Dissertation
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DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation Dadia National Park, Greece – an Integrated Study on Landscape, Biodiversity, Raptor Populations and Conservation Management angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor/in der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer.nat.) Verfasserin / Verfasser: Mag. rer. nat. Stefan SCHINDLER Matrikel-Nummer: 9504664 Dissertationsgebiet (lt. Zoologie Studienblatt): Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Konrad Fiedler Wien, am 18.5.2010 2 Dedications A graduate degree requires a commitment of time and energy that precludes the fulfillment of family obligations and normal social behavior. The degree that I earn with this dissertation is by no means an exception to this rule. For dealing with an often tired, cranky, forgetful and absent person, but also for the support that I received during the last six years (and before), I dedicate this dissertation especially: ♥ to my mother Luise Schindler, who encouraged me to dream and supported me for 35 years plus 9 months with all her strength, power, and love; ♥ to my deceased father Otto G. Schindler, who could not witness the final of this achievement, but influenced me heavily with his thirst for knowledge, encouraged me always for higher studies, and helped me also practically during parts of this thesis; ♥ to the habitants of Dadia National Park, who supported me with their friendliness and happiness, and transferred some long and exhausting field work sessions to the best years of my life. ♥ to my life partner Manuela Martins Cunha and to our baby Daniel, who will be born one of these days. I desire a birth without complications and more time in the future to enjoy both of you. Dadia National Park, Greece – an Integrated Study on Landscape, Biodiversity, Raptor Populations and Conservation Management Declaration ………….……..………………………………………………………………………………...7 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………......9 Zusammenfassung .……………………………………………………………………………………….11 Synopsis .…………..………………………………………………………………………………….…13 Part A – Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………17 CHAPTER A.1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 POIRAZIDIS K, KATI V, SCHINDLER S, KALIVAS D, TRIANTAKONSTANTIS D, GATZOGIANNIS ST (2010) Habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity. In: Catsadorakis G, Källander H (eds), The Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park, Greece: Biodiversity, Management and Conservation. WWF Greece, Athens. pp. 103- 114. CHAPTER A.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35 SCHINDLER S, POIRAZIDIS K, PAPAGEORGIOU AC, KALIVAS D, VON WEHRDEN H, KATI V (2010) Landscape approaches and GIS as a prerequisite for biodiversity management in a Mediterranean forest landscape. In: Andel J, Bicik I, Dostal P, Lipsky Z, Shahneshin SG (eds), Landscape modelling: geographical space, transformation and future scenarios, Urban and Landscape Perspectives Series, Vol. 8. Springer-Verlag. pp. 174-184. Part B – Landscape structure and its use as ecological indicator ..……………………49 CHAPTER B.1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51 SCHINDLER S, POIRAZIDIS K, WRBKA T (2008) Towards a core set of landscape metrics for biodiversity assessments: a case study from Dadia National Park, Greece. Ecological Indicators 8(5): 502-514. CHAPTER B.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….75 SCHINDLER S, KATI V, VON WEHRDEN H, WRBKA T, POIRAZIDIS K (2009) Landscape metrics as biodiversity indicators for plants, insects and vertebrates at multiple scales. In: Breuste J, Kozová M Finka M (eds) European Landscapes in Transformation: Challenges for Landscape Ecology and Management. European IALE Conference 2009 12-16 Jul 2009, Salzburg, Austria & Bratislava, Slovakia. pp. 228-231. CHAPTER B.3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….83 SCHINDLER S, VON WEHRDEN H, POIRAZIDIS K, WRBKA T, KATI V (under revision) Multiscale performance of landscape metrics as indicators of species richness of plants, insects and vertebrates. Ecological Indicators (IF 2008: 1.98). CHAPTER B.4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..103 KATI V, POIRAZIDIS K, DUFRÊNE M, HALLEY JM, KORAKIS G, SCHINDLER S, DIMOPOULOS P (2010) Toward the use of ecological heterogeneity to design reserve networks: a case study from Dadia National Park, Greece. Biodiversity and Conservation 19(6), 1585-1597. 5 Part C – Methodological developments for monitoring raptor populations and status and trends of the diverse raptor assemblage of Dadia NP ………………………….…119 CHAPTER C.1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..121 SCHINDLER S, VASILAKIS D, POIRAZIDIS K (2006) Error Assessment of a telemetry system for Eurasian Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the National Park of Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest, Greece. In: E Manolas (ed), Proceedings of the Ist International Congress on Sustainable Management and Development of Mountainous and Island areas, 2nd volume. 29th Sept – 1st Oct 2006, Naxos Island, Greece. University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece. pp. 305-314. CHAPTER C.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..139 POIRAZIDIS K, SCHINDLER S, RUIZ C, SCANDOLARA C (2009) Monitoring raptor populations – a proposed methodology using repeatable methods and GIS. Avocetta 33, in press. CHAPTER C.3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..157 POIRAZIDIS K, SCHINDLER S, KAKALIS E, RUIZ C, BAKALOUDIS D, SCANDOLARA C, EASTHAM C, HRISTOV H, CATSADORAKIS G (under revision) Population trends in the diverse raptor assemblage of Dadia National Park, Greece. Ardeola. CHAPTER C.4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..177 POIRAZIDIS K, SCHINDLER S, KAKALIS E, RUIZ C, BAKALOUDIS D, SCANDOLARA C, EASTHAM C, HRISTOV H, CATSADORAKIS G (2010) Diurnal birds of prey in Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park: Long-term population trends and habitat. In: Catsadorakis G, Källander H (eds), The Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park, Greece: Biodiversity, Management and Conservation. WWF Greece, Athens. pp. 151- 168. Part D – Conservation Managemen t ………………………………………………………….203 CHAPTER D.1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..205 POIRAZIDIS K, SCHINDLER S, KATI V, MARTINIS A, KALIVAS D, KASIMIADIS D, WRBKA T, PAPAGEORGIOU AC (2010) Conservation of biodiversity in managed forests: developing an adaptive decision support system. In: Li C, Lafortezza R, Chen J (eds), Landscape ecology and forest management: challenges and solutions in a changing globe. Higher Education Press – Springer. In press CHAPTER D.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..223 SCHINDLER S, CURADO N, NIKOLOV S, KRET E., CÁRCAMO B, POIRAZIDIS K, CATSADORAKIS G, KATI V (under revision) From research to implementation: nature conservation in the Eastern Rhodopes mountains (European Green Belt) Journal for Nature Conservation. References …………………………………………….………………………………………………….241 Appendices …………………………………………….………………………………………………….273 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………..……….299 Curriculum vitae ……………………………………………………………………………..……….305 Publication list ……………………………………………………………………………..……….311 6 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation has not been submitted to obtain a degree at any other university. With the exception of the assistance noted in the acknowledgments, this thesis is entirely my own work. I authorize the University of Vienna to lend this document, or reproductions of this document by photocopying or any other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of research. It is a condition of use of this dissertation that anyone who consults, must recognize that the copyright rests with the author and that no quotation from the dissertation and no information derived from it may be published unless the source is properly acknowledged. 7 Summary Global change is currently causing a strong decline of biodiversity and in the provision of essential ecosystem services. Assessments of status and trends of landscapes, biodiversity, and endangered species are needed and should be conducted in the framework of an integrated conservation management. This doctoral thesis is a cumulative work dealing with landscape, biodiversity, raptor populations, and conservation management of Dadia National Park (Dadia NP), a local hotspot of biodiversity in north-eastern Greece. In the twelve research articles that constitute this thesis, I investigated with my coauthors 1) habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity of Dadia NP, 2) landscape approaches and GIS applications for biodiversity management, 3) sets of landscape metrics for landscape structure analyses, 4) the multiscale performance of landscape metrics as biodiversity indicators for plants, insects and vertebrates, 5) the use of ecological heterogeneity to design reserve networks, 6) the performance of a telemetry system for Eurasian Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), 7) GIS-based methodologies for territory analyses of raptors, 8) habitat, status and population trends of the diurnal raptor populations of Dadia NP, 9) decision support systems for the conservation of biodiversity in managed forest, and 10) the evidence base of conservation management in Dadia NP and the Bulgarian part if the Eastern Rhodpes Mountains. It can be concluded for Dadia NP and similar Mediterranean reserves that landscape surveillance should be integrated into the ecological monitoring of key and indicator species to aid the evaluation of management effects on habitats and wildlife. Further and consistent ecological monitoring and research is crucial for establishing integrative biodiversity conservation and management. Conservation research is providing important