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Khnifess, Amir (2015) Israel and the Druze Political Action : Between Politics of Loyalty and Politics of Violence

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Khnifess, Amir (2015) Israel and the Druze Political Action : Between Politics of Loyalty and Politics of Violence Khnifess, Amir (2015) Israel and the Druze political action : between politics of loyalty and politics of violence. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22832 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Israel and the Druze Political Action: Between Politics of Loyalty and Politics of Violence Amir Khnifess Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2015 Department of Politics and International Studies School of Oriental and African Studies ni!ersit" of #ondon Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 2 _______________________________________________________________________ Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 3 _______________________________________________________________________ Abstract The political actions of the Dru$e of Israel ha!e formed the focus of a large bod" of research% Despite this& academic studies to date ha!e failed to e'plain (h" so man" Dru$e resorted to a politics of lo"alt" (hen Israel (as first established but ha!e& in more recent "ears& resorted to a politics of !iolence% The research herein proposes that a model of the politics of accommodation is able to e'plain the political actions of the Dru$e during the first three decades of the Israeli state% Data from The Israel State Archi!es and the archi!es of leading Dru$e families show that man" Israeli)Dru$e resorted to a politics of loyalt"% This loyalt" (as ine'tricabl" lin*ed to the perception of the ne( state and its government+s polic" as creating a ne( structure of opportunit" for the economic& social and political progress of the Dru$e communit" (hilst also safeguarding the Israeli)Dru$e communit" as a distincti!e cultural and religious group on its own land% Similarl"& it is proposed that the ethnic state supremac" model is able to e'plain the recent rise in the politics of !iolence (ithin the Israeli)Dru$e communit"% Data from personal inter!ie(s (ith state officials and Dru$e acti!ists confirmed that man" Israeli)Dru$e resorted to a politics of !iolence because the" percei!ed the Israeli government+s polic" as a threat to their preser!ation as a cultural and religious group on its own land% This stud" of Dru$e political action is intended as a contribution to the debate surrounding the Israeli state+s politics in relation to Israel+s Arab minorit"% This research also see*s to address (ider issues in that it proposes a model that is applicable to the general ,uestion of ethnic conflict resolution in di!ided societies and polarised states% Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 4 _______________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements I am deepl" indebted to m" friends& -ana* Nabar& Germain 0rion& Ali O!eissi& 1aithili Pare*h& Ste!en 2uller and Adrien 0ourdon)2eniou& for helping me to ta*e m" first steps in 0ritish academia at the #ondon School of 3conomics% In particular& m" than*s to -ana* for his guidance& re!ision and proofreading of m" essa"s and of the numerous emails to m" Professors at the Department of Government as (ell as the time he has spent e'plaining academic processes to me% I owe m" deepest gratitude to m" close friends at the School of Oriental studies& namel" Dr% 4astin 1ehri& m" friend and flatmate during most of m" studies and m" dear friends Dr% Sahar 4ad and Dr% Atef Alshaer who proofread m" numerous drafts% The 5ourne" I ha!e ta*en during m" K studies (ould not ha!e been possible (ithout the financial support and the generosit" of a number of organisations% I (ould li*e to than* the 0ritish Council& the 6ouncil for 0ritish 4esearch in the #e!ant 7604#8& SOAS 2ield(or* A(ard and IS32% I am indebted to m" close friends and philanthropists, 1artin Paisner& Shimon Spier& -ac,ue 0rion& 4obert 0ruh& Gerald 4onson& the late Da!id #e(is& Lad" Valerie Cox and Salim Kh"er Al)Deen% A special than* "ou to m" inter!ie(ees during m" field(or* (ho ha!e open their hearts and doors to me and (ho ha!e shared their e'periences& memories& photographs and documents (ith me% To name but a fe(& than* "ou to Sha"*h :idan Atashah& 2ahmi ;alabi and 4adi Ne5m 1ale* Salallha& #ieutenant 6olonel <a5di Serhan& #ieutenant 6olonel As=ad Subih& 1osheh Arens and Sha"*h Fa"$ >A$am% Than* "ou to m" mother% You ha!e steadfastl" supported me& e!en (hen I (as urged to gi!e up b" so man" of m" relati!es% Your unconditional love& support and encouragement has gi!en me the strength to perse!ere e!en during the tr"ing times% I am also indebted to m" father& m" sister ;aia and m" brother)in)la( Amin& m" brothers Yusif and :oher and m" sister)in)la( Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 5 _______________________________________________________________________ I,bal for being there for me and for providing me (ith a sanctuar" at home as (ell as for sending me photographs of m" nephe(s, 1arcel& Adam& 4ani and Naief and of m" nieces 1onaia & 1ala* and -uliana% These photographs (ere a constant source of happiness% Than*s also to uncle Yosef and aunt Anesh and to uncle Said and aunt -ohra& (hose hearts and pra"ers ha!e protected me% Special than*s go to m" friend& 4uth 4ege!& for her support throughout this process and for all of our discussions over the years% I am eternall" grateful for the support of the academic staff at the Department (ithin SOAS& for the guidance of Professor Sal(a Ismail and Dr% 4ochana 0a5pai% Than*s also to m" second super!isor& Professor #aleh Kalili& (ho has al(a"s been a!ailable to discuss m" thoughts and to offer support% A special than*s to Professor Amal -amal from Tel)A!i! ni!ersit" (ho spent man" hours (ith me during m" field studies in Israel and during his !isits to #ondon% ;is e'pertise in Arab)Palestinian politics (as in!aluable in that it directed m" studies% 1" incurred debts goes to m" super!isor& Professor 6harles Tripp& (ho has supported more than an"one in recent "ears and (ho has continued to support me e!en after realising that I (as not read" to pursue a PhD course of stud"% Professor Tripp has been consistent source of sound ad!ice and an e'ceptional mentor (ho has patientl" (aited until I (as able to recognise the fla(s (ithin m" arguments and (ho then gentl" guided b" research% 2inall"& I (ould li*e to than* the lovel" staff at the 1ill ;ill 0road(a" 6osta 6offee& (ho ha!e cheered me on and (ho ha!e supplied me (ith delicious e'tra)hot latte e!er" morning during the entire writing)up process% This thesis is dedicated to the memor" of m" grandfathers& Saleh and Salah% Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 6 _______________________________________________________________________ Note of Transliteration This thesis uses the s"stem of transliteration for Arabic set by the International -ournal of 1iddle 3ast Studies 7I-13S8@ is represented b" = and the ع The initial ;am$a is mar*ed as AB the tā marbūta is represented b" CaD or by CahD. The I-13S s"stem for ;ebrew transliteration is also used, subject .is represented =a ע to the follo(ing adaptations@ The Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 7 _______________________________________________________________________ able of Contents itle Page " Declaration for S$A# thesis % Abstract & Acknowledgements ' Note of Transliteration ( able of Contents ) #ist of 2igures 10 #ist of 1aps 12 #ist of Tables 12 *lossary of Terms "& List of Abbreviations %% !ha,ter 1 — Introduction %. 1%1 ;istorical 0ac*ground 2E 1%2 The Pu$$le and Ma5or Arguments of the Thesis F1 1%F The Political 3lite+s Agreement and Politics of Silence FE 1%G Polic" of Accommodation and the Politics of #o"alt" G0 1%5 Accommodation for Stabilit" and the Politics of Protest GH 1%E 3thnic Supremac" and the Politics of 9iolence 52 1%H 4esearch Methods 55 1%I Thesis Structure E2 !ha,ter 2 — The Struggle for Palestine and Druze Politics of (. #ilence 2%1 Introduction EE 2%2 Dru$e 4eligious #eadership in Sanja Acre EI 2%F 0ritish Discrimination and the Tarifs+ Struggle for 4ecognition HF 2%G >2riendly+ 4elationships and #eading !am"ay#$s Politics of Silence I0 2%5 >2riendly+ 4elationships and %a##ahin Politics of Silence IH 2%E The ?ishu! as a 4eliable All" and Dru$e Politics of Silence during the JE 1JGI <ar 2%H 6onclusion 10G !ha,ter 3 — Recognition and the Leading Druze Hamʼayl’s Politics "0) of Loyalty F%1 Introduction 10I F%2 6ommunit" 4ecognition and the Tarifs+ Politics of #o"alt" 111 F%F 6ommunit" 4ecognition and #eading !am$ay#$s Politics of #o"alt" 11I F%G State+s 4ecognition and #eading !am"ay#$s Struggle for Politics of 125 #o"alt" F%5 6ommunit" 4ecognition and Dru$e IntellectualsK Politics of Protest 1F0 F%E 6ommunit" 4ecognition and #eading #ocal !am"ay# and 4eligious 1F5 &ashay'h Politics of #o"alt" F%H 6onclusion 1G0 Amir Khnifess, SOAS, University of London, 2015 8 _______________________________________________________________________ !ha,ter 4 — Military Service and Druze Fallahin Politics of "'% Loyalty
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