Pearling Barley and Rye to Produce Phytosterol-Rich Fractions Anna-Maija Lampia,*, Robert A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pearling Barley and Rye to Produce Phytosterol-Rich Fractions Anna-Maija Lampia,*, Robert A Pearling Barley and Rye to Produce Phytosterol-Rich Fractions Anna-Maija Lampia,*, Robert A. Moreaub, Vieno Piironena, and Kevin B. Hicksb aDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland, and bUSDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, ABSTRACT: Because of the positive health effects of phyto- in the kernels and are more concentrated in the outer layers sterols, phytosterol-enriched foods and foods containing than in the starch-rich endosperm (6,7). During the milling of elevated levels of natural phytosterols are being developed. some grains, pearling is a traditional way of gradually remov- Phytosterol contents in cereals are moderate, whereas their lev- ing the hull, pericarp, and other outer layers of the kernels and els in the outer layers of the kernels are higher. The phytosterols germ as pearling fines to produce pearled grains. It is the most in cereals are currently underutilized; thus, there is a need to common technique used to fractionate barley (8). The abra- create or identify processing fractions that are enriched in sion of rye and barley to produce high-starch pearled grains phytosterols. In this study, pearling of hulless barley and rye was investigated as a potential process to make fractions with higher also has been used to improve fuel ethanol production (9,10). levels of phytosterols. The grains were pearled with a labora- There is a need to find new food uses for the pearling fines tory-scale pearler to produce pearling fines and pearled grains. and other possible low-starch by-products remaining after Lipids were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction, and separation of the high-starch pearled grain. The objective of nonpolar lipids were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC with this study was to evaluate pearling as a potential process to ELSD and UV detection. Total sterol analyses were performed make fractions with higher levels of cereal phytosterols. The by GC. After a 90-s pearling, the amounts of pearling fines from cereals studied were hulless barley and rye. hulless barley and rye were 14.6 and 20.1%, respectively, of the original kernel weights. During pearling, higher levels of phytosterols and other lipids were fractionated into the fines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The contents of free sterols and sterols esterified with FA in the The grains used for pearling were a new winter hulless barley fines were at least double those in the whole grains. Pearling fines of hulless barley and rye contained >2 mg/g phytosterol variety, Doyce, released in 2003 by the Virginia Polytechnic compounds, which makes them a good source of phytosterols Institute and State University and grown in Virginia. The rye and thus valuable raw materials for health-promoting foods. variety, Flesynt, was from the North Florida Research and Ed- Paper no. L9521 in Lipids 39, 783–787 (August 2004). ucation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Services, University of Florida (Quincy, FL). Rye grains were also hul- less. Both grains were harvested in the 2003 season, and the Phytosterols are being studied extensively because of their moisture content of the grains ranged between 11 and 14%. positive health effects. Research projects have focused on Grains were pearled with a laboratory-scale barley pearler their biological functions, safety, and chemical and physical (30 grit carborundum stone, no. 7 mesh screen; Seedburo properties, as well as on attempts to develop new phytosterol- Equipment Co., Chicago, IL). For each pearling experiment, enriched foods (1,2). As the result of a recent workshop on 50 g of grains were pearled, producing a fraction of pearling sterols and stanols with 26 leading researchers as participants fines and a mixture of broken kernels and pearled grains. (i.e., the Stresa Workshop), an extensive review was pub- The grains were first pearled sequentially to learn how phyto- lished on the effects of using phytosterols and stanols to con- sterols were localized in the kernels and to determine a relevant trol serum cholesterol and the safety of phytosterol and stanol time for the production of pearling fractions. Sequential pearling enrichments in foods (3). The authors concluded that daily consisted of five steps of 30 s each. After each pearling, fines consumption of 2 g of sterols or stanols decreases serum LDL were separated from the broken kernels by passing them cholesterol levels by approximately 10%. through an 18-mesh sieve and collected as the product. Pearled Cereals are considered to be a good source of dietary grains and broken kernels were combined and pearled again. To phytosterols. Although their levels in whole grains are mod- obtain enough material, each pearling sequence was repeated erate (0.4–1.2 mg/g) (4,5), the total amount of phytosterols is five times, and the five fractions of pearling fines were extracted significant because of the large amounts of cereals consumed. and analyzed separately. In the second experiment, the grains Phytosterols, like many other bioactive compounds (e.g., to- were pearled for 90 s. Pearling fines and pearled grains from copherols, tocotrienols, and folates), are unevenly distributed three separate pearlings were combined and subjected to further analysis. Each pearling experiment was performed in duplicate. *To whom correspondence should be addressed at Dept. of Applied Chem- istry and Microbiology, Latokartanonkaari 11, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 Uni- The grains and pearled grains were ground to 20 mesh in a versity of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: anna-maija.lampi@helsinki.fi Wiley mill (Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ) before lipid Copyright © 2004 by AOCS Press 783 Lipids, Vol. 39, no. 8 (2004) 784 A.-M. LAMPI ET AL. extraction. The pearling fines were extracted without addi- the study and were 1.8 min for sterols esterified with FA (St- tional grinding. Lipids were extracted using a Dionex ASE FA), 4.5 min for TAG, 9.2–10.6 min for FFA, 21.2 min for 200 accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) (Sunnyvale, CA) free stanols, 22.0 min for free sterols, and 26.6 min for sterols with 2.0-g sample sizes and 11-mL extraction vessels as esterified with ferulic acid (St-Fer). All three lipid extracts for reported earlier (11). In this study, the extraction mixture each sample were analyzed for nonpolar lipids. consisted of hexane and isopropanol (3:2, vol/vol) (12). The Total phytosterols of the grains and pearling fines were an- extracts were used for gravimetric measurements of lipid ex- alyzed by GC using FID after acid and alkaline hydrolysis (5). tracts and nonpolar lipid analyses by HPLC (13). The extracts Pearling fractions were also analyzed for moisture and ash were dried under nitrogen at ≤40°C and weighed for total ex- using AACC official methods AACC 44-15A and AACC tractable lipids. The extracts were redissolved in hexane for 08-01 (14), respectively. Nonpolar lipid and total phytosterol nonpolar lipid analysis and filtered through 0.2-µm polyvinyli- results are presented as means and SD derived from three sub- dene fluoride filters (Acrodisc LC 13; Pall Gelman Labora- samples, and moisture and ash are given as means derived tory, Ann Arbor, MI) when needed. Each grain sample was from two subsamples. extracted in triplicate. In each extraction batch, whole-grain rye flour (Hodgson Mill Inc., Effingham, IL) was included as RESULTS AND DISCUSSION an in-house reference sample to monitor the extraction proce- dure. Extraction efficacy was also verified by spiking the Evaluation of the lipid analysis method. Reproducibility of same flour with stigmasterol (95%; Sigma Chemical Co., St. the lipid extraction method was examined by analyzing non- Louis, MO) and calculating its recovery. polar lipids of whole-grain rye flour at least once in each ex- Nonpolar lipids were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC traction batch during the study (N = 23). The contents of with LiChrosorb DIOL (5 µm, 3 × 100 mm) columns TAG, St-FA, stanols, sterols, and St-Fer were 3.65 ± 0.18, (Chrompack, Raritan, NJ) using instruments and running 0.74 ± 0.03, 0.06 ± 0.01, 0.20 ± 0.01, and 0.06 ± 0.01 mg/g, conditions as presented by Moreau et al. (13) except that the respectively. Recovery of spiked stigmasterol from the flour gradient was slightly modified. The linear gradient elution was 98% (N = 6). Detector responses of the nonpolar lipid consisted of three steps followed by a 20-min stabilization pe- analysis remained stable; the contents of TAG, St-FA, and St- riod. In step 1 (0–8 min), the eluent consisted of 100% sol- Fer of corn fiber oil were 656 ± 22 mg/g (N = 29), 44.7 ± 2.9 vent A (hexane with 0.1% acetic acid); in step 2 (8–10 min), mg/g (N = 59), and 44.9 ± 2.0 mg/g (N = 59), respectively. the proportion of solvent B (hexane with 1% isopropanol) Sequential pearling. When hulless barley and rye were was increased to 25%; and in step 3 (10–40 min), the eluent pearled sequentially, the pearling fine yields were approxi- consisted of 75% solvent A and 25% solvent B. The flow rate mately 7 and 5%, respectively, from each 30-s pearling step. was 0.5 mL/min. All lipids were detected using ELSD (All- Barley grains contained free sterols and St-FA (Fig. 1). The tech-Varex Mark III; Alltech Assoc., Deerfield, IL) except for total amount of sterol compounds in the whole barley grains phytosterols esterified with ferulic acid, which were detected was 0.70 mg/g. The highest level, 2.8 mg/g, was obtained in using UV at 280 nm. An external standard method was used the fines from the first pearling step. The total sterol content of for quantification (13).
Recommended publications
  • Does Dietary Fiber Affect the Levels of Nutritional Components After Feed Formulation?
    fibers Article Does Dietary Fiber Affect the Levels of Nutritional Components after Feed Formulation? Seidu Adams 1 ID , Cornelius Tlotliso Sello 2, Gui-Xin Qin 1,3,4, Dongsheng Che 1,3,4,* and Rui Han 1,3,4 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (G.-X.Q.); [email protected] (R.H.) 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; [email protected] 3 Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130118, China 4 Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-4431-9554 Received: 12 January 2018; Accepted: 25 April 2018; Published: 7 May 2018 Abstract: Studies on dietary fiber and nutrient bioavailability have gained an increasing interest in both human and animal nutrition. Questions are increasingly being asked regarding the faith of nutrient components such as proteins, minerals, vitamins, and lipids after feed formulation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence with the perspective of fiber usage in feed formulation. The consumption of dietary fiber may affect the absorption of nutrients in different ways. The physicochemical factors of dietary fiber, such as fermentation, bulking ability, binding ability, viscosity and gel formation, water-holding capacity and solubility affect nutrient absorption. The dietary fiber intake influences the different methods in which nutrients are absorbed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heart Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber
    Conclusions. Heart disease continues to be one of the most factors for cardiovascular disease, including blood pressure, weight, widespread health problems in the United States. Fortunately, it is and glucose levels. Not all fibers provide the same cardiovascular ™ also among the most preventable health problems. To that end, benefits; however, and differences among the various types of fibers Expert Views Americans are encouraged to adopt heart-healthy habits, which should be appreciated when choosing a fiber supplement. Psyllium include a healthy diet and regular exercise.7 In addition to being an and oat fibers are the only fibers that have been recognized by the GI HealtH & Wellness | Issue four | february 2011 important part of a healthy diet, dietary fibers provide a number of FDA for their cholesterol-lowering and cardiovascular benefits, while cardiovascular benefits. The cholesterol-lowering benefits of certain other fibers such as calcium polycarbophil are indicated for their fibers (psyllium and oat fibers) as adjunct to a low-fat diet are well- laxation effects. An understanding of these differences should allow features: the heart health benefits of recognized and have been demonstrated in numerous well-controlled physicians and patients to tailor their choice of dietary fiber and fiber trials. Further, dietary fibers have beneficial effects on other key risk supplements to better meet their individual health goals. One dietary fiber CHD Prevalence february Is amerIcan Heart HealtH montH Cholesterol Lowering Benefits Heart
    [Show full text]
  • Saponins, Phytosterols
    Herbal Pharmacology Saponins, Phytosterols Class Abstract Saponins Mills&Bone p.44-47, p.67, Ginseng monograph (p.635) Rajput, Zahid Iqbal, et al. "Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses." Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 8.3 (2007): 153-161. Rao, A. V., and M. K. Sung. "Saponins as anticarcinogens." The Journal of nutrition 125.3 Suppl (1995): 717S-724S. Francis, George, et al. "The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review." British journal of nutrition 88.06 (2002): 587-605. glycyrrhizin dioscin KEY POINTS: Glycosides, steroidal or triterpenoid. Soap-like with sugar moiety being hydrophilic. Act both whole and as aglycones. Interact with hormone (corticosteroid / sex) systems. Increase hepatic cholesterol synthesis and excretion. Interact with immune system. Often toxic by injection Extraction: Water is often excellent. Forms foam. Areas of action: Gut, lymphoid tissue, liver, pituitary, kidney/adrenals. Pharmacokinetics: Micelle formation, various degrees of de-glycosylation in small intestine, though some absorbed whole. Rapid plasma entry (90 min), clearances often longer (8-12h half-lives), perhaps due to enterohepatic recycling. Excreted in bile, some kidney. Representative species: Glycyrrhiza, Panax, Actaea, Saponaria Phytosterols: Mills&Bone Saw Palmetto monograph, pp. 805-810 Demonty, Isabelle, et al. "Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol– lowering effect of phytosterol intake." The Journal of nutrition 139.2 (2009): 271-284. Phillips, Katherine M., David M. Ruggio, and Mehdi Ashraf-Khorassani. "Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 53.24 (2005): 9436-9445. Ostlund, Richard E., Susan B. Racette, and William F.
    [Show full text]
  • Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of 5-2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons, and the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons Ash, Mark McKinley, "Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils" (2010). Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses. 17. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils by Mark McKinley Ash A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Nutrition Under the Supervision of Professor Timothy P. Carr Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Adviser: Timothy P. Carr Naturally occurring compounds and lifestyle modifications as combination and mono- therapy are increasingly used for dyslipidemia. Specficially, phytosterols and fatty acids have demonstrated an ability to modulate cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in different fashions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mypyramid Food Groups
    Know how. Know now. Learn at Home: Nutrition Lessons for Healthy Living MyPyramid Food Groups By choosing to complete this mail lesson, you have taken the first step in learning more about the im- portance of nutrition and its relationship to good health. MyPyramid shows us what and how much we need to eat. It also shows us we need to be physically active. To complete this lesson: • Carefully read this lesson. It should take about 15-20 minutes to complete. • Answer the questions included with this lesson. • When you are finished, place the questions in the prepaid envelope and place the envelope in the mail. MyPyramid Food Groups – Orange is for the Grain group MyPyramid shows the impor- – Green is for the Vegetable group tance of making good food choices – Red is for the Fruit group from each of the five food groups every day. It also shows the impor- – Yellow is for Oils tance of being physically active most days of the week and making changes – Blue is for the Dairy group “one step at a time.” This mail lesson – Purple is for the Protein Foods group will discuss: • The MyPyramid symbol How Much Do You Need Every Day? • How much do you need every day? Calorie Level 2,000* • MyPyramid food groups Grain Group 6 ounces • Where do other foods fit? Vegetable Group 2 ½ cups MyPyramid Symbol Fruit Group 2 cups • The MyPyramid symbol shows six color bands Dairy Group 3 cups that run from the bottom of the pyramid to the Protein Foods Group 5 ½ ounces top.
    [Show full text]
  • Peak Week Recommendations for Bodybuilders: an Evidence Based Approach Guillermo Escalante1, Scott W
    Escalante et al. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation (2021) 13:68 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y REVIEW Open Access Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: an evidence based approach Guillermo Escalante1, Scott W. Stevenson2, Christopher Barakat3,4, Alan A. Aragon5 and Brad J. Schoenfeld6* Abstract Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry, “conditioning” (low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in bodybuilding requires that competitors achieve their peak physique during the day of competition. To this end, competitors have been reported to employ various peaking interventions during the final days leading to competition. Commonly reported peaking strategies include altering exercise and nutritional regimens, including manipulation of macronutrient, water, and electrolyte intake, as well as consumption of various dietary supplements. The primary goals for these interventions are to maximize muscle glycogen content, minimize subcutaneous water, and reduce the risk abdominal bloating to bring about a more aesthetically pleasing physique. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the commonly reported practices employed by bodybuilders during peak week. Hence, the purpose of this article is to critically review the current literature as to the scientific support for pre-contest peaking protocols most commonly employed by bodybuilders and provide evidence-based recommendations as safe and effective strategies on the topic. Keywords: Bodybuilding, Competition, Contest, Peaking Background muscle glycogen content as a means to enhance muscle Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combin- “fullness” (i.e. volume), (2) minimizing subcutaneous ation of muscle size, symmetry, “conditioning” (low body water (in an effort to look “dry” as opposed to “watery,” fat levels), and stage presentation are judged.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYTOSTEROLS, PHYTOSTANOLS and THEIR ESTERS Chemical and Technical Assessment
    PHYTOSTEROLS, PHYTOSTANOLS AND THEIR ESTERS Chemical and Technical Assessment 1 Prepared by Richard Cantrill, Ph.D., reviewed by Yoko Kawamura, Ph.D., for the 69th JECFA 1. Summary Phytosterols and phytostanols, also referred to as plant sterols and stanols, are common plant and vegetable constituents and are therefore normal constituents of the human diet. They are structurally related to cholesterol, but differ from cholesterol in the structure of the side chain. Commercially, phytosterols are isolated from vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, rapeseed (canola) oil, sunflower oil or corn oil, or from so-called "tall oil", a by-product of the manufacture of wood pulp. These sterols can be hydrogenated to obtain phytostanols. Both phytosterols- and stanols, which are high melting powders, can be esterified with fatty acids of vegetable (oil) origin. The resulting esters are liquid or semi-liquid materials, having comparable chemical and physical properties to edible fats and oils, enabling supplementation of various processed foods with phytosterol- and phytostanol esters. The most common phytosterols and phytostanols are sitosterol (3β-stigmast-5-en-3ol; CAS Number 83- 46-5), sitostanol (3β,5α-stigmastan-3-ol; CAS Number 83-45-4), campesterol (3β-ergost-5-en-3-ol; CAS Number 474-62-4), campestanol (3β,5α-ergostan-3-ol; CAS Number 474-60-2), stigmasterol (3β- stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol; CAS Number 83-48-7) and brassicasterol (3β-ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol; CAS Number 474-67-9). Each commercial source has its own typical composition. Dietary intake of phytosterols ranges from 150-400 mg /day in a typical western diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Determination of Phytosterols in Beer. Maria Olegovna Rapota1*, and Mikhail Nikolayevich Eliseev2. 1Graduate Student, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia. 2Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia. ABSTRACT Extraction of phytosterols as lipid substances from various plant sources, including corn, is a subject of many foreign publications. However, studies that identify the behavior and influence of phytosterols in the beer making process were not found in the literature. Phytosterols present in cereals as free sterols, fatty acid esters and phenolic acids, glycosides and acylated glycosides. The study showed that phytosterols’ content is entirely dependent on the raw material used. The more a malt part in the grain, the higher is phytosterol content. Phytosterol content accumulates in beer due to the extraction of raw materials from unmalted grain products, malt and hops. Keywords: Phytosterols; raw materials for beer production; beta-sitosterol; campesterol; stigmasterol. *Corresponding author September – October 2016 RJPBCS 7(5) Page No. 328 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION Phytosterols are plant-derived sterols extracted from the non-saponifiable fraction of plant lipids. Over 200 natural phytosterols have been identified, stigmasterol, brassicasterol and beta-sitosterol being the most common ones. Their melting points
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Phytosterols Present in Natural Food Matrices on Cholesterol Metabolism and LDL-Cholesterol: a Controlled Feeding Trial
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 1481–1487 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/10 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE The effects of phytosterols present in natural food matrices on cholesterol metabolism and LDL-cholesterol: a controlled feeding trial X Lin1, SB Racette2,1, M Lefevre3,5, CA Spearie4, M Most3,6,LMa1 and RE Ostlund Jr1 1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; 2Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; 3Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and 4Center for Applied Research Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA Background/Objectives: Extrinsic phytosterols supplemented to the diet reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption and plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. However, little is known about their effects on cholesterol metabolism when given in native, unpurified form and in amounts achievable in the diet. The objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that intrinsic phytosterols present in unmodified foods alter whole-body cholesterol metabolism. Subjects/Methods: In all, 20 out of 24 subjects completed a randomized, crossover feeding trial wherein all meals were provided by a metabolic kitchen. Each subject consumed two diets for 4 weeks each. The diets differed in phytosterol content (phytosterol-poor diet, 126 mg phytosterols/2000 kcal; phytosterol-abundant diet, 449 mg phytosterols/2000 kcal), but were otherwise matched for nutrient content. Cholesterol absorption and excretion were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after oral administration of stable isotopic tracers.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/168736 A9 16 October 2014 (16.10.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) CORRECTED VERSION (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/168736 A9 16 October 2014 (16.10.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agents: BERMAN, Richard J. et al; ARENT FOX, LLP, A61P 19/04 (2006.01) A61K 31/26 (2006.01) 1717 K Street, N.W., Washington, District of Columbia A61K 31/095 (2006.01) 20036-5342 (US). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/US20 14/029976 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (22) Date: International Filing BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, 15 March 2014 (15.03.2014) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (25) Filing Language: English HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (26) Publication Language: English MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (30) Priority Data: OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, 61/794,417 15 March 2013 (15.03.2013) US SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (71) Applicant: NUTRAMAX LABORATORIES, INC. ZW. [US/US]; 2208 Lakeside Boulevard, Edgewood, Maryland 21040 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • By-Products from Plant Foods Are Sources of Dietary Fibre and Antioxidants
    4 By-Products from Plant Foods are Sources of Dietary Fibre and Antioxidants Isabel Goñi and Deisy Hervert-Hernández Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 1. Introduction Fruit and vegetables have been recognized as important sources for a wide array of non digestible components and phytochemicals that individually, or in combination, may act synergistically to contribute to the nutritional and health benefits of these food commodities. World Health Organization (WHO) and worldwide health authorities such as United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) promote a high consumption and variety of fruit and vegetables. In addition, the source of fibre in a healthy dietary pattern such as Mediterranean Diet has been described as an important qualitative difference on health. Fruit and vegetable related dietary fibre transports a significant amount of polyphenols and carotenoids linked to the fibre matrix through the human gut. Despite these effects and recommendations, the intake of plant foods remains low and, consequently, both dietary fibre and antioxidant compounds are usually deficient in most diets around the world. On the other hand, the food industry processing plant foods produces large amounts of waste and residues (leaves, stems, wastewaters, etc.) that are good sources of dietary fibre and phytochemicals. Several of them contain more dietary fibre than their respective edible portion. A variety of plant food byproducts are rich in fibre and polyphenolic compounds meeting the criteria of antioxidant dietary fibre. A broad spectrum of these will be summarized in the present work. In this chapter information on nutritional and phytochemical composition will be also included. Special attention nutritional claims criteria with reference to European Regulation has been given to quality ingredients for functional foods and/or dietary supplements.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel WRKY Transcription Factor Hmowrky40 Associated with Betalain Biosynthesis in Pitaya (Hylocereus Monacanthus) Through Regulating Hmocyp76ad1
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article A Novel WRKY Transcription Factor HmoWRKY40 Associated with Betalain Biosynthesis in Pitaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) through Regulating HmoCYP76AD1 Lulu Zhang †, Canbin Chen †, Fangfang Xie, Qingzhu Hua, Zhike Zhang , Rong Zhang, Jianye Chen , Jietang Zhao , Guibing Hu and Yonghua Qin * State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agrobioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (F.X.); [email protected] (Q.H.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (G.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-020-85287296 † These authors contribute equally to this work. Abstract: Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments with multiple bioactivities. Pitaya is the only large-scale commercially grown fruit containing abundant betalains for consumers. How- ever, the upstream regulators in betalain biosynthesis are still not clear. In this study, HmoWRKY40, a novel WRKY transcription factor, was obtained from the transcriptome data of pitaya (Hylo- Citation: Zhang, L.; Chen, C.; Xie, F.; cereus monacanthus). HmoWRKY40 is a member of the Group IIa WRKY family, containing a con- Hua, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, R.; Chen, served WRKY motif, and it is located in the nucleus. The betalain contents and expression levels of J.; Zhao, J.; Hu, G.; Qin, Y.
    [Show full text]