An Inquiry Into an Unbuilt Monument: the Mausoleum for the Kings of the Italy of Alessandro Antonelli

An inquiry into an unbuilt monument: the mausoleum for the kings of the Italy of Alessandro Antonelli

G. Pistone Dipartimento di lngegneria Strutturale - Po/itecnico di Torino - ltaly

L. Re Dipartimento di Casa-Città - Po/itecnico di Torino - ltaly

ASSTRACT: The study presented herein addresses an unusual theme: would it be possible to design a building of gigantic proportions, conceived by a great architect-engineer of the 19th century - Alessandro Antonelli - in keeping with the views and the specific techniques adopted by the author. The building in question is the temple-mausoleum for the Kings ofltaly, imagined by Alessandro Antonelli, ofwhich ali we have is a few tables with sketches. In this paper, the significant signs taken into account for purposes of formal simplification are illustrateel, and the hypothetical results are correlated to the respective stylistic references of Antonelli's life size projects. Sased on the foregoing, the concept of "consistency model" is formulateel, to serve as a possible "validation" tool for architecturallhistorical virtual models. The first part is followed by a study ofthe structural check performed on the reconstruction hypothesis of the mausoleum for the King of Italy.

THE CULTURAL GENESIS OF THE PLAN height, could be the introduction to the second; but at the same time it cannot be excluded that it refers to "It was in fact in these last years (afier 1880, - ) another topic". that he went ahead with his unyielding intelligence (Franco Rosso, Alessandro Antonelli 1798- 1888, touching on and carrying out new and bold ideaIs; Milan 1989, page 121), (Rosso, F. 1989). but there were two projects in particular that he dedi Even though the criticaI classification of these cated his thoughts to, one was the façade ofthe Milan designs can go no further (as the chronological dis Cathedral and the other the mausoleum-temple dedi cordance between the national competition on the cated to the Kings of Italy, which was to be erected theme and the testimony of Caselli make the obser in Rome either on Monte Mario or on Monte Cavi vation by Rosso legitimate - op cit., page 232-, this on the site of the ancient temple dedicated to Giove being supported by the date of 1887- 1888 affixed by Laziale. Sut death, which he encountered while still Costanzo Antonelli on the only table to be completeel, standing in the breach, in spite of his being ninety which deals not ofthe monument dedicated to Vittorio years olel, also interrupted the thread of thought of Emanuele 11 , but "ifanything, perhaps, ofa project that these two projects, even though ofthe latter and most wanted to be a piece of criticism"), these records of grandiose there still remains the plans and the sketched an "interrupted architecture", in which Antonelli pro altimetry which he had outlined and completed" (Cres ceeds in his faith in the rationalistic assumptions of art centino Caselli, AlessandroAntonelli, Architect - bom in unusual opposition to the trends of that time, se em Ghemme 14 July 1798, died 18 October 1888, in "The to stimulate some hypotheses on those developments, Civil Engineer and Industrial Art", 1888 , page 160 that do not occur. sgg.), (Caselli, C. 1884), (Caselli, C. 1889). This was surely due to the advanced age of the "There are basically two hypothesis that can be pro architect, but perhaps also to the set of circumstances posed for the six drawings that remain (one of which that we know nothing about, Ihat led to the work had already been put in fair copy): one in the form of being uncompleted. On the other hanel, il is not pos a Greek cross with wings extended to various degrees, sible to identify the topic of the mausoleum-temple covered by a gigantic circular dome with a very ogival dedicated to the Kings of Italy in the programme of arch ( .... ); the other is a circular plan with deep radial the monument dedicated to Vittorio Emanuele II and apsidal chapels. The first proposal, also developed in the Unity of Italy, already achieved in 1885 at the

121 beginning ofthe works on the Vittoriano, on the project by Sacconi. The hypothesis of a specifically created mausoleum-temple was plausible, in consideration of the limits of capacity of the Pantheon where Vittorio Emanuele II had been buried, and which would have celebrated - apart from the foundation of the reign of Italy - the destiny of the dynasty (as had occurred for the Kings of Sardinia for almost two centuries with the Superga Basilica). However, it is also pos sible to object to the opportuneness of reaffirming the Piedmont supremacy, creating a symbolic building constituted ofthe extraordinary emphasised synthesis of the old and new buildings that symbolised Turin and Novara. TheAntonelli approach to the theme was also in irreconcilable contrast with the eclectic tendencies of Italian culture at that time (those that produced the Palazzaccio and the Vittoriano, but also the concepts ofD'Aronco and Basile); at least as far as his project for the ltalian Houses ofParliament in Turin (1861) is concerned - an austere and rational project, functional and exemplarily economic in costs and in the use of spaces - another which was constructed was preferred with the stylistic imitations of Guarini buildings and the emphatic juxtaposition of a complex stylistic elab oration in memory of the French Renaissance and of constituent inventions. On the other hand, in an era of diffused eclectic typological-stylistic research, as those years were, the rigorous faith of Antonelli in Enlightenrnent rationalism, in the arrangement com position according to Durand's trend, going beyond the courage and innovation of the construction and of the walled structures, programmatically leaving orna Figure l. Section of the Mausoleum by Antonelli. mentation to the refined and exclusive elaboration of the classical syntax (the only language of the "mod ern" architect, who does not give in to the allurement half raised and half in prospective sections, in a scale of historicism, of exoticism, of variously mixed ver of 1:400 (Fig. I), which outline a temple in the form nacularism) was exactly the opposite of the linguistic of a Greek cross covered by an immense ogiva I dome orientations of that time. The weary incomprehension with a double calotte closed by the lantern, of an over of the works of Antonelli by the critics of architecture, ali height of about 225 metres (the lower leveI would such as Camillo Boito, and also the majority ofltalian have measured 23.60 metres, the internai beam ofthe historiographers, who, of ali his works only mention ogive would have been 51 .20 - eleven metres more the Mole and describe it as either gothic or metal than the Pantheon - and the double closing lantern lic, was no different fIom that ofthe more competent would have developed from a levei more or less in cor experts, such as Tatti and Clericetti, who advised pre respondence to the height of the Mole, which would cautionary demolishing lhe pavilion of the Mole to therefore have been able to be completely contained substitute it with a light metallic neo-Moorish trel within the internai space - Fig. 2). These drawings lis; and analogous considerations can be made for the prevail to show, amongst others, in that they are con subsequent reinforced concrete consolidations for the nected to the exhaustive definition of the project idea Mole and for the Dome in Novara: "It is not the Dome (the other drawings are made up of a water-colour pen that needs to be reinforced - but rather the spirit of drawing of lhe considered plan and of a smaller ver those who are afraid ofthat courage". sion, of another plant articulated in Latin crosses - Among the six drawings for the presumed theme of of a more specifically ecclesiastical type-, of a cen the mausoleum-temple that are kept in the Antonelli tral plane on which a complex articulation of eight Archives in The Gallery of Modern Art at the Turin absidal chapel wings are imposed, of another different Civic Museum (department S48, cupboard 6, shelf and even bigger plan where a wide exedra symmetri 2, fi le A, - 5739-5739), two studies in pencil can be cal to the temple and surrounded by other monumental found, respectively for the horizontal sections and the buildings can be recognised.

122 Figure 3. Virtual representation ofthe Mausoleum.

and more experimented than that of the relationship between the ogive and conical towers of the Novara dome and ofthe square planned double pavilion ofthe Mole). Ali these indications are in nuce and unequivo cally present in the original drawing, the elaboration Figure 2. Comparison ofthe size ofthe Mausoleum, ofthe intended developing the graphic evidence without Mole (left) and S.Gaudenzio (right). adding anything that was not present or which could reasonably be attributed for analogy reasons. In par ticular, the theme of the large dimensions (that recall The scrawl ofthe two here considered drawings sug the considerations ofGalileo on the proportions ofthe gestively register the taking shape of the project in colossal and the criticism of Boullée on the Vatican the assiduous autographical elaboration of the archi Basilica) is here resolved as in the Novara Dome and tectonic invention and stimulates two different con the Turin Mole not in the gigantism but rather in the siderations: on one hand the criticaI classification of multiplying and articulating ofthe members, with an this "interrupted architecture" in Antonelli's produc unusual prevalence ofthickly linked voids which give tion and in the context ofhistory, and on the other, the these large constructions a feeling of lightness and curiosity of knowing or imagining more: what shape elasticity without comparison, conditions which are would it have had? Would its sublime dimensions essential for their feasibility. On the judgement that allowed it to be made? These larter hypotheses have one could make on this unprecedented conception, if recently been developed from two standpoints, starting it could have been put into concrete form, it is neces from the assumption ofAntonell 's designing as being a sary to observe that its excellency would not only have combinationJelaboration of defined and constant con consisted of its incredible dimensions and of the sug structive elements, intended prefiguring the building gestion ofa titanic site which would have been able to in a virtual manner (Fig. 3), from both the internaI and recall, in the progressing beauty ofthe in fieri building, externaI prospective points of view, building it with the Tower ofBabel by Brueghel, but also and even more typical elements regularly used in Antonelli's works, so of its architectonic proposal which, like the other demonstrating the compositional coherence and archi works by Antonelli, can be seen as a concept of ideal tectonic relevance, among analogous constructions of continuity, in the Enlightemnent project rather than the his time and in the continuity ofthe historical series of heterogeneous tables that were prepared in his time, large domes from the Renaissance onwards (in partic such as the Capitol in Washington. The sense of com ular it can be seen how - apart from the dimensions - position quality ofthe design is obvious and cannot be the structural conception ofthe double dome is simpler limited to the suggestion ofincomparable dimensions.

123 Its compact syntactic articulation leaves no room for addresses the problem of the stability of the building, the redundancy or arbitrariness of the definition of and, in particular, it tries to determine whether static its elements, of the most minute components; and it equilibrium could have been ensured with the knowl is based on the rigorous connection to the principies edge and techniques available at the time. To this end, of classical composition and neoclassical rationalism: a series of FEM numerical models have been devel for example, in the indisputable Albertian identity oped to reproduce the material and structures of the between externai order and internai order or in the mausoleum identified during the first par! ofthe inves classical predominance ofaxial moduli (an arrange tigation. The purpose ofthe models was to explore the ment that Benedetto Alfieri had adopted on the Geneva nurnerous problems that would have had to be solved Cathedral façade and which Crescentino CaselIi had to create a structure so much bigger than any masonry adopted for functional reasons in the Charity Hospice building ever completed till then. building in Turin). AlI the stylistic-syntactic questions The computation code used applies to compression would have found the principies to be developed with and tension-resistant materiais in the linear elastic exemplary elaborations ofthe language ofthe orders, field. This choice might appear unsophisticated, but in already experimented by AntonelIi in many religious actual fact it was motivated by the consideration that and civil buildings. The mausoleum-temple, contem the aim of a stability study is to identify the orders of porary of the Eiffel Tower, would have really sealed magnitude of the parameters governing the behaviour the season of Architecture ofthe Sublime and Reason, ofa construction and the efficacy ofthe spatial organ and would have reconnected - through the concepts isation of the resisting skeleton; accordingly, the pur of BoulIée and the Enlightenment architects - with pose of the computation co de is not to permit refined the Sainte-Genevieve by Souftlot and with the large checks on the materiais and the structure, but rather domes that had progressively preceded them, as can to serve as a quick tool to pin down the shortcomings be demonstrated by the continuing topicality oftradi and weaknesses and to identify the changes necessary tional construction in bricks and stones in the face of to overcome the problems detected by the analysis. new technologies, in the intent of "attributing light to In keeping with the results of earlier tests performed the progress in lateritious and stone construction for at our laboratory on materiais from the Antonelli the large coverings", in that "it is the most consen school, a Young's modulus of2,000 MPa was assumed sual for our ltalian customs, the most convenient for for the masonry, with density of 18 KN/m3 ; the values our interests and duties, to preferably use the materiais assumed for granite were 55,000 MPa and 28 KN/m3 that nature has been lavish with" (as Antonelli himself respectively, and for iron they were 210,000 MPa 3 wrote on other occasions). and 80 KN/m , (Mattone, R., Pasero, G. , Pavano, M., The second legitimate curiosity was obviously to Pistone, G., Roccati, R., 1982), (Pistone, G., verify the feasibility ofthe project, from what could be Roccati, R., 1988), (Pistone, G. , Roccati, R., 1991). deduced from the sketch. Obviously it is not possible to imagine which elaborations AntonelIi would have made to the original idea (as he continued to do with 2.1 Modelling the structure open sites for the Dome and the Mole: it is possible For the sake of convenience, the model was subdivided to observe, but never in a restrictive manner) confid into two parts, corresponding to a hypothetical subdi ing almost exclusively in the intuition and experience vision of the building: the dome, including the drum of the architect (as it was for the Dome and the Mole) and the lantern, and the base. and which devices he would have gradualIy introduced to resolve the criticalities that have appeared from a 2.1.1 The dome, the drum and lhe lantern verification method, which with respects to those of The dome consists of two concentric ogive-shaped Antonelli's time, has greatly reduced the difference skins, l.30m thick and ca 70.0m high. The 38.0m between phenomena and hypotheses (and where it is high drum consists of three orders with binate difficult for those macroscopic differences in judge columns, curtain walls with huge windows in them, ment that had caused diffidence on the part of scientists and low columns arranged in three rows. The double in the past to appear again). The invention, still at the lantem, measuring ca 54.0 m including the roof, also draft stage, especialIy for the single development in uses binate colurnns and repeats the visual motifs of sections, appears to be elaborate, above alI for the def the drum. inition of the volume and the internai spaces, rather than for the resolution and the joining ofthe members. 2.1.2 The base The base, consisting of three orders, rises to a total 2 THE STRUCTURE height of ca 66.0 m. The entire plan is characterised by isolated columns spaced apart according to modules In view of clarifying the main problem, concerning measuring 6.70 m, save forthe central one, whichmea the static equilibrium the second part of the study sures 7.80 m. The model leaves out several elements

124 (the stairs, the pronaos, the small lanterns on the Nasce, v., Pistone, G., Strona, P.P., 1989). These stiff roof, which represent extensions of the stairs) whose ening elements are also used between the outer and absence does not affect the statics ofthe building. Ini inner skins of the dome, where, in similar cases, tially, we assumed that the dome was supported by 4 Antonelli used to place stairs and pathways to sim big arches (Fig. 4) with pendentives, via a ring. The ulate the action of the arches (including rampant and model was created on the basis of a highly simplified inverted arches - Fig. 5) and to make the two domes drawing, consisting of one-dimensional "beam" ele integral with one another. ments for the representation of colurnns and pillars, The initial approach is based on a careful read two-dimensional "plate" elements for the walls and ing of Antonelli's documents and the virtual model the dome, and "brick" elements for the arches and the was defined on the basis of our knowledge of the ring on top of them. These three elements are linked techniques and construction principies available to the to one another at each common node in the frame. architect. This choice was dictated by the lack of suffi The two-dimensional and three-dimensional elements cient evidence, in terms of surveys and records. Then, have been subdivided in their turn by means of a mesh by identifYing the structural function of each element, running parallel to the reference axes, fine enough (ca the most probable solution was identified account 150- 200 cm) to reveal clearly and in greater detail the taken of the "language" of the building as a whole, behaviour ofthe structure under the load-effects; brick and, above ali, in accordance with the critical-scientific elements in particular make it possible to visualise the outlook of statics and the behaviour of materiais. evolution of the state of stress inside them. The initial results were disappointing: through a The horizontal elements - structural parts of which careful scrutiny it became apparent that the reading nothing is known - have been replaced with a hypo was not so immediate and that the possible solutions thetical mesh consisting of "SI. Andrew's crosses", could have been different. conceived as infinitely rigid elements that can be used Hence, it was decided to maintain this design to simulate, by changing their dimensions, conditions approach as a starting point and then proceed through as close as possible to the real situation (Arrigoni, R., subsequent steps involving a continuous comparison

Figure 4. San Gaudenzio. A view of the two arches supporting the dome. Figure 5. San Gaudenzio. Arch and inverted arch.

125 between the results and the most convincing hypoth be solved by fitti ng supporting elements, whether vis esis that gradually emerged. This method, strangely ible (something unconceivable in Antonelli's system) resembli ng Antonelli's ways ofworking by successive or hidden at the top of the arches, due to the lack of "adjustement", proved effective and, over time, yielded filling in the extrados ofthe pendentives. Nor would it results of considerable significance, even though they have been possible to resort to retaining chains, even differed from what we had anticipated. huge ones, and therefo re the different attempts made For a better understanding of this approach, let us did not yield any appreciable improvements. From an go over the different stages so as to provide a schematic analysis of the plan, the presence of stairs at the four overview ofhow the study evolved. It should be noted corners suggested the idea oflinking adjacent columns that the hypotheses described are the ones that proved in a double continuous wall, so as to obtain a system most significant. of symmetrical buttresses for the dome, forsaking the idea ofhaving isolated fu lcrums in these zones. 2.2 1st Hypothesis The deformation configuration reveals an overall subsidence of the construction ~l = 74 cm. Two con The building is assumed to be ma de entirely ofbricks. siderations should be made at this stage: the first is that The deformation configuration reveals an overall the situation has improved greatly, in terms both ofthe subsidence ofthe building ~l = 136cm, with a sym deformation configuration and of stresses. The defor metrical evolution in the transverse ad longitudinal mation configuration clearly shows the favollrable axes y and z. In addition to bulging conspicuously, the contribution of the partition walIs, especially at the dome tends to sink vertically; in the drum this tendency ring, though the latter is badly warped internally. The meets with no obstacle, as the columns, vertical sup maximum values ofthe (tensile and compressive) prin ports and windows yield under the enormous weight cipal stresses are also reduced, especially where brick ofthe dome. elements are concerned. From the stresses in the verti cal elements, it is possible to determine the evolution 2.3 2nd Hypothesis of the stresses inside the walls. The other consideration is a persistent tendency of [t is assumed that the structure as a whole has to be the dome to move away from the pendentives and stiffened. The dome stilI tends to "sink" into the base, assume a rhombus like shape (Fig. 6). This will be which, in its turn, is unable to support it. The "beam" monitored during the sllbsequent stages. elements, initialIy conceived as made of bricks, are replaced with stone: this is motivated by the need to enhance the stiffness of such a huge structure and to 2.5 4th Hypothesis add a "precious" material befitting the aulic destina tion of the building. At alI events, the materiais are The next hypothesis entailed the use - as was often the used according to functional cri teria (placing the most case in Antonelli's system - ofstone legati (linkage by precious materiais in the most criticai points). The only stone) at the criticai points ofthe structure. In th is par one-dimensional elements that are not repl aced with ticular case, the criticai points were the arches, having stone are those making up the uprights ofthe windows, zones characterised by very high stresses, particularly where bricks se em more fitting. at the keystone. At the same time, granite ribs, conceived according From the graphic viewpoint, the arches were already to the same cri teria adopted by Antonelli for Mole, are subdivided into 12 blocks, 6 in every half arch, but added to the dome and anchored to the masonry struc there was no "odd" block at the keystone; this was ture. Moreover, always with reference to the Mole, remedied by considering two blocks, one per side, plus retaining chains are instalIed and connected with ties two more blocks at the reins. The deformation config li nki ng the two skins. uration showed a reduction in the overall subsidence The deformation configuration shows an overalI of the building of ~l = 62 cm, more significant than subsidence of the construction ~l = 85 cm. A slight might have been logically expected. improvement is observed, especially in the zone ofthe The stresses in the vertical elements are smaller arches and the piers underneath. Maximurn principal than under the previous hypotheses. From an anal stresses are seen to decrease in the entire structure, ysis of the deformation configurations we find that especialIy in the dome. the most important change has occurred in the brick The problem of how to carry the enormous thrust elements (simulating the arches and the ring) which ofthe arches supporting the dome is still unsolved. are directly affected by the legati. The ring dis plays a redllced tendency to warp internally, with a milder slant, and the arches appear less deformed. 2.4 3rd Hypothesis The values of maximum principal stresses and ver The great problem posed by the thrust of the dome tical stress are more acceptable, withollt substantial and the arches that are unable to support it could not variations.

126 Figure 6. Deformed shape at first and final step.

2.6 5th Hypothesis 2. the deformation configuration reveals a settlement of the pendentives that increases with increasing The arches supporting the dome are assumed to be the distance from the arches: a weakness already rigidly restrained: this stage of the investigation was observed in the previous hypotheses, which is designed to explore the behaviour ofthe dome/arches clearly reflected in the states of stress in the ring; system. 3. the windows, the only beam elements made of The deformation configuration indicates an over bricks, sag under lhe weight of the dome. all subsidence of the building ~l = 50 em. This stage proved fundamental to define a few essential points: Based on these studies, it is felt that the only two solu tions that can still be proposed are: the variant with I. the arch displays a progressive lowering, which from 4 to 8 arches, and the conversion of all columns increases from the restraint to the keystone; to stone.

127 2.7 6th Hypothesis Table I. Summary of the total displaeements under the various hypothesis. The number of arches supporting the dome is raised to 8. Hypothesis Changes t..1 (em)

I Initial hypothesis 2.8 7th Hypothesis 136 2 Stone eolumns (exeept at 83 Ali vertical elements are converted to stone. the windows), ties and ribs 3 Addition of wall partitions 73 4 Addition of legati 62 2.9 8th Hypothesis 5 Restraint - study 50 6 The eight arehes 59 The arches supporting the dome are assumed to be 7 Columns entirely made 48 rigidly restrained (as in the 5th hypothesis) to be able to ofstone assess the benefits arising from the changes introduced 8 Seeond restraint - study 35 with hypotheses 6 and 7. The deformation configu 9a The rearrangement of 50 ration shows a total subsidence of the construction the stairwell - 4 arehes t.1 = 35 cm. As for the other values, displacements 9b The rearrangement of 47 are seen decrease further. A significant difference can the stairwell - 8 arehes be observed in the upper part of the drum, precisely at the three crucial points of the windows, where the values, as mentioned above, increased abruptly. problems in the connections between the various At these three points, in fact, the displacements are segments, which could not be solved with the reduced to about half, from 43 to 28; from 46 to 28; and technologies available at the time. from 61 to 37. In view of the much greater incidence b) The problem ofthe arches: on the results of hypothesis 7 compared to hypothesis The arches cannot bear the exceptional load of the 6, it can be concluded that the choice ofmaterial plays dome, both in terms of stresses, that exceed the fail a fundamental role in buildings ofthis type. ure strength of the material, and in terms of thrust, that cannot be effectively opposed. The impossibil ity ofusing visible supporting elements and hidden 2.10 9th Hypothesis ties makes the problem insolvable. Though the use As a final hypothesis, let us consider the possibility of ofpartition walls might se em promising, it is not a moving the stairwell, ignoring the constraints imposed viable solution for a building ofthis size. by the plan: this is done by moving back the partitions c) The problem ofthe columns at the base: walls, so that they now oppose the 4 arches directly and The columns at the base are subject to extremely perpendicularly, creating a sort of confining buttress. high stresses, that they cannot withstand, ifthey are Both the stairs included the helicoidal one are moved made ofbrick masonry. But there is another aspect, by one module. of a practical nature, to be taken into account: if made of stone, the columns cannot be one-piece elements, but have to be conceived as a series of per 2.11 Resu/ts 01 the ana/ysis forated blocks stacked on top of one another. This would entail stacking an extremely high number of The analysis was performed by making successive blocks, given the height ofthe columns. A solution changes to the original scheme, always using materiais of this sort, might translate into a kinematic chain and structural elements that were available at the time that would pose yet another challenge to the stabil of Alessandro Antonelli, in keeping with his structural ity ofthe structure, regardless ofthe other problems conception. already present in the mausoleum. The various steps achieved substantial improve ments in terms of structural response, in addition to a general improvement in the distribution ofthe states 3 CONCLUSrONS of stress, and strains also gradually diminished. In this cOImection, see table I, that shows how the lowering Seen through the eyes with which we had wished to ofthe uppermost point gradually reduced to about one examine it, the problem seems unsolvable. third ofthe original value (Fig. 6). But perhaps this is also the last project of A number ofbasic problems remain unsolved. Alessandro Antonelli, elaborated on a few tables that a) The problem ofthe dome: were not divulged to his contemporaries, but consigned [ts thrust canllot be carried with traditional meth to the memory of others who would come after him. ods. Metal chains cannot be used, because they We therefore like to think that Antonelli wished would have to be gigantic, posing insurmountable to give shape and proportions to a dream that was

128 to be consigned to the new century, which was then Mole Antone//iana ", Structural Repairs and Maintenance c\ose at hand, to the new materiaIs that in those of Historical Buildings, Berlin, Birkhauser Verlag Basel years were being tested for the first time and oth Boston. ers which, little by little up to the present day, would Caselli, C. 1884. Appunti e schizzi di Arehitetrura Antiea e Moderna, raccolti all 'Esposizione Nazionale di Torino dei have obtained increasingly better performances in 1884. In L'lngegneria, le Arli e le /ndllstrie. Torino. the world of Construction Engineering and finally, Caselli, C. 1889. Cenni sulla vi ta e sulle fabbriche for other designers, perhaps for constructors, who, dell 'architetto Alessandro Antonelli. estratto da looking again at his indications, would resolve the ''l:lngegneria civile ele Arti lndustriali", Torino. problems that appeared in our unsolved study, and Mattone, R., Pasero, G. , Pavano, M., Pistone, G., Roccati, R., bring his idea to a conclusion. 1982, "Prove sperimenlali su eampioni di varie dim en sioni valle al/a determinazione del/e earatteristiche meecaniche del/e veeehie mllratllre ", Atti dei Sixth lnter NOTE national Brick Masonry Conference, Roma. Pistone, G., Roccati, R., 1988, "Tesling 0/ Large Undis lurbed Samples 0/ Old Masomy ", Proceeding of the 8th This work has started from two degree theses, recently lnternational BricklBlock Masonry Conference, Dublin. developed at Politecnico di Torino, under the supervi Pistone, G. , Roccati, R. , 1991 , "Meehanieal Charaeleris sion ofG. Pistone and L. Re: Borra, D., 2003,Architet lies 0/ Masonry Rebui/I wi/h Ancienl Brieks and Fresh ture interrotte, Architetture virtuali; Etzi, Antonella, Mortars ",9th lnternational Brick/Block Masonry Con 2003, Ipotesi di stabilità di grandi strutture a volta: ference, Berlin. / 'ideazione antonelliana per il mauso/eo ai Re d 'Ita/ia. Rosso, F., 1989, Alessandro An/onelli 1798- /888, Milano, Electa.

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