Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide1
Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide1 Andrew V. Papachristos University of Massachusetts, Amherst Most sociological theories consider murder an outcome of the dif- ferential distribution of individual, neighborhood, or social char- acteristics. And while such studies explain variation in aggregate homicide rates, they do not explain the social order of murder, that is, who kills whom, when, where, and for what reason. This article argues that gang murder is best understood not by searching for its individual determinants but by examining the social networks of action and reaction that create it. In short, the social structure of gang murder is defined by the manner in which social networks are constructed and by people’s placement in them. The author uses a network approach and incident-level homicide records to recreate and analyze the structure of gang murders in Chicago. Findings demonstrate that individual murders between gangs create an in- stitutionalized network of group conflict, net of any individual’s participation or motive. Within this network, murders spread through an epidemic-like process of social contagion as gangs eval- uate the highly visible actions of others in their local networks and negotiate dominance considerations that arise during violent incidents. INTRODUCTION Most sociological theories of murder seek general “laws” or social “causes” and rely heavily on heterogeneity or stratification as the main correlates 1 Of the many people who provided feedback on this project, I would like to especially thank Mark Mizruchi, Tracey Meares, Jeff Fagan, Richard Taub, James Short, Damon Phillips, Ron Burt, John Padgett, Edward Laumann, Robert Sampson, Jason Beckfield, David Kirk, Andrea Leverentz, Don Tomaskovic-Devey, Emily Erikson, and the AJS reviewers for their extensive comments.
[Show full text]