The Analysis of Deixis in English Lyrics Song

Home , Charmbracelet, Thank God I Found You, Through the Rain

THE ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN ENGLISH LYRICS SONG AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEACHING GRAMMAR ON THE SIXTH SEMESTER OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014

A THESIS Submittedin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Education Program of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Muhmmadiyah University of Purworejo

Asri Ari Putri 102120004

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO 2014

i ii iii iv MOTTO

 God never changes people’s, only if they try to change themselves. (Q.S. Ar-Radu:11)

 Character is more important than intelligence for success.(Gilberte Beaux)

 Real success is determined by two factors. First is faith, and second is action.

 A dream written down with a date becomes a goal. A goal broken down into steps

becomes a plan. A plan backed by action makes your dreams come true.

 To get a success, your courage must be greater than your fear.

v DEDICATION

With gratitude and love, this thesis is dedicate to:

1. My beloved mother (Mrs. Siti Mutmainah) and my beloved father (Dwi

Rohadi Kwatmono), who always give me strong and everlasting love and I

am so lucky and proud being your daughter. Thanks for your prayer and

supports that you given to me to be a success that is everything for me. I

love you all so much.

2. My beloved sister (Ganti Ayu Prasetyani) and my beloved brother (M.

Syamsul Arifin). Thanks for all the things for me in any situation and

condition and thanks for your support and prayer. I love you all.

3. My special one, Sapto Yudiyanto. You are so special inside my heart.

Thanks for your supports and prayer, and being the person who accompany

me both joy and sorrow. I love you.

4. My close friends: Nurul, Puput, Mbak Nur, Umi, Kusyadi, and Rifa, thanks

for all motivation, incredible and unforgettable moments and thanks for

quality time which always we spent together.

5. My advisor, Mr. Dr. Sudar, M.Pd., thanks a lot for your guidance, patient,

and supports.

6. My classmates A class. Thanks for everything that you given to me, I will

miss you guys. I love you.

7. All lectures and the administration staff of English Department for their

guidance and help this time.

vi 8. My Friends (Tyas, Ndandut, Hera, Dewi, and Puput) at “Ndiman” boarding

house, thanks for making my life more colorful. I will miss everything

we’ve done together.

9. All my friends in English Department of UMP, thanks for lesson in my

life.

10. All people who help me finishing my thesis.

vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise is to Allah SWT, The Most Graceful and Merciful, The Giver of divine direction and guidance who gives inspiration and healthiness, so that the researcher could accomplish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree of English Department of Teacher Training and

Educational Sciences of Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo.

In writing this thesis, the researcher is assisted and encouraged by many people. Therefore, in this case the researcher would like to express her great appreciation and special thanks to:

1. Drs. H. Supriyono, M. Pd, as the Rector of Muhammadiyah University of

Purworejo.

2. Drs. H. Hartono, M.M, as the Dean of the Teacher Training and

Educational Sciences and Faculty.

3. Semi Sukarni, M. Pd, as the Head of English Department of Teacher

Training and Education Sciences Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of

Purworejo.

4. Dr. Sudar, M. Pd, as his consultant who has given encouragement, advice,

suggestions for the improvement her thesis.

Thanks for his willingness to share her knowledge, time and invaluable

guidance during the writing process of this in order to make this thesis

better.

viii ix TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title ...... i

Approval Sheet...... ii

Ratification Sheet ...... iii

Statement...... iv

Motto...... v

Dedication ...... vi

Acknowledgements...... viii

Table of Contents ...... x

List of Tables and Diagram ...... xiii

Abstract ...... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study...... 1

B. Identification of the Problem ...... 3

C. Limitation of the Problem ...... 4

D. Problem Statement...... 4

E. Objective of the Study...... 5

F. Significance of the Study...... 5

G. Definition of the Key Term ...... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Previous Studies ...... 8

B. The Notion of Pragmatics...... 8

x C. The Notion of Deixis...... 11

D. The Kinds of Deixis...... 14

1. Person Deixis ...... 15

2. Place Deixis...... 16

3. Time Deixis...... 17

4. Discourse Deixis ...... 18

5. Social Deixis ...... 18

E. The Notions of Song ...... 19

F. The Notion of Lyric...... 19

G. Definition of Song ...... 20

H. Simple Future Tense...... 21

I. Teaching Grammar...... 22

J. The Biography of Mariah Carey...... 23

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design...... 28

B. Source of the Data ...... 30

C. Research Data ...... 30

D. Instrument of Research ...... 30

E. Procedure of Data Collection ...... 31

F. Data Analysis ...... 32

1. Analyzing the data ...... 32

2. Describing the data ...... 33

3. The writer making conclusion and suggestion ...... 33

xi CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. Research Finding...... 34

1. Hero Lyric ...... 34

2. When You Believe Lyric ...... 40

3. Through the Rain Lyric ...... 46

4. Make it Happen Lyric ...... 51

5. Anytime You Need a Friend Lyric ...... 59

B. Discussion ...... 64

1. The kinds of deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s

song ...... 64

2. The dominant deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s

song ...... 65

C. The application of deixis lyrics song in language teaching. 67

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ...... 70

B. Suggestion ...... 71

References ...... 73

Appendics

xii LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAM

Table 3.1 The kinds of deixis ...... 33

Table 3.2 The dominant kinds of deixis ...... 33

Table 4.1 The kinds of deixis – Hero lyric ...... 36

Table 4.2 The kinds of deixis – When You Believe lyric ...... 41

Table 4.3 The kinds of deixis – Through the Rain lyric ...... 47

Table 4.4 The kinds of deixis – Make it Happen lyric ...... 53

Table 4.5 The kinds of deixis – Anytime You Need a Friend lyric ...... 59

Table 4.6 The dominant kinds of deixis – overall ...... 66

Diagram of dominant kinds of deixis ...... 66

xiii ABSTRACT

Putri, Asri Ari. 2014. The Analysis of Deixis in English Lyrics Song and Its Application in Teaching Grammar on The Sixth Semester of English Department at Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo Academic Year 2013/2014. Consultant: Dr. Sudar, M.Pd

Keywords: Analysis, Deixis, English lyrics song, Pragmatic, Teaching grammar, Mariah Carey, Simple Future Tense, Application.

People use language as a means of communication in the forms ofsound in structure. One of them is pragmatic. In the pragmatic, we learn about deixis. Deixis is a word which its reference always moves or change depending on the context. Lyrics song is a media to learn about it. This study investigates the use of deixis in lyrics song entitled Hero, When You Believe, Though The Rain, Make It Happen, and Anytime You Need a Friend by Mariah Carey and its application in grammar teaching especially simple future tense. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of deixis found in lyrics song by Marriah Carey’s to describe the kinds of deixis and the most dominant deixis, to describe the application of deixis in the teaching grammar in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs.

This study used descriptive qualitative because the researcher would like to describe about. In this research the types of deixis found in lyrics song entitled Hero, When You Believe, Though The Rain, Make It Happen, and Anytime You Need a Friend, to describe the kinds of deixis and the most dominant deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs, to describe the application of deixis in the teaching grammar in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs.

The result of this study shows that the dominant kind of deixis is person deixis. Person deixis is dominant because the number of it is higher than other kinds of deixis. The person deixis is 125. They are first personal deixis, second personal deixis, and third personal deixis. There are 5 place deixis. There are 9 time deixis. There are 9 discourse deixis. There is no social deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. The person deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs is higher than other kinds of deixis, so person deixis is the dominant kind of deixis in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. The last is the applications of deixis in lyrics song by Mariah Carey in teaching grammar. The result of this study is expected to be information for English teachers in teaching grammar and followed by the teacher to start using new technique in learning process and not monotone.

xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher wants to present the background of the study, identification of the problem, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study and definition of the key terms.

A. Background of the Study

People use language as a means of communication in the forms of

sound in structure. It is reasonable why language is interesting to be analyses.

Using language is really producing sound in sequences which form groups of

words, both in spoken language or written language and gesture. The meaning

and acceptance can be passed accurately between people if their

communications go smoothly without any obstacles.

Human life cannot be separated from language. As the member of

social community, people need language to communicate. Language is used

as a bridge for daily interaction. People use language to express their idea and

share information, in spoken and written form.

Language can to express any feeling like commanding, questioning,

stating, promising, threatening, and many kinds of expressions. People can

share the past, present, event future information of ideas, emotions feelings,

1 2

or situations through language. All of the expressions are used for communicating each other.

Nowadays people are easy and like to show their feeling by writing the song. Song is another way to communicate people’s feeling to someone else that is through lyrics. Lyrics is not only the arrangement of words into sentences but also representation of the composers emotion to describe the feelings, such as falling in love, sad, happy, jealous, broken heart, missing someone, and others. Every lyric consists of words or sentences which have different grammatical functions and song lyrics could be said as part of discourse.

Generally, songs are written based on the various background of the composer. It can be imagination, experiences, environment in out of the composer. Song may reflect psychological conflicts, idea, though, opinion, emotion. So, someone either composer or reader get messages of the song.

People believe, by listening or singing a song, they will become more relax and decrease their stress in their conflict.

Deixis is a word which its reference always moves or change depending on the context. It is also stated that deixis is a part of pragmatics that has connection with certain word or sentence that changes because of the context. The basic grammatical distinctions here are the categories of first, second and third person. First person include I, my, myself, mine and, me.

Second person include you and third person includes she, he and it. 3

Time deixis is the reference made to particular times relative to some

other time, most currently the time of utterance, the uses of the adverb of time

such as now, tomorrow or soon, or the use of tenses. Discourse deixis is

where reference is being made to the current discourse. And, social deixis is

used to code social distinctions that are relative to the participant role in

social relationship between speaker and addresses or speaker and some

reference.

Mariah Carey is one of multitalented singer who has a beautiful face

and voice. She is philanthropist who has donated time and money to

organizations and written about themes such as love, racism, social alienation,

death, world hunger, and spirituality. Carey's vocal style and singing ability

have significantly impacted popular and contemporary music. She has

collected many honors and awards. Based on the background above, the writer

decides to carry out the research entitled The Analysis of Deixis in English

Lyrics Song and Its Application in Teaching Grammar of The Sixth Semester

of Department at Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo Academic Year

2013/2014.

B. Identification of The Problems

The language which is used in Carey’ lyrics song is very beautiful that

makes the researcher interested to analyze the usage of deixis in Carey’s song.

The researcher does not decrease or increase the original meaning of Carey’s

song itself. The researcher just analyzes the kinds of deixis, they are person 4

deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis and

describing the functions of deixis and teaching grammar taken from the

Mariah Carey’s songs. So, the researcher hopes this research could be as

reference to help the learners in studying deixis to application in teaching

grammar especially in Carey’s songs.

C. Limited Of The Problem

In order to gain detail analysis, it is necessary to focus on the certain

area and limitation of the study. The study is focused on studying the kinds of

deixis, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and

social deixis and describing the functions of deixis and teaching grammar

taken from the Mariah Carey’s songs and it emphasizes only five selected

songs that are taken from several albums, which Mariah Carey writes and

sings.

D. Problem Statement

Based on the consideration in the background, the writer formulates

problem of the research is mentioned below:

1. What are the kinds of deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs?

2. What is the most dominant deixis in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs?

3. How is the application of deixis in teaching grammar? 5

E. Objective of the Study

Based on the statement of the problem above, the writer has the

following objective:

1. To find out the kinds of deixis that is used in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s

songs.

2. To know the most dominant deixis that is used in the lyrics of Mariah

Carey’s songs.

3. To describe the applications of deixis in teaching grammar.

F. Significance of the Study

The study is also conducted in the hope that the result would give

positive contribution to teachers, students, and researchers.

1. Teachers

The result of this research will give advantages for teachers. The

researcher hopes that the research can involve and enrich the various

definitions and examples in deixis. This variation itself uses by the

teachers to teach more clearly and interesting.

2. Students

Deixis is thought in junior and senior high school even not clearly. The

researcher hopes that the research will help the student to understand and

gives more examples about deixis. 6

3. Researchers

The researcher expects that the research can be used as a reference for the

other researchers who want to analyze the uses of deixis of English lyrics

song and its application on teaching grammar.

G. Definition of the Keys Term

To avoid misunderstanding in the way to understand this study, the

researcher needs to provide definition of terms which are often found in this

study as follows:

1. Analysis

Analysis is a description on its elements which has purpose to comprehend

the relationship between one element and others in supporting the meaning

of literary works (Sudjiman, 1984:3-5).

2. Deixis

Deixisis an important field of language study in its own right, but it also

has some relevance to the analysis of conversations and pragmatics. It is

often and best described as “verbal pointing”, that is to say pointing by

means of language (Yule 1996:9).

Deixis is a word which its reference always moves or change depending

on the context. It is also stated that deixis is a part of pragmatics that has

connection with certain word or sentence that changes because of the

context. The change of context in sentence is often caused by the change

of situation including personal, time and place (Levinson, 1983:9). 7

3. Application

Application is the action or an instance of putting a theory, discovery, to

practical use (Hornby, 1995: 48).

4. Lyric is a kind of poetry expressing direct personal feeling and its is

composed for singing; a form of writing arranged in lines, each

conforming to a pattern of accented and unaccented syllables (Hornby,

1978: 201).

5. Song is a short poem or other set of words set to music or meant to be

sung (www.oxforddictionari.com, accessed on March 29th, 2014).

6. Teaching grammar is state explicitly the rules of the language, list the

words and their pronunciations, and aid in learning a new language or

dialect (Fromkin, 2003: 17).

7. Mariah Carey is name of female pop singer in New York CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer gives some revelation that consists of

previous studies, the notion of pragmatics, the notion of deixis, the kinds of

deixis, the notion of song, the notion of lyric, teaching grammar and the

biography of Mariah Carey.

A. Previous Studies

There are many researchers who done the research with different

perspective in the previous. The research by Dina (2008) that conducted a

research entitled A Pragmatics Analysis on Figurative Language Used in

English Translation of Bukhori Hadith. The research has objective to describe

the types of figurative language used in Bukhori Hadith and to describe the

implied meaning of figurative language used in Bukhori Hadith. The method

that is used by the researcher is descriptive qualitative. The researcher found

four figurative languages in Bukhori Hadith, there simile, metaphor,

personification, and allegory.

B. The Notion of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study about the relationship between form of

linguistics and the user of it. According to Levinson (1983:3) pragmatics is

the study of the relationship between language and the context, which is a

basis in understanding the meaning of language. Refers to this statement, 8 9

pragmatics is the study of the aspect of the relationship between language and context that are relevant to the writing grammar. It is dealing with language use and the relationship between language form and language uses.

Pragmatics is concerned with natural language meaning, and more specifically with how natural language becomes meaningful in context. More practically, pragmatics is often concerned with aspects of meaning which results in some clear way from contextual information. For example so-called

'deictic' expressions like here, there, or she are particular good examples for the role of context for the establishment of meaning.

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speechact theory, conversational implicative, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge

(e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most 10

challenging aspects of language learning, and, though it can be taught, often comes only through experience.

Kreidler (1998:18) states that pragmatics is another branch of linguistics that is concerned with meaning. While, Peccei (1999:5) states that pragmatics concentrates on the aspect of meaning that could not be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and take into account our knowledge about the physical and social world. The focus of pragmatics analysis is on the meaning of words or sentence.

According to Yule (1996:3) pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated.

Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and the unsaid. 11

C. The Notion of Deixis

Deixis, derived from the Greek for “pointing”, relates to those aspects

of language which anchor the utterance or discourse in a particular situation

or contextual world.

Based on Fillmore (1982:35), deixis is the name given to uses of items

and categories of lexicon and grammar that are controlled by certain details of

the interactional situation in which the utterances are produced. These details

include especially the identity of the participants in the communicating

situation, their locations and orientations in space, whatever on-going

indexing acts the participants may be performing, and the time at which the

utterance containing the items is produced.

Deictics are ‘pointing’ words. They include tensed verbs (temporal

deixis), personal pronouns, demonstratives (these, this, that), and time and

place expressions such as now, then, here, yesterday, today, and so forth.

These words relate our linguistic expression to the current situation. They are

bridges between language and the world (Lyons, 1977:637).

According to Evelyn Hatch (1992:210), the word deixis is derived

from the Greek “deicticos” means to show” or to indicates. Deictic (noun of

deixis) is used to devote to those elements in language that referred directly to

the situation. Deictic terms are used to refer to ourselves to others and object

in our environment. They are used to locate actions in a time frame relative to

the present. Deictic terms show social relationship the social location 12

individuals in relation to others. They are also used to locate parts of text in relation to other parts.

Jaszczolt (2002:191) states that ‘deixis’ derives from Ancient Greek which means ‘to show’, ‘to point out. Deictic words are word with a reference point which is speaker or writer dependent and determined by the speaker or writer position in space and time (Karl Buhler, in Jan Rankema, 1993:76).

Based on Levinson (1983:9), Deixis is a word which its reference always moves or change depending on the context. It is also stated that deixis is a part of pragmatics that has connection with certain word or sentence that changes because of the context. The change of context in sentence is often caused by the change of situation including personal, time and place.

When people say something, they may not only intent to say it, but also mean something behind the utterances they say, and the actions performed via utterances are called as speech acts (Yule, 1996:47). Therefore, people not only produce strings of words as sentences, but also utterances that are intended to achieve their intention. Deixis, as one of the communication strategies also belongs to speech acts.

Yule (1996:9) defines deixis as technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. In addition, Cruse defines that deixis signifies different things to different people (2000:319).

Any linguistic varieties applied to accomplish this ‘pointing’ are called a deictic expression or indexicals (Yule, 1996:9). However, to explicate the importance of a deictic information for interpreting utterances is 13

possibly best exemplified by what happens when such information is incomplete, as what has been stated by Fillmore (1975:38-9) in Levinson

(1983:54). Take a look at the example of deictic expression below:

I’ll bring you a gift and put it here tomorrow.

From the example above, the speaker uses the word ‘I’ to point at himself or herself, in other words, ‘I’ refers to the person who is currently speaking. The speaker uses the word ‘you’ to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word ‘here’ indicates the place of speaking and ‘tomorrow’ indicates the time after the utterance is spoken. Suppose it was not directly said to certain people but it was written in a note that people find somewhere, the message will mean nothing because that people cannot get complete information of who the speaker is, when and where the exact time and place is.

There are some very common words in our language that can’t be interpreted at all if we don’t know the context, especially the physical context of the speaker. These are words such as here and there, this or that, now and then, yesterday, today or tomorrow, as well as pronouns such as you, me, her, him, it, and them. Some sentences of English are virtually impossible to understand if we don’t know who is speaking, about whom, where and when.

For example: You’ll have to bring it back tomorrow because she isn’t here today.

Out of context, this sentence is really vague. It contains a large number of expressions (you, it, tomorrow, she, here, today) that rely on 14

knowledge of the immediate physical context for their interpretation (i.e. that

the delivery driver will have to return on February 15th to 660 College Drive

with the package labeled ‘flowers, handle with care’ addressed to Lisa

Landry). Expressions such as tomorrow and here are obvious examples of

bits of language that we can only understand in terms of the speaker’s

intended meaning. They are technically known as deictic expressions, from

the Greek word deixis (pronounced like ‘day-icksis’), which means ‘pointing’

via language (Yule, 1996:115).

In pragmatics and linguistics, deixis is a process whereby words or

expressions rely absolutely on context. A word that depends on deictic clues

is called a deictic or a deictic word. Pro-forms are generally considered to be

deictics, but a finer distinction is often made between personal pro-forms

such as I, you , and it (commonly referred to as personal pronouns) and pro-

forms that refer to places and times such as now, then, here, there . In most

texts, the word deictic implies the latter but not necessarily the former.

It is clear that the meaning of utterance in deictic expression can be

interpreted through context and we must know who the speaker and listener

are being interpreted by certain situation.

D. The Kinds of Deixis

Deixis are those words in a language that entirely depend on context

based on Fromkin (1991). Traditionally, deixis were divided into three

categories - referring to people, place and time. By the 1980’s, two more 15

categories had been added – discourse and social deixis (Levinson, 1983).

Levinson (1983:63) identified five major types of deictic markers: person

deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. a. Person Deixis

Person deixis is a word that has functions as personal pronoun. Person

deixis is encoded in pronouns: ‘I’ for the speaker, ‘you’ for the addressee,

‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’, ‘they’, for others.

Person deixis related with personal pronoun, if its reference which is

used appropriate with the context is being used. As stated by Levinson

(1983:62), personal deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participant

in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivering. The

category of personal divided into three: the category first person is the

grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference himself, second person the

encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. Third

persons encode of reference to person and entities that are neither speakers

nor addressees of the utterance in question.

Personal deixis is an utterance that uses a personal pronoun to refer to

him or to refer to who is as hearer (I, you, and they). Reference pointed by

personal pronoun keeps changing based on the character brought by

participant role. A person who speaks gets a role as a first person. If he or

she does not speak again, then to be a listener, he or she changes into a

second person. A person who does not present in speech event or close

with the place of conversation is called third person (Yule, 1996:10). 16

The traditional view of person deixis (Lyons, 1977: 638-9) allows first

and second person pronouns into the category, since „I,‟ „we‟ and „you‟,

and their verb forms, encode the participants in a discourse. Third person

forms are excluded as being non-participatory.

The basic grammatical distinctions here are the categories of first,

second and third person. First person include I, my, myself, mine and, me.

Second person include you and third person includes she, he and it. A

person who speaks gets a role as a first person and the hearer as a second

person. And the person or thing being spoken of called the third person.

The use of personal deixis is so pervasive in natural language both

oral and written. Its aim is to make the interpretation process of some word

that the referent always changes becomes easier. If it is not used, it will be

satiation to the reader or hearer.

However, it might appear to the reader or the hearer some

misunderstanding of the personal deixis. They will find it is difficult to

interpret whom is uttering or to whom the utterance is uttered. b. Place Deixis

According to Levinson (1983:62), place deixis concerns the encoding

of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech.

Place or location can be deixis if that place or location is being seeing

from the location of the people who are doing communication in language

use in speech event. Place deixis deals with proximal (close to speaker) or

distal (close to addressee) dimension. 17

Place deixis can be seen from the use of demonstrative pronouns such

as; ‘this’ and ‘that’, and also can be seen from demonstrative adverbs of

place such as; ‘here’ and ‘there’. The spatial location is relative to

speaker’s location. It can be proximal (close to the speaker) or distal (away

from the speaker). Adverbs of place ‘here’ means proximal or close to the

speaker’s location. And ‘there’ means distal or away from the speaker’s

location. The word ‘there’ also can be proximal to addressee of speech act.

While, demonstrative pronoun ‘this’ can mean an object close to the

speaker’s location. Then, ‘that’ means the object is far away to the

speaker’s location of speech event. The forms ‘these’ and ‘those’ are

plural forms of ‘this’ and ‘that’ that have the same concept.

Based on the definition above, place deixis is the words refer to the

location of speech events, and deal with the distance either proximal or

distal of speaker’s location. c. Time Deixis

According to Levinson (1983:217), time deixis refers to the time

which relative to the time of speaking or an utterance spoken. Hatch

(1992:217) states that time deixis refers to time relative to time of

speaking.

Time deixis is generally grammaticalized by the form of adverbs of

time, like now, then, yesterday and of tense (Levinson, 1983: 62). 18

d. Discourse Deixis

A word can be said as discourse deixis if that word refers to certain

part of that text. According to Levinson (1983:85), discourse deixis use of

expression with some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse

that contains the utterance (including the use of the utterance itself). It is

where reference is being made to the current discourse.

Example:

a) That’s a rhinoceros

b) Spell it for me

It refers no to the referent, the beast itself, but to the word

rhinoceros. Here, it is not doing duty for a use of rhinoceros but rather

for a mention of it. It is an example of token reflexivity discourse

deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself. e. Social Deixis

Social deixis is use to code social distinctions that are relative to the

participant role in social relationship between speaker and addressee or

speaker and some reference (Levinson, 1983:63).

While, Fillmore in Levinson (1983:89) states that deixis is concern

with the aspect of sentence, reflect, establish or determined by certain

realities of the social situation on which the speech act occur.

Further, Hatch (1992:220) states that social deixis is code to know

social relationship between speaker and addressee or audience. 19

E. The Notion of Song

Songs are written based on the various background of the composer. It

can be imagination, experiences, environment in out of the composer. Song is

poem set to music, intended to be sung (Oxford Learner’s Pocket dictionary,

1996:395). Song is a great influence for human life. Song may reflect

psychological conflicts, idea, though, opinion, emotion. So, someone either

composer or reader get messages of the song. People believe, by listening or

singing a song, they will become more relax and decrease their stress in their

conflict.

F. The Notion of Lyric

Reaske (1966:35) states that lyrical referred originally to lyric poetry

that is to poetry written to be sung to a lyric.

The term “Lyric” designates a short poem which emphasizes the

expression of the individual’s feelings and emotions rather than external

events or attitudes.

As stated by Hornby (1978: 201), lyric is a kind of poetry expressing

direct personal feeling and it is composed for singing; a form of writing

arranged in lines, each conforming to a pattern of accented and unaccented

syllables.

Lyrics in this study refer to the words of a song as lyric in general.

The term lyric denotes a poem of limited length expressing the thought and 20

especially the feeling of a single speaker. Although lyrical poems are no

longer necessarily sung, they frequently retain their musical quality.

G. Definition of Song

Song is short piece of music with words that you sing. Song in general

is music for singing a song at a very low price song and danceunnecessary

fuss.Instrumental work in vocal style: an instrumental work written in style of

a composition for the voice, or, in popularmusic, any musical work. Song

could be used to teach grammar because in the lyrics of song there are several

kinds of tenses, teacher could choose definitesong which appropriate with

tenses that would be taught. Media is anagent or companion, Association for

Education and Technology(AEGT) define that media is a tool which is used to

distributeinformation. Moreover, National Education Association ( NEA )

define that media is a something which can be manipulated, seen,heard, and

read by instrument used in teaching learning process. Inother hand, media is a

tool store and conveys information. Media inteaching learning process are

often used by teachers to improvestudents’ understanding on the material and

to make teaching andlearning process more enjoyable.

The Characteristics and Components of Song according to Jan

Peterson that a good song contains fourimportant characteristics they are; first,

a good song needs a universalmessage and a story worth telling. It means that

songs ideas whirlaround us every day, but you need to catch that one special

massage. 21

H. Simple Future Tense

1. Definition of Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense is tense is a verb form that marks the event

described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen

in the future.Simple Future Tense is describing the tense which describes a

future action: uses forms of will, shall of be goingto.The structure of the

Simple Future Tense is:

Subject + auxiliary verb (will/shall/be going to) + main verb

Examples:

- He will finish his work tomorrow

- He is going to finish his work tomorrow

Will or be going to is used to express future time, the use of shall with I or

We to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English.

Shall is used much more frequently in British than in American English.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be

going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used

interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These

different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and

practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to"

refer to a specific time in the future.

Form will:

(Will + verb) 22

Examples:

+ You will help him later.

? Will you help him later?

- You will not help him later.

Form is going to:

(Am/is/are + going to + verb)

Examples:

+ You are going to meet Jane tonight.

? Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

- You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

I. Teaching Grammar

According to Harmer (2007: 57), teaching is about transmission of

knowledge from teacher to students, or it is about creating conditions in

which, somehow, students learn for themselves.

When someone learn another language besides his or her mother

tongue or first language. He or she needs to learn the rules about that

language. There are many definitions of grammar.

According to Richard, a grammar is a person’s subconscious language

knowledge. You use your English Grammar whenever you speak or write

English or understand someone else’s speech or writing. A grammar consists

of principles or rules that allow you to create an infinite number of possible

sentence out of a finite number of words. 23

From those definitions above, it can be conclude that grammar is

knowledge about the rules of language. It explains how to combine words or a

little bit of words in order to make something understanding or meaningful

sentence both written and spoken.

Teaching grammars are used in school to fulfill language requirements.

They can be helpful to persons who do not speak the standard or prestige

dialect, but find it would be advantageous socially and economically to do so.

Teaching grammar state explicitly the rules of the language, list the words and

their pronunciation, and aid in learning a new language or dialect (Fromkin,

2003:17).

J. The Biography of Mariah Carey

Mariah Carey (Mariah Angela Carey) was born in Long Island,

Huntington, New York, on March 27, 1969. Her parents are Patricia Hickey

(Irish-American) and Alfred Roy Carey (African-American/Venezuelan). Her

mother was a mezzo-soprano New York City opera singer and a freelance

vocal coach; whereas, her father was an aeronautical engineer. Carey, third

and youngest, has siblings Alison and Morgan, who was significantly older

by ten years.

Predestined to be a multiracial family, the Carey menace were faced

with racial insult, hostility and even violence, with crosses being burnt on

their lawn, their dogs poisoned, their car blown up, and a shot fired through

the kitchen window during mealtime. In addition, Carey's mother Patricia also 24

faced much racism in the early 1960s, during which she was disowned by her family when she married Alfred Roy Carey.

The bad experiences had caused the whole family to move often around New York area to find more friendly neighborhoods. Also, those incidents caused Carey great distress and created tension within the family itself, which then led Alfred and Patricia to get divorced in 1972 when Carey was still three. After her parents' divorce, Carey and Morgan stayed with their mother while Alison stayed with their father. Living away from her father and having little contact with him were too much for such a little girl like Carey but life had to go on somehow. As a single mother, Patricia had to struggle with two or three jobs and continued moving among different towns on Long

Island. Though so, she managed to provide a spirited, loving household for children.

Having a good vocal quality, Carey began singing when she was three and it happened by accident that her mother realized early on her tremendous potential. One day when her mother was rehearsing her role of Maddalena in

Verdi's "Opera Rigolettos", she heard Carey imitating her singing perfectly.

Since then, her mother began teaching her how to develop her vocal skills, despite the fact that she was only three years old. So, during the year of 1974,

Patricia nurtured her daughter's talent by coaching her at home without trying to force the issue too much. In fact, the intense vocal lessons pushed Carey to make her public singing debut. She first performed in public when she was 25

six, singing for friends and performing in talent shows and folk-music festivals.

At the age of 16 years old, Carey entered Oldfield Middle School and started to find a new interest which was not far from singing, writing her own songs. Having strong passion in crafting songs, Carey frequently skipped classes and poured her spirit in penning songs and dreaming about becoming a famous singer. When she enrolled at the Harborfield High School, she started traveling back and forth to Manhattan in order to study music with professionals. That's the one and only reason why she rarely showed up for class, because of which she was jokingly named "Mirage" by her high school friends. Wishing to break into the music business, Carey took part-time job after school, singing on demo tapes at Long Island studios.

Before she got her big break, Carey already completed 500 hours of beauty school, worked as a hair sweeper in a salon, and also worked as a waitress and as a coat check girl. On her sixteenth birthday, her brother

Morgan paid the cost of her first professional recording session in Manhattan, and there she met keyboard player and songwriter Ben Margulies who later on became her songwriting partner and close friend. In 1987, Carey graduated from Harborfields High School on Long Island. Subsequently, her mother remarried and she moved to Manhattan, recording and offering her demo tape to record companies. One year later, all of her hard work came to fruition.

She got into an audition and landed a job as singing backup for Brenda K.

Starr. 26

In June of 1990, Mariah made her debut with "Mariah Carey" which entered at #73, but on August 4, 1990, it reached #1. Her 1990 self-titled debut album went multi-platinum and spawned an extraordinary four consecutive #1 singles: "Vision of Love," "Love Takes Time," "Someday" and "I Don't Wanna Cry," and led to Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Vocalist. Her 1993 album titled Music Box went ten-times platinum. On September 30, 1995, she made music history. Her single

"Fantasy" from her 1995 Daydream album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Hot

100, making her the first female artist to accomplish a number one debut in the U.S. Her other Daydream's single "One Sweet Day" remained for 16 weeks at the top of the charts. She is the only artist since The Beatles to have so many #1 singles and albums. With "Heartbreaker", the first single from her

1999 album Rainbow and also her 14 #1 single, she became the only artist to top the charts in each year of the 1990s, and with "Heartbreaker" at its 60th week atop the Billboard's charts, she pushed ahead of The Beatles's 59-week record as the only artist with the most cumulative weeks spent atop

Billboard's Hot 100 Singles chart. Following "Heartbreaker," her second single "Thank God I Found You" also from her Rainbow album became her

15th #1. "We Belong Together" from her 2005 album The Emancipation of

Mimi became her 16th #1 single and was also her first #1 without any guest artists since her song "My All" (also a #1 single) captured the top spot in May

1998. The single "Don't Forget About Us" also from her 2005 album

Emancipation of Mimi became her 17th #1 single, tying her with Elvis 27

Presley's 17 #1 singles. Three more Grammy Awards were gained from The

Emancipation of Mimi album. She is the most successful selling female artist in music history and is the only female artist to have the most #1 singles and albums and also holds the record for straight #1 singles and albums each year.

Along with numerous awards and incredible vocal range, she also composes all of her own material, with the exception of song covers.

In April 2008, the single "Touch My Body" became her 18th #1 single, pushing her ahead of Elvis Presley's 17 #1 singles. Now she is the only artist since The Beatles to have as many number one singles and the only singer alive likely to succeed them. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS

The research method has an important role in guiding the research in order to make the study meaningful and acceptable. This chapter discusses the research design, source of the data, research data, instrument of research, procedure of data collection, and data analysis.

A. Research Design

The term method was come from latin “Methodos”. It is divided two

words; meta and hodos. Meta is concern follow accompany. And hodos is the

way, manner, direction. In the broad meaning, method is a way or a procedure

to know something which has the systematic steps. So, every research needs

research method, and it is needed because it helps solving the problems.

There are two methods to research; qualitative and quantitative methods. In

this analysis, the writer uses qualitative research to analyze the deixis on the

lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs.

The writer collects and reads several literatures about Mariah Carey’s

songs, and browsing to the internet. Research methods allows to collect

information about the world in a systematic way and to closely analyze it, so

it might make claims or propose theories about the society and human

behavior.

28 29

According to Neuman (1991) library research is also called a

qualitative research, in which the data are the text, written words, phrase or

symbols. It is not concerned with any numbers. Moreover, the author

suggested that the most obvious of its difference from other is that the form

qualitative data are words, sentences, and paragraph rather than number.

While Denzin and Lincoln (1994) in Newman and Benz (1998:16), state that

Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretive,

naturalistic approach to its subject matter.

According to Sugiyono (2012: 13) states that characteristic of qualitative research as follows:

a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and

researcher is the key instrument.

b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of

words of pictures rather than number.

c. Qualitative research are concerned with process rather than simply with

outcomes or product.

d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively.

e. “Meaning” is of essential to the qualitative research. 30

B. Source of the Data

Source of the data of this study is text of lyric song in Mariah Carey’s

songs entitled: Hero, When You Believe, Anytime You Need a Friend,

Through the Rain, and Make it Happen.

C. Research Data

The research data of the study are the kinds of the deixis on the lyrics

of Mariah Carey’s songs, the dominant deixis and applications in teaching

grammar in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs.

D. Instrument of Research

The research instrument of this research is human instrument.

Therefore, the writer used herself as the key instrument of this research. To

make the data easier to be analyzed, the writer listening, reading, and

understanding the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs to identify the data related

to the purposes of the study.

So, in this case, the writer herself is as the key instrument of collecting

the data. According to Bogdan and Biklen, Sugiyono (2012:13) states that

qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and the

researcher is as the key instrument. 31

E. Procedure of Data Collection

After deciding the title, the writer collects the data by reading,

analyzing, classifying the words and sentences in the lyric songs, and also

tries to collects the references which support her analysis.

Collecting the data is the way of systematic and standard procedures

of obtaining data. It is very important because by having valid data, the writer

will produce a reliable analysis in collecting the data. The process of

collecting data can be described as follows:

1. Listening, reading, and understanding all of the Mariah Carey’s lyric

songs.

2. Choosing data dealing with the deixis.

3. Selecting data that are relevant with the purpose of the study in the Mariah

Carey’s lyric songs.

4. Categorizing and conducting the description to words lyric songs on the

basis and relevance to the research problem in Mariah Carey’s songs.

5. Coding the data. Coding will make the work easier to be done.

6. Classifying the type of teaching grammar.

Miles and Huberman (1994:58) suggest that data can be

codeddescriptively or interpretively. Unlike some authors, they

suggestcreating an initial “start list” of codes and refining these in the

field. Researchers using a strictly inductive approachmight choose not to

create any codes until some observationsand informal interviews were

conducted from which codescould be induced. 32

Bogdan and Biklen (1992) recommend reading data over atleast

several times to begin to develop a coding scheme. Theydescribe coding

data according to categories and details of settings;types of situation

observed; perspectives and views of subjects of all manner of phenomena

and objects; processes,activities, events, strategies, and methods observed;

and socialrelationships.

So, in collecting the data, the writer codes the data to make

efficient time and effort. Code (A) for person deixis, code (B) for place

deixis, code (C) for time deixis, code (D) for discourse deixis, and code

(E) for social deixis. While reading, the writer underlines some parts in the

lyrics are considered as the deixis.

F. Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer has to determine some steps that

will be used to analyze them. Analysis includes working with data. Content

analysis is a procedure for categorization of data, for the purpose of

classification and referring to the research problems and the content analysis.

Miles and Huberman (1984) in Aminuddin (1990:18) state that analyzing data

in qualitative research done continually, since connecting data until writing

final report of research. So, the next steps should be done by the researcher in

analyzing the data are as follows:

1. Analyzing the data 33

All of the data are collected. Then the writer gives the mark on the

context of songs.

2. Describing the data

After analyzing the data, the writer focuses on finding and describing

the deixis on the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. The table of the kinds of

deixis is:

Table 3.1 The Kinds of Deixis

The kinds of deixis No Sentence Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis

The writer counts the data which many kinds of the deixis on the

lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. After analyzing the data, the writer finds

the dominant kinds of deixis in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. Table

of dominant kinds of deixis expressions:

Table 3.2 The Dominant Kinds of Deixis

The domonant kinds of deixis No Song Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis

Total 3. The writer making conclusion and suggestion. CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer would like to analyze the data. The writer focuses on finding and describing the deixis and also the dominant deixis in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. There are five songs, entitled: hero, when you believe, through the rain, make it happen, and anytime you need a friend. And then, application teaching grammar.

A. Research Findings

1. Hero Lyrics

Hero is one of the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs. Taken from Music

Box Album, 1993. Lyrically, the song is regarded as one of Carey's most

inspirational and personal ballads, with its protagonist declaring that even

though the writer and the reader may feel discouraged or down at times, in

reality "heroes" if the writer and the reader look inside themselves and see

their own inner strength, in time, it will help them to find the way. It can

be seen at the stanza below:

There's a hero If you look inside your heart You don't have to be afraid Of what you are There's an answer If you reach into your soul And the sorrow that you know Will melt away

34 35

And then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside

And you know you can survive So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in you

The song's lyrics describe the individual power that lies inside every person, their ability to be their own hero. The song inspires anyone to be a hero. It’s great. It talks about people who don't trust themselves, have no faith and self-confidence, they can search themselves and find that there's a hero inside,a hidden talent, and everything. Hero is about looking into oneself and discovering the inner courage inside each individual, and being strong and believing in oneself through times of trouble and adversity.

It's a long road When you face the world alone No one reaches out a hand For you to hold You can find love If you search within yourself And the emptiness you felt Will disappear

Lord knows Dreams are hard to follow But don't let anyone Tear them away Hold on There will be tomorrow In time you'll find the way 36

From the stanza above, it can show that the writer and the reader

must keep confidence all the time. Whatever the people are said, or how

the problems attack, the writer and the reader should give themselves a

chance to prove the strength enough to solve the problem.

Table 4.1 The kinds of deixis – Hero lyric

The kinds of deixis No Sentence Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. There’s a hero if You, you look inside Your your heart

2. You don’t have to You, be afraid of what You you are

3. There’s an answer You, if you reach into Your your soul

4. And the sorrow You that you know will melt away

5. And then a hero Then comes along

6. And you cast your You, fears aside Your

7. Because you know You, you can survive You

8. So when you feel You So like hope is gone

9. Look inside You youand be strong 37

10. And you’ll finally You see the truth

11. That’s a hero lies in You you

12. It’s a long road It

13. When you face the You world alone

14. No one reaches out You a hand for you to hold

15. You can find love You

16. If you search You, within yourself Yourself

17. And the emptiness You you felt will disappear

18. But don’t let Them anyone tear them away

19. There will be Tomorrow tomorrow

20. In timeyou’ll find You In time the way

From the data above, the deixis word “You” in “There’s a hero if you

look inside your heart” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The

word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis

“You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your”

are person deixis. 38

The deixis word “You” in “You don’t have to be afraid of what you are” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis

“You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “There’s an answer if you reach into your soul” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And the sorrow that you know will melt away” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis

“You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “Then” in “And then a hero comes along” indicates the time after the utterance is spoken. “Then” is time deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And you cast your fears aside” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “Because you know you can survive” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “So when you feel like hope is gone” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. The word “So” is a 39

discourse deixis that indicates the relationship between utterance and the prior discourse.

The deixis word “You” in “Look inside you and be strong” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And you’ll finally see the truth” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “That’s a hero lies in you” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “It” in “It’s a long road” refers to the word hero, it is reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “You” in “When you face the world alone” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “No one reaches out a hand for you to hold” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis

“You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “You can find love if you search within yourself” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. The word “Yourself” is also 40

referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis word “Yourself” is as

the reflexive pronoun. “You” and “Yourself” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And the emptiness you felt will disappear”

to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You”

is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “Them” in “But don’t let anyone tear them away” to

point at the person being spoken of called the third person. “Them” is

person deixis.

The deixis word “Tomorrow” in “There will be tomorrow” indicates

the time after the utterance is spoken. “Tomorrow” is time deixis.

The deixis word “In time” in “In timeyou’ll find the way” indicates

the time after the utterance is spoken. “In time” is time deixis. The deixis

word “You” refers to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of

the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

2. When You Believe Lyric

When you believe song is taken from #1’s album, 1998. When you

believe is a song by American recording artists Mariah Carey and Whitney

Houston. This song is sung by them in the film Tzipporah, Miriam, and the

Hebrews in Egypt for the Red Sea and the Promised Land. The

protagonists of this ballad recall tough times that have them questioning

their faith, they have prayed for many nights to God but those prayers

seem to remain unanswered, and they wonder if they are wasting their 41

time. Nevertheless, they realize that although times may be difficult, "there

can be miracles when you believe" in God. Houston used to sing in a

church choir growing up, while Carey always connected to her faith and

music during difficult times. This become one of the many reasons both

singers are so interested in the project, as they feel spreading faith in God

is an important and honorable aspect of their career.

Table 4.2 The kinds of deixis – When You Believe lyric

The kinds of deixis No Sentence Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. Many nights we’ve We prayed

2. In our hearts a Our hopeful song

3. We barely We understood

4. Nowwe are not We Now afraid

5. Although we know We there’s much to fear

6. We were moving We mountains long

7. Before we know we We, We could

8. There can be You miracles when you believe

9. Though hope is frail It It’s hard to kill 42

10. Who knows what You miracles you can achieve

11. When you believe You, somehow you will you

12. You will when you You, believe You

13. In this time of fear In this when prayer so time often proves in vain

14. Yet nowI’m I Here Yet now standing here

15. My heart so full, I My, I can’t explain

16. I never thought I’d I, I say

17. They don’t always They, happen when you You ask

18. And it’s easy to give Your It in to your fears

19. But when you’re You, blinded by your Your faith

20. Can’t see your way Your through the rain

From the data above, the deixis word “We” in “many nights we’ve

prayed” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because

the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis. 43

The deixis word “Our” in “In our hearts a hopeful song” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “Our” is person deixis.

The deixis word “We” in “We barely understood” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis.

The deixis word “Now” in “Nowwe are not afraid” refers to the time which relative to the time of speaking or an utterance spoken. “Now” is time deixis. The word “We” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis.

The deixis word “We” in “Although we know there's much to fear” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis.

The deixis word “We” in “We were moving mountains long” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis.

The deixis word “We” in “Before we knew we could” can be categorized into the plural first personal pronoun because the speaker is involved as the addresser. “We” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “There can be miracleswhen you believe” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. 44

The deixis word “It” in “Though hope is frailit's hard to kill” refers to the word hope, it is reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “You” in “Who knows what miraclesyou can achieve” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “When you believe somehow you will” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “You will when you believe” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “in this time” in “In this time of fear when prayer so often proves in vain” indicates the time which relative to the time of speaking or an utterance spoken. “In this time” is time deixis.

The deixis word “Yet now” in “Yet nowI’m standing here” means the time which relative to the time of speaking or an utterance spoken.

“Yet now” is time deixis. The word “I” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The word “Here” indicates the place of speaking. “Here” is place deixis.

The deixis word “My” in “My hearts so full, I can't explain” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word ‘I” refers to the speaker 45

who utters this utterance too. The word “My” and “I” are as singular first person. “My” and “I” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I never thought I'd say” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “They” in “They don't always happen when you ask” refers to the person being spoken. “They” has function as plural third person, so that “They” belongs to third person deixis. The word “You” refers to the intended addressee. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “They” and “You” are person deixis.

The deixis word “It” in “And it's easy to give in to your fears” refers to the word ask, it is the reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself. The deixis word “Your” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “Your” is the second personal pronoun. “Your” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “But when you’re blinded by your faith” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “Your” in “Can’t see your way through the rain” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “Your” is the second personal pronoun. “Your” is person deixis. 46

3. Through the Rain Lyric

Through the Rain song is taken from Charmbracelet album, 2002. It is

written by Carey and Lionel Cole, and produced by the former and Jimmy

Jam and Terry Lewis. "Through the Rain" was meant to be an insight into

Carey personal struggles throughout 2001.

Lyrically, the song features an inspirational message of inner strength,

and finds Carey reaching out to listeners. The song uses a rainstorm as a

metaphor for troubles in life, while encouraging others to "make it through

the rain" through perseverance. It can be seen at the stanza below:

When you are caught in the rain With nowere to run When you’re distraught And in pain without anyone and you keep crying out to be saved

This song finds Carey encouraging others that no matter what may lay

in opposition, one must find their inner strength and make it "through the

rain".It’s illustrating a moment in an individual's life where they are

surrounded by conflict. This song appears the strength and the triumph.

Table 4.3 The kinds of deixis – Through the Rain lyric

The kinds of deixis Sentence No Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. When you are You caught in the rain

2. When you’re You distraught

3. And in pain, without You anyone and you keep crying out

4. And you feel so far You away

5. That you just can’t You, find your way home Your

6. You can get there You There alone

7. It’s ok what you say You is 8. I can make it I through the rain

9. I can stand up once I again

10. On my own and I My, I know

11. That I’m strong I enough to mend

12. And every time I I feel afraid

13. I hold tighter to my I, My faith 14. And I live one more I 48

day

15. There’s nothing you You can’t face

16. And should they tell They, you You

17. You’ll never pull You through

18. You’re gonna make You it through the rain

From the data above, the deixis word “You” in “When you are caught

in the rain” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the

deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “When you’re distraught” to point at the

intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second

personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And in pain, without anyone and you keep

crying out” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the

deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “That you just can’t find your way home”

to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also

referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are

the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “You can get there alone” to point at the

intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second 49

personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. The word “There” refers to the place that by speaker and reader is unexplored place. “There” is place deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “It’s ok what you say is” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I can make it through the rain” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I can stand up once again” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “My” in “On my own and I know” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance too. The word “My” and “I” are as singular first person. “My” and “I” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “That I’m strong enough to mend” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “And every time I feel afraid” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis. 50

The deixis word “I” in “I hold tighter to my faith” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word ‘My” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance too. The word “I” and “My” are as singular first person. “I” and “My” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “And I live one more day” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “There’s nothing you can’t face” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “They” in “And should they tell you” refers to the person being spoken. “They” has function as plural third person, so that

“They” belongs to third person deixis. The word “You” refers to the intended addressee. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “They” and “You” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “You’ll never pull through” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “You’re gonna make it through the rain” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. 51

4. Make it Happen Lyric

This song tells of Carey's personal struggles prior to her rise to fame,

and how her faith in God helped sustain her.As a child, Carey lived with

her mother Patricia in a small apartment on Long Island, New York. They

were poor and had to move several times as Patricia found different

jobs. As a result, Carey frequently transferred into different schools, and at

the age of seventeen, she moved into a small Manhattan studio with other

young women to pursue a career in music. She had already begun working

on her demo tape with Ben Margulies, a fellow classmate at her school in

Huntington, Long Island. During this period, she lived a lifestyle of

poverty, often sharing a box of spaghetti with her five roommates and

wearing torn shoes. She held several jobs, while juggling school, writing,

and recording music.

After graduating from high school, Carey invested more time into her

music while working sporadically at different jobs. She began working for

Puerto Rican singer Brenda K. Starr as a background singer, hoping to find

new opportunities and meet important record executives along the way. At

a gala for Sony executives, Starr gave a copy of Carey's demo tape

toTommy Mottola, CEO of Columbia Records. Mottola was sufficiently

impressed with the tape to sign Carey to the label. Two years later in 1991,

Carey was well under way writing and recording material for her

second studio album, Emotions (1991). During the months spent

conceptualizing the album, Carey decided to write a song that would 52

illustrate her lifestyle prior to her success. She felt listeners' hearing her rags-to-riches story might inspire them to pursue their dreams. As a result, Carey wrote what was described by author Chris Nickson as her

"most inspirational song" (up until "Hero"), titled "Make It Happen".

Following the success of herself titled debut album, Carey wanted to pen her personal struggles prior to her signing with Columbia. She hoped to give her fans an idea of what her life two years prior and to instill relief or inspiration in them. In the song, Carey sings:

Later in the song, Carey sings:

But still I had to keep on going I struggled and I prayed And finally found my way

From the stanza above, this song is retelling how her faith helped guide her until her career blossomed and expressing to listeners the importance of finding and connecting with God. That isn’t just a faith in herself and her talent, but also the ability to let she go, to pray to God, and to trust in what will happen. 53

Table 4.4 The kinds of deixis – Make it Happen lyric

The kinds of deixis No Sentence Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. Not more than three Three short years ago short years ago 2. I was abandoned I and alone

3. Without a penny to My my name

4. No proper shoes My upon my feet

5. Sometimes I I couldn’t even eat

6. I often cried myself I, Myself to sleep

7. But still I had to I keep on going

8. Never knowing if I I could take it It 9. If I would make it I It through the night

10. I held on to my faith I

11. I struggled and I I, I prayed

12. And now I’vefound I, My Now my way

13. If you believe in You, yourself enough Yourself

14. And know what You 54

youwant

15. You’re gonna make You It it happen

16. And if you get down Your At night on your knees at night 17. He’s gonna make it He It happen

18. I know life can be I so tough 19. And you feel like You giving up

20. But you must be You strong

21. You’ll never find You the answers

22. If you throw your You, life away Your

23. I used to feel the I, you way you do

24. I once was lost I

25. I got my feet on I solid ground 26. If you believe You, within your soul Your

From the data above, the deixis word “Three short years ago” in

“Not more than three short years ago” refers to the time of utterance in

the past. “Three short years ago” is time deixis. 55

The deixis word “I” in “I was abandoned and alone” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “My” in “Without a penny to my name” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “My” is as singular first person. “My” is person deixis.

The deixis word “My” in “No proper shoes upon my feet” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “My” is as singular first person. “My” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “Sometimes I couldn’t even eat” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” and “Myself” in “I often cried myself to sleep” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” and “Myself” are as singular first person. “I” and “Myself” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “But still I had to keep on going” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “Never knowing if I could take it” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis. The word “It” refers to the struggle. It is reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself. 56

The deixis word “I” in “If I would make it through the night” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis. The word “It” refers to the struggle. It is reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “I” in “I held on to my faith” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I struggled and I prayed” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “And now I’vefound my way” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word ‘My” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance too. The word “I” and “My” are as singular first person. “I” and “My” are person deixis. The word “Now” refers to the time of utterance. “Now” is time place.

The deixis word “You” in “If you believe in yourself enough” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Yourself” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Yourself” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Yourself” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And know what you want” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. 57

The deixis word “You” in “You’re gonna make it happen” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. The word “It” refers to the idea. It is a reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “Your” in “And if you get down on your knees at night” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis

“Your” is the second personal pronoun. “Your” is person deixis. The word “At night” refers to the time. “At night” is time deixis.

The deixis word “He” in “He’s gonna make it happen” to point at the person being spoken. The type of the deixis “He” is the third personal pronoun. “He” is person deixis. The word “It” refers to the idea. It is a reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “I” in “I know life can be so tough” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “And you feel like giving up” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “But you must be strong” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis. 58

The deixis word “You” in “You’ll never find the answers” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “If you throw your life away” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I used to feel the way you do” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

The deixis word “You” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “I” and “You” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I once was lost” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I got my feet on solid ground” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “If you believe within your soul” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The word “Your” is also referring to who is as hearer. The type of the deixis “You” and “Your” are the second personal pronoun. “You” and “Your” are person deixis. 59

5. Anytime You Need a Friend Lyric

Anytime you need a friend song is taken from Music Box Album,

1993. The song draws influence from pop, R&B and gospel music genres.

While the album focused heavily on pop oriented and radio friendly

material, "Anytime You Need a Friend" deviated from the formula,

finishing as the only gospel-infused song onMusic Box. Lyrically, the

song's protagonist tells her love interest that anytime he may need a friend,

she will be there unconditionally for him. Throughout the

song's bridge and climax, critics noted the lyrics altering from those of a

friend, to those of a lover.

All of the people need a friend. A friend makes us always put a smile

on our face and try to find the sunshine in the day. Always being a good

friend in bad times and in good times because friends are the most

important people when bad times happen. Don’t feel lonely. Not being

selfish. Good friend are like stars.

Table 4.5 The kinds of deixis – Anytime You Need a Friend lyric

The kinds of deixis No Sentence Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. If you’re lonely You and need a friend

2. They never end They 3. just remember to keep the faith

4. And love will be There there to light the 60

way

5. Anytime you You need a friend

6. I will be here I Here

You’ll never be You 7. alone again

8. So don’t you fear You

Even if you’re You 9. miles away

10. I’m by your side I, your

11. So don’t you ever You be lonely 12. Love will make it It alright

13. And your spirit Your diminishing

14. Just remember You you’re not alone

15. To guide you You home

16. If you just believe You, in me Me

17. I will love you I, you endlessly

18. Take my hand My

19. Take me into Me, There your heart Your

20. I’ll be there I forever baby 61

21. I won’t let go I

22. I’ll never let go I

From the data above, the deixis word “You” in “If you’re lonely” to

point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is

the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “They” in “They never end just remember to keep

the faith” to point at the person being spoken. The type of the deixis

“They” is the third personal pronoun. “They” is person deixis.

The deixis word “There” in “And love will be there to light the way”

refers to the place that by speaker and reader is unexplored place. The

word “There” is classified to distal distance. The location intended by the

speaker is far away from the speaker location. “There” is place deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “Anytime you need a friend” to point at the

intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second

personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I will be here” to point at the speaker who

utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person

deixis. The word “Here” indicates the place of speaking. “Here” is place

deixis. 62

The deixis word “You” in “You’ll never be alone again” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “So don’t you fear” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “Even if you’re miles away” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I’m by your side” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. The deixis word “Your” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “Your” is the second personal pronoun. “I” and “You” are person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “So don’t you ever be lonely” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis “It” in “Love will make it alright” refers to the situation. It is reflexivity discourse deixis, in which a word in utterance refers to the utterance itself.

The deixis word “Your” in “And your spirit diminishing” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “Your” is the second personal pronoun. “Your” is person deixis. 63

The deixis word “You” in “Just remember you’re not alone” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “To guide you home” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “You” is person deixis.

The deixis word “You” in “If you just believe in me” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. The word “Me” refers to the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “Me” is as singular first person. “You” and “Me” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I will love you endlessly” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

The deixis word “You” to point at the intended addressee or hearer. The type of the deixis “You” is the second personal pronoun. “I” and “You” are person deixis.

The deixis word “My” in “Take my hand” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “My” is as singular first person. “My” is person deixis.

The deixis word “Me” in “Take me into your heart” to point at the speaker who utters this utterance. The word “Me” is as singular first person. The deixis word “Your” to point at the intended addressee or 64

hearer. The type of the deixis “Your” is the second personal pronoun.

“Me” and “Your” are person deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I’ll be there forever baby” to point at the

speaker who utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person.

“I” is person deixis. The word “There” indicates the place that by speaker

and reader is unexplored place. “There” is place deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I won’t let go” to point at the speaker who

utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person

deixis.

The deixis word “I” in “I’ll never let go” to point at the speaker who

utters this utterance. The word “I” is as singular first person. “I” is person

deixis.

B. Discussion

1. The kinds of deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs

The writer founds that there are four deixis. They are person deixis,

place deixis, time deixis, and discourse deixis. Person deixis is found at the

sentence “You don’t have to be afraid of what you are” for example in

data 1. Person deixis is any expressions used to point to the person.

According to Levinson (1983:62) states that personal deixis concerns the

encoding of the role of participant in the speech event in which the

utterance in question is delivering. 65

Place deixis is found at the sentence “Yet now I’m standing here” for

example in data 2. Place deixis is any expressions to point to the location.

According to Levinson (1983:62), place deixis concerns the encoding of

spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech.

Place or location can be deixis if that place or location is being seeing from

the location of the people who are doing communication in language use in

speech event. Place deixis deals with proximal (close to speaker) or distal

(close to addressee) dimension.

Time deixis is found at the sentence “There will be tomorrow” for

example in data 1. According to Levinson (1983:217), time deixis refers to

the time which relative to the time of speaking or an utterance spoken.

Discourse deixis is found at the sentence “Never knowing if I could

take it” for example in data 4. According to Levinson (1983:85), discourse

deixis use of expression with some utterance to refer to some portion of

the discourse that contains the utterance (including the use of the utterance

itself).

2. The dominant deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs

After analyzing the songs by doing some ways to collect the data, the

writer finds that the dominant kinds of deixis in the lyrics of Mariah

Carey’s songs. To find the dominant deixis used in the lyrics of Mariah

Carey’s songs, the writer calculates the number of each kinds of deixis.

Then by using the table of dominant kinds of deixis above, the writer 66

knows or finds clearly the dominant deixis used in the lyrics of Mariah

Careys songs. The dominant kind of deixis is person deixis. Person deixis

is dominant because the number of it is higher than other kinds of deixis. It

can be seen in the table below:

Table 4.6 The dominant kinds of deixis

The kinds of deixis No Song Person Place Time Discourse Social % % % % % Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 1. Hero 23 18,6 - 3 33,33 2 22,22 -

2. When you believe 25 20 1 20 3 33,33 2 22,22 -

3. Through the rain 22 17,6 1 20 - - -

4. Make it happen 32 25,6 - 3 33,34 4 44,44 -

5. Anytime you need 23 18,4 3 60 - 1 11,12 - a friend

Total 125 100 5 100 9 100 9 100 - -

Based on the table of dominant kinds of deixis above, it can be known that

person deixis is the dominant kind of deixis found in the lyrics of Mariah

carey’s songs. The dominant kinds of deixis can be seen clearly in the

following diagram:

The diagram of dominant kinds of deixis

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Person Place Time Discourse Social Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis Deixis 67

The person deixis is 125. They are first personal deixis, second

personal deixis, and third personal deixis. There are 5 place deixis. There

are 9 time deixis. There are 9 discourse deixis. There is no social deixis

found in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs.

In the diagram above it is clear that the number of person deixis found

in the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs is higher than other kinds of deixis,

so person deixis is the dominant kind of deixis in the lyrics of Mariah

Carey’s songs.

C. The Applications of Deixis English Lyrics Song in Teaching Grammar

Deixis is one of pragmatic material. The researcher finds the material

contains diexis on language education program of the sixth semester

Muhammadyah University of Purworejo. The material is explain the diexis

in a song. That is use reading skill. Then, the competency standard number

(1) is to understand future tense in the context daily life. (1.1) is to analyze

future tense about something.

In this researcher, the researcher uses song as teaching media in

language teaching. The aim of using song is to help students in

understanding future tense, especially deixis. The advantage using song as a

media in language teaching is the students can also understand the meaning

of the song and simple future tense in song.

In the classroom, the researcher use learning steps in teaching future

tense in song. In initial activities, the researcher greetings to the students in 68

the classroom, checking for the presence of students (grades implanted disciplined, diligent), linking material or the competencies that would be learned, based on the syllabus, lesson plans and teaching materials, delivering grain character to be developed in addition to those associated with the competency standard and basic competence, connecting the lesson with the students’ knowledge, and the students discuss the questions based on the text book.

In core activities, there are three parts of activities. The first is

exploration, here the researcher gives the stimulus to the students by

asking about tense especially about simple future tense, the teacher and

students discuss the material together (book: English text book about

tense), gives the students chance to communicate or presentation about

simple future tense, and asks the students to discuss again about simple

future tense. The second is elaboration, here the researcher gives the

students opportunity to read the material about simple future tense in front

of the class and facilitates the students by giving task based on the text

book individually. The third is confirmation, here the researcher providing

the opportunity for students to ask if there are difficulties in teaching

learning, giving confirmation about students difficulties, discussing the

result of discussion about simple future tense, and giving motivation.

The last activities in the class are end activities, here the researcher and the students doing reflection on the activities that have been done, and 69

the researcher delivering the lesson plan at the next meeting. The researcher gives home work to the students about simple future tense. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Chapter five is the last chapter of this thesis. After analyzed data obtained from the research, in the last chapter, the researcher will explain about conclusion and suggestion based on the research.

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the lyrics of Mariah Carey’s songs, the writer finds the

kinds of deixis and the dominant deixis. It can be seen from the fifth songs of

Mariah Carey enlisted in the table 4.6, it could represent the kinds of deixis

and the dominant deixis. The writer finds there are four kinds of deixis in the

lyrics of Mariah Careys songs. They are person deixis, place deixis, time

deixis, and discourse deixis. It is describe clearly in the chapter 4. The

dominant deixis is person deixis because its number is higher than others.

The meaning of deixis is the function of pointing or specifying from

the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a

communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in

which the communication occurs. Deixis means the study linguistics in the

text.

70 71

Analyzing deixis in the song is very interesting because the writers can

feel enjoy by listening the songs while doing analysis. The songs of Mariah

Carey contain a lot of moral value to give spirit in this life.

B. Suggestion

After finishing the study about analyzing deixis in the lyrics of Mariah

Careys songs, the writer hopes to the next researchers especially who takes the

similar research to do more completely. Those suggstion are presented in

following part.

1. For students

- The students have to improve their ability in English espencially

teaching grammar is basic in learning English.

- The students have motivation to learn English grammar and practice in

every activity in the class.

2. For English Teachers

The teacher or lecturers may give deeper understanding about deixis

in order to make students of English department are able to understand and

analyze the linguistics. It helps the students to increase their interest in

linguistics. English teachers in teaching grammar and followed by the

teacher to start using new technique in learning process and not monotone. 72

3. For other researchers

The researchers recommended that the other researchers will complete

researcher in the similar topic. Hopefully, with more researcher, the result

will be more useful to improve the English learning process.

4. For the readers

This study will make them develop their reading habit and help the

readers to learn, improve and appreciate to linguistics and also it makes the

readers get more vocabulary, the science and it can be good examples in

their life. 73

REFERENCES

Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2002. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Benjamin, John. 2009. Cognition and Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John BenjaminsPublishing Company.

Cutting, Joan. 2008. Pragmatic and Discourse. New York: Routledge.

Griffiths, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics.Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Horn, Gregory. 2006. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: BlackwellPublishing Ltd.

Hornby. 2000. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1995. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mey, Jacob L. 2009. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Denmark: University of Southern Denmark.

Roberts, Edgar V. 2003. Writing About Literature. New Jersey: Pearson Education. 74

Stake, Robert E. 2010. Qualitalive Research Studying How Things Work. New York: The Guilford.

Sugiyono. 2008. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif Sengan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Thomas, Jenny. 1995. An Introduction to Pragmatics. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Publishing.

Verschueren, Jef. 2009. Cognition and Pragmatics. Netherlands: John Benjamins B.V.

Yule, Jorge. 2003. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press: New York.

http://www.biography.com/people/mariah-carey-9542177 (accessed on March 29th, 2014, 01.18 p.m.)

http://www.metrolyrics.com/mariah-carey-overview.html (accessed on March 29th, 2014, 02.00 p.m.)

www.oxforddictionari.com (accessed on March 29th, 2014, 03.40 p.m.)

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_future.htm(accessed on March 29th, 2014, 01.02 p.m.)

LESSON PLAN Name of the school : Department English at UMP Subject : English Semester : VI Text type : Future Tense Skill : Grammar Time Allocation : 2 x 45 minutes (1 meeting)

A. Standard of Competence To understand future tense in the context daily life.

B. Basic Competence To analyze future tense in the deixis about something.

C. Indicators to achieve the competence: Students are able to:  Write the difficult words in English song.

 Mention the simple future tense in song.

 Explain the meaning of simple future tense in song.

Moral Value:

. Confidence (resolve and optimism).

. Task oriented (motivated, diligent, be determined).

. Take a risk (capable to lead)

. Future Orientation (has a future perspectives)

D. Learning Objectives  Students can write the difficult word in English song.  Students can mention the simple future tense in song.

 Students can explain the meaning of simple future tense in song.

E. Learning Materials: Questions for leading-in - Have you ever learnt about simple future tense? - Have you ever practiced about simple future tense? - How to teached about simple future tense use lyrics song?

Material The future tense indicates that an action is in the future relative to the speaker or writer. There are no inflected forms for the future in English (nothing like those -ed or -s endings in the other tenses). Instead, the future tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the verb:  She will leave soon.  We shall overcome. The future is also formed with the use of a form of "go" plus the infinitive of the verb:  He is going to faint. English can even use the present to suggest the future tense:  I am leaving later today." Note that the auxiliary will can be combined with "be" and a progressive form of the main verb to create a sense of the future that does not harbor any hint of insistence (which is possible with the auxiliary alone). For instance, if stress is placed on the word will in "When will you arrive?", the sentence can sound impatient, insistent. In "When will you be arriving?" there is less of that emotional overtone. The construction form of to be + infinitive is used to convey a sense of planning for the future, command, or contingency.  There is to be an investigation into the mayor's business affairs.  You are to be back on the base by midnight.  If he is to pass this exam, he'll have to study harder. To create a sense of imminent fulfillment, the word about can be combined with the infinitive.  He is about to die.

Formula of Simple Future Kind sentence Formula Example of Simple Future Tense Positive (+) S + will + bare infinitive You will win S + be(am/is/are)+ going + They are going to come infinitive Negative (-) S + will +not + bare You won’t win infinitive S + be(am/is/are) + not + They aren’t going to going + infinitive come Interogative Will + S + bare invinitive Will you win (?) Be(am/is/are) + S + going Are they going to come + infinitive?

F. Approach and method - Question and answers

G. Teaching and Learning Activities Initial Activities

. The teacher greetings to the students in the classroom, checking for

the presence of students (grades implanted disciplined, diligent)

. Linking material or the competencies that would be learned, based

on lesson plans and teaching materials. . Delivering grain character to be developed in addition to those

associated with the competency standard and basic competence,

connecting the lesson with the student’s knowledge.

. The students discuss the questions based on the text book.

Core Activities

Exploration

. The teacher gives the stimulus to the students by asking about tense,

especially about simple future tense.

. The teacher and the students discuss the material together

(Book:English text book about tense).

. The teacher gives the students chances to communicate or

presentation about simple future tense.

. The students are asked to discuss about simple future tense.

Elaboration

. The teacher gives the students chances to read the material about

simple future tense in front of the class.

. The teacher facilitate the students by giving the task based on text

book individually. Confirmation

. The teacher gives the students chances to ask about the material.

. The teacher gives confirmation about the question or difficulties that

are faced by the students.

. The teacher and the students discuss the result of their study about

simple future tense.

. The teacher gives the students motivation about simple future tense.

End Activities

. The students and the teacher do a reflection of the activities that have

been done.

. The teacher gives a homework to the students about simple future

tense.

. The teacher delivers the next lesson plan.

H. Learning Sources  http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/simple_future.httm  Reference books.  Teacher-made materials.  Lyirics of Mariah Carey songs. I. Scoring I. Indicator, Technique, Form, and Example.

No. Indicator Technique Form Example

1. Write the Written Test Answer the difficult words questions in English song and poetry.

2. Mention the Written Test Answer the Answer the simple future questions question based tense in song. on the song or poetry above!

3. Explain the Written Test means of simple Answer the future tense in questions song.

J. Evaluation LISTEN TO THIS SONG!

HERO

There's a hero If you look inside your heart You don't have to be afraid Of what you are

There's an answer If you reach into your soul And the sorrow that you know Will melt away

[Chorus]

And then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside Because you know you can survive

So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in you

It's a long road When you face the world alone No one reaches out a hand For you to hold You can find love If you search within yourself And the emptiness you felt Will disappear

[Chorus] Lord knows Dreams are hard to follow But don't let anyone Tear them away Hold on There will be tomorrow In time you'll find the way [Chorus] Answer the question based on the song above!

1. What are the difficult words that you can find in the song above?

2. Can you mention the simple future tense in the song? Explain it!

3. What kind of deixis that you find the song?

4. What is the meaning of the deixis that found?

5. What is the massage that the singer wants to say from the song?

Approved by Purworejo, Juni 2014 English Teacher Researcher

Zulia Chasanah, S.S, M. Pd Asri Ari Putri HERO

There's a hero If you look inside your heart You don't have to be afraid Of what you are

There's an answer If you reach into your soul And the sorrow that you know Will melt away

[Chorus]

And then a hero comes along With the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside Because you know you can survive

So when you feel like hope is gone Look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth That a hero lies in you

It's a long road When you face the world alone No one reaches out a hand For you to hold You can find love If you search within yourself And the emptiness you felt Will disappear

[Chorus] Lord knows Dreams are hard to follow But don't let anyone Tear them away Hold on There will be tomorrow In time you'll find the way [Chorus] (Taken from Music Box Album, 1993). "Hero" is a song that is sung by

American singer and songwriter, Mariah Carey. It was released on October

19, 1993 by Columbia Records as the second single from Carey's third studio album, Music Box (1993). Originally intended for Gloria Estefan, the song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanaseiff.

WHEN YOU BELIEVE

Many nights we've prayed With no proof anyone could hear In our hearts a hopeful song We barely understood Now we are not afraid Although we know there's much to fear We were moving mountains long Before we knew we could

[Chorus]

There can be miracles When you believe Though hope is frail It's hard to kill

Who knows what miracles You can achieve When you believe Somehow you will You will when you believe

In this time of fear When prayer so often proves in vain Hope seems like the summer birds Too swiftly flown away

Yet now I'm standing here My heart's so full, I can't explain Seeking faith and speaking words I never thought I'd say [Chorus]

They don't always happen when you ask And it's easy to give in to your fears But when you're blinded by your faith Can't see your way through the rain Honesty will reveal all When hope is very near

(Taken from #1’s Album, 1998). "When You Believe" is a song that is sung by American recording artists Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston. The song was written and composed by Stephen Schwartz for the

1998 DreamWorks animated feature The Prince of Egypt. A version of

"When You Believe" was produced as a single with additional music by writer-producer Babyface for the film's soundtrack album.

TROUGH THE RAIN

When you are caught in the rain With no were to run When you’re distraught And in pain, without anyone and you keep crying out to be saved, but nobody comes and you feel so far away

That you just can't find your way home you can get there alone it's okay what you say is

I can make it through the rain I can stand up once again On my own and I know That I’m strong enough to mend And every time I feel afraid I hold tighter to my faith And I live one more day And I make it through the rain And if you keep falling down Don’t you dare give in You will arise safe and sound So keep pressing on steadfastly And you’ll find what you need to prevail What you say is

[Chorus]

And when the wind blows As shadows grow close Don’t be afraid There’s nothing you can’t face And should they tell you You’ll never pull through Don’t hesitate Stand tall and say

[Chorus]

I can make it through the rain And stand up once again And I live one more day, and I I can make it through the rain Oh yes, you can You’re gonna make it through the rain.

(Taken from Charmbracelet Album, 2002). "Through the Rain" is a song that is sung by American singer and songwriter, Mariah Carey, taken from her ninth studio album, Charmbracelet (2002). It was written by Carey and Lionel Cole, and produced by the former and Jimmy Jam and Terry

Lewis. The song was released as the album's lead single on October 17, 2002. MAKE IT HAPPEN

Not more than three short years ago I was abandoned and alone Without a penny to my name So very young and so afraid No proper shoes upon my feet Sometimes I couldn't even eat I often cried myself to sleep But still I had to keep on going Never knowing if I could take it If I would make it through the night I held on to my faith I struggled and I prayed And now I've found my way

[Chorus]

If you believe in yourself enough And know what you want You're gonna make it happen Make it happen And if you get down on your knees at night And pray to the Lord He's gonna make it happen Make it happen

I know life can be so tough And you feel like giving up But you must be strong Baby just hold on You'll never find the answers If you throw your life away I used to feel the way you do Still I had to keep on going Never knowing if I could take it If I would make it through the night I held on to my faith I struggled and I prayed And now I've finally found my way

[Chorus]

I once was lost But now I'm found I got my feet on solid ground Thank you Lord If you believe Within your soul Just hold on tight And don't let go You can make it Make it happen

(Taken from Emotion Album, 1991). "Make It Happen" is a song that is sung by American singer and songwriter, Mariah Carey. Written and produced by Carey and C+C Music Factory's David Cole and Robert

Clivilles, it was released on April 4, 1992, by Columbia Records as the third single from her second studio album, Emotions(1991).

ANYTIME YOU NEED A FRIEND

If you’re lonely And need a friend And troubles seem like They never end Just remember to keep the faith And love will be there to light the way

[Chorus]

Anytime you need a friend I will be here You’ll never be alone again So don’t you fear Even if you’re miles away I’m by your side So don’t you ever be lonely Love will make it alright

When the shadows are closing in And your spirit diminishing Just remember you’re not alone And love will be there To guide you home [Chorus]

If you just believe in me I will love you endlessly Take my hand Take me into your heart I’ll be there forever baby I won’t let go I’ll never let go

Anytime you need a friend I will be here You’ll never be alone again So don’t you fear Even if you’re miles away I’m by your side So don’t you ever be lonely It’s alright It’s alright

(Taken from Music Box Album, 1993). "Anytime You Need a Friend" is a song that is sung by American singer and songwriter, Mariah Carey. The song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanaseiff, for her third studio album, Music Box (1993). It was released on May 31, 1994 through Columbia Records, as the fourth and final single from the album. The song draws influence from pop, R&B and gospel music genres. While the album focused heavily on pop oriented and radio friendly material, "Anytime

You Need a Friend" deviated from the formula, finishing as the only gospel- infused song on Music Box