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Mechanisms of Dopaminergic, Histaminergic, and Glutamatergic Neuromodulation Within the Medial Entorhinal Cortex Nicholas Ian Cilz

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Mechanisms of Dopaminergic, Histaminergic, and Glutamatergic Neuromodulation Within the Medial Entorhinal Cortex Nicholas Ian Cilz University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Mechanisms Of Dopaminergic, Histaminergic, And Glutamatergic Neuromodulation Within The Medial Entorhinal Cortex Nicholas Ian Cilz Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Cilz, Nicholas Ian, "Mechanisms Of Dopaminergic, Histaminergic, And Glutamatergic Neuromodulation Within The eM dial Entorhinal Cortex" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2188. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2188 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MECHANISMS OF DOPAMINERGIC, HISTAMINERGIC, AND GLUTAMATERGIC NEUROMODULATION WITHIN THE MEDIAL ENTORHINAL CORTEX by Nicholas Ian Cilz Bachelor of Science, North Dakota State University (Fargo), 2010 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2017 Copyright 2017 Nicholas Ian Cilz ii PERMISSION Title: Mechanisms of Dopaminergic, Histaminergic, and Glutamatergic Neuromodulation Within the Medial Entorhinal Cortex Department: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics Degree: Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work, or in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Nicholas Ian Cilz August, 2017 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Preface............................................................................................. 1 Memory Systems Reside in the Medial Temporal Lobe ................ 2 Lesions to the MTL Impair Learning and Memory ............ 2 Early Structural and Functional Investigations Aimed at Understanding MTL Parahippocampal- Entorhinal-Hippocampal Regions ....................................... 3 Connectivity of the Rodent Parahippocampal-Entorhinal- Hippocampal System .......................................................... 5 The Medial Entorhinal Cortex ........................................................ 7 Structural Overview of the MEC ........................................ 7 Principal Cells of Layer I ........................................ 8 Principal Cells of Layer II ....................................... 8 Principal Cells of Layer III ................................... 10 Layer IV ................................................................ 12 Principal Cells of Layer V .................................... 12 Principal Cells of Layer VI ................................... 12 v GABAergic Interneurons of MEC ........................ 13 MEC Connectivity with the Hippocampus and Connectivity within MEC ................................................. 15 Connections Between MEC and Hippocampus .... 15 Connections Within the MEC ............................... 18 Specialized Features of Neurons within the MEC ............ 21 The MEC and Learning and Memory ............................... 22 Pathological Conditions Related to the EC ....................... 24 Alzheimer’s Disease ............................................. 25 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ....................................... 29 Depression and Anxiety ........................................ 32 Neuromodulation .......................................................................... 35 General Overview ............................................................. 35 Dissertation Research Objective ................................................... 37 II. METHODS ............................................................................................... 39 Acute Slice Preparation................................................................. 39 Organotypic Slice Preparation ...................................................... 40 Electrophysiological Recordings .................................................. 40 Recordings of GABAA Receptor-Mediated sIPSCs, mIPSCs, and eIPSCs ....................................................... 41 Recordings of Resting Membrane Potentials, Action Potentials, Holding Currents, and Current-Voltage Relationships from Layer III MEC Interneurons .......................... 43 Recordings of APs, RMPs, HCs, and I-Vs from Principal Neurons of the MEC ..................................................................... 44 vi Western Blot ................................................................................. 46 Immunohistochemistry ................................................................. 47 Knock-Down of TRPC4 and TRPC5 ............................................ 48 Biolistic Transfection of Organotypic Slice Cultures ................... 48 Data Analysis ................................................................................ 49 Chemicals ...................................................................................... 49 III. RESULTS ................................................................................................. 51 Study 1 – Dopaminergic Modulation of MEC GABAergic Transmission ................................................................................. 51 Introduction ....................................................................... 51 DA Increases the Frequency Not the Amplitude of sIPSCs Recorded from Entorhinal Neurons Via Activation of α1 Adrenergic Receptors ............................ 53 Endogenously Released DA Also Increases sIPSC Frequency Via Activation of α1 Receptors....................... 59 DA Enhances the Frequency of mIPSCs, But Slightly Reduces the Amplitude of eIPSCs .................................... 61 DA Depolarizes GABAergic Interneurons in the EC ....... 66 Ionic Mechanisms Underlying DA-Induced Depolarization of Interneurons ......................................... 71 IV. RESULTS ................................................................................................. 77 Study 2 - Histaminergic Modulation of MEC GABAergic Transmission ................................................................................. 77 Introduction ....................................................................... 77 HA Increases the Frequency without Significant Effects on the Amplitude of sIPSCs Recorded from Principal Neurons in the MEC ......................................................... 80 vii HA Increases Spontaneous GABAergic Transmission by Facilitating Presynaptic GABA Release ...................... 82 HA Increases the Excitability of Local Interneurons in the MEC ........................................................................ 85 Both H1 and H2 Receptors are Involved in HA-Induced Enhancement of Spontaneous GABAergic Transmission ................................................. 88 Partial Involvement of a Na+-Permeable Cation Channel in HA-Induced Depolarization of Interneurons .................................................................. 97 HA Inhibits Kirs and IK in MEC Interneurons ................ 101 Extracellular Cs+ Reduces HA-Induced Depolarization and Prevents HA-Elicited Increases in sIPSCs Independent of Changes to Ih ......................................... 105 V. RESULTS ............................................................................................... 108 Study 3 - Group I mGluR Modulation within the Entorhinal Cortex ........................................................................ 108 Introduction ..................................................................... 108 Study 3 Rationale ............................................................ 111 Activation of Group I mGluRs Increases the Excitability of MEC Principal Neurons and Requires Both mGluR1 and mGluR5 ............................................ 112 DHPG Induces Subthreshold Changes in Principal Cell Excitability ............................................... 115 Potential Signaling Mechanisms Underlying DHPG- Induced Changes in Subthreshold Excitability ............... 116 DHPG-Induced Changes in Subthreshold Excitability Involve Activation of a Non-Selective Cationic Current .............................................................. 119
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