L-Groups and Bézout Domains
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14. Least Upper Bounds in Ordered Rings Recall the Definition of a Commutative Ring with 1 from Lecture 3
14. Least upper bounds in ordered rings Recall the definition of a commutative ring with 1 from lecture 3 (Definition 3.2 ). Definition 14.1. A commutative ring R with unity consists of the following data: a set R, • two maps + : R R R (“addition”), : R R R (“multiplication”), • × −→ · × −→ two special elements 0 R = 0 , 1R = 1 R, 0 = 1 such that • ∈ 6 (1) the addition + is commutative and associative (2) the multiplication is commutative and associative (3) distributive law holds:· a (b + c) = ( a b) + ( a c) for all a, b, c R. (4) 0 is an additive identity. · · · ∈ (5) 1 is a multiplicative identity (6) for all a R there exists an additive inverse ( a) R such that a + ( a) = 0. ∈ − ∈ − Example 14.2. The integers Z, the rationals Q, the reals R, and integers modulo n Zn are all commutative rings with 1. The set M2(R) of 2 2 matrices with the usual matrix addition and multiplication is a noncommutative ring with 1 (where× “1” is the identity matrix). The set 2 Z of even integers with the usual addition and multiplication is a commutative ring without 1. Next we introduce the notion of an integral domain. In fact we have seen integral domains in lecture 3, where they were called “commutative rings without zero divisors” (see Lemma 3.4 ). Definition 14.3. A commutative ring R (with 1) is an integral domain if a b = 0 = a = 0 or b = 0 · ⇒ for all a, b R. (This is equivalent to: a b = a c and a = 0 = b = c.) ∈ · · 6 ⇒ Example 14.4. -
Arxiv:1601.07660V1 [Math.AC] 28 Jan 2016 2].Tesemigroup the [26])
INTEGRAL DOMAINS WITH BOOLEAN t-CLASS SEMIGROUP S. KABBAJ AND A. MIMOUNI Abstract. The t-class semigroup of an integral domain is the semigroup of the isomorphy classes of the t-ideals with the operation induced by t- multiplication. This paper investigates integral domains with Boolean t-class semigroup with an emphasis on the GCD and stability conditions. The main results establish t-analogues for well-known results on Pr¨ufer domains and B´ezout domains of finite character. 1. Introduction All rings considered in this paper are integral domains (i.e., commutative with identity and without zero-divisors). The class semigroup of a domain R, denoted S(R), is the semigroup of nonzero fractional ideals modulo its subsemigroup of nonzero principal ideals [11, 41]. The t-class semigroup of R, denoted St(R), is the semigroup of fractional t-ideals modulo its subsemigroup of nonzero principal ideals, that is, the semigroup of the isomorphy classes of the t-ideals of R with the operation induced by ideal t-multiplication. Notice that St(R) is the t-analogue of S(R), as the class group Cl(R) is the t-analogue of the Picard group Pic(R). The following set-theoretic inclusions always hold: Pic(R) ⊆ Cl(R) ⊆ St(R) ⊆ S(R). Note that the first and third inclusions turn into equality for Pr¨ufer domains and the second does so for Krull domains. More details on these objects are provided in the next section. Divisibility properties of a domain R are often reflected in group or semigroup- theoretic properties of Cl(R) or S(R). -
Characterization of Pr¨Ufer-Like Monoids and Domains by Gcd
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRUFER-LIKE¨ MONOIDS AND DOMAINS BY GCD-THEORIES FRANZ HALTER-KOCH Abstract. We combine ideal-theoretic and divisor-theoretic methods to characterize various classes of Pr¨ufer-like monoids and domains by the gcd-properties of certain semi- groups of invertible ideals. 1. Introduction One of the main themes of multiplicative ideal theory during the last decades was the characterization and investigation of various classes of integral domains defined by the invertibility properties of certain classes of ideals. In this field, Pr¨uferdomains form the classical antetype, and there is a wealth of generalizations and variations of this concept in the literature. In this paper, we combine ideal-theoretic and divisor-theoretic methods to arrange some known characterizations of Pr¨ufer-like domains in a new way and to present several new ones. One of the basic ideas in our investigations is to address the gcd-properties of certain semigroups of invertible (integral) ideals and to combine this viewpoint with the concept of gcd-theories. Although the theory of integral domains is our main concern, the paper is written in the language of (commutative cancellative) monoids in order to point out the purely multiplicative character of the theory. The main results are the Theorems 3.4 and 3.5 and the subsequent theorems and corollaries. In Section 2 we gather the necessary results from the theory of monoid homomorphisms and ideal systems. 2. Monoids and homomorphisms Throughout this paper, by a monoid D we mean (deviating from the usual termi- nology) a commutative multiplicative semigroup with unit element 1 ∈ D and a zero element 0 ∈ D (satisfying 1x = x and 0x = 0 for all x ∈ D), and we always assume that D• = D \{0} is cancellative (that is, for all a, b ∈ D and c ∈ D•, if ac = bc, then a = b ). -
A Note on Embedding a Partially Ordered Ring in a Division Algebra William H
proceedings of the american mathematical society Volume 37, Number 1, January 1973 A NOTE ON EMBEDDING A PARTIALLY ORDERED RING IN A DIVISION ALGEBRA WILLIAM H. REYNOLDS Abstract. If H is a maximal cone of a ring A such that the subring generated by H is a commutative integral domain that satisfies a certain centrality condition in A, then there exist a maxi- mal cone H' in a division ring A' and an order preserving mono- morphism of A into A', where the subring of A' generated by H' is a subfield over which A' is algebraic. Hypotheses are strengthened so that the main theorems of the author's earlier paper hold for maximal cones. The terminology of the author's earlier paper [3] will be used. For a subsemiring H of a ring A, we write H—H for {x—y:x,y e H); this is the subring of A generated by H. We say that H is a u-hemiring of A if H is maximal in the class of all subsemirings of A that do not contain a given element u in the center of A. We call H left central if for every a e A and he H there exists h' e H with ah=h'a. Recall that H is a cone if Hn(—H)={0], and a maximal cone if H is not properly contained in another cone. First note that in [3, Theorem 1] the commutativity of the hemiring, established at the beginning of the proof, was only exploited near the end of the proof and was not used to simplify the earlier details. -
Algorithmic Semi-Algebraic Geometry and Topology – Recent Progress and Open Problems
Contemporary Mathematics Algorithmic Semi-algebraic Geometry and Topology – Recent Progress and Open Problems Saugata Basu Abstract. We give a survey of algorithms for computing topological invari- ants of semi-algebraic sets with special emphasis on the more recent devel- opments in designing algorithms for computing the Betti numbers of semi- algebraic sets. Aside from describing these results, we discuss briefly the back- ground as well as the importance of these problems, and also describe the main tools from algorithmic semi-algebraic geometry, as well as algebraic topology, which make these advances possible. We end with a list of open problems. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Semi-algebraic Geometry: Background 3 3. Recent Algorithmic Results 10 4. Algorithmic Preliminaries 12 5. Topological Preliminaries 22 6. Algorithms for Computing the First Few Betti Numbers 41 7. The Quadratic Case 53 8. Betti Numbers of Arrangements 66 9. Open Problems 69 Acknowledgment 71 References 71 1. Introduction This article has several goals. The primary goal is to provide the reader with a thorough survey of the current state of knowledge on efficient algorithms for computing topological invariants of semi-algebraic sets – and in particular their Key words and phrases. Semi-algebraic Sets, Betti Numbers, Arrangements, Algorithms, Complexity . The author was supported in part by NSF grant CCF-0634907. Part of this work was done while the author was visiting the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, Minneapolis. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 14P10, 14P25; Secondary 68W30 c 0000 (copyright holder) 1 2 SAUGATA BASU Betti numbers. At the same time we want to provide graduate students who intend to pursue research in the area of algorithmic semi-algebraic geometry, a primer on the main technical tools used in the recent developments in this area, so that they can start to use these themselves in their own work. -
Embedding Two Ordered Rings in One Ordered Ring. Part I1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector JOURNAL OF ALGEBRA 2, 341-364 (1966) Embedding Two Ordered Rings in One Ordered Ring. Part I1 J. R. ISBELL Department of Mathematics, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio Communicated by R. H. Bruck Received July 8, 1965 INTRODUCTION Two (totally) ordered rings will be called compatible if there exists an ordered ring in which both of them can be embedded. This paper concerns characterizations of the ordered rings compatible with a given ordered division ring K. Compatibility with K is equivalent to compatibility with the center of K; the proof of this depends heavily on Neumann’s theorem [S] that every ordered division ring is compatible with the real numbers. Moreover, only the subfield K, of real algebraic numbers in the center of K matters. For each Ks , the compatible ordered rings are characterized by a set of elementary conditions which can be expressed as polynomial identities in terms of ring and lattice operations. A finite set of identities, or even iden- tities in a finite number of variables, do not suffice, even in the commutative case. Explicit rules will be given for writing out identities which are necessary and sufficient for a commutative ordered ring E to be compatible with a given K (i.e., with K,). Probably the methods of this paper suffice for deriving corresponding rules for noncommutative E, but only the case K,, = Q is done here. If E is compatible with K,, , then E is embeddable in an ordered algebra over Ks and (obviously) E is compatible with the rational field Q. -
Ring (Mathematics) 1 Ring (Mathematics)
Ring (mathematics) 1 Ring (mathematics) In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with two binary operations usually called addition and multiplication, where the set is an abelian group under addition (called the additive group of the ring) and a monoid under multiplication such that multiplication distributes over addition.a[›] In other words the ring axioms require that addition is commutative, addition and multiplication are associative, multiplication distributes over addition, each element in the set has an additive inverse, and there exists an additive identity. One of the most common examples of a ring is the set of integers endowed with its natural operations of addition and multiplication. Certain variations of the definition of a ring are sometimes employed, and these are outlined later in the article. Polynomials, represented here by curves, form a ring under addition The branch of mathematics that studies rings is known and multiplication. as ring theory. Ring theorists study properties common to both familiar mathematical structures such as integers and polynomials, and to the many less well-known mathematical structures that also satisfy the axioms of ring theory. The ubiquity of rings makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.[1] Ring theory may be used to understand fundamental physical laws, such as those underlying special relativity and symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry. The concept of a ring first arose from attempts to prove Fermat's last theorem, starting with Richard Dedekind in the 1880s. After contributions from other fields, mainly number theory, the ring notion was generalized and firmly established during the 1920s by Emmy Noether and Wolfgang Krull.[2] Modern ring theory—a very active mathematical discipline—studies rings in their own right. -
The Hahn Embedding Theorem for a Class of Residuated Semigroups
Sandor´ Jenei The Hahn embedding theorem for a class of residuated semigroups ∗ Abstract. Hahn's embedding theorem asserts that linearly ordered abelian groups embed in some lexicographic product of real groups. Hahn's theorem is generalized to a class of residuated semigroups in this paper, namely, to odd involutive commutative residuated chains which possess only finitely many idempotent elements. To this end, the partial sublex product construction is introduced to construct new odd involutive commutative residuated lattices from a pair of odd involutive commutative residuated lattices, and a representation theorem for odd involutive commutative residuated chains which possess only finitely many idempotent elements, by means of linearly ordered abelian groups and the partial sublex product construction is presented. Keywords: Involutive residuated lattices, construction, representation, abelian groups, Hahn-type embedding 1. Introduction Hahn's celebrated embedding theorem states that every linearly ordered abelian group G can be embedded as an ordered subgroup into the Hahn !H product ×Ω R, where R is the additive group of real numbers (with its standard order), Ω is the set of archimedean equivalence classes of G (or- !H dered naturally by the dominance relation), ×Ω R is the set of all functions from Ω to R (alternatively the set of all vectors with real elements and with coordinates taken from Ω) which vanish outside a well-ordered set, endowed with a lexicographical order [13]. Briefly, every linearly ordered abelian group can be represented as a group of real-valued functions on a totally ordered set. By weakening the linearly ordered hypothesis, Conrad, Harvey, and Holland generalized Hahn's theorem for lattice-ordered abelian groups in [6] by showing that any abelian `-group can be represented as a group of real-valued functions on a partially ordered set. -
A LOCALIZATION of R[X]
Can. J. Math., Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, 1981, pp. 103-115 A LOCALIZATION OF R[x] JAMES A. HUCKABA AND IRA J. PAPICK 1. Introduction. Throughout this paper, R will be a commutative integral domain with identity and x an indeterminate. If / G R[x], let CR(J) denote the ideal of R generated by the coefficients of/. Define 1 SR = {/ G R[x]: cR(f) = R\ and UR = {/ G lî(s): ^(J)" = *}. For a,b £ R, write (a:6) = {r G R: rb G (a)}. When no confusion may result, we will write c(f),S, U, and (a:b). It follows that both 5 and U are multiplicatively closed sets in R[x] [7, Proposition 33.1], [17, Theorem F], and that R[x]s Q R[x]n. The ring R[x]s, denoted by R(x), has been the object of study of several authors (see for example [1], [2], [3], [12]). An especially inter esting paper concerning R(x) is that of Arnold's [3], where he, among other things, characterizes when R(x) is a Priifer domain. We shall make special use of his results in our work. In § 2 we determine conditions on the ring R so that R(x) = R[x]v. A complete characterization of this property is given for Noetherian domains in Proposition 2.2. In particular, we prove that if R is a Noe therian domain, then R(x) = R[x]v if and only if depth (R) ^ 1. Some sufficient conditions for R(x) = R[x]u are that R be treed (Proposition 2.5), or that SP (R) (see § 2 for définitions) be finite (Proposition 2.9). -
Unique Factorization Domains in Commutative Algebra.Pdf (366.6Kb)
Unique Factorization Domains in Commutative Algebra Yongjian Huang Advisor: Prof. Daniel Katz University of Kansas May 20, 2021 1 Introduction In this project, we learn about unique factorization domains in commutative algebra. Most importantly, we explore the relation between unique factorization domains and regular local rings, and prove the main theorem: If R is a regular local ring, so is a unique factorization domain. 2 Prime ideals Before learning the section about unique factorization domains, we first need to know about definition and theorems about prime ideals. Definition 2.1. In a commutative ring R, the ideal I is prime if ab 2 I implies a 2 I or b 2 I. Alternatively, I is prime if R=I is an integral domain. The following theorem tells us another way to define prime ideals. Theorem 2.1. Let S be a multiplicatively closed set in a ring R and let I be an ideal in R maximal with respect to the exclusion of S. Then I is prime. Proof. Given ab 2 I , we want to show a 2 I or b 2 I . We give a proof by contradiction, suppose a2 = I and b2 = I, then the ideal (I; a) generated by I and a is strictly larger than I. So the ideal (I; a) intersects S. Thus, there exists an element s 2 S of the form s1 = i1 + xa, where i1 2 I and x 2 R. Similarly, we have s2 = i2 + yb, where i2 2 I and y 2 R. s1 · s2 = (i1 + xa)(i2 + yb) = i1i2 + i1yb + i2xa + xyab Thus, s1s2 2 I. -
NOTES on UNIQUE FACTORIZATION DOMAINS Alfonso Gracia-Saz, MAT 347
Unique-factorization domains MAT 347 NOTES ON UNIQUE FACTORIZATION DOMAINS Alfonso Gracia-Saz, MAT 347 Note: These notes summarize the approach I will take to Chapter 8. You are welcome to read Chapter 8 in the book instead, which simply uses a different order, and goes in slightly different depth at different points. If you read the book, notice that I will skip any references to universal side divisors and Dedekind-Hasse norms. If you find any typos or mistakes, please let me know. These notes complement, but do not replace lectures. Last updated on January 21, 2016. Note 1. Through this paper, we will assume that all our rings are integral domains. R will always denote an integral domains, even if we don't say it each time. Motivation: We know that every integer number is the product of prime numbers in a unique way. Sort of. We just believed our kindergarden teacher when she told us, and we omitted the fact that it needed to be proven. We want to prove that this is true, that something similar is true in the ring of polynomials over a field. More generally, in which domains is this true? In which domains does this fail? 1 Unique-factorization domains In this section we want to define what it means that \every" element can be written as product of \primes" in a \unique" way (as we normally think of the integers), and we want to see some examples where this fails. It will take us a few definitions. Definition 2. Let a; b 2 R. -
Sums of Dilates in Ordered Groups
SUMS OF DILATES IN ORDERED GROUPS ALAIN PLAGNE AND SALVATORE TRINGALI Abstract. We address the “sums of dilates problem” by looking for non-trivial lower bounds on sumsets of the form k · X + l · X, where k and l are non-zero integers and X is a subset of a possibly non-abelian group G (written additively). In particular, we investigate the extension of some results so far known only for the integers to the context of torsion-free or linearly orderable groups, either abelian or not. 1. Introduction One of the main problems in additive combinatorics is to derive non-trivial bounds on the cardinality of Minkowski sumsets (usually called just sumsets), see [22, Chap- ter 1] for the basic terminology and notation. In this respect, the inequality: |X + Y |≥|X| + |Y | − 1, (1) where X and Y are non-empty subsets of the additive group of the integers, serves as a cornerstone and suggests at least two possible directions of research: (i) extending (1) to broader contexts, e.g. more general groups or possibly non- cancellative semigroups (abelian or not), see [30] and references therein; (ii) improving (1) for special pairs of sets (X,Y ). Having this in mind, let G be a fixed group, which needs not be abelian, but we write additively (unless a statement to the contrary is made). For X a subset of G and k an integer, we define k · X = {kx : x ∈ X}, ·k arXiv:1403.0934v3 [math.CO] 16 Feb 2015 and we call k · X a dilate of X (we use X in place of k · X when G is written multiplicatively).