World Bank. The development objective of RACP is: to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological, climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes. The guiding principles of RACP are: (a) improved on-farm water use efficiency, reduced water-intensive cropping patterns, and using the resultant savings for economic purposes outside of agriculture in support the state’s water policy of reducing water consumption by the agricultural sector; (b) increased private sector participation in the development of value chains in processing and marketing in support of the state’s agro processing and agri-business policy; and (c) improved public sector capacity in delivering agriculture support services.

The beneficiaries of the project will primarily be small and marginal farmers with actual or potential commercial outlook in the selected agro-climatic zones supported through collective action in achieving economies of scale. RACP will include a wide range of project interventions on water conservation, agricultural productivity, livestock and agriculture value chains etc. which will have important environmental and social dimensions--including benefits, potential adverse impacts and risks. The project will be taken up in 10 regional clusters from different agro-climatic conditions of the state.

The key project components and sub-components of RACP are:

Table 1-1: RACP Project Components

Component 1: Climate Component 2: Markets and Component 3: Capacity Building, Resilient Agriculture Value Chains Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), Project Management

1.1 Improvement of 2.1 Value chain development 3.1 Farmer groups & participatory water-use efficiency planning 2.2 Alternative market 1.2 Technology transfer & development 3.2 Institution strengthening market led advisory services 2.3 Market information 3.3 Project management, M&E, services convergence 1.3 Livestock strengthening and 3.4 Production risk management management tools

1.2 Environment Assessment (EA): Objectives and Methodology Objectives

The GOR intends to undertake an Environment Assessment (EA) of the proposed RACP, with the objective of identifying, assessing and mainstreaming the environmental aspects of RACP in project

1 Final planning, detailed design and implementation. The EA would act as a decision-making tool to ensure that the project design and implementation are environmentally sound. The specific objectives of the EA are to:

 Identify and assess the potential environmental impacts and risks of the interventions proposed under the RACP, and recommend mitigation measures;

 Identify opportunities for enhancing environment benefits, including proactive pesticide management measures for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural practices;

 Assess the applicability of i) World Bank’s Operational Policies (OPs) on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.10), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forests (OP 4.36), Natural Habitat (OP 4.04), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12); and ii) Government of India (GOI) and GOR legislations and policies on environment and social issues which would apply to RACP; and,

 Develop a simple and practical environment management framework (EMF) that would be used by the RACP to screen and mitigate potentially adverse environmental impacts;

Overall approach and methodology

The RACP project involves interventions in climate-resilient agriculture, water and value-chain market interventions. The Environment Assessment is conducted by a team of consultants with subject specialists on environmental issues and field facilitation hired by RACP. This team of consultants was backstopped by a staff (Sustainable Development--Environment, Water Resources and Climate Change) of and consultant hired by the World Bank.

The overall approach to EA involved:

Review of secondary data and literature from the viewpoint of identifying key environment issues across various marginalised groups by agro-climatic zones. The review also included relevant environment policies, legal and regulatory provisions of the World Bank, Government of India and Government of Rajasthan. Further, relevant projects of WB viz. Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project (RRLP), Maharashtra Agriculture Competitiveness Project (MACP) and Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project (AACP) were reviewed.

Subsequently, field visits for validating the above issues were conducted to the identified three clusters1 (from different agro-climatic zones). For details of field visit please see Annex-I.

Stakeholder consultations

The key stakeholders consulted included community institutions, SHGs, federations, NGOs, and line departments. The findings of the consultations have been incorporated into the final EMF report. Overall, three levels of consultation with stakeholders were held:

Field consultation: Field visit to the selected two clusters2 was conducted to: validate the findings from the desk review; understand perceived benefits of various interventions, specifically, by various

1 The two clusters capture the diversity of various settings--agro-ecological, major crop varieties. Specifically, one of the clusters included the Banswara district of South-Rajasthan that is dominated by Tribals and other 2 Dudu cluster (Boraj and Mukampura micro-clusters) in Jaipur district and Banswara district. The visit to one cluster in western-arid Rajasthan in the Osian block could not be done due to time constraints.

2 Final marginalised groups; identify adverse impacts and concerns; identify associated risks; and, understand innovation and best practices in the three main components. In addition, suggestions and feedback were sought on the project design and implementation arrangements.

The key stakeholder consultations involved FGDs, semi-structured interviews with identified stakeholders—mainly the farmers, SHGs, village leaders, key informants, agriculture producer company and agri-processing organisations in the two clusters from Jaipur and Banswara district. In addition to these, open informal interviews were conducted with stakeholders during the course of the study. A total of 28 consultations were organised across the two clusters.

Consultation workshops: Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted at Jaipur and Banswara, where representatives from line departments, research and academic institutes, NGOs (including BAIF, Sadguru Water and Land Development Foundation, FES etc.), federations were invited to provide their feedback and suggestions on the proposed RACP interventions. These consultations helped identify cluster-level macro environmental issues, potential impacts of RACP and best practices for mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. The summary of key environmental issues from stakeholder consultations and the workshops are summarised below:

Water Augmentation (watershed development, groundwater recharge and Farm Ponds)

 Downstream flow needs to be maintained from the viewpoint of economic and environmental consequences, especially minimum flow ensured for ecosystem maintenance downstream. For example, inflows to Kalak dam were severely affected due to water augmentation activities in upstream catchment.  Recharge structures need to consider scientific, hydrological and community concerns  Farm ponds needs to be designed based on safe dependable yield from the individual private land catchment.  RACP plans to intervene in Canal Command where distributary is rehabilitated; if not, list of activities for canal rehabilitation will determine issues for EMF

Water Demand management

 Effectiveness of implementation is a key concern; improved access to micro-irrigation efficient technologies can lead to farmers shifting to higher water use crops or increase the cropped areas  Water budgeting exercise needs to be undertaken in planning exercise for selection of type of crop and cropped area that can be irrigated.  The project will need active efforts for promoting micro-irrigation efficient systems

Climate-resilient Agriculture

 Enhanced water regime has triggered increased use of agriculture inputs--use of pesticides, fertilisers and weedicides). Hence, IPM and INM needs to be made more effective by promoting Package of Practices (PoP) that should include vermicomposting, use of bio-control agents, bio-pesticides and trap crops.  The agriculture input supply system needs to gear up to requirement of INM and IPM. For this, the current gaps in soil testing system needs to assessment and strengthened apriori. An INM based on recommendations from soil tests needs to be promoted.  Overall Practices should not exacerbate vulnerability of agriculture to Climate Variability (The POP needs to balance risks and returns). Livestock development

 Pastureland development needs to be assigned higher priority. It is important for goatery as it is seen to improve access of fodder to landless and the small and marginal farmers.

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 Pastureland development should also been as part of catchment of rainwater harvesting structures

Value Chain

 The producer company needs to be develop business plans based on code of practices  Code of practices needs to include measures for reducing environmental footprint

The above issues have been addressed in the EMF. A matrix showing the above issues and the way they have been addressed in the report is provided in the Annex A.

The draft final report was presented to the RACP and the World Bank, and their comments incorporated. The report was also hosted on the web for seeking feedback and comments. A public disclosure workshop with NGOs, research and academia institutions and line departments is also planned in the week of January 19, 2012 to get feedback, comments and suggestions. The environmental issues flagged by participants in the workshop are as provided in Annex A. These environmental issues have been addressed as provided in the matrix in Annex A.

The findings from the secondary data, literature and stakeholder consultations fed into developing an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for various components of RACP. It included the preparation of a Pest Management Plan for ensuring environmental sustainability of agricultural practices.

4 Final

PART B ENVIRONMENT BASELINE

4 Final

2 Environment Baseline

Rajasthan extends between 23 0 3'N to 30 0 12' north latitudes and 69 0 30'E to 78 0 17' east longitudes. In terms of area it is the largest state in India and covers about 3,42,000 square kilometres. Rajasthan stretches across two of India's major physiographic divisions, namely the Great Plains (Indian Desert) and the Central Highlands. The Aravalli range of hills intersects the state diagonally from south-west to north-east, extending right up to Delhi. The area lying west of the Aravalli is known as western sandy plains (The Indian Desert) while the area east of the Aravalli falls in the northern part of the Central Highlands. The Aravalli forms the Watershed line between catchment streams flowing into Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively. It has a steep but discontinuous front to the Thar plains in the west and a relatively gentle slope to the alluvial basins in the north and the east.

Rajasthan is the largest Indian province comprising one-tenth area of the country’s total area and about five per cent of the population. More than three-fourth proportion of the total population is resides in rural areas. Table 2-1 shows the proportion of Rajasthan’s contribution to India on several key parameters such as area under forests (4.19%), food grain production (5.49%), livestock population (10.13%), oilseed production (21.31%), etc.

Table 2-1: An Overview of Rajasthan

S. No. Indicators Rajasthan Proportion of India

1 Area 3,42,000 sq. km. 10.4

2 Population 56.5 million 5.49

3 Rural population 43.2 million 5.8

4 Total forest cover 32,627 sq. km. 4.19

5 Gross cropped area 2,16,99,000 hectare 11.25

Net sown area 1,68,36000 hectare 11.87

6 Net irrigated area 62,94,000 hectare 10.46

7 Livestock 49 million 10.13

8 Food grain production 1,14,45,000 tonnes 5.49

9 Oilseed production 59,64,000 tonnes 21.31

10 Rainfall 57.5 cm (annual average)

Source: Statistical Abstract, Rajasthan 2009, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

5 Final

2.1 Agro-Climatic features of Rajasthan Climatic conditions and topography influence agricultural practices significantly. Rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind velocity and duration of sunshine are climatic factors that affect cropping pattern in an area in a significant manner. Annual rainfall and its distribution over the entire year, and the regimes of diurnal and annual temperatures are, by far, the prominent factors affecting agriculture and the life style of the people. On the basis of climatic conditions and prevailing agricultural practices, Rajasthan has been divided into ten agro-climatic zones, each one having special characteristics of its own. The agro-climatic specifications have been presented in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2: Agro-Climatic Features of Rajasthan

Zone Rainfall Major Crops Types of Soil Districts

IA-Arid 200-370 Mostly rainfed crops like bajra, kharif pulses, guar Desert Soils and sand Barmer, Western etc. are grown during the kharif season. Rabi crops dunes aeolian soil, coarse Jodhpur like wheat, rape-seed and mustard are grown only in sand texture some places areas where irrigation water is available. alcareous IB-Irrigated 100-350 Amongst the kharif crops cotton, sugarcane and Alluvial deposits Sriganganagar North pulses are of importance. In the rabi season, wheat, calcareous, high soluble ,Hanumangar Western mustard, gram, vegetables and fruits are produced. salts & exchangeable h Plain sodium

IC-Hyper 100-350 Mostly rainfed crops like bajra, kharif pulses, guar Desert Soils and sand Bikaner, Arid Partial etc. are own during the kharif season. Rabi crops like dunes aeolian soil loamy Jaisalmer, Irrigated wheat, rape-seed and mustard are grown only in coarse in texture & Churu Zone areas where irrigation water is available. calcareous

IIA-Internal 300-500 Bajra, sesamum and kharif pulses are the main crops Sandy loam, shallow Nagaur, Sikar, Drainage dry of the rainy season. Wheat, barley, mustard and depth red soils in Jhunjhunu zone gram are grown as irrigated crops or on conserved depressions soil moisture during Rabi. IIB- 300-500 The area produces bajra, maize, guar, sesamum and Red desert soils in Jalore, Pali, Transitional pulses in the kharif season. In the rabi season, wheat, Jodhpur,Jalore & Pali Sirohi Plain of Luni barley and mustard are the dominant crops, sierozems in Pali & Sirohi Basin especially in irrigated areas.

IIIA-Semi- 500-700 In the total gross cultivated area of this zone, bajra, Sierozen, eastern part Jaipur, Ajmer, Arid Eastern sorghum and pulses are grown in the kharif season, alluvial, west north west Dausa Tonk Plain and wheat, barley, gram, mustard in the rabi season. lithosols, foot hills, brown soils

IIIB-Flood 500-700 The region produces bajra, sorghum, maize, Alluvial prone to water Alwar, Prone sugarcane, sesamum and a variety of pulses in the logging, nature of Dholpur, Eastern Plain kharif season. Wheat, barley, gram and mustard are recently alluvial Bharatpur, S. the dominant crops during rabi season. calcareous has been Madhopur, observed Karauli

IVA-Sub 500-900 The area produces maize as the chief food crop of Soils are lithososat in Bhilwara, humid the Kharif season but in irrigated areas, paddy is also foot hills & alliuvials in Rajsamand, Southern grown. In the Rabi season, wheat, gram and oil seeds plans Chittoregarh Plain are the main crops. In areas of black soil, cotton and opium are also cultivated. IVB-Humid 500-1100 Cotton and sugarcane are the chief cash crops grown Predominantly reddish Dungarpur, southern in the black soil region. Maize, sorghum and paddy medium texture, well Udaipur, are the chief food crops of the Kharif season. drained calcareous, Banswara, Groundnut, mustard, sesamum and rapeseed are shallow on hills, deep Pratapgarh also grown. soil in valleys

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Zone Rainfall Major Crops Types of Soil Districts

V-Humid 650-1000 Paddy and sorghum are the chief food crops grown in Black of alluvial origin, Kota, Southern the Kharif season. This area is suitable for soyabeen clay loam, ground water Jhalawar, Eastern Plain crop also. Wheat, barley, grain and mustard are salinity. Bundi, Baran grown in winter.

Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan

Figure 2-1: Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan

Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Rajasthan, www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in

Wide variations exist across the agro-climatic zones in the level and growth of income due to wide differences in resource endowments. This is further accentuated by variation in diversification of economic activity including urbanization. We now present a brief description of the socio-economic scenario in each zone.

Zone Ia Arid Western Region: This zone includes the districts of Jodhpur and Barmer. Soil types in this zone are desert Soils and sand dunes, aeolian soil, coarse sand texture and in some places calcareous. Sources of irrigation are wells and tube wells. Major kharif crops are pearl millet, moth bean, sesamum and rabi crops are wheat, mustard, and cumin.

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In this zone 59 to 78 % of the population is reported to be in the primary sector. The average land holding varies from 8.08 ha in Barmer to 10.95 ha in Jodhpur district. Irrigated area ranges between 10 and 19%. Per capita income at current prices (2004-2005 data) is Rs.16791 in Jodhpur and Rs. 1195 in Barmer district.

Regarding the Human Development Index, the two districts in this zone show wide variance. Jodhpur district ranks 9th on the HDI in Rajasthan, but Barmer district holds the 21st rank having low coverage of toilet facilities (11.72% 2001 data) and high IMR of 82.30.

Zone 1B Irrigated North Western Plain: The zone includes the districts of Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh. Annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 350 mm. In Sriganaganar district about 77% of the sown area is irrigated, in Hanumangarh district it is 45%. Soil types include alluvial deposits calcareous high in soluble salts and exchangeable sodium. Major Kharif crops are cotton and cluster bean and rabi crops are wheat, mustard and gram. Due to abundance of canal water irrigation this region has become the granary of Rajasthan.

In this zone 61 to 76% of the population is engaged in the primary sector. The proportion of scheduled caste population is high (between 26 to 34% in 2001 census) as compared to other districts. Both the districts rank high on the human development index in Rajasthan, Hanumangarh district having the first rank, and Sriganaganagar district having the fifth rank. Both districts have more than 80% coverage of toilets at household level and about 75% coverage of safe drinking water. The per capita income ranges from Rs. 18940 to Rs. 20322 (2004-05). But juvenile sex-ratio is low ranging from 872 to 850. Total fertility rate is low being 2.1 to 2.2.

Zone 1C-Hyper Arid partial Irrigated Zone: Bikaner, Churu and Jaisalmer districts fall under this agro-climatic zone. Soil types are desert soils and sand dunes aeolian soil which is loamy coarse in texture and is calcareous in nature. Irrigated area is 19-22%, but extremely low i.e., less than 6% in Churu District. Average land holdings range from 8.02 to 10.16 ha but cropping intensity is low being 110.6 to 121.8 (2005-06). Worker participation in the primary sector ranges from 52.5% in Jasalmer district to 76.9% in Churu district. Major kharif crops are Pearl Millet Moth bean, cluster bean and rabi crops are Wheat, Mustard, and Gram.

Female literacy is low about 28% in rural areas but it is comparatively higher in Churu District (51%). Compared to other zones, the total fertility rate in this zone is high being 3.2 to 4.2. Decadal growth was high ranging from 34 to 47.5 in both the arid zones (1A and 1c) during 1991 to 2001, except in Churu district where it was about 25%. Bikaner district shows low IMR (55.06), highest life expectancy in Rajasthan (75.39%), and good

Zone IIA-Internal Drainage Dry Zone: This zone comprises Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu districts and some tehsils of Churu district. The area is covered in sand dunes and inter-dunal sandy plains. Climatically, this zone is slightly wetter as compared to the western arid zone. Major kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster bean, sorghum and major rabi crops are mustard and gram.

Proportion of SC and ST in rural population varies between 18 and 21.4% in the districts of this zone. The proportion of agriculture labour in the population is very low ranging from 5

8 Final to 8 %, except for Nagaur district where the percentage is 11.5%. This is because of the constraints in the agricultural sector in this region to absorb labour.

Literacy ranges from 57 to 73%, highest rate of rural female literacy is recorded in Jhunjhunu district (59.2%). According to 2001 census data only 47.62% of the households in Nagaur district have access to safe drinking water, on the other hand in Jhunjhunu district more than 71% of the households have access to safe drinking water.

Zone IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin: This area lies between the Aravali ranges and the western arid region. The region encompasses districts of Jalore, Pali and some tehsils of Sirohi and Jodhpur districts. The region is drained by the river Luni which flows only during the rainy season. Major soil types in this zone are Red desert soils in Jodhpur, Jalore & Pali sierozems in Pali & Sirohi. Major sources of irrigation are wells, tube wells and tanks. Average land holdings range from 2.84 to 5.56 ha. Major kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster bean, Sesamum and major rabi corps are Wheat Mustard, Gram.

The proportion of SC in population ranges from 17 to 19%, ST from about 6 to 9 % except Sirohi district where ST form about one-fourth of the population and SC & ST together form 44% of the population. Female literacy in rural population ranges from 26 to 31%. Gender ratio in rural population of Pali district is 1000 (2001 census). Female participation in the workforce is 46% in Jalore district. Access to sanitation facilities is low ranging from 12 % in Jalore district to about 21% in other districts. Less than 39% of villages in Jalore district have access to electricity. Jalore and Pali districts rank 29th and 28th respectively on the HDI among districts of Rajasthan.

Zone IIIa Semi-Arid Eastern Plain: This region comprises of the districts of Ajmer, Dausa, Jaipur and Tonk, which form a rich fertile plain. Ajmer and Jaipur districts have 47.8 and 41% of the population in the primary sector. The HDI is highest in Jaipur District holding fourth rank in the State, in other districts it ranges from 0.571 to 0.677. Per capita income varies from Rs. 16043 in Tonk District to Rs. 21937 in Jaipur District.

The soil types in the zone are sierozem, alluvial, lithosols, and brown soils. In this zone major sources of irrigation are tube-wells and wells but in Tonk district canals form a major source of irrigation. Average land holding is low compared to the western arid zone; it ranges from 2.14 to 3.06 ha. Gross irrigated area is low in Ajmer district being 15.31% but higher in remaining districts ranging from about 39 to 51%. Major kharif crops are Pearl millet, Cluster bean, sorghum and major rabi crops are wheat, mustard and gram.

The literacy rate ranges between 54 to 75.3%. IMR is lowest in Jaipur district (71.7) and highest in Tonk District (96). Access to toilet facilities is low in Tonk and Dausa District (about 15 to 17 % households), comparatively higher in Ajmer District (37.7%) and highest in Jaipur District (49.44%). Sex-ratio in the 0 to 6 years age group is low ranging from 899 (Jaipur District) to 927 in Tonk District.

Zone IIIB Flood Prone Eastern Plain: This region comprises the districts of Alwar, Karauli, Bharatpur and Dhaulpur. The region has rich alluvial soils, the fertility of which is replenished each year by flood water of the rivers. Soil type is alluvial and is prone to water logging.

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Major kharif crops are pearl millet, cluster bean and groundnut while major rabi crops are wheat, barley, mustard and gram. Average land holdings range from 1.4 to 1.7 ha, with the exception of Sawai Madhopur where it is 2.12 ha. About 71 to 74% of workers are reported to be in the primary sector except for Dholpur with 56% of the population in the primary sector. The HDI ranks vary from 19th to 30th except for Alwar which ranks 6th in Rajasthan.

Zone IVa Sub-humid Southern Plain: The region covers Bhilwara, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand districts. The soil types in this region are lithostat in foot hills & alluvials in plains. Major kharif crops are maize, pulses, sorghum and rabi crops are wheat and gram.

The participation of workforce in the primary sector ranges from 54.6 to 77.2%. The zone fares worst in the case of the human development index as compared to the other zones, the ranging from 0.558 to 0.633, with the HDI ranks of the districts ranging from 15 to 27 in the state. However the per capita income ranges from Rs. 16861 in Chittorgarh District to Rs. 24110 in Bhilwara District. Average land holding size is small ranging from 1.62 to 2.11 ha with gross irrigated area ranging from 24.45% to 38.43%. The literacy rates range from 53.80 to 59.50% which are comparable to the highest rates in the state. The zone has the highest infant mortality rates (96.30 to 100.7) among the zones, but the best figures for sex-ratio i.e., from 929 to 949.

Zone IV B Humid Southern Plains: The Districts of Dungarpur, Banswara, parts of Udaipur and Pratapgarh are included in this region. The area comprises of low Aravalli hills. The climate is humid with average rainfall of more than 700 mm per year. There are a number of surface water streams. Soil types are predominantly reddish medium texture, well drained calcareous, shallow on hills, deep soil in valleys. Major kharif crops are Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Black gram and major rabi crops are wheat and gram.

In Banswara 85% of the workers are engaged in the primary sector. Average land holdings range from 1.3 to 1.57 ha. Per capita income in Udaipur is Rs. 17925 but low in other districts i.e., Rs. 11825 in Banswara District and Rs.12474 in Dungarpur District. Access to household toilet facilities is 11.38 % in Dungarpur District and 12.59% in Banswara District. IMR is low in Banswara and Dungarpur District being 53.43% and 49.91% respectively. Gender ratio is 1028 among ST population in Dungarpur District. Banswara District shows low literacy rate which is 57.7% among males and 24.43% among females. Percentage of ST in the population ranges from 47 to 72%. Banswara and Dungarpur districts rank lowest (31st and 32nd respectively) on the HDI in Rajasthan.

Zone V – Humid South Eastern Plain: This region includes the districts of Kota, Bundi, Baran and Jhalawar. Average annual rainfall ranges from 650 to 1000 mm. Soil types are black of alluvial origin, clay loam. Average land holdings are 2.2 to 2.6 ha. Major kharif crops are sorghum and soyabean and major rabi crops are wheat and mustard.

Access to toilets is about 15% in this region, but it is 44% in Kota District. IMR ranges from 55 to 75%. Male literacy ranges from 58 to 81% and female from about 32.5 to 50%. Scheduled castes form 15 to 19% of the population. In this zone 77 to 80% of the population is engaged in the primary sector but in Kota District only 40.6% of the population is engaged in primary sector.

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2.2 Climate

2.2.1 Rainfall Rainfall in Rajasthan is characterized by wide variation in rainfall received across the different districts of the state within a year and across years within the same districts. Table 2-3 gives district wise rainfall received during 2003-2010. It ranges from a high of 974mm in Banswara to a low of just 91mm in Jaisalmer during 2009-10. Percentage variation as compared to normal rainfall ranged from a high of +168% in Dholpur to a low of -89% in Nagaur in 2009-10.

Table 2-3: District-wise rainfall

Name of the Rainfall (mm) % Deviation districts from Normal in 2009-10 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rainfall june09 to May10 Ajmer 476.5 446.9 490 455 399.3 224.1 -62.8 Alwar 846.5 534.9 725.3 520.9 603.5 581 3.1 Banswara 840.3 1046.6 791.5 1805.7 1278.5 974 73.6 Baran 714.7 805.1 839.1 829.8 656.6 637 44.7 Barmer 478.3 205 182.3 646.9 269.8 140 -65.4 Bharatpur 751.9 546.4 671.7 404 487 612 -6.9 Bhilwara 584.9 866.9 553.3 835.7 533.8 306 -53.9 Bikaner 299.5 157.9 296.8 192.7 283.3 260.5 -65 Bundi 692.5 663.7 588.7 619.2 608.9 578 -33.8 Chittorgarh 673.4 967 808.5 1250.2 742.2 651.6 -8.1 Churu 413.7 308.7 355 297.2 405.2 137 -43.6 Dausa 791.7 514.2 659.6 438.8 554.5 388 9.4 Dholpur 627.8 756.8 640.9 401.9 476.3 497.5 168.2 Dungarpur 672 727.3 531.1 1404.6 768.5 874 286 Ganganagar 259.4 155.7 186.8 204.6 329.2 232 -15.2 Hanumangarh 298.3 212 290.7 282.7 430.9 190 -77.4 Jaipur 640.6 564.1 555.2 360 456.8 322 2.6 Jaisalmer 217.8 79.6 168.1 283.6 256.7 91 -65.8 Jalore 723.1 310.1 444.8 853.5 407.9 214.2 -31.3 Jhalawar 749 907.5 675.3 1358.9 702.1 777 110 Jhunjhunu 525.1 351 519.6 425.4 488.3 187 -55.9 Jodhpur 369 214.3 296.1 256.5 288.6 196 -66.8 Karauli 780.8 509 611 425.8 555.7 789.3 39 Kota 635.7 787.5 611.9 957.2 705.3 618 -14.8 Nagaur 469.1 295.2 387.5 267 319.3 95 -89.1 Pali 549.8 395.3 445.2 666.1 586.3 146 -81.1 Pratapgarh 940 11.3 Rajsamand 499.3 472.6 776 794 615.9 449 -46.8 Sawai 661.1 665.9 814.1 500.4 578.4 411 -38.5 Madhopur Sikar 477 296.4 450.1 375.4 414.4 118 -87.6 Sirohi 922.7 616 820.5 1529.6 829.3 902.8 23.9 Tonk 626.4 636.5 563.8 430.6 552.8 375 -41.9 Udaipur 658 633.9 825.5 1272.4 642.6 493 -27.8 State 604.7 554.5 565.3 708.7 559.3

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A direct consequence of rainfall variability is drought. Figure 2-23 shows the frequency of drought in different districts of Rajasthan.

Figure 2-2: Drought Frequency Map of Rajasthan

The map shows that except a few districts that are part of south and south eastern Rajasthan, the rest of Rajasthan faces the prospects of a drought at least every once in 5 years.

2.2.2 Temperature Maximum temperature ranged between 43-48oc while minimum temperatures ranged from -2 to ~10oc. Table 2-4 gives district wise details of temperature in Rajasthan.

Table 2-4: District-wise Maximum & Minimum Temp

Name of the districts Temperature (oC)

Maximum Minimum 2006 2007 2006 2007 Ajmer 43.6 43.3 7 6.2 Alwar - - - - Banswara 45 - 9.5

3 Source: http://www.rajrelief.nic.in/dFreqmap.htm

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Baran Barmer 47.1 44.9 3.9 9.1 Bharatpur - - - - Bhilwara - - - - Bikaner 46.9 45.8 0.6 3 Bundi - 45.4 6 Chittorgarh 45.8 44.5 5 3.4 Churu 47.1 47.2 -3.4 -0.6 Dausa Dholpur 46.6 47.5 4 4 Dungarpur - - - - Ganganagar 47.9 48.9 -0.8 0.7 Hanumangarh - - - - Jaipur 44.8 45.2 2.2 2.4 Jaisalmer 47.1 44.8 4.1 5.2 Jalore - - - - Jhalawar 46.6 45.8 7 6.6 Jhunjhunu 45.3 46.1 -2 0.2 Jodhpur 45.6 44 4.5 10.5 Karauli - - - - Kota 47.2 44.9 8.6 7.7 Nagaur - - - - Pali 45.5 5.3 Pratapgarh - - - - Rajsamand - - - - Sawaimadhopur 46.3 46 9.3 4 Sikar - - - - Sirohi - - - - Tonk - - - - Udaipur 44.6 43 5.3 5.2 State Source: Rajasthan Agricultural Statistic at glance 2009-10, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Rajasthan, Jaipur.(Statistical Cell).& Statistical Abstract of Rajasthan 2009.

2.2.3 Climate Variability in Selected Districts of RACP Variability in rainfall and as a consequence, frequency and intensity of droughts are a dominant feature of climate in Rajasthan. Analysis of historical rainfall4 shows high and similar degree of inter-annual rainfall variability across the select project districts5.

4 Source: Rainfall in Rajasthan February 1996, Statistical Cell Directorate of Agriculture, Pant Krishi Bhawan, Jaipur. Year 2002-2006, Monsoon-2006 Government of Rajasthan, Water Resource Department Jaipur.

5 RACP is yet to identify all the clusters it would eventually work in. Therefore, this analysis is being presented for those districts that are known to be part of RACP working area at the time of preparing this report.

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Rainfall Pattern 1600.0 JAIPUR 1400.0 JODHPUR 1200.0 BUNDI 1000.0 ALWAR 800.0 GANGANAGER

600.0 RAJASTHAN Rainfall mm in 400.0 Linear (JAIPUR) Linear (JODHPUR) 200.0 Linear (BUNDI)

0.0

1991 1994 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1990 Linear (ALWAR)

Figure 2-3: Rainfall variability in select project districts

Figure 2-3 shows that rainfall varies widely across districts and for the same district it varies widely from year to year. But over a 16 year period, the rainfall shows a declining trend for all the districts with the fall being the steepest for Jaipur and Jodhpur.

Droughts of severe to very severe intensities have occurred in all the districts in approximately 20 years in the past 100 years while moderate droughts have occurred in 10- 15 years in the same period. Figure 2-4 shows the number of times droughts of different intensities have occurred in selected RACP districts over a period of 100 years from 1901- 2002.

Intensity and frequency of Drought (1901-2002)

20 15 10 5 0

Jaipur Bundi Alwar Jodhpur Rajasthan

Sri Ganganagar

Very Severe Severe Moderate Light

Figure 2-4: Intensity and frequency of drought (1901-2002)

Implications for EMF: Huge variation in rainfall from year to year and frequent occurrence of drought means that climate will have a significant impact on how agriculture is practiced in the project area. The EMF and the RACP itself will have to take this into account and put in place mechanisms to promote agricultural practices that are well adapted to changing and adverse climate. It is pertinent to note that ‘Climate resilient’ agriculture is one of the major components of RACP.

14 Final

2.3 Land Use Pattern To understand the environmental status of the region, it is essential to understand the land use pattern. It determines the ecological balance in the regions. The present section deals with the land use pattern across the agro-climatic zones as follows.

Forest coverage: Only 8 per cent of the total reporting area is under forest cover. The arid western zone has negligible proportion under forest cover. In other zones, like Hyper-arid partial irrigated, Irrigated North Western Plain and Internal Drainage Dry, it varies between about 2 to 4 per cent of the total reporting area of the respective zones. There are only two zones namely, the Humid Southern and the Humid Southern Eastern Plain that is endowed with substantial proportion under forests, i.e. one-fourth of the total reporting area is under forests. In rest of the zones it varies from 6 to 15 per cent (see Figures below). It is important to mention here that the present forest coverage in the state as well as across the zones is considerably lower as required from the environment point of view i.e. one-third of the total geographical area. However, it must be noted that large parts of the state, especially the western portions are under a desert ecosystem.

Area under non-agriculture uses: This category belongs to the land put to non-agriculture uses such as residential, roads/paths, water bodies etc. The share of such land use is only about 5 per cent of the reporting areas. Across the zones, this proportion varies from 3 per cent to 8 per cent.

Barren and Un-culturable Land: Broadly, this category of land is considered as non-suitable for agriculture operation. At the state level, about 7 per cent of the total reporting is categorized as barren and un- cultural waste land. Across the zones such as semi-arid eastern plain, sub humid southern plain and humid southern, the proportion of the said category varies between about 10 to 20 per cent of reporting area. In irrigated North Western Plain, barren and waste lands are found to be negligible i.e. less than 1 per cent. In other zones it varies from 3 to 6 per cent.

Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands: This is one of the most important categories of land use. The availability of permanent pasture and grazing land determines the status of livestock economy in the regions. It constituted about 5 per cent of the reporting area in Rajasthan. In Irrigated North Western Plain, the grazing land is also found negligible. The Sub humid Southern Plain is endowed with pastures and grazing lands in one-tenth of the reporting area. Largely, it constituted about 4 to 7 per cent across the zones.

Land Under Misc Tree Crops and Groves: Area under fruit crop fall under this category of land use. In Rajasthan, the area under fruit crops is also negligible i.e. less than one per cent. In certain regions, area under fruit crop is absolutely missing. It can be inferred from the fact there is scope for horticulture development in the time ahead.

Culturable Waste Land: This is also one of the major categories of land use. On this land, agriculture operations are possible. It constituted a substantial proportion of the reporting area i.e. about 13 per cent. In Hyper-arid partial Irrigated Zone, land under culturable waste in substantial proportion i.e. 40 per cent followed by sub humid southern and Irrigated

15 Final

North Western Plain zones with 15 and 12 per cent respectively. In rest of the zones it varies from 2 to 8 per cent.

Fallow land: There two types of fallow land as current fallow and long fallow. The land is treated as current fallow when the farmer suspended agriculture operation for one to five years. After five suspension of agriculture operation it is treated as long fallow. At the state level estimates, there is no considerable variation in proportionate terms as in case of both types of fallows i.e. 6 and 5 per cent. In irrigated north western plain, there is considerable proportion of land under current fallow. In other zones there slight differences in these categories. (See figures below)

Net Area Sown: It most important category of land use pattern as considered as agriculture land. About half of the total report area is under agriculture operation. The irrigated northern-western region and internal drainage dry zones leading ahead as compared to other zones in bringing larger proportion of reporting area under agriculture operation that depends upon the availability and access to irrigation facilities, status of aquifer and geophysical features of the regions. The other regions like – Irrigated North Western Plain, Transitional Plain of Luni Basin, Semi-arid Eastern Plain, Flood Prone Eastern Plain regions have half and more than that use the land for agriculture production. There are only three like Hyper-arid partial Irrigated Zone, Sub humid Southern Plain and Humid Southern have the limited proportion of land i.e. more than one-fourth to more than one-third available of agriculture production.

16 Final

Figure 2-5: Landuse patterns across agro-climatic regions

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In a nutshell, it can be stated that there exist wide variations in land use patterns across the different zones that require due attention while making certain interventions in the agriculture sector from an environmental point of view.

2.3.1 Status of Land Degradation Land degradation refers to the decline in the productive capacity of an ecosystem due to various factors both human made and natural. Human factors include over-exploitation of forest and agriculture lands, growing urbanization and industrialization, growing overstocking of grazing lands. Natural factors include salinity and alkalinity, droughts, floods, water logging and so on. Table 2-5-5 provides status of land degradation in Rajasthan.

18 Final

Table 2-5: Status of Land degradation in Rajasthan

Particulars Area in sq km Proportion of total geographical Area Gullied and/or ravinous land-Medium 1020.17 0.3 Gullied and/or ravinous land-Deep 864.75 0.25 Land with Dense Scrub 23661.7 6.91 Land with Open Scrub 14619.38 4.27 Waterlogged and Marshy land-Permanent 64.88 0.02 Waterlogged and Marshy land-Seasonal 54.94 0.02 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Moderate 347.12 0.1 Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-Strong 269.12 0.08 Under utilized/degraded notified forest land-Scrub 11365.78 3.32 Under utilized/degraded notified forest land-Agriculture 854.34 0.25 Degraded pastures and grazing lands 3918.42 1.14 Sands-Reverie 196.69 0.06 Sands-Desertic 4655.88 1.36 Sands-Semi stabilised-Stabilised >40m 11188.21 3.27 Sands-Semi stabilised-Stabilised Moderate High 1540m 15586.44 4.55 Mining wastelands 106.86 0.03 Industrial wastelands 9.06 0 Barren rocky area 4905.72 1.43 Total 93689.47 27.38 Total Geographic Area (TGA) 342239

It is clear that ~28% of total geographic area of Rajasthan is degraded due to a variety of causes. However, it is important to note that nearly 80% of the total land reported as degraded is under dense scrubs (7%), open scrub (4.3%), degraded notified forest under scrubs (3.3%) and sands (9%). Thus, clearly, land that is not so productive is due to natural causes that prevail in Rajasthan than due to any increased human activities.

Implications for EMF: Given that the extent of forest, pastures and agricultural areas are distributed differently in different zones, it is important to plan project interventions in cropping and livestock, taking into account the resource base of the area. Further, although, extent of degraded agricultural land is limited, the EMF should ensure that appropriate measures such as soil conservation, water harvesting, etc. are adopted to prevent any further degradation.

2.4 Forest Cover Forests are an important part of any ecosystem and contribute by not only providing humans with food, fodder and fuel but also by enriching and aiding the nutrient cycle in the ecosystem. In Rajasthan, coverage of forests is 9.54% of total geographic area as compared to the country’s average of 20.6%. This is because nearly 11 districts of western Rajasthan are under desert ecosystem.

Table 2-6 shows the extent of forest cover and its proportion to total geographic area in that agro-climatic zone. Humid (31%) and Humid Southern Eastern Plain (27%) zones in southern Rajasthan are endowed with considerable proportion of the area under forests. 20% of the

19 Final total geographic area in flood prone zone is under forests. Arid Western and Hyper-arid partly Irrigated Zone have the least proportion of forest cover in Rajasthan.

38% of forests are reserved forests where no human activity is permitted, while 53% are categorized as protected forests within which rights holders are entitled to exercise their rights to meet the demand for major and minor forest produce. Unclassified forest area constitutes about 8 per cent of the total forest cover.

Table 2-6: Zone-wise status of forest cover

Agroclimatic Zones Geog. Forest Proportion Reserved Protected Unclassified Area in Area (in sq of area Forest Forest Forest Sq. Km. km) till under (sq km) 31.3.2007 Forest (sq km) (sq km)

IA-Arid Western 51237 851.99 1.66 0.55 87.31 12.61

IB-Irrigated North 20634 872.9 4.23 0.00 18.78 81.22 Western Plain

IC-Hyper-arid 82475 1901.24 2.31 0.38 23.40 76.33 partIy Irrigated Zone

IIA- Internal 31378 1283.97 4.09 1.30 94.86 3.84 Drainage Dry Zone

IIB-Transitional 28163 3052.91 10.84 59.23 38.96 1.81 Plain of Luni Basin

IIIA-Semi arid 30213 2180.38 7.22 50.87 48.64 0.46 Eastern Plain

IIIB-Flood Prone 26537 5561.5 20.96 33.62 61.74 4.63 Eastern Plain

IVA-Sub humid 26079 3957.38 15.17 58.12 40.18 1.70 Southern Plain

IVB-Humid 21318 6517.34 30.57 49.29 50.57 0.13 Southern

V-Humid Southern 24205 6459.13 26.69 32.91 66.21 0.88 Eastern Plain

State 342239 32638.74 9.54 38.16 53.36 8.48

Source: Statistical Abstract, Rajasthan, 2009, Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Rajasthan, GoR

20 Final

Figure 2-6: Showing the Forest Cover in Rajasthan

Implications for EMF: Rearing sheep and goat is a major livelihood option for small, marginal and landless farmers in Rajasthan. RACP will promote livestock related interventions. To protect the forests from degrading since small ruminants are grazers

and browsers of large scale vegetation including forest fringes, the EMF should promote stall feeding development of community pasture land and planting of tree species in bunds, pasture lands and backyards as good practices to sustainably cater to the fodder requirements of these animals.

2.5 Water Resource Rajasthan is the driest state having only 1.16 per cent of country's surface water. The estimated annual, per capita water availability in the state during 2001 was 840 Cu M indicating severe water scarcity (it is projected to be 439 Cu M by the year 2050, against the national average of 1,140 Cu m by 2050 (Narayan et al 2005).

Surface water resources: Rajasthan has very uneven distribution of surface water resources. There are 14 river basins in the state. This apart, almost 50% of the area of the state i.e. the western arid area is “outside” any river basin with mere 10% of the total surface water resources. More than 50% of the state’s surface water resource is from inter-state transfers.

There are eight major river basins in the state but Chambal and Mahi are the only perennial rivers. The highest per capita water availability of 1,798 Cu m is in the Chambal basin,

21 Final followed by the Sabarmati (1,729 Cu m) and the Mahi (1,120 Cu m), whereas the lowest (190 Cu m) is in the Banganga basin. There are 203 major and medium tanks and reservoirs in the state, which store about 13.72 BCM of water at their full capacity and a reduced volume of 11.51 BCM during dry years. Besides, there are large numbers of minor rainwater harvesting structures with a storage capacity of 2.28 BCM, thus increasing the total storage at full- capacity level to 16 BCM. However, during droughts, the estimated total surface water availability is reduced to 12.88 BCM creating a shortfall of 3.12 BCM. Table 2-7 shows the availability of surface water in all 15 basins. It is clear from the Table that out of 25,931 million cubic metres (MCM) mean available water, only 60% i.e. 16,053.5 MCM is economically utilizable at 50% dependability. It is also clear from the Table that no water is available for planning in the Parwati and Luni basins (see Table 2-7).

Table 2-7 : Basin-wise availability of surface water

River Basin Mean2 Availability3 Unutilizable4 Economically Net water utilizable water5 availability for planning6 Dependability Dependability Dependability Dependability 50% 50% 50% 50% Shekhawati 221.00 160.70 56.00 104.70 14.98

Ruparail 210.00 201.50 22.00 179.50 77.86

Banganga 569.00 516.20 67.00 449.20 36.94

Gambhir 805.00 550.30 197.00 353.30 121.74

Parbati 226.00 182.10 44.00 138.10 -19.18

Sabi 268.00 223.30 55.00 168.30 60.65

Banas 4837.00 4039.30 0.00 4039.30 399.54

Chambal* 11541.00 10053.00 4850.00 5203.00 2296.23

Mahi** 3755.00 3149.00 0.00 3149.00 422.41

Sabarmati 960.00 799.90 0.00 799.90 599.81

Luni 1224.00 820.80 369.00 451.80 -684.86

West Banas 551.00 406.10 0.00 406.10 327.10

Sukli 190.00 111.70 0.00 111.70 67.41

Other Nallahs 91.00 31.60 0.00 31.60 31.60

Sub-Total 25448.00 21245.50 5660.00 15585.50 3752.23

Outside 483.00 468.00 0.00 468.00 459.00

Grand Total 25931.00 21713.50 5660.00 16053.50 4211.23

Note: 2 Total resource in the basin/region, 31 Water available in the basin/region in a situation, 3 wherein 50% of the resource is being used/depleted, 4 Water which is not potable in the, 5 basin/region wherein 50 % of the total resource available is being used, 6 Water available for the economic development and well being of the society when 50% of available resource is being used Source: TAHAL - WAPCOS Water Resources Planning for the State of Rajasthan

Groundwater Resource: The scenario of groundwater development in all the river basins except Mahi, Sabarmati and West Banas is bleak with discharge exceeding the recharge. Even in the above three river basins the development has reached almost 90% of the recharge (see Table 2-82-8). Table 2-8: Basin wise status of Groundwater Resource

22 Final

Basin zone Potential annual Net availability for Gross irrigation for Gross domestic/ use industrial all for Gross use for Allocation use dom./indl 2025 on as GW Net for available irrigation GW of Stage development, % Category (sq. km.) (sq. Shekhawati 9495.20 503.85 90.00 10.00 1083.77 243.45 -468.12 215.10 Over exploited (OE) Ruparail 942.30 347.30 88.00 12.00 473.89 72.22 -143.53 136.45 OE Banganga 6593.35 605.90 90.00 10.00 904.27 143.88 -351.97 149.25 OE Gambhir 3615.57 349.24 90.00 10.00 455.91 73.29 -133.23 130.54 OE Parwati 4879.94 153.57 91.00 9.00 204.22 28.60 -79.26 132.98 OE Sabi 400.48 426.17 94.00 6.00 688.13 64.26 -282.30 161.47 OE Banas 41089.68 2290.85 88.00 12.00 3203.85 794.97 -1318.86 139.85 OE Chambal 27751.94 1921.57 94.00 6.00 2101.69 280.26 -324.98 109.37 OE Mahi 12062.20 528.40 92.00 8.00 476.27 109.79 -20.78 90.14 Critical Sabarmati 1056.57 80.47 93.00 7.00 70.60 20.81 -3.78 87.74 Semi critical Luni 24547.64 1039.59 93.00 7.00 1686.06 234.95 -762.40 162.18 OE West Banas 1186.74 75.50 95.00 5.00 68.24 6.75 3.94 90.38 Critical Sukli 867.20 47.83 98.00 2.00 53.98 2.07 -3.95 112.85 OE Other Nala 1749.51 100.42 97.00 3.00 258.62 15.80 -165.16 257.54 OE Outside 80329.77 2063.50 91.00 9.00 2780.53 688.92 -942.79 134.75 OE Source: TAHAL - WAPCOS Water Resources Planning for the State of Rajasthan

2.5.1 Trends of Groundwater Status in RACP Project Districts Figure 2-76 shows the growth in percentage of blocks classified as overexploited across two years (1984 and 2008). For most RACP project districts the growth in percentage of blocks classified as overexploited has risen sharply, especially Jaipur and Alwar where it has risen from a mere ~20% to as high as 93%. In the case of Jodhpur too it has increased from 0% to 89%. This shows the increasingly alarming situation with reference to the status of groundwater exploitation in the state and the project districts.

6 Source: Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Rajasthan. Central Ground Water Board Govt. of India Western Region Jaipur.& Groundwater Department Govt. of Rajasthan. Jodhpur.

23 Final

Figure 2-7: % Blocks Overexploited for Groundwater

% Blocks Overexploited 100 90 80 70 Jaipur 60 Alwar 50 40 Bundi 30 Jodhpur 20 Ganganagar

%of overexploitedblocks 10 0 Rajasthan 1984 2008 Year

Implications for EMF: Per capita availability of surface water is well below the national average and most of the river basins in Rajasthan do not have perennial rivers. Groundwater has been over exploited in all the basins of Rajasthan and does offer much potential for further exploitation. Therefore, clearly water as a resource is at a critical state of availability and exploitation in Rajasthan.

Therefore, the EMF would have to provide extensive guidance on water harvesting, conservation and increasing its efficiency of use in agriculture by shifting to crops that consume lesser water and by applying irrigation through microirrigation devices. Water source augmentation and demand side management is a major component of RACP and thus, the project is expected to address this issue comprehensively as a part of mainstream activities of the project itself.

2.6 Irrigation scenario As seen in Error! Reference source not found.2-9 groundwater is the major source of rrigation in the state. While the North Eastern region (Zones IB and IC) and South Eastern region (Zones IVB and V) of the state have high proportion of irrigated area from surface water, about 90% of the irrigated area in the remaining zones is dependent on groundwater.

Table 2-9: Agro-climatic zone wise Sources of irrigation

Agro-climatic zones Canal Tank Well / Tubewell Other

% of irrigated % of irrigated % of irrigated area % of

000 000

(%)

‘000

area area irrigated

area

Net Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Area Irrigated Ha. area Irrigated Net Ha. 000 area sown Net Ha. of Proportion to area Irrigated area sown net

Gross Gross IA-Arid Western 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.3 99.1 0.7 0.9 501 334 2908 11.48

IB-Irrigated North 98.6 98.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 1543 925 1544 59.91 Western Plain

24 Final

Agro-climatic zones Canal Tank Well / Tubewell Other

% of irrigated % of irrigated % of irrigated area % of

000 000

(%)

‘000

area area irrigated

area

Net Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Area Irrigated Ha. area Irrigated Net Ha. 000 area sown Net Ha. of Proportion to area Irrigated area sown net

Gross Gross IC-Hyper-arid partIy 46.1 46.2 0.0 0.0 53.9 53.8 0.0 0.0 656 429 3002 14.30 irrigated zone IIA- Internal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 973 741 2217 33.41 Drainage Dry Zone IIB-Transitional 3.8 4.7 11.2 12.2 84.9 83.0 0.1 0.1 605 518 1459 35.51 Plain of Luni Basin IIIA-Semi arid 9.9 10.1 0.7 0.7 87.6 87.2 1.8 1.9 842 729 1731 42.11 Eastern Plain IIIB-Flood Prone 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 96.9 96.9 1.7 1.7 1184 1139 1486 76.63 Eastern Plain IVA-Sub humid 3.8 4.0 6.5 7.2 88.9 87.9 0.8 0.9 493 458 935 48.97 Southern Plain IVB-Humid 21.7 21.6 5.6 5.7 41.0 40.9 6.7 6.8 267 250 635 39.41 Southern V-Humid Southern 43.9 40.6 1.0 1.2 76.8 79.8 3.2 3.4 9117 7366 18275 40.30 Eastern Plain Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoR, Jaipur

2.6.1 Irrigation trends across the selected districts in RACP As evident from Error! Reference source not found.2-8 irrigated area in all the selected istricts except in Jodhpur is higher than the state average. However, by 2003-04, even Jodhpur has overtaken the state average areas under irrigation.

Further, there is an increasing trend in irrigated area in all the districts with Jaipur and Alwar recording a steep increase over a 14 year period between 1991-92 to 2004-05. Even Jodhpur has recorded a smart increase in area under irrigation, while Bundi has recorded a fall in irrigated area. Jaipur and Alwar fall under the Semi-arid Eastern Plain zone which is largely irrigated by groundwater sources. Thus, increase in irrigated area in these districts would have been only at the cost of increased overexploitation of groundwater in an already depleted scenario.

Gross Irrigated Area- Trends

600 Jaipur 500 400 Jodhpur 300 200 Bundi 100 0

Alwar

GrossIrrigated Area '000 Ha

1997-98 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 1991-92 Averag of Rajasthan Year

Figure 2-8: Irrigation trends across selected districts of RACP

25 Final

Implications for EMF: Rajasthan is classified as arid/semi-arid region. Erratic rainfall conditions coupled with indiscriminate groundwater withdrawal has led to depletion of aquifer at a faster rate. The EMF needs to support rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, tank formation, and farm ponds to support livelihood activities like agriculture and animal husbandry. Also the approval of tubewells in any particular village /cluster needs to be assessed for their cumulative impact on water resources. Digging of tubewell/well for irrigation purpose must not be promoted in the blocks where groundwater is in overexploited zone. In areas where ground water is in semi- critical/critical stage, farm ponds and rainwater harvesting should be promoted, and any tubewell/borewell should be sanctioned only when it is absolutely necessary. Demand side management methods can go a long way to save groundwater from over-extraction. In addition, water conservation practices such as efficient irrigation and harvesting of farm ponds means should be encouraged in canal irrigated and watershed areas through good designs of these structures, catchment treatment and safety and maintenance practices.

One of the key components of RACP is to demonstrate reduction in use of water in agriculture sector while at the same time securing agricultural productivity. Therefore, it is expected that the project would lead lowering the water foot print of agriculture while at the same time promoting better water use efficiency in the project districts.

2.7 Agriculture Agriculture and animal husbandry are the two most common rural livelihood activities in Rajasthan. Agriculture contributes about 27 percent of the state’s domestic product. In Rajasthan, erratic rainfall conditions, soil fertility and inadequate availability of irrigation sources are the critical parameters, which determine the sustainability of agricultural production.

2.7.1 Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Consumption Soils in all zones are largely deficient in Nitrogen, while Phosphorus and Potassium are present in adequate quantities. Salinity and alkalinity are present to some extent in all the zones with wide variation in proportion of problematic soils under salinity or alkalinity. As a percentage of total net sown area in a zone, semi-arid eastern plain has nearly 18% of its soils classified as problematic. Overall nearly 6% of the total net sown area of Rajasthan may be categorized as problematic.

Table 2-10: Fertility status and problematic soils in the project districts

Agroclimatic Zones Fertility Status Problematic Soil (Ha) Net Sown Proportio Area (2007- n to Net N P K Saline Soil Sodic or Total Soil 08) Ha. Area (% of total Alkaline Soil (Ha) Sown problemat (% of total ic soil) problematic soil) IA-Arid Western VL M M 20.13 79.87 14418 2908416 0.50 IB-Irrigated North Western L M M 70.83 29.17 39831 1543952 2.58 Plain IC-Hyper-arid partly VL M M 48.95 51.05 28877 3001594 0.96 Irrigated Zone IIA- Internal Drainage Dry L M M 48.70 51.30 133153 2216997 6.01 Zone IIB-Transitional Plain of L M H 32.81 67.19 134672 1458509 9.23 Luni Basin IIIA-Semi arid Eastern Plain L M H 37.01 62.99 305340 1730740 17.64

26 Final

Agroclimatic Zones Fertility Status Problematic Soil (Ha) Net Sown Proportio Area (2007- n to Net N P K Saline Soil Sodic or Total Soil 08) Ha. Area (% of total Alkaline Soil (Ha) Sown problemat (% of total ic soil) problematic soil) IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern L M M 27.87 72.13 263684 2599091 10.15 Plain IVA-Sub humid Southern L M H 64.11 35.89 86710 935181 9.27 Plain IVB-Humid Southern L M H 40.50 59.50 26137 635349 4.11 V-Humid Southern Eastern M M H 49.71 50.29 34949 1179172 2.96 Plain Note: L = Low, VL = Very Low, M = Medium, H = High

Across the regions, there is a wide range of variation in fertilizer use. Largely, in certain zones fertiliser consumption is low—even lower than the national average (90 kg per hectare), except two zones such as Humid Southern Eastern and Flood Prone Eastern Plain (see Table 2-11 2-11). In these zones, there is intensive agriculture as compared to other zones that is attributed to the availability of good irrigation facilities from canal and groundwater sources.

Table 2-11: Agro-climatic zone wise consumption of fertilizer

Agro-climatic Zones Fertilizer use (in tonnes). Total NPK Ratio of use N P K kg/ha. N P K

IA-Arid Western 27526 13589 2593 15.36 4.4 2.2 0.4

IB-Irrigated North Western Plain 112779 43270 6655 72.63 4.9 1.9 0.3

IC-Hyper-arid partIy Irrigated Zone 22986 9073 136 10.25 5.0 2.0 0.0

IIA- Internal Drainage Dry Zone 43634 23837 1644 24.40 4.4 2.4 0.2

IIB-Transitional Plain of Luni Basin 33451 8685 3004 31.14 5.2 1.3 0.5

IIIA-Semi arid Eastern Plain 75844 58738 5505 59.22 3.8 2.9 0.3

IIIB-Flood Prone Eastern Plain 149613 71580 6825 103.04 4.6 2.2 0.2

IVA-Sub humid Southern Plain 52793 22217 1887 42.33 4.8 2.0 0.2

IVB-Humid Southern 64782 17184 2146 49.53 5.4 1.4 0.2

V-Humid Southern Eastern Plain 376483 178404 19367 292.66 4.6 2.2 0.2

Source: Vital Agriculture Statistics 2005–2006

Table 2-11 also shows the ratio of NPK use across various agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan. The recommended NPK ratio is 4:2:1 for N:P:K, but as can be observed from the above table, use of potash is very low while nitrogen is slightly more than recommended.

27 Final

2.7.2 Trend in fertilizer consumption in the selected districts of RACP Increased intensity of use of chemical fertilizers is one of the major concerns of the RACP. The following Figure 2-92-9 depicts the fertilizer consumption pattern across the districts selected in RACP over a 14 year period from 1991-2004. The average consumption in Rajasthan has almost doubled. There is a sharp increase in fertilizer use in groundwater irrigation areas such as Jaipur and Alwar. However, in command areas of IGNP, the consumption of fertiliser has decreased considerably.

Use of Nitrogen 160000

Jaipur 140000

Jodhpur 120000

Bundi 100000

Alwar 80000

Ganganagar Metrictons 60000

Average of Rajasthan 40000

Linear (Jaipur) 20000

Linear (Jodhpur)

0

1990 1995 2003 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004

Figure 2-9: Trend in fertilizer consumption in selected districts of RACP 2.8 Zone-wise Area, Production and Yield of Different Crops in Rajasthan Of the total area under agriculture in Rajasthan, 70 percent is primarily rain fed. A single crop in kharif is the predominant cropping system in the state. Table 2-122-12 shows the crops grown in various regions of Rajasthan. North eastern Rajasthan practises legume- wheat-based cropping system. Soyabean-wheat cropping pattern is dominant in the south- eastern region. Other cropping patterns are pearl millet-wheat, pearl-millet-mustard, maize- wheat, etc. The major kharif crops in the project districts are pulses, maize, jowar, soyabean, groundnut and rapeseed, while the major rabi crops in the area are wheat, mustard, barley and gram (see Table 2-122-12).

The agroclimate of an area, availability of irrigation facilities and agronomic practices of the farmers accounts for the wide variation in crops and yields in different agroclimatic zones of Rajasthan.

28 Final

Figure 2-10: Various crops grown in different parts of Rajasthan

29 Final

Table 2-12: Area, Production and Productivity of different Crops

Arid Arid

-

-

n n

arid Western Western arid

-

Irrigated Zone Irrigated

Sub humid humid Southern Sub

Humid Southern Humid

Semi arid Eastern arid Eastern Semi

Internal Drainage Drainage Internal Eastern Prone Flood

-

-

Irrigated North Irrigated

-

-

Arid Western Arid

Irrigated North Irrigated

Hyper

-

-

Humid Southern Southern Humid

-

-

-

-

Crop

Zone Agroclimatic IA Western IB Plain Western IC Partly IIA Zone Dry IIB Plain Western of Luni Plain Transitional Basin IIIA Plain IIIB Plain IVA Plain IVB V Plai Eastern A '000 1443 111 704 1047 479 533 585 3 0 5 Ha. P '000 260 108 183 868 376 650 986 5 0 4

Bajra MT Y kg/Ha. 180 977 260 829 785 122 1684 1549 704 858 0 A '000 49 0 7 54 114 270 85 56 7 21

Ha. P '000 21 0 3 22 58 126 57 53 4 23 Jowar MT Y kg/Ha. 437 529 445 413 511 466 674 948 619 1084 A '000 0 0 0 0 51 55 8 405 408 104

Ha.

P '000 0 0 0 0 27 56 13 652 214 155

Maize MT Y kg/Ha. 1045 1103 1000 1084 531 100 1589 1610 525 1489 8 A '000 56 379 82 229 167 305 472 307 216 352

Ha.

P '000 106 1319 184 675 336 796 1574 1068 449 1248

Wheat MT Y kg/Ha. 1883 3481 2253 2946 2012 260 3337 3476 2081 14135 6 A '000 0 43 6 42 6 65 20 33 15 2

Ha.

P '000 1 118 11 112 14 158 63 82 29 5

Barley MT Y kg/Ha. 2547 2768 1672 2674 7322 243 3079 2461 1967 2547 5 A '000 0 18 0 0 0 0 3 1 67 18

Ha.

P '000 0 81 0 0 0 0 6 1 43 39

Paddy MT Y kg/Ha. 0 4417 1571 0 1571 160 1776 1575 641 2092 0 A '000 3215 225488 418364 115011 62341 268 27339 53489 48983 29676 Ha. 63 P '000 2776 175669 315946 139722 52738 218 30430 50199 48489 34751

Gram MT 55 Y kg/Ha. 863 779 755 1215 846 814 1113 938 990 1171

35 Final

Arid Arid

-

-

n n

arid Western Western arid

-

Irrigated Zone Irrigated

Sub humid humid Southern Sub

Humid Southern Humid

Semi arid Eastern arid Eastern Semi

Internal Drainage Drainage Internal Eastern Prone Flood

-

-

Irrigated North Irrigated

-

-

Arid Western Arid

Irrigated North Irrigated

Hyper

-

-

Humid Southern Southern Humid

-

-

-

-

Crop

Zone Agroclimatic IA Western IB Plain Western IC Partly IIA Zone Dry IIB Plain Western of Luni Plain Transitional Basin IIIA Plain IIIB Plain IVA Plain IVB V Plai Eastern A '000 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 13 1

Ha.

P '000 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 4 1

Arhar MT Y kg/Ha. 0 857 1000 0 778 115 955 996 311 867 6 A '000 26 10 3 12 101 18 26 38 6 17 Ha. P '000 5 8 0 2 35 7 14 9 1 7

Sesamum MT Y kg/Ha. 177 753 127 177 341 361 536 223 154 393 A '000 122 409 186 307 228 396 803 148 21 311

Ha. P '000 135 565 152 374 268 380 1041 198 20 413

mustard MT Rapeseed & & Rapeseed Y kg/Ha. 1108 1382 819 1219 1176 959 1297 1335 930 1328

Implications for EMF: Agriculture in Rajasthan has high dependence on groundwater resource. This has resulted in its large scale and increasing exploitation. Furthermore the use of fertilisers has increased considerably in irrigated agriculture making agriculture unsustainable and dependent on external inputs. Soil fertility has decreased considerably demanding increased use of fertilisers to maintain the productivity levels. Skewed NPK ratios also means that soil fertility and productivity is being affected adversely. The EMF should reinforce soil health and nutrient management including use of bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers through an integrated package of agricultural measures to be promoted in RACP.

2.9 Livestock

2.9.1 Composition of Livestock Population In Rajasthan, livestock population comprises large and small ruminants. Cattle and buffaloes are the main large animals while sheep and goats are the major small ruminants. According to estimates of the recent Livestock Census, the share of cattle population was about 21 per cent and buffaloes constituted about one-fifth of the total population.

Over a period of time, the share of cattle in the total livestock population declined from about 32 per cent during 1972 to 21 per cent in 2007. Buffaloes form about 20% of the total livestock population of Rajasthan and are increasingly the preferred large milch animal. Small ruminants comprising of sheep and goats accounted for 58% of the total livestock population in the state. Increased profitability and slackening of social rigidities has led to adoption of goats and sheep

36 Final rearing by all caste and classes of households (Rathore, 2007), hence the increased number of sheep and goats in Rajasthan.

Size and composition of livestock population are determined by the agro-climatic conditions of the regions. For example, in arid western region, population of small ruminants is the major constituent of livestock economy with more than three-fourth proportion. The share of cattle population was about 17 per cent while buffaloes are about 5 per cent of the total population. This zone is characterized by sand dunes and inter- denial land with little vegetation. Such climatic conditions are more suitable for small ruminants as they are grazers and used to a migratory system of rearing. With certain exceptions, almost similar pattern of livestock composition was found in the Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Western Plain.

In irrigated north plain zone, the share of cattle and buffaloes is considerable at about 53 per cent and small ruminants account for about 44 per cent. In this zone, households keep cattle mainly for farm operations (see Figure 2-11).

Figure 2-11: Livestock Composition across agro-climatic zones

37 Final

2.9.2 Livestock Pressure on Land Resources Table 2-13 shows the grazing pressure on land7 in Rajasthan with an Adult Cattle Unit (ACU/Ha.8) per hectare ranging from a high of nearly 7 (Dausa) to a low of 0.3 (Jaisalmer) as against the recommended ACU/Ha. of 1 for semi-arid areas and 0.4 for arid areas.

Table 2-13: Grazing pressure in Rajasthan

In '000 no.s

Land suitable ACU for grazing District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat No.s '000 Ha. ACU/Ha. 362 2.7 Ajmer 392 336 502 771 983 229 5.8 Alwar 196 975 100 710 1333 260 3.9 Banswara 646 275 14 459 1016 340 1.9 Baran 355 226 12 262 635

7 Forest, barren & unculturable wasteland, permanent grazing lands, culturable wasteland and total fallows have been included to estimate land available for grazing. 8 Adult Cattle Unit = 1 cattle = 1 buffalo = 0.2 sheep or goat

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In '000 no.s

Land suitable ACU for grazing District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat No.s '000 Ha. ACU/Ha. 1133 1.3 Barmer 638 156 1371 2221 1512 81 8.2 Bharatpur 126 475 82 219 661 574 1.9 Bhilwara 583 304 433 700 1113 1537 0.7 Bikaner 671 131 800 910 1144 282 2.3 Bundi 274 281 59 369 640 553 2.5 Chittorgarh 761 475 81 674 1387 154 4.8 Churu 256 215 452 920 745 95 6.6 Dausa 133 414 60 349 629 134 3.0 Dhaulpur 62 310 6 146 402 238 3.2 Dungarpur 427 233 107 392 759 374 2.7 Ganganagar 586 283 380 378 1020 150 5.6 Hanumangarh 404 326 286 280 844 406 4.3 Jaipur 508 947 340 1011 1725 3191 0.3 Jaisalmer 349 3 1304 1132 839 360 2.6 Jalor 294 412 633 547 942 288 2.8 Jhalawar 435 291 15 379 804 141 5.1 Jhunjhunun 175 370 190 640 712 908 1.5 Jodhpur 654 263 977 1402 1393 284 2.1 Karauli 119 399 55 388 607 216 2.4 Kota 248 227 22 216 523 423 3.1 Nagour 418 460 796 1421 1322 567 1.8 Pali 355 315 925 702 996 333 1.9 Rajsamand 286 224 127 513 638 182 2.6 S.Madhopur 118 250 79 415 467

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In '000 no.s

Land suitable ACU for grazing District Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat No.s '000 Ha. ACU/Ha. 209 5.1 Sikar 254 516 319 1151 1064 339 1.4 Sirohi 203 166 250 341 487 195 3.5 Tonk 246 311 254 393 687 1048 1.6 Udaipur 946 524 162 1093 1721 15585 1.9 Total 12120 11092 11190 21503 29750 Source: Source:http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/livestock_census.asp

2.9.3 Demand and supply of Fodder Estimated current and projected requirement and availability/ supply of fodder from forest and non- forest areas as per the Department of Forest, Government of Rajasthan, is shown in Table 2-142-14. The availability of fodder that is already in short supply by nearly 36 per cent is likely to worsen, considering the high growth rate of animal population in Rajasthan.

Table 2-14: Fodder demand and supply in the state of Rajasthan

Year Demand (Million Supply (Million Tonnes) Tonnes)

1980 61.2 28.5

1990 58.8 31.52

1995 67.47 44.7

2001 72.18 50.08

2006 76.51 56.08

2016 84.16 61.6

(Source: http://rajforest.nic.in)

As per the report by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), green fodder production varies from 2.5 tonnes to over 10 tonnes per hectare of forest lands. Estimation done by CAZRI reveals that average fodder biomass from forest areas, excluding core areas of PAN (Protected Area Network), is about 4 tonnes per ha. Excluding the core areas, a net area where animals graze or fodder is harvested by fringe communities, amounts to 2.8 million hectares. Thus, green fodder produced from the forests is around 11.20 million tonnes. Further, the estimated consumption per cattle is 5 kg dry fodder per day. As per their estimation, total fodder utilization from forest area amounts to 16.9 million tonnes per annum. Correlating the livestock population with the extent of forest area, the grazing pressure in terms of ACU is 4 units per hectare. In some areas, the pressure is as high as 12 units. Thus, the enormous grazing pressure adversely affects the regenerative capacity of forests.

40 Final

Implication for EMF: The status of fodder is critical. The commons are shrinking and largely degraded. Livestock interventions in RACP can increase the pressure on pasture land and forest land for fodder resources. However, since RACP is supporting only the development and management of goat herds, the likely impact on grazing pressure is likely to be lower since herd size in goats is regularly reduced due to sale of goats for meat purposes. Nevertheless, the EMF needs to promote development of community pasture land/grazing land and supplementary feed to small ruminants.

2.10 Summary of Environment Assessment & Implications for EMF Natural Environmental Issue Implication for EMF Resource Climate  High inter-annual variability in rainfall Climate resilient agriculture including  Decreasing quantum of rainfall selection of low water requiring crops, soil and water conservation, rain water harvesting Water  Very limited supplies of water and Adoption of crops needing lesser poorly distributed across Rajasthan water, soil and water conservation,  Groundwater is overexploited and may water harvesting and recharge of not offer much potential for further groundwater, community based growth action to reduce groundwater  Irrigation is critical for agricultural exploitation, use of micro irrigation growth and stability since rainfall is technologies scanty and erratic Land  Significant areas in some agroclimatic Integrated Crop Management zones are affected by salinity or techniques that are based on alkalinity Participatory Varietal Selection (so  Low levels of soil fertility, compounded that variety selected meets the needs by NPK ratio skewed in favour of N of farmers and climate), Integrated alone. Soil and Nutrient Management (use  High grazing pressure well above of biofertilizers, use of chemical recommended levels in all regions of fertilizers based on soil testing the state reports), Integrated Pest Management.

Improved herd management techniques for goats such that farmer maintains lower population of elite breeds that would fetch him higher returns, community and pasture land development, silivipastures on both private and common lands. The above mentioned issues would be dealt with comprehensively in the EMF chapter as well as the EMF Toolkit. However, it would be pertinent to mention that the RACP project is designed to address these issues as a part of the mainstream of the project through its various project components especially, Climate Resilient Agriculture. Yet, as a matter of abundant caution, the EMF not only provides guidance on mitigating the impact of these issues but also provides a process for ensuring that the Environment Guidances are applied at various stages to ensure compliance and bring about the desired mitigation.

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3 Policy, legal and regulatory frameworks

Various policies and acts framed by the Government of India (GoI) as well as Government of Rajasthan (GoR) deal with environment and social concerns, and management and marketing of agriculture produce. This section provides overview of the policy framework at national and state levels relevant to the RACP project. In addition, the WB Safeguard policies are reviewed from their context of applicability.

3.1 WB Safeguard Operational Policies Table 3-1 discusses the applicability of various environmental safeguard policies to the RACP project interventions. It also indicates the concerns that will need to be addressed in the EMF.

Table 3-1: WB Safeguard Operation Policies

Act/ Policy Details Relevance/ Applicability

Environmental It is an “umbrella policy” through which Applicable potential social and environmental impacts are Assessment identified and mitigation measures proposed. The present Environmental Assessment process determines whether other Assessment study involves (BP/OP 4.01) safeguard policies apply development of an EMF for the RACP. Forestry (OP 4.36) Establishes maximum standards on the types of Not Applicable forest projects that the Bank will finance. Provides for financing of commercial logging The project will not directly and plantations under restricted conditions. intervene in forest land. Rather special efforts will be made to avoid support to tribal farmers having encroachments over forest lands. Pest Management Promotes the use of biological or environmental Applicable

control methods and reduces reliance on (OP 4.09) synthetic chemical pesticides and sets RACP interventions supported conditions on the acquisition and use of through individual farmers/ pesticides. producer organisations may involve technical input support for use of pesticide. The related safeguards/ provisions have been included in the EMF.

Natural Habitats Establishes limits on Bank financed projects that Not applicable may impact areas with high degrees of plant (OP 4.04) and animal species and that have not been Since none of the proposed essentially modified by human activity. activities directly or indirectly affect the natural habitats.

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Act/ Policy Details Relevance/ Applicability

Involuntary Establishes standards and procedures for Not Applicable projects that displace people from their homes Resettlement or cause economic displacement due to loss of Contrastingly, the project will land, buildings, or sources of income. work towards curbing distress (OP 4.12) migration by increasing income from agriculture locally.

Physical Cultural Requires Bank projects to avoid damage to and Not applicable Resources assist in the preservation of cultural property, such as sites having archaeological, The project activities are not (OP 4.11) paleontological, historical, religious and unique likely to undertake construction/ cultural values excavation at sites that are culturally significant.

Safety of Dams Establishes procedures and safety requirements Not applicable for construction of new dams and for projects (OP/BP 4.37) that depend on safe functioning of existing The project does not involve dams. Requirements apply to large dams (15 m construction/ renovation of any or more in height) minor/ medium/ major dam. However, there may be some construction of small rainwater harvesting structures.

Projects in Establishes minimal rules for Bank-financing of Not applicable projects in areas disputed by two or more Disputed Areas states. Projects on Seeks to reduce potential conflict between Not applicable (OP/BP/GP 7.60) states that border an international waterway International over projects that may affect the use or pollute Waterways the waterway. (OP/BP/GP 7.50)

The above analysis shows that only two policies are applicable, Pest Management (OP 4.09) and the umbrella policy Environmental Assessment (BP/OP 4.01). The EMF is proposed at the end of this chapter to address the concerns arising out of the two applicable OPs.

3.2 Environmental Policies framed by the GoI and GoR The Article 48-A of the Constitution of India states that the State shall endeavour to conserve and regenerate the environment resource base of the country. At the same time, Indian Constitution explains under Article 51-A (g) that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment and to have compassion for living creatures. We analyse the relevant policies and acts in Table 3-2.

Table 3-2: Policies of GoI and GoR

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Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP

National Policies

National Environment To protect and conserve critical ecological Applicable Policy 2006 system and resources and to ensure equitable access to these resources for The project promotes conservation and communities which are dependent on these sustainable use of land, water and resources for their livelihood. biomass which is one of the major challenges in arid agriculture.

The project addresses the issue of awareness generation and mitigation measures

National Agriculture National Agriculture Policy seeks to Applicable. Policy 2000 actualize vast untapped growth potential of Indian Agriculture, strengthen rural The project aims to improve infrastructure to support faster agricultural agricultural productivity and farm development, promote value addition, incomes by integrating technology, accelerate the growth of agro-business institutions and market innovations. create employment in rural areas, secure a fair standard of living for farmers and agricultural workers and their families, discourage migration to urban areas and face the challenges arising out of economic liberalization and globalization.

National Policy for To improve economic viability of farming by Applicable. Farmer 2007 substantial increase in net income of the farmers, to conserve and regenerate land, The project envisages improvement of water and genetic resources for sustainable the land productivity and income of improvement in productivity, profitability farmers in a sustainable manner. and stability of major farming system.

To develop support services including provisions of timely input supply and agriculture credit at affordable interest rates to the farmers. Provide suitable risk management measures for adequate and timely compensation to the farmers.

National Water Policy To ensure that planning, development, and Applicable 2002 management of water resources are governed by national perspectives Guides the State Water Policy; Rajasthan has its own radical State Water Policy so it is more relevant.

National Horticulture The objectives of the National Horticulture Applicable Mission: Revised Mission are to double the horticulture Action Plan for production till 2011-12. The project has host of horticulture Rajasthan 2005 development interventions which will The Mission would adopt an end-to-end be in line with the existing policy. approach covering production, post-harvest management, processing and marketing to assure appropriate returns to growers. The mission also aims to eliminate the

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Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP

National Policies

middlemen to the possible extent with view for getting adequate returns from the horticulture produce of the farmers.

Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP

Rajasthan State Policies

State Agriculture (i)Doubling the agriculture growth rate Applicable Policy, Draft from 2 to 4 per cent during next decade through agriculture The project aims to increase diversification and expansion of income from agriculture by infrastructure, input and marketing strengthening value chains facilities, (ii) increase the farm income (especially in cash and high value by minimizing cost of cultivation and crops) in an environmentally improving resource use efficiency and sustainable manner. (iii) maintain ecological balance by appropriate land and water management practice.

Policy for promotion (i)To increase farmers’ income through Applicable of agro-Processing remunerative prices for their produce, and Agri-business, (ii) to encourage value addition in The project activities include value 2010 agriculture produce, (iii) to bring new addition and building innovative technologies and practices to market linkages based on PPP modernize agro-processing and model. marketing, (iv) to promote export of

agro-products of the state and to build strong state brand in the domestic and international markets and (v) attract private investment in agro-processing and create new employment opportunities.

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Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP

Rajasthan State Policies

State Water Policy The main aim of the State water policy Applicable 2010 to adoption integrated and multi- sectoral approach to the water The project activities will be inline resources planning and development with the policy provisions and management on a sustainable addressing all the issues of water basis. scarcity, conservation and demand management through promoting There is radical shift from appropriate technologies, predominantly engineering-based institutions and cropping systems. solution to local pre-dominantly based water solution. This shift is under the conceptual framework of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) that involves the combination of ‘bottom-up’ and top-down technical support.

Sector Policy for The Policy deals with the process and Indirectly applicable Drinking Water and quality of drinking water supply and Sanitation, 2005 sanitation means in different areas of The project will make efforts to (Draft) State, mostly in rural areas. Policy links ensure that drinking water sources water harvesting practices in are not affected by use of water for household and community. It assigns irrigation. duties and responsibilities of PRIs and NGOs in source development and water allocation. It stresses awareness for development of optimal and efficient use of water.

Rajasthan State The objectives of the policy are to: (i) Applicable Environment Policy, conserve and regenerate the 2010 environmental resources by ensuring RACP promotes multi-stakeholders equitable access to the resources for all and participatory platforms and sections of society and judicious use processes that will enable inclusion from sustainability point of view, (ii) of the marginalized groups integrate environmental concerns into policies, plans, programs, and projects for economic and social development, so that resource base may be balanced, (iii) ensure higher resource flow for environmental conservation and promote beneficial multi- stakeholder partnerships

Rajasthan Industrial The policy aims to achieve higher and Applicable and Investment environmentally sustainable economic Promotion Policy growth through greater private The project aims to promote PPP

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Policies Provisions Relevance to RACP

Rajasthan State Policies

2010 investment in manufacturing as well as model to ensure environmentally services that may be helpful in sustainable agriculture growth balancing regional development and through agro- based cottage and providing employment opportunities to small-scale industries. the growing labour force.

Rajasthan State Protection and conservation of Applicable Groundwater Bill groundwater resources (presently under Groundwater conservation is top consideration in priority of the project as it Rajasthan Legislative promotes irrigation efficient Assembly) technologies particularly micro- irrigation.

3.3 Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR

Table 3-3: Environmental Acts of GoI and GoR

Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP

GoI

Environment and Pollution

The Protection and General powers of the Ministry of Applicable Environment improvement of Central Government Environment and (Protection) Act, the Forests, GoI and Addressed in EMF 1986 environment. It Prevention, control, and Rajasthan State empowers the abatement of Pollution Control Amended: 1991 Central environmental pollution Board, GoR Government to establish authorities charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution of all kinds.

The Water Provision for Laying down the Rajasthan State Applicable (Prevention and prevention and permissible limits/ Pollution Control Control of control of water standards of pollutants Board The project will Pollution) Act pollution and likely to be emitted, address the issue of maintaining or collection of samples of water contamination Amended: 1988 restoring of effluent and analysis and by adopting an IPM wholesomeness provisions for penalties. strategy. of water in the country

Wildlife, Biodiversity and Forest

The Biological Conservation of Regulation of access to Ministry of Indirectly Applicable Diversity Act, biological biological diversity, Environment and

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Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP

2002 diversity and its empower National Forests, Government The project sustainable use, Biodiversity Authority and of India and envisages to main G.S.R.261 (E), equitable State Biodiversity Board Rajasthan State the biodiversity. At [15/04/2004] - sharing of to restrict certain Biodiversity Board the same time the Biological benefits arising activities that affect bio- project will enhance Diversity Rules, out of the use of diversity adversely. crop productivity 2004 biological thru sustainable resources, Provision of appropriate management of knowledge and legislation for declaration environment. for matters of Biodiversity Heritage connected sites at local level. therewith or incidental thereto.

State Acts/ Rules and Regulations

The Rajasthan To promote and Preparation and Water Resource Applicable Farmers’ secure implementation of Department, (GoR) Participation in distribution of operational plan for Only in areas/ Management of water among its irrigation application, clusters where Irrigation users, adequate maintenance of the surface water System Act No. maintenance of project. Monitoring of command exists. 21 2000 irrigation water flow and system, efficient maintaining the record. and economical Resolution of water utilization of disputes. Removal of water to encroachment on the optimize property attached to the agricultural irrigation system. production, to protect environment and ensure ecological balance by involving the farmers.

The Rajasthan Establishment Identification of Water Resource Applicable Regulation and of State Ground problematic aquifer, Department, (GoR) Control of The Water Authority restrictions on Development with the powers groundwater withdrawal and to regulate in problematic areas, The project Management of ground water provisions for penalties promotes sustainable Ground Water development for those breaking the management of Bill, 2006 (Draft) and efficient rules. groundwater which is Management. a key source of irrigation

Rajasthan Soil Conservation Preparation of soil and Departments of Applicable and Water and water conservation plan Agriculture and Conservation improvement of and its implementation, Water Resources, The project has Acts, 1964 Soil and water Reclamation of waste (GoR) watershed activities resources in the land, preventive action for soil and moisture State and penalties. conservation and recharge of groundwater.

Agriculture

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Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP

The Insecticides Regulate the Registration, license and Department of Applicable Act. 1968 import, other rules & safeguards Agriculture, manufacture, for handling insecticides Government of Mitigation measures Amendment: sale, transport, by users. Safe packing, Rajasthan taken care in IPM Insecticides distribution and storage while plan. (Amendment) use of transportation, Act, 1977 (24 of insecticides with prohibition of sale, etc. of 1977 a view to certain insecticides for prevent risk to reasons of public safety. human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith

The Seeds Act The Seeds Act Regulation of sale of Department of Indirectly Applicable. 1966, regulates the seeds of notified kinds or Agriculture, GoR quality of varieties. Determine the The project does not The Seeds certain seeds for responsibilities for making envisage seed Rules 1968 sale. and labelling. Certification production yet will agency and grant/revoke take cognizance of of certificate, provision of the act. penalties

Commons

The Rajasthan Restriction on No land will be permitted Department of Relevant to RACP Land Revenue conversion of for conversion falling in Revenue, Act. 1956 land used the catchment areas of a Government of The act will be publicly to other tank or village pond or Rajasthan helpful in restricting (Conversion of usage land used as pathway to the conversion of Agricultural any cremation or burial common land into Land for Non- ground or village pond, other usage. Agricultural even if not so recorded in Purposes in the village revenue map Rural Areas) or revenue record.

Rules, 1992

Rajasthan To conserve It shall be duty of the Department of Relevant to RACP Panchayati Raj vegetative cover Panchayats to take all Panchayati Raj, Rule, 1996 and protect the steps for development of Government of The provisions will village grazing grasses, shrubs and plants Rajasthan help in developing lands in grazing ground and village common land prevent encroachments. on which bulk of For this purpose marginalized panchayat shall give households depends control over land in each for their livelihood. village to five-person committee headed by the ward Panch of the village concerned and four members to be elected by Gram Sabha

National Rural Besides, the Conservation and Ministry of Rural Relevant to RACP Employment provision of regeneration of water Development, Guarantee Act employment resources, drought Government of India Intervention under (NREGA) Act No. opportunities, proofing activities and Government of the act will provide 42 of 2005 priority will include afforestation and Rajasthan the resources for given to tree plantation on public common land

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Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP

regenerate the lands. development. local natural resource base. Livestock Development Bio-Medical Control the It shall be the duty of the State Pollution Relevant to RACP Waste(Manage indiscriminate every occupier of an Control Board, ment & disposal of institution generating bio Government of Rules will help in Handling) Rules, hospital waste/ medical waste which Rajasthan managing the waste 1998 bio medical includes Veterinary generated at the waste to restrict institution and animal veterinary health the house to ensure-that such centres that may environmental waste is handled without have adverse hazard in the any adverse effect to the environment affects. area. human health and the environment.

The Rajasthan Prevention and To control certain Department of Relevant to RACP Animal Disease control of scheduled disease, Animal Husbandry, Act, No. 5 of disease restrict the movement Government of Provision of the act 1959 affecting animal. and sale of any animals Rajasthan will be useful in which may in the opinion controlling the of carry infection, to diseases among control holding of markets different animal and fairs with a view of species. preventing the outbreak or spread of any scheduled disease

The Rajasthan To improve the Nobody can bring bull into Department of Relevant to RACP Livestock breed of an area, from any place Animal Husbandry, Improvement livestock. outside it, any bull which Government of Act will be helpful in Act No.45 of has attained the Rajasthan improving the local 1958 prescribed age except in animal breed rather accordance with than unsustainable permission from breed brought from competent authority. other environment Permission will subject to settings. the condition that the bull brought into the area is not likely to affect the breed in the local area.

Agricultural marketing

Model APMC Promotion of Establish Private Markets Central and State Applicable competitive yards, Direct Purchase Governments Act, 2003 marketing Centers and Consumer/ The project aims to environment Farmers Markets for promote value chains and bringing direct sale and promotion and local agro- professionalism of Public Private business in management Partnership. Restrictions entrepreneurs. and marketing on involvement of structure, commission agency in any besides the transaction of agricultural protecting the commodities. interests of the farmers.

Rajasthan Based on the Granting licenses for Rajasthan State Applicable model APMC direct marketing or Agricultural marking

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Acts/ Rules Aims Provisions Enforcing Authority Relevance to RACP

Agricultural Act, Rajasthan establishing private Board (Government Project will promote Govt. made markets for: of Rajasthan) Farmers’ Cooperative Produce amendments to based agriculture the existing a) processing of produce marketing Marketing APMC Act agricultural produce; b) entitled trade for specific produce; (regulation) Rajasthan c) export of the produce; Agricultural and d) grading, packing (Amendment) Produce and transactions in any Marketing other way for value Act 2007 (Amendment) addition of the produce. Act 2007.

The above analysis shows that the project not just complies but furthers host of environmental policies and acts framed by GoI and GoR in water, agriculture and market sectors. At the same time, there are few other environmental policies/ acts that are not applicable: The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Amended: 1987; The Wildlife (Protection) Act, G.S.R.348(E), [18/4/1995] - The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995; Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act; and, Rajasthan Irrigation and Drainage Act, 1954. Further, two specific acts, namely, The Dam Safety Act of Rajasthan, 2010 and The Rajasthan Minor Irrigation Works Act, Act No XII OF 1953 are also not applicable as the project proposes only small rainwater harvesting and watershed development structures. Furthermore, two specific policies that the project will take cognizance of but are not applicable are, the National Forest Policy 1988 and Rajasthan Forest Policy, 2010 as the project will work on lands with clear titles only.

There is lack of specific policies and provisions relating to commons at the state level. But there some related provisions in existing rules and regulations that can be useful in managing the commons efficiently. The existing Rajasthan Land Revenue Act may be useful in restricting the conversion of catchment areas of tanks and village ponds and common paths, which are the components of commons.

The provisions of Panchyati Raj Act can certainly be helpful in managing the village commons more efficiently. But, prevailing conditions on village commons are badly endorsed. In majority of the villages, common are encroached by the villagers that restricted the access of the marginalized sections of the society. Observed during the field visit to certain villages in different zones of the Rajasthan that breakdown of village institution arrangement is cause of shrinkage of commons. MGNREGA can be an instrument for developing the commons.

The rules and regulations include Bio Medical Waste, Rajasthan Animal Disease, The Rajasthan Livestock Improvement and so on can helpful in livestock development across the regions.

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3.4 Policies and Acts vis-vis RACP interventions

Table 3-4: Policies and Acts vis-à-vis RACP interventions

Sector Intervention Relevant Clearance Responsibility Time Frame (Design policy/acts Requirement stage/ implementation stage

Water--Supply Water harvesting National On public lands Community Design stage Augmentation and storage and Environment clearance from PRI Institution with water recharge Policy 2006 Relevant PIU to support from SP2 structures (Contour Rajasthan Soil and approve technical ES, PMU and SP2 vegetative barriers, Water designs wasteweirs, Conservation Acts, contour trenches, 1964 anicuts, tanks sub- Rajasthan State surface barriers, Environment rooftop rainwater Policy, 2010 harvesting State Water Policy structures and farm 2010 ponds) The Rajasthan Regulation and Control of The Development and Management of Ground Water Bill, 2006 (Draft)

Installation of On public lands Community Design stage rainguage stations clearance from PRI Institution with IMD to approve support from SP2 design of layout PMU and specification of the equipment

Distributary The Rajasthan Rehabilitation PMU Before undertaking rehabilitation Farmers’ design and plan to Community rehabilitation of Participation in be approved by Institution with minors, as needed Management of Irrigation Dept support from SP2 Irrigation System Clearance from Act No. 21 2000 Forest Dept for cutting trees of specified types (refer table XX for list of trees)

Water-Demand Micro-irrigation State Water Policy Specifications of PMU Design stage Management techniques 2010 components and Community The Rajasthan vendor approval Institution with Regulation and from PIU support from SP2 Control of The Layout design to Development and be approved by Management of PIU Ground Water Bill, 2006 (Draft)

Low water State Water Policy consuming crops 2010 The Rajasthan Farmers’ Participation in Management of

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Sector Intervention Relevant Clearance Responsibility Time Frame (Design policy/acts Requirement stage/ implementation stage

Irrigation System Act No. 21 2000

Constructing PIU/ DLIC checks Community Before construction of diggies in canal with pre-approved Institution with diggies command standard designs support from SP2 Clearance from Forest Dept for Community cutting trees of Institution with specified types support from SP2 (refer table XX for list of trees)

Climate-resilient Demonstration National agriculture and package of Agriculture Policy horticulture practices for higher 2000 production of State Agriculture select crops Policy, Draft

Seeds National Policy for Farmer 2007 The Seeds Act 1966, The Seeds Rules 1968

Soil and nutrient National Policy for management Farmer 2007

Pest management National Policy for The Competent ES, PMU, PMU To be included in Farmer 2007 Authority to clear cluster plan The Insecticides use of bio-control Act. 1968 agents, if any Amendment: Insecticides (Amendment) Act, 1977 (24 of 1977

Post-harvest management

Primary processing State Policy for Weights and Community To be included in centre--weighing, promotion of agro- Measures Dept Institution with detail cluster plan grading and Processing and certifies the support from SP2 packaging Agri-business, equipments used 2010 Rajasthan Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy 2010 The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act.

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Sector Intervention Relevant Clearance Responsibility Time Frame (Design policy/acts Requirement stage/ implementation stage

1956 (Conversion of Agricultural Land for Non- Agricultural Purposes in Rural Areas) Rules, 1992

Rural Technology- The Rajasthan On public lands Community To be included in cum-animal-health Land Revenue Act. clearance from PRI Institution with detail cluster plan centres 1956 (Conversion Approval of support from SP2 of Agricultural vaccines/ Land for Non- medicines stocked Agricultural by PIU Purposes in Rural Areas) Rules, 1992

Stock animal Bio-Medical Waste Approval of Community Design stage healthcare vaccines (Management & Vaccines and Institution with etc Handling) Rules, medicines stocked support from SP2 1998 by PIU

Stock farm equipments for hiring purpose

Land Levelling Clearance from Community Design stage Forest Dept for Institution with cutting trees of support from SP2 specified types (refer table XX for list of trees)

Livestock Breed Buck variety ES, PMU Approval to be development and improvement approved by included in the detail management through relevant PIU cluster plan introduction of bucks

Provision of healthcare for goats

Silvi-culture on Rajasthan On public lands Community Design stage pasture and private Panchayati Raj clearance from PRI Institution with lands Rules, 1996 support from SP2 Rajasthan Soil and Water Conservation Acts, 1964 The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act. 1956 (Conversion

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Sector Intervention Relevant Clearance Responsibility Time Frame (Design policy/acts Requirement stage/ implementation stage

of Agricultural Land for Non- Agricultural Purposes in Rural Areas) Rules, 1992

Value Chain Producer company

Input storage and National Seeds/ Fertiliser/ Producer Company Before producer supply (fertiliser, Agriculture Policy Pesticide license company starts seeds, pesticide 2000 from appropriate procurement etc) Model APMC Act, authority 2003 Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Marketing (regulation) (Amendment) Act 2007

Output marketing

Warehouse The Warehousing On public lands Producer Company Design stage construction (Development and clearance from PRI Regulation) Act, Clearance from 2007 Forest Dept for Model APMC Act, cutting trees of 2003 specified types Rajasthan (refer table XX for Agricultural list of trees) Produce Marketing (regulation) (Amendment) Act 2007 The Rajasthan Land Revenue Act. 1956 (Conversion of Agricultural Land for Non- The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act,2007 Agricultural Purposes in Rural Areas) Rules, 1992

National building Code, 1983

Warehouse Model APMC Act, management 2003 Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Marketing (regulation)

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Sector Intervention Relevant Clearance Responsibility Time Frame (Design policy/acts Requirement stage/ implementation stage

(Amendment) Act 2007

Primary processing National On public lands Producer Company Design stage centre--weighing, Agriculture Policy clearance from PRI grading and 2000 Clearance from packaging Model APMC Act, Forest Dept for 2003 cutting trees of State Policy for specified types promotion of agro- (refer table XX for Processing and list of trees) Agri-business, Weights and 2010 Measures Dept Rajasthan certifies the Agricultural equipments used Produce Marketing (regulation) (Amendment) Act 2007

The identified gaps in the policy/ legal framework will be addressed under RACP by opting various strategies and action plans that are proposed as part of Environment Management Framework (EMF).

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PART C: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RACP COMPONENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

DRAFT

4 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of RACP Component

The RACP project seeks to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations that are capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes. Thus, the desired outcome of the project is to increase agricultural productivity and farmer incomes.

The key constraints to achieving these are deterioration in quality of soil, decreasing supply and access to water and global warming induced adverse climate change. Given that rainfall and surface water sources are scarce and the available limited groundwater has been overexploited in Rajasthan, water is a serious limiting factor for crop production. Climate change and an inherent inability to individually negotiate with the market have worsened the risk to cropping and farmer incomes. 4.1 Components of RACP Component 1: Climate Resilient Agriculture: This component will support climate-resilient approaches that allows for the sustainable use of the natural resource base through agricultural and livestock production systems aiming to increase long term productivity and farm incomes in an environment marked by increased climate and, in particular, rainfall variability. More specifically, this component will support measures that improve: (a) harvest, capture, collection, delivery and distribution of water for agriculture and livestock purposes in surface water irrigated canal command areas, ground water sources and rainfed areas; (b) on-farm water use efficiency; (c) soil moisture and fertility improvements; (d) sustainable intensification and diversification of farm production; and (e) integrated crop and livestock farming systems.

Component 2: Markets and Value Chains: To allow farmers to access a wider range of markets, community-level marketing capacities and skills will be strengthened under this component. This will include the support to (a) develop value chains aiming to establish longer term partnerships and market linkages between farmer groups and agribusiness enterprises, facilitated through an Agri- Business Promotion Facility (ABPF) to be established under the project; (b) develop alternate market channels; and (c) generation and dissemination of accurate and timely market information.

Component 3: Farmer organizations and capacity building : This component will support (a) capacity building through training visits and workshop. (b) mobilization and establishing of farmer groups and capacity building for participatory planning and plan implementation; (c) strengthening of institutions and human resources associated with the project implementation (i.e. participating line department and other relevant agencies);

Component 4: M&E and project Management :- This component will support (a) project management, robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system with a view of potentially scaling up approaches deemed successful under this operation across the state; and (b) building synergies and convergence with ongoing schemes from the Government of Rajasthan (GoR) and the Government of India (GoI) such as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY; National Agricultural Development Scheme), the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS), etc. and (c) Production risk management tools.

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1. Climate Resilient 2. Markets and Value 3. Farmer 4. M&E, Project Agriculture Chains Organizations and Management Capacity Building

A. Improvement of A. Agribusiness A. Farmer groups & A. Project water-use efficiency Promotion Facility participatory planning management (ABPF) B. Institution B. Technology transfer B. Pre-investment strengthening B. M&E, convergence and market led Advisory Support advisory services C. Production risk C. Livestock C. Information and management tools C. Production risk strengthening and Market Infrastructure management tools management Support

D. Agribusiness Support

4.2 RACP Interventions – Assessment of Environmental Impact Based on the above discussion, the key interventions under RACP can be grouped as under:

 Crop intensification  Water Harvest & Management  Livestock Management  Value chain development activities

4.2.1 Crop Intensification

Environmental Impact The key objective of interventions in crop production is to increase crop productivity so that farmer income is also enhanced. The dominant and “business-as-usual” approach to achieving this is to intensify crop production by introducing hybrid seed varieties that respond well to chemical fertilizers and apply chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases that attack the crop.

However, use of such intense chemical based crop production technologies results in the long-run in decreased yield. Increased use of chemical pesticides leads to destruction of pest predators and increase in pest and diseases. Most, hybrid seeds are designed to respond to higher doses of chemical fertilizers and do not perform well if they are not provided.

“Negative externalities” of intensification through these kinds of technologies include s o i l degradation, over-extraction of groundwater, the build-up of pest resistance and the erosion of biodiversity.

Thus, if a “business-as-usual” approach is taken to increasing crop productivity under RACP, there is a high likelihood of use of agri-chemicals increasing substantially leading to deterioration of soil quality which would reduce crop productivity and thereby agricultural competitiveness in the long

62 DRAFT run. Further, these agri-chemicals would pollute the village ecosystem and affect the health of the farming families in the village and their livestock as well.

However, the RACP proposes to adopt “green” agricultural practices that would promote Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management and therefore, the possibility of excessive use of agri-chemicals is largely mitigated.

Suggested Mitigation Measures & Good Practices A suggested “good practice” is Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI)9 which views agriculture as a part of a larger ecosystem and tries to reduce the eco-footprint of agriculture while at the same time enhancing productivity and returns to the farmer.

It is defined as producing more from the same area of land while reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing contributions to natural capital and the flow of environmental services. SCPI views farming as an ecosystem which uses inputs, such as land, water, seed and fertilizer, to complement the natural processes that support plant growth, including pollination, natural predation for pest control, and the action of soil biota that allows plants to access nutrients.

Farming based on an ecosystem approach has three underlying principles viz.,

 simultaneous achievement of increased agricultural productivity and enhancement of natural capital and ecosystem services;  higher rates of efficiency in the use of key inputs, including water, nutrients, pesticides, energy, land and labour;  use of managed and natural biodiversity to build system resilience to abiotic, biotic and economic stresses.

In order to achieve these, the following farming practices need to be followed:

 minimize soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage in order to maintain soil organic matter, soil structure and overall soil health;  enhance and maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, using crops, cover crops or crop residues, in order to protect the soil surface, conserve water and nutrients, promote soil biological activity and contribute to integrated weed and pest management;  the use of well adapted, high-yielding varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and improved nutritional quality;  enhanced crop nutrition based on healthy soils, through crop rotations and judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizer;  integrated management of pests, diseases and weeds using appropriate practices and use of bio-control agents and IPM strategy.  efficient water management, by obtaining “more crops from fewer drops” while maintaining soil health and minimizing off-farm externalities

9 http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/en/1/index.html

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Table 4-1 shows some of the environmental benefits of ecosystem based farming practices. Table 4-1: Environmental benefits of ecosystem farming

Farming practice for ecosystem management

Objective Mulch cover Minimized Legumes to Crop or no tillage supply plant rotation nutrients

Simulate optimum “forest-floor”   conditions

Reduce evaporative loss of  moisture from soil surface

Reduce evaporative loss from   upper soil layers

Minimize oxidation of soil organic   matter and loss of CO2

Minimize soil compaction  

Minimize temperature fluctuations  at soil surface

Provide regular supply of organic  matter as substrate for soil organism activity

Increase, maintain nitrogen levels     in root zone

Increase cation exchange capacity     of root zone

Maximize rain infiltration, minimize   runoff

Minimize soil loss in runoff and   wind

Permit, maintain natural layering   of soil horizons through action of soil biota

Minimize weeds   

Increase rate of biomass     production

Speed recuperation of soil porosity     by soil biota

Reduce labour input 

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Reduce fuel/energy inputs   

Recycle nutrients    

Reduce pest-pressure of pathogens 

Rebuild damaged soil conditions     and dynamics

Pollination services    

Thus, adverse environmental impacts of crop intensification can be totally mitigated by adopting SCPI which is based on treating farming as an integral part of the local ecosystem. Therefore, while the EMF would provide guidance on each aspect of crop production in the EMF Tool Kit it is suggested that the RACP adopts SCPI as the key crop productivity enhancement strategy and mainstream it as part of the PIP.

Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures Table 4-2 shows interventions in the area of Crop Intensification, environmental impacts arising from it and suggested measures to mitigate it:

Table 4-2: Crop Intensification, Issues & Mitigation Measures

Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance for Mitigation

Crop Selection Selected crop may lead to consumption EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2 of more water Selected cropping pattern may lead to EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.3 nutrient depletion Seed Selection Variety may not be suited to the area or EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.2.1 preferred by the farmers

Seed selected may be pest or disease EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.3 infected leading to pest attack and crop loss or increased use of chemical pesticides Genetically modified seeds may be used EG Agri 2: Seed Selection Clause 2.2.2 that are not approved for use in Rajasthan Soil Health & Degradation of soil physical EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient Nutrient characteristics due to intensive cropping Management Clause 3.2 Management

Deterioration of nutrient content of soil EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient due to intensive cropping Management Clause 3.3

Increased and imbalanced use of EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient chemical fertilisers Management Clause 3.3

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Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance for Mitigation

Pest & Disease Increased chemical pesticide use EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management Management Clause 4.2

Increased incidence of pests if the same EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management crop is promoted repeatedly Clause 4.2

Safety issues in storing and using EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management chemical pesticides Clause 4.3

Demand-side Introduction of micro irrigation devices EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Water may lead to expansion of cropped area Clause 6.2 Management leading to no net reduction in water used in agriculture sector

Cropping pattern may be leading to EG Agri 6: Water Use Management unsustainable use of available water Clause 6.2 and also EC Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2

It may be difficult to ensure that EG Agri 6: Water Use Management individual users agree to use water as per Clause 6.3 an aquifer based crop-water plan Storage & Poor storage, handling can lead to spills EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri- Handling of and leaks of fertilizers and pesticides inputs Clause 5.2 (Building a storage), Agri-inputs leading to contamination of soil and 5.3 (Loading & Unloading) water

EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of Agri- Poor storage may lead to pest and inputs Clause 5.4 disease infestation of seeds

4.2.2 Water Harvesting & Water Management Water harvesting and water management activities are expected to be implemented under 3 water regimes in the RACP, namely, rain fed, groundwater based and surface water based. The main objectives are to harvest and store water in rain fed systems, harvest and recharge in groundwater systems and under all water regimes to sustainably use water for cropping and livestock, reduce use of water in agriculture sector and increase water-use efficiency in cropping.

Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures In addition, to water harvest and storage, the RACP seeks to actively manage the use of water in agriculture. RACP should incorporate at the design stage itself a water management strategy that is based on matching cropping pattern with sustainably harvestable/usable water. In the case of rain fed systems this may be treated as water harvest and storage of not more than a certain

66 DRAFT percentage10 of measured current runoff, while in groundwater systems it may be defined as less than or equal to the measured actual annual recharge. In canal based systems it may be defined as the targeted net savings desired from implementation of RACP in the command area of a distributary.

In addition RACP should as a rule apply water wherever feasible only through micro irrigation devices. Other cultural means of conserving resources such as zero or minimal tillage, constant maintenance of green cover or soil mulching, etc., would be promoted.

As in the case of crop production, the RACP would mainstream the concepts of matching cropping pattern to water availability, use of micro irrigation system as a rule and adoption of water conservation techniques.

Overall, activities under this subcomponent are expected to reduce absolute quantity of water use in agriculture while increasing water-use efficiency. Therefore, environmental impacts are expected to be positive.

Table 4-3: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Water Harvesting and Water Management)

Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance

Water Top soil removal EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Harvesting Clause 7.2 Recharge & Cutting of trees EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Storage Clause 7.2 and also EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Structures Pasture Land Use Clause 11.2 Siltation of storage structures EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Rehabilitation Clause 7.3 of Distributaries Too many water harvesting EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage structures may affect downstream Clause 7.3.1 Digging of flows Diggies

With ground water getting EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.3 recharged more bore wells are dug and more water is extracted

With distributaries rehabilitated and EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.3 diggies dug farmers would expand cropped area and also prefer water EG Agri 1: Crop Selection Clause 1.2 intensive crops Harvested and stored water is used EG Agri 6: Water Use Management Clause 6.2 inefficiently by flood irrigation (Compulsory use of micro irrigation devices)

10 Technical norms may be drawn up for determining this percentage. Community consultations during finalizing the norms is essential to ensure acceptability and practicability

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4.2.3 Livestock Management

Environmental Impact RACP has recognized the importance of livestock in ensuring nutrient recycling in cropping systems. Accordingly, it has included a component that focuses on improving livestock management, especially for goats. The key environmental impact of this activity would be shortage of fodder and increased grazing pressure on existing pastures.

Further, the project proposes to provide health care through organizing Animal Health Camps and also by providing permanent services through a Rural Technology Centre-cum-Animal Health Centre. The likely impacts of these are issues related to safe disposal of syringes, needles and vaccines used in treating the animals.

Suggested Mitigation Measures Therefore, there is a need to develop silvi-pasture (tree & grasses) lands on common and private land, bring in improved feed practices such as using chaff cutters to ensure that there is no rejection of fodder by the animals, use of mineral supplements to increase productivity, inclusion of fodder crops in the cropping pattern to ensure year-round feed and fodder availability etc. Of these, for small ruminants, development of silvi-pastures is the most important intervention since they need both tree leaves as well as grasses. Further, since small ruminants are almost entirely free grazed, availability of well-developed silvi-pastures is very essential.

Table 4-4: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Livestock Management)

Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance Breed Breed may not be suited to the area EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Clause 8.2 improvement of goats through introduction of Fodder may not be sufficient to support EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Clause 8.2 bucks the herd

Animal Health Disposal of used and expired vaccines and EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs Clause Inputs bio-medical waste 9.2

Use of banned veterinary medicines EG Livestock 1: Animal Health Inputs Clause 9.3

4.2.4 Storage & Marketing of Inputs and Produce

Environmental Impact & Mitigation Measures Storage and processing of produce are activities expected to be taken up under value chain development component of the RACP. The key environmental impact of building storage structures is felling of trees to clear the land. This impact may be mitigated by selecting a site that is free of trees, failing which compensatory planting in the ratio of 1:10 trees for every tree felled may be taken up. The individual /community/Producer Organization owning / building the storage structure should be made responsible for not only carrying out compensatory planting but also for ensuring 100% survival for at least 3 years from the date of planting.

Dust, noise and discharge & disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are expected to be the chief environmental impacts sorting grading and any primary processing. However, the environmental impact of these activities needs to be assessed on a case to case basis before mitigation measures are suggested.

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Table 4-5: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (Storage and marketing)

Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance

Warehouse Cutting trees EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use Construction Clause 11.2 Top soil removal EG Water 1: Water Harvest, Recharge & Storage Clause 7.2 Construction on pastureland EG Common 2: Tree Cutting & Pasture Land Use affecting fodder supply Clause 11.3

Improper construction leading EG Common 1: Building Construction Clause 10.3 to damage of stored material

4.2.5 Operations of Farmer Producer Organization

Environmental Impacts The operations of a Farmer Producer Organization (FPC) includes input supply to its members, output marketing and processing support to its members, providing warehousing facility, etc. All the activities when carried out in a “business-as-usual” manner would affect the environment in one way or the other. For example if the FPC were to promote agrichemicals indiscriminately, as a pesticides dealer would, it would result in increased use of such chemicals in the project area. Therefore, there is a need for the FPC to operate as a responsible business entity.

Suggested Mitigation Measures Many of the Environmental Guidance (EG) developed for RACP activities would also be relevant to the FPC. Therefore, it is suggested that the FPCs be encouraged to adopt a Code of Practice that would incorporate several suggestion given in the various EGs, in addition to having several provisions of its own. In addition, it is suggested that every FPC should develop its own Code of Practice.

Table 4-6: Summary of Intervention, Issues & Mitigation Measures (FPC operations)

Activity Possible Environmental Impacts Environmental Guidance

Farmer Producer FPC activities may promote EG Producer Organization 1: Code of Practices Organization increased use of agri chemicals Clauses 12.2 & 12.3

4.3 Classification of RACP Interventions based on Environmental Impacts Based on the discussion in the preceding sections, most of the RACP interventions may be categorized as having a “low” level of impact on the environment. However, given the large scale of implementation of RACP activities, there could be a “medium” level of environmental impact sheerly due to cumulative effects of individual activities.

Therefore, most of the project activities are being classified as “low/medium” meaning that while the individual activity is classified as having a “low” level of environmental impact, at a cumulative

69 DRAFT level in each cluster it could have a “medium” level of impact. Table 4-7 shows the classification of activities based on degree of environmental impact11:

Table 4-7: Classification of impacts of RACP interventions

Impact Criteria Remarks/Example Application of EMF Category LOW Individually these activities  Crop Intensification Simple Environmental Guidance /MEDIUM have a “low” level of  Water Harvesting & applied through the use of checklists impact (limited and/or Management, to ensure compliance. short term adverse impact  Livestock Development on the & Management, The EGs would be applied at environment and on health)  Operations of Farmers planning stage to ensure Producers Company, incorporation in design of the But at a cumulative level these  Construction of activity itself. For a few activities projects may have longer term Warehouses, Rural such as construction of farm ponds, adverse impact on environment Technology Centre, etc. the Rural technology centre, etc., it would also be applied at the time of accordingly approval for executing the works. MEDIUM These projects have long term Dal mill, processing of fruits, Case by case Environmental deteriorating impact on etc. Assessment by ES, PMU. environment and technical intervention is required to identify specific mitigation measures.

As of now, out of the activities identified under the RACP, no activity may be classified under “high” degree of environmental impact. However, it is suggested that as and when any activity is taken up that would clearly not fall under “low or medium” level of environmental impacts, the ES, PMU with help from the relevant PIU may classify it is as “high” and take appropriate measures to have a third party environmental assessment of the same.

11 The list of activities given here is by no means exhaustive or exclusive. As and when new activities arise, the ES, PMU should assess its environmental impact and classify them accordingly.

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PART D: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK DRAFT

5 Chapter 5: Environmental Management Framework

The EMF for the RACP describes the strategy and plan for implementing environmental management and safeguards in the project. 5.1 Rationale and Objectives The development objective of the proposed RACP project is to demonstrate at scale the feasibility of a range of distinct agricultural development approaches integrating technology, organization, institution and market innovations across selected regions of Rajasthan – each marked by different agro-ecological, climatic, water resource and social conditions – capable of significantly increasing agricultural productivity and farmer incomes. The focus of the EMF will be to introduce and strengthen environmental management by community level institutions so as to contribute to the sustainability of the project interventions and their benefits to the community thereby enhancing the competitiveness of agriculture in Rajasthan. The objectives of the EMF:  contribute to livelihood security through better of management of natural resources

 facilitate compliance with Bank's environmental safeguard policies and with laws/regulations of the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Rajasthan (GoR)

 facilitate adoption of environment-friendly project activities

 institutionalize environmental management in the community institutions supported by the RACP

5.2 Process of Development of the EMF The process of development of the EMF included:  Secondary research on environmental status of Rajasthan

 Review of the relevant legal and regulatory provisions

 Review of EMFs and other relevant documents from existing Bank supported livelihood and agricultural competitiveness projects

 Field Assessment& Consultations with key stakeholders (See Annexure-I) 5.3 Scope of Application of EMF

The EMF applies across the board to all components under the project. Table 5-1 presents the mapping of its various elements to the project components: Table 5-1: Mapping of EMF on RACP components

Component Activities Relevant provisions in EMF

Component 1:  Improvement of water-use EMP by community institutions efficiency Climate Resilient Agriculture  Technology transfer & market led advisory services

 Livestock strengthening and management

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Component Activities Relevant provisions in EMF

Component 2:  Value chain development  EMP /EIA for Producer  Alternative market Organization activities Markets and Value Chains development  Code of Practices for  Market information services Producer Organization Component 3:  Farmer groups &  EMP preparation, participatory planning implementation and Capacity Building, M&E, Project monitoring Management  Institution strengthening  Environment Specialist at PMU  Development of operational manuals and training modules for state & district teams and community professionals on environmental management  Project management, M&E,  Management of EMF convergence implementation  Production risk management tools

5.4 Strategic Approach of EMF The EMF strategy is to integrate and mainstream environment management into the project cycle right from the planning and design stage. shows the various stages of the project cycle and the EMF strategy.

Figure 5-1: Stages of Project Cycle and EMF Strategy

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5.5 Components of EMF

5.5.1 EMF Toolkit

Contents of the toolkit The toolkit contains the following:  A ‘regulatory requirements list’: This list is drawn up on the basis of a review of the existing law and regulations of the Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the safeguard policies of the World Bank. The list is provided at Annex B. This initial list needs to be validated and updated by the PMU in consultation with the respective line departments.  Classification of project activities by degree of environmental impact: This list has been drawn up on the basis on implementation experience in the Bank's existing livelihood and agriculture projects and an analysis of the environmental impacts of the proposed activities in RACP. See Section 4.3.

 Environmental guidelines for key project activities12: Guidelines are provided for Crop Intensification, Water Resources Development & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Post-harvest storage and processing. These include a listing of the possible impacts and the relevant mitigation measures.

 Environmental Management Plan Checklists: Specimen EMP Checklists have been provided for 7 sets of project activities that help the user apply the EGs and prepare a mitigation plan.

The entire EMF Toolkit that includes the above components is provided in Annex B.

Further action required to make the toolkit usable: The toolkit provided in this EMF (Annex B) will be used as basic reference material by ES, PMU to validate the regulatory requirements list and the environmental guidelines in consultation with the relevant line departments and technical support institutions (Krishi Vignan Kendras, NGOs, etc.). These will subsequently be translated into the local language and made available to all the DLICs, SP1, SP2, SP3, community institutions and Producer Companies in an appropriate form (simple language, illustrations, flipchart format, etc.).

Use of toolkit: The ‘regulatory requirements list’ will need to be complied with by all the community groups, institutions and producer collectives in the project. It will be part of the Community Operational Manual and relevant project communications to the state and district teams and community institutions. The toolkit will be used by the SP1 as a basic reference material in development of EMPs as part of the CACP and DPR preparation. In addition, the toolkit would also apply for specific activities that may be outsourced to entities such as engineers for design of buildings, warehouses, etc. 5.6 Process of EMP Preparation As described in Section 5.4, the EMF would be applied at the stage of preparing the CACP/ DPR (SP1) and for a few activities at the time of seeking approval for its execution.

12 The EGs provided are for activities currently identified in the RACP. As and when more activities are identified, the ES, PMU may in consultations with the relevant PIU develop appropriate EGs.

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Figure 5-2 shows the process of EMP preparation and approval in RACP.

Figure 5-2: Process of EMP preparation and process of approval in RACP

Thus, review and approval of the filled up EMP Checklists by the EFP, DPMU and the ES, PMU is needed before the CACP and the sub-plans13 under the DPR are approved by the DLIC and the PMU. This would ensure that the EGs provided in the EMF Toolkit are complied with during the preparation of the CACP and the DPR itself and thus mitigation measures are integrated at the planning stage itself.

For example, in preparing an EMP for Crop Intensification Plan, the SP1 would refer to the Environmental Guidelines on package of practices for crop production and ensure that the plan has:

 Cropping pattern strategy that is based on matching crop water requirement with water available for sustainable use  Seed Selection and Treatment Plan,  Integrated Nutrient Management Plan,  Integrated Pest Management Plan,  Integrated Water Management Plan In addition, it would list other actions required at various levels to implement the various components of the package of practices. For example to implement use of organic manures, action is need at individual and group level to initiate vermicomposting or composting activities. Similarly, to implement use of non-chemical pesticides, individuals and groups need to be trained in preparation of pesticides based on locally available material such as cow urine, neem leaves, etc., Further, it

13 Crop Intensification Plan, Water Harvest & Management Plan, Livestock Development & Management Plan and the Value Chain Development and Management Plan

75 DRAFT would also require adoption of certain activities to ensure safety to users such as use of face mask and gloves while handling dangerous chemical pesticides, etc.

Further, for specific activities such as construction of farm ponds, Rural Technology Centres, etc., an EMP Checklist would have to be filled up at the time of seeking specific approval for execution of the same.

5.6.1 Environmental Guidance, Stage of Application & Responsibility Table 5-2 shows the various EGs, the stage of their application and entities responsible for their application. As can be observed EGs associated with Crop Intensification are almost exclusively to be applied at the stage of designing the Package of Practices itself. EGs associated with construction and water harvesting activities are to be applied at the time of preparing the CACP, DPR as well as at the time of sanctioning the particular investment activity.

Table 5-2: Responsibility and stage of application of various EGs

Environmental Stage of Application Responsibility Guidance EG Agri 1: Crop Design of Package of Practices SP1 during CACP Selection SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation EG Agri 2: Seed Design of Package of Practices & at SP1 during CACP Selection the time of purchase of seeds for SP2 along with Community Institutions distribution while beginning implementation. EG Agri 3: Soil Health Design of Package of Practices & at SP1 during CACP for design of INM & Nutrient the time of purchase of fertilizers strategy Management including biofertilizers for distribution SP2 along with Community Institutions while beginning implementation. It At the time of implementation to should ensure that activities to produce ensure that adequate preparations and supply organic manures and are made to produce and or supply biofertilizers are also taken up well in organic manures and biofertilizers advance of planting the crop EG Agri 4: Pest & Design of Package of Practices & at SP1 during CACP for design of IPM Disease Management the time of purchase of pesticides strategy including biopesticides / bio- control agents /pheromone traps SP2 along with Community Institutions for distribution while beginning implementation. It should ensure that activities to At the time of implementation to implement IPM (such as selection of ensure that adequate preparations pest resistant variety, sourcing bio- are made to produce and or supply control agents for seed treatment, etc.) bio-pesticides and /or bio-control are carried out well in advance of agents planting date EG Agri 5: Storage & At the time of design, construction Design engineers for design and Handling of Agri-inputs and operation of the storage construction of the storage facility facility Initially, SP2 & the Community institution for operation of the facility

Later on, Producer Organization for operation & maintenance of the storage facility

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Environmental Stage of Application Responsibility Guidance EG Agri 6: Water Use At the time of design of cropping SP1 during preparation of CACP, Management plan in CACP especially in selection of crops and cropping pattern As a process during implementation of water SP2 along with community institutions management plan to implement Crop Water budgeting EG Water 1: Water At the time of CACP SP1 during preparation of CACP Harvest, Recharge & Storage At the time of sanction of SP2 along with community institutions individual structure for at the time of site level planning and implementation execution of the structures EG Livestock 1: Goat At the time of CACP SP1 during preparation of CACP Rearing At the time of preparation of the SP2 along with community institutions Livestock Development & at the time of preparation of the Management Plan Livestock Development & Management Plan EG Livestock 1: Animal At the time of CACP SP1 during preparation of CACP Health Inputs At the time of conducting Animal SP2 along with community institutions Health Camps at the time of planning/conducting Animal Health Camps EG Common 1: At the time of CACP SP1 during preparation of CACP Building Construction At the time of design and approval Design consultants/engineers hired for of building plans designing and executing the structures EG Common 2: Tree This EG shall be adopted by the SP1 during preparation of CACP Cutting, Pasture Land RACP as a general rule of Use engagement applicable to all SP2 during implementation of relevant activities supported by it CACP activities.

At the time of CACP(SP1) and DPR Design consultants/engineers hired for (SP2) designing and executing the structures

At the time of design and approval of building plans, water harvesting structures, etc. EG Producer At the time of preparation of the ES, PMU, EFP, DPMU and SP2 along with Organization 1: Code business plan of the FPC BoD of FPC of Practices 5.7 Mapping EMF Implementation to Project Activity Cycle It is envisaged that SP1 would prepare a CACP in a cluster over a period of 3-6 months. As described in Sections 5.4 and 5.5.2 the EMF would be applied at this stage and review and approval of EMP would be a precondition to approving the CACP. The CACP/DPR would cover the thematic areas of Crop Intensification, Water Harvest & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Value Chain Development and Management. During or after the CACP preparation, SP2 would initiate project activities in a cluster beginning with entry point activities and group formation.

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This would be followed by preparation of a Detailed Project Report by the Community with support from the SP2. This DPR would be based on an aggregation of several microplans14 across the thematic areas of Crop Intensification, Water Harvest & Management, Livestock Development & Management and Value Chain Development and Management. Table 5-3 shows how the EMF would be applied to the Project Activity Cycle once SP2 initiates project activities in a cluster.

14 Suitable units based on geography or affinity groups may be chosen for anchoring the microplans. The preparation of microplans is essential to ensure community ownership in planning, implementation and monitoring of the project.

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Table 5-3: Mapping EMF implementation to Project Cycle

Phase CACP Preparation Group formation Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Value Chain Project Withdrawal Phase & Implementation Production Stabilization Development & PO Phase Planning Phase Phase Strengthening Phase Activity -6 months to A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months) start of project activities by SP2 Institutional Consultations by Entry point Group Strengthening, formation Group strengthening, Strengthening of Withdrawal from Building SP1 with activities, Group of Village Level Federation Village Level Federation groups, Village Level institution building community to formation - strengthening, formation Federations & activities prepare CACP Commodity of Producer Producer groups, Water Collective/Company Collective/Company User Groups, etc. CACP Initiation of Piloting implementation of Scale-up of Continued Withdrawal from Implementation piloting of planned planned activities. At the end of implementation to cover implementation of CACP activities. by SP2 activities this phase, all the three plans entire cluster, activities to cover should have been successfully stabilization of water and entire cluster. demonstrated in pilots and livestock management. limited scale-up initiated. Cropping Pattern, Crop productivity and crop production package should have become stable and standardized.

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Phase CACP Preparation Group formation Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Value Chain Project Withdrawal Phase & Implementation Production Stabilization Development & PO Phase Planning Phase Phase Strengthening Phase Activity -6 months to A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months) start of project activities by SP2 Value Chain Value Chain Analysis and Development of Continued support Development Value Chain Development business plan of FPC to FPCs to manage Plan (VCDP) as Plan (as part of DPR) based on value chain their business. part of CACP developed by end of 30 analysis by 40th Implementation months. Limited business months. activities of FPC initiated. Implementation of value chain development plan, including business plan of FPC EMF for CACP Preparation of Implementation of Implementation of EMP in Implementation of EMP Implementation of Implementation of activities EMP and EMP in pilots, pilots, monitoring performance to go hand-in-hand with EMP to go hand-in- EMP to go hand-in- incorporation of monitoring and annual revision of EMP, if scale-up of hand with scale-up of hand with scale-up mitigation performance required. implementation. implementation. of implementation. measures /good Preparation of end- management term environment practices monitoring report suggested in the Environmental Guidelines at the design stage itself in the sub-plans of the DPR EMF for VCDP Identification of activities Implementation, Implementation, activities under VCDP, classifying monitoring and monitoring and them based on degree of revision of VCDP-EMP revision of VCDP- environmental impact and EMP. Preparation

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Phase CACP Preparation Group formation Pilot Implementation Phase Scale-up & Crop Value Chain Project Withdrawal Phase & Implementation Production Stabilization Development & PO Phase Planning Phase Phase Strengthening Phase Activity -6 months to A(0-6 months) B(7-24 months) C (25-36 months) D(36-48 months) E (48-60 months) start of project activities by SP2 getting an EMP prepared of end-term by appropriate technical environment agencies where required. monitoring report For activities that have low or medium environmental impacts, a simple check-list based EMP may be prepared based on specific and generic EGs provided in the EMF Toolkit EMF Monitoring Activity-wise Activity-wise review of EMPs by Activity-wise review of Activity-wise review of Activity-wise review of EMPs by DPMU followed by quarterly EMPs by DPMU followed EMPs by DPMU review of EMPs by DPMU followed by monitoring reports during and by quarterly monitoring followed by quarterly DPMU followed by quarterly upto completion of activity. reports during and upto monitoring reports quarterly monitoring reports Mid-term environmental review completion of activity. during and upto monitoring reports during and upto of the project and would include Annual monitoring report completion of activity. during and upto completion of assessment of cumulative by external monitor. Annual monitoring completion of activity. Annual environmental impacts of and report by external activity. End-term monitoring report suggestions for mitigation of the monitor. monitoring report by external same. by external monitor monitor.

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5.8 Institutional Arrangements Given the wide variety of activities and the large scale of implementation, institutional arrangements for implementation of the EMF are being proposed at 4 levels namely, State, District, Cluster & Community. The following sections provide details of the institutional arrangements including roles and responsibilities.

5.8.1 Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team

Table 5-4: Institutional Arrangements in RACP Team

Level Post Responsibilities Profile State Environment Provide strategic guidance to RACP in the area of 10-15 years of Specialist, environmental management (including scouting and experience in PMU operationalizing Green Opportunities) including environmental/NRM identification of: focus areas for intervention, needs management emerging from EMPs, technical and capacity building specifically Agriculture requirements, etc. and/or Water Management in the Validate the EMF toolkit (regulatory requirements list, rural context (or in a environmental guidelines) in consultation with the related field). relevant line departments and technical support institutions (academic institutions, NGOs, etc.) in the Post-graduate state qualification in Natural Ensure quality in implementation of the EMF in the Resources state Management, Agriculture, Provide technical assistance to EFP, DPMU and SP1, Environmental Science, SP2 in preparing EMPs and/or help in identifying Forest Management, external agencies for preparing EIA/EMP for activities Rural Management or a with high environment impacts. relevant discipline.

Coordinate closely with relevant thematic counterparts in the PMU and DLIC team (agriculture, animal husbandry, capacity building, etc.) for mainstreaming of environmental management (including Green Opportunities)

Coordinate with capacity building resource agency to ensure timely delivery of quality capacity building services to PMU/DLIC/SP2 teams in environmental management (including Green Opportunities)

Ensure regular district level monitoring of EMF implementation

Undertake monitoring visits to clusters to get feedback and provide support on EMF implementation

Dissemination of best practices and cross learning across states

Organize annual, midterm and end term monitoring by external agencies

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Level Post Responsibilities Profile District Environmenta Ensure quality in implementation of the EMF in the 5-7 years of experience l Focal Point district in environmental/NRM in DPMU/ management DLIC15 (EFP- Facilitation of detailed environmental appraisal by specifically Agriculture DPMU) technically qualified personnel for activities requiring and/or Water the same (as indicated in Annex B) Management in the rural context (or in a Coordinate with capacity building resource agency to related field). ensure timely delivery of quality capacity building services to DLIC/SP2 teams in environmental Post-graduate management qualification in Natural Resources Undertake regular district level monitoring of EMF Management, implementation Agriculture, Environmental Science Dissemination of best practices and cross learning or a relevant discipline. across the district

5.8.2 Cluster Level Arrangements - Service Providers Since the key strategy of the EMF is to mainstream many of the mitigation measures being suggested in the EGs, SP1 & SP2 (Service Providers) would have important roles to play.

Table 5-5: Cluster Level Arrangements- Service Providers

Cluster SP1 Responsible for integrating EGs into SP1 team should have sound knowledge of the CACP  Agriculture  Soil & Water Conservation Ensuring that CACP complies with  Agri-input storage and supply EGs provided in the EMF and is  Relevant laws, policies and regulations approved by the EFP, DPMU and ES, related to RACP activities PMU Cluster SP2 Responsible for facilitation of SP2 team should have sound knowledge of Community Institutions in  Agriculture (especially implementing  Preparation of EMP IPM, FFS) for various activities  Soil & Water Conservation proposed under RACP  Agri-input storage and supply  Preparation of EMP  Relevant laws, policies and regulations for various activities related to RACP activities proposed under RACP  Well versed in participatory planning  Implementation of and implementation RACP activities with relevant mitigation measures

15 An officer from one the line departments with relevant experience may be designated as the Environmental Focal Point in the DPMU/DLIC

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5.8.3 Community Level Arrangements Activities under the RACP are meant to not only increase the competitiveness of agriculture in the short run, but also equip the communities to sustain it by transferring knowledge on various aspects of managing an agri-ecosystem. The EMF provides a strong platform for enabling this by requiring communities to participate in planning and implementing the EMF with the support of the SP2.

Table 5-6: Community Level Arrangements

Community Environment Responsible for Resource Persons  Integration of EGs at the time of design of various sub- in Cluster Level plans in the DPR Community  Preparation of EMP for various activities proposed under Organisation RACP  Implementation of RACP activities with relevant mitigation measures  Monitoring of implementation of EGs and its outcomes Producer Company Environment Develop and implement the CoP for the FPC (including regulatory Management requirements + other voluntary norms) Committee in Undertake monitoring of implementation of the CoP by its members Farmer Producer Company

5.9 Environment Audit & Monitoring Framework Regular and periodic monitoring of the strategies and practices proposed in the EGs would be required for assessing the effectiveness and extent of implementation of the same. In addition, internal audit of the implementation of the EMF on an annual basis is proposed.

5.9.1 Monitoring Indicators To help internal and external monitoring and auditing, each EG has been provided with two sets of indicators, namely,

 Process Monitoring Indicators to assess the extent of adoption of the EGs  Outcome Monitoring Indicators to assess the extent of mitigation achieved by adoption of the EG

Table 5-7 shows the EG-wise process and outcome indicators that may be used for auditing and monitoring purposes. These indicators are neither exhaustive not exclusive. More indicators may be identified and adopted by the RACP.

Table 5-7: EG-wise process and outcome indicators

Environmental Guidance Process Indicators Outcome Indicators EG Agri 1: Crop Selection % of CACPs where crops have been selected % of farmers following crops based on water availability recommended based on water availability

% of CACPS which have identified cropping % of farmers following recommended pattern based on crop rotation cropping pattern

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Environmental Guidance Process Indicators Outcome Indicators EG Agri 2: Seed Selection % of CACPs where varieties have been based on % of varieties of seeds that are based recommended varieties recommended variety for the region

% of CACPS which have detailed seed selection & treatment process in the Package of Practices

EG Agri 3: Soil Health & Nutrient % of CACPs where INM and detailed strategy for % of farmers who are applying fertilizers as Management its promotion have been presented per dosage recommended by the Soil Test result % of farmers who have been issued Soil Health Cards % reduction in use of chemical fertilizers over baseline in kg/Ha. % of farmers who have received Soil Test results before taking up cropping EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease % of CACPs where IPM and detailed strategy for % of farmers who have adopted all Management its promotion have been presented components of IPM.

% of farmers who have attended training on IPM % reduction in use of chemical pesticides over baseline in l/Ha.

EG Agri 5: Storage & Handling of % of storage facilities being used that follow Agri-inputs precautions mentioned in EG Agri 5

EG Agri 6: Water Use Since this is a major project component Since this is a major project component Management monitoring will be a mainstream activity monitoring will be a mainstream activity

EG Water 1: Water Harvest, % farm ponds with inlet and outlet channels Recharge & Storage % farm ponds/earthen bunds with vegetative cover to prevent erosion and siltation

% farm ponds with safety provisions including vegetable creepers grown on nylon nets, ring of fodder and fruit trees, etc. EG Livestock 1: Goat Rearing Ratio of elite bucks of chosen breed to no. of % of herd showing full characteristics of females in a herd/goat rearers group chosen breed

% of nondescript and mixed breed kids castrated to total kid population EG Livestock 1: Animal Health % of animal health camps that have adopted safe Inputs disposal of medical wastes

% Animal Health Camp sites that have a safe disposal pit EG Common 1: Building Construction

EG Common 2: Tree Cutting, % of trees actually planted as compared to no. of Pasture Land Use trees to be taken up under compensatory planting

EG Producer Organization 1: % FPCs with a CoP developed and adopted by Code of Practices the BoD

5.9.2 Integrating Monitoring Indicators with PMIS & CACP In addition, these indicators would also be included in the Project Management Information System (PMIS) which would collect information on these indicators periodically. Baseline information, where

EA-RACP 85 DRAFT required to measure progress as per these indicators would be collected by SP1 during the preparation of the Environment section of the CACP.

5.9.3 Internal Monitoring Internal monitoring of the implementation of the EMF shall be conducted every year. It shall cover all EGs for all activities in all clusters where RACP was implemented in that year. The monitoring shall cover all activities irrespective of their classification in terms of impact on the environment.

The Internal Monitoring team shall be constituted as follows for every district/cluster:

 The District/Cluster Internal Monitoring team shall be headed by the ES, PMU drawn from a cluster/district that is different from the cluster being audited  It shall include as its members, ES, PMU and SP2 (of the cluster being monitored), representatives of relevant line departments not below the rank of a block level officer and President/Secretary of the Cluster Level Community Organization.  Even in the initial years when the Cluster Level Community Organization is not yet mature, its representatives would be included in the Internal Audit team to help them learn the process. The ES, PMU shall, well before the end of the year constitute the Internal Monitoring teams as described above and notify the members. He shall convene a meeting of the SP2, ES, PMU and other members and in consultation with them prepare a set of checklists to audit each EG. Broadly, the methodology shall cover 100% desk review of documentation generated in according approval to various activities, site visits to cover a sample of the beneficiaries, physical verification and discussions with beneficiaries.

Specifically, the monitoring shall cover all activities listed as “High” impact and not less than 30% of all activities listed as “Low/Medium” impact.

The Internal Monitoring in each cluster/district would end with a debriefing meeting with the Community Institutions, SP2 which would be chaired by the ES, PMU. The Internal Monitoring report shall inter alia suggest changes/improvements in EGs, implementation modalities and identify needs for further specific training. Changes if any, to the EGs shall be made by the ES, PMU after due consultations with relevant line departments. Changed EGs shall be notified in writing within 7 days of making the same by circulating the revised EG to all EFP, DPMUs and SP2.

The ES, PMU shall compile all Cluster Level Internal Monitoring Reports and present a RACP Internal Monitoring Report on implementation and performance of the EMF to the PMU. The PD shall chair the review meeting of the Internal Monitoring reports. Findings and suggestions of the RACP Internal Monitoring Report on EMF shall be a part and parcel of the annual review of the PD, PMU for that year.

5.9.4 External Auditing of EMF In addition, to the annual internal review of the EMF, an external agency shall be hired by the PMU to carry out auditing and evaluation of the performance of the EMF, its implementation and environmental impacts of RACP activities. Two such external reviews are mandatory namely, one at the end of 2 year (Mid-term) and at the end of the 4th year (End term). All external Audits would be begun after the annual internal audit report has been accepted by the PD, PMU for that year.

The external auditing shall assess performance of the RACP with respect to

 Compliance with the EMF  Performance of the EMF with respect to mitigating environmental impacts  Extent of internalization of environmental aspects by the community with respect to cropping and water use.

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In carrying out the auditing, it shall use the process and outcome indicators mentioned for each EG, but shall not be limited by it. In consultation with the ES, PMU it may develop new ones or refine the existing ones or do both.

The External Monitoring Agency shall have a team of personnel drawn from the following disciplines:

 Agronomy / Agricultural extension / Entomology / Soil Science who are experienced in design and implementation of INM and IPM in addition to sustainable crop intensification  Hydrology / Water/Irrigation engineering, preferably ground water  Community development with experience in participatory research techniques  In clusters focused on goatery, a veterinarian with expertise in goatery shall be included in addition to above mentioned team. The external auditing will cover all clusters and all activities of the RACP carried out up until the time of the visit of the external monitoring team. It shall cover 100% of all activities listed as “high” on impact, 30% of all activities listed as “low/medium” on impact in each and every cluster where RACP has been implemented.

The broad approach to the external auditing will include desk review of relevant documentation, including cluster level internal monitoring reports, site visit, physical verification, discussions with individual beneficiaries, focus group discussions with Community Institutions, discussions with SP2 and relevant line departments, etc. Where necessary, the auditing team may set up simple field level experiments to gather physical data. Therefore, adequate time should be given to the External Auditing team to complete the exercise.

5.9.5 Community-led Internal Monitoring To encourage the community to internalize knowledge of environmental issues and their mitigation measures, a platform for reviewing their own performance is sought to be provided through instituting an Annual Community-led Internal Monitoring of the EMF.

This process shall be carried out at the cluster level by a team of representatives of various community institutions under the leadership of the Cluster Level Community Institution. The SP2 shall facilitate the process. Care will be taken to ensure that the Community-led Internal Monitoring team has at least 50% representation of women. The scope of the monitoring shall cover all EGs and all activities carried out in the year being monitored.

Findings and recommendations of the Monitoring team shall be presented to the community institutions. SP2 would facilitate it. The SP2 shall compile the audit findings and recommendations and share the report with the ES, PMU not later than 7 days from the date of the audit team making the presentation.

5.9.6 Reporting In addition to auditing and monitoring, which are periodic activities, the SP2 and the ES, PMU shall prepare simple reports on a quarterly basis giving details of

 List of activities taken up  EGs applicable to those activities  Status of preparation of EMP where required  Status of implementation of EMP where required  Reasons for noncompliance The quarterly report shall present the above mentioned details on a cumulative basis from the start of the project in addition to presenting details for the quarter under reporting.

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The RACP Quarterly Report on EMF shall be submitted to the PD not later than 30 days after the quarter under reporting has ended. The ES, PMU shall ensure that the last quarterly report of a year is ready before the internal audit /external monitoring is begun.

5.9.7 Special Thematic Studies The primary aim of the RACP is to make agriculture in Rajasthan competitive in dealing with the market as well as water and climate conditions. Of the various factors of production that is at the disposal of a farmer, s/he has a degree of control only on the land on which s/he grows crops. To a lesser degree s/he has some control over the use of external inputs that would entail a cash flow, provided the soil fertility and health is maintained. Therefore, to ensure long-term competitiveness, nurturing and maintaining the fertility and health of the soil is essential and perhaps the only real tool to combat production uncertainties.

To study the impact of RACP on soil health and fertility a longitudinal study would be instituted in all clusters from the 2nd year onwards till the end of the project. The study shall assess the eco-footprint of the RACP activities.

It would, inter alia, conduct a 3600 ecological and economic evaluation of Integrated Soil & Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management practices being promoted by the RACP in each cluster. Inter alia, it shall cover physical, chemical and biotic parameters of soil health as well as assess the effectiveness of each tool of IPM..

In addition, the study shall also assess the extent to which the RACP has managed to transfer knowledge of principles and processes of INM and IPM to the farming community. This is important because knowledge along with a healthy and fertile soil is the key to ensuring agricultural competitiveness. 5.10 Training Plan Apart from the training plan being presented here, every training provided under RACP should include where relevant a module on EMF and its application.

5.10.1 Objectives of training plan Box: Need for Mainstreaming Technical Trainings The key objectives of the training  Since most of the measures provided in the EGs are to be incorporated at the time of plan are: planning an intervention, technical training on those components should be covered as a part of mainstream project training activities.  To create awareness about  For example, EG Agri 4: Pest & Disease Management specifically recommends adoption of IPM as a pest management strategy whilst developing a package of practices (Sustainable RACP project activities and Crop Intensification Plan).  This is the key mitigation measure to ensure that use of chemical pesticides does not their environmental increase substantially due to RACP project activities. impacts  Further, IPM is an integral aspect of any Sustainable Crop Intensification Plan and therefore, needs to be mandatorily included in it.  To create awareness about  Thus, IPM is a mainstream strategy and no more a mere mitigation measure. Therefore, the Environmental training on how to implement IPM would also need to be mainstreamed.

Guidance that provides information on how to mitigate or avoid those impacts  To create awareness about the concept, approach and processes of EMF including selection of project activity, application of the specific EGs, preparation of EMPs, monitoring performance of EMF and reporting  To teach how to apply the EMF and prepare EMPs for specific activities

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5.10.2 Training Type, Target Groups & Frequency A 4-tier strategy for imparting training on the EMF is proposed and is presented in Table 5-8:

Table 5-8: Training type, target groups and frequency

Type of Training Target Groups Number of training Frequency Modes of training Sensitisation One Launch of the Project Lectures,  PMU Presentation  PIU  DPMU

State Level Two st On-field  ES, PMU 1 year at the demonstrations, Training  SP1 (Team Leader) (Planned), beginning of Case Studies, Group (Training Exercises.  SP2 (Team Leader) workshops for the project trainers)  SP3 (Team Leader) 2nd Year a refresher course after preparation of Audit Report

State Level Three (if Required) 3rd year onwards on Training of assessment of Trainers requirement through (Demand the environment

Driven) audit

District Level One in each of the st Field  DPMU /DLIC 1 year before training districts every year interventions are Demonstrations,  SP2 (entire team) in district where initiated and lectures, group Workshops there are thereafter each year discussions, case  Representatives of interventions studies Cluster level /GP level / after completion of Village level Community audit. Institutions  Representative of FPC including CEO

Community One in each of the st Field demonstration,  1 year before Level Training All Community districts every year group exercises, Institutions Leaders interventions are Workshops in district where initiated and lectures  FPC Board Members there are thereafter each year interventions after completion of audit.

5.10.3 Tier-wise Suggested Training Content Table 5-9 provides a brief outline of training content and duration for the 4 tiers of trainings envisaged. The actual content, pedagogy and duration should be developed as part of the general training being planned under RACP.

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Table 5-9: Training Content and Duration for 4 tiers of training

Type of Training Content Duration

Sensitization Sensitization on RACP activities, 2 hrs as a part of larger induction environmental impacts training at the launch of RACP

Brief concept of EMF, EG

Institutional arrangement for implementing EMF

State Level Training Project activities and environmental 3 days including 1 day of field visit to (Training workshops impacts apply EG and prepare EMP for sample for trainers) project interventions EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc.

EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF

Applying EG and developing EMPs

State Level ToT Project activities and environmental As per need (Demand Driven) impacts

EG to be presented thematically as Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, Input Storage, Warehousing, etc.

EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF

Applying EG and developing EMPs

District Level training Project activities and environmental 5 days including 3 days for field visit workshops impacts to understand environmental issues and apply EG to prepare EMP EG to be presented thematically as to understand IPM and INM in action Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, to see a warehouse in operation, etc. Input Storage, Warehousing, etc.

EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF

Applying EG and developing EMPs

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Type of Training Content Duration

Community level Project activities and environmental 5 days including 3 days for field visit training workshop impacts to understand environmental issues EG to be presented thematically as and apply EG to prepare EMP Agriculture, Water Management, Livestock, to understand IPM and INM in action Input Storage, Warehousing, etc. to see a warehouse in operation, etc.

EMF process, institutional arrangements for implementing EMF

Applying EG and developing EMPs

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5.11 Budget Part 1 of 2: for Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3

Item Unit Unit cost Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (INR) No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT TRAINING State orientation workshop to LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 0 0 DPMU/DLICs Development of Training Modules LS 1000000 0.5 500000 0.5 500000 0 0 and Materials/ a IEC Materials / i LS 1500000 375000 375000 Exposure tours to Clusters/ b Tour 100000 2 200000 2 200000 2 200000 State workshop for review of EMP- LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 0 0 CACP/DRP preparation State workshop for review of EMP- LS 100000 1 100000 1 100000 1 100000 CACP/DPR implementation State level review and learning LS 100000 0 0 0 0 2 200000 workshops STUDIES Thematic Studies on reducing eco- LS 2000000 1 400000 1 400000 1 400000 footprint of agriculture/climate resilience, soil health/IPM knowledge and practices HUMAN RESOURCES Staff costs / j Monthly 45000 12 540000 12 540000 12 540000 AUDIT AND MONITORING TA/DA for internal monitoring & Batch 1000 4 40000 4 40000 4 40000 reporting /k External environmental audit LS 1500000 0 0 1 1500000 0 0 CLUSTER LEVEL (20 micro-clusters; 2 micro-clusters / district ) TRAINING Development of training materials / d LS 1500000 0.5 750000 0.5 750000 0 0 Orientation to EMF - DMMU, Block/PFTs / e Training - DPMU/DLIC Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000 Training - Representatives of Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000 Cluster/GP/Communities Training - SPs (TOT) Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000 Training - FPOs Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000 Exposure visits - Cluster Reps, FPOs Batch 50000 20 1000000 20 1000000 20 1000000 (TOT) HUMAN RESOURCES Staff costs / j Monthly/ 15000 10 1800000 10 1800000 10 1800000 person at 50% time

AUDIT AND MONITORING TA/DA for internal monitoring and Batch 1000 4 80000 4 80000 4 80000 reporting /k INVESTMENTS EMP Investments per Cluster / h Cluster 2500000 0 0 10 25000000 10 25000000 750000 750000 0 Note: a - EMP, Environmental Guidance, Best Practices b - Thematic exposure tours - Agriculture, Livestock, Water resources

EA-RACP 92 DRAFT d - Based on (a) for DPMU, DLIC, cluster representatives, SP1, SP2, SP3, FPOs, etc. e - As part of induction training. Cost to be included in Capacity Building Budget i - Cost to be included in Communication Budget, will include printing costs of all materials developed j - Cost to be included in HR Budget h - On Average, assumed 60 villages per cluster and Rs 30,000 per village as incremental investments for EMP k - Assumed Rs 1000 per person day as per diem and 4 visits per year (one person from state and 2 task based persons from districts will visit). Cost to be included in HR Budget

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Budget

Part 2 of 2: for Year 4, Year 5 and Totals (in INR and USD) for all years

Item Unit Year 4 Year 5 Totals in Total in INR USD No. Cost No. Cost STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT TRAINING State orientation workshop to DPMU/DLICs LS 0 0 0 0 200000 4000 Development of Training Modules and LS 0 0 0 0 1000000 20000 Materials/ a IEC Materials / i LS 375000 375000 1500000 30000 Exposure tours to Clusters/ b Tour 2 200000 2 200000 1000000 20000 State workshop for review of EMP- LS 0 0 0 0 200000 4000 CACP/DRP preparation State workshop for review of EMP- LS 1 100000 1 100000 500000 10000 CACP/DPR implementation State level review and learning workshops LS 2 200000 2 200000 600000 12000 STUDIES Thematic Studies on reducing eco-footprint LS 1 400000 1 400000 2000000 40000 of agriculture/climate resilience, soil health/IPM knowledge and practices HUMAN RESOURCES Staff costs / j Monthly 12 540000 12 540000 2700000 54000 AUDIT AND MONITORING TA/DA for internal monitoring & reporting /k Batch 4 40000 4 40000 200000 4000 External environmental audit LS 1 1500000 3000000 60000 CLUSTER LEVEL (20 micro-clusters; 2 micro- 0 0 clusters / district ) TRAINING Development of training materials / d LS 0 0 0 0 1500000 30000 Orientation to EMF - DMMU, Block/PFTs / e Training - DPMU/DLIC Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000 Training - Representatives of Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000 Cluster/GP/Communities Training - SPs (TOT) Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000 Training - FPOs Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000 Exposure visits - Cluster Reps, FPOs (TOT) Batch 20 1000000 20 1000000 5000000 100000 HUMAN RESOURCES Staff costs / j Monthly/perso 10 1800000 10 1800000 9000000 180000 n at 50% time

AUDIT AND MONITORING 0 TA/DA for internal monitoring and reporting Batch 4 80000 4 80000 400000 8000 /k INVESTMENTS 0 EMP Investments per Cluster / h Cluster 0 0 0 0 50000000 1000000 0 0 98800000 1976000 Note: a - EMP, Environmental Guidance, Best Practices b - Thematic exposure tours - Agriculture, Livestock, Water resources d - Based on (a) for DPMU, DLIC, cluster representatives, SP1, SP2, SP3, FPOs, etc. e - As part of induction training. Cost to be included in Capacity Building Budget i - Cost to be included in Communication Budget, will include printing costs of all materials developed j - Cost to be included in HR Budget h - On Average, assumed 60 villages per cluster and Rs 30,000 per village as incremental investments for EMP k - Assumed Rs 1000 per person day as per diem and 4 visits per year (one person from state and 2 task based persons from districts will visit). Cost to be included in HR Budget

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