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INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN MADISON MCMLXXI ------PHEFACE
Thr,iugh the ages, medals have heen among the This hook, therefore, has two distind but related i::· ,-t lll! riguing of historical artifacts. There is some parts. Part One presents the history of the use of r h?ng in their solidity and permanence, in the tight the medals in American dealings with the Indians, :,::'.:t:t1 ion.,; placed hy their very nature upon the including enough indication of previous European ., r· :,tic· de,;igns they can bear, and in the beauty practice to set American usage in proper perspec , r the metals from which they are struck that make tive. Part Two is a catalog of the individual medals, r:i,-dal,; ideal vehicles for the symbols of a culture or with a brief history of the designing and manufac .rn ;ig,:. When in my studies of American Indian turing of each. I have documented both parts ex ,d11te relations I came upon the silver medals pre tensively, for materials on the medals are often •t·nt(•d by the United States government to the elusive and buried deep in other records, and the ! ndinn chiefs, I was at once caught by a strange footnotes will supply a sure g-uide for persons who Li 0 ci1rntion. Almost at every turn of my research I might want to study some aspect of medallic history f,,1ind some new reference to the use of the medals, in greater detail. It should not be thought, however, rmrl in the files of the National Archives I discovered that I have exhausted the materials on the medals. untapped sources about their history. So many medals were distributed that it is im Pursuit of the story of these medals led me int.o possible to tell about the circumstances in each case, a n·:i, too little visited-into a sort of cross-discipli even if all the documents could be found. I have n;i ry country where the artifacts of the numismatist attempted only to collect enough data to be able to :rncl the doruments of the historian demanded equal rresent a correct and balanced story. :iftt•ntion. Museums as well as libraries became my All historians must acknowledge their reliance on )::1riting ground, collectors and curators as well as the help of others, but my debts for this study are :, rd1ivist,; my guides and companions. Heretofore, unusually heavy, Because of the scat tering of data Indian medals have been the concern largely of coin on the medals and the wide diffusion of the extant and medal collectors, who delight in discovering and medals themselves, I have had to rely on many c-a I alol!ing new types and in assembling, describing, assistants. I have listed in a special section the iitld authenticating extant medals. But such a names of those who have aided in this study, with •t rict ly numismatic approach, with little reliance their institutional affiliation at the time of their u1, 1in historical documentation, does not do justice help. A number of persons, however, deserve very t" the significant use made of the medals, nor does special mention. 11 PrO\·ide sufficient data about the designing and Wilcomb Washburn of the Smithsonian Institu NSIN. production of the medals. By adding to the detailed tion has been a continuing stimulus to my study of RVED. work of the numismatist the special skills of the Indian policy and has particularly encouraged the ,RICA. hi,;t()rian, I have attempted to present an account of ~575. present work; Vladimir Clain-Stefenelli and R. ';-8. the production and use of the medals which will, on LeGette Burrus of the Numismatics Section of the 1 hl' one hand, provide the information needed to Smithsonian have made the rich collection of the apJneciate the medals themselves and, on the other Smithsonian available and generously shared their hand. call to the attention of students of Indian knowledge with me; Henry Grunthal, Curator of relations the vital and indispensable part played by Medals at the American Numismatic Society, aided 1 ht~ medals in American policy. me in studying the outstanding collection of medals
V under his charge and arranged for numerous photo Library, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. graphs; Arthur \Voodward of the Amon Carter the Milwaukee Public Library, the Library of Con Museum and Allan Woolworth of the Minnesota gress, the Huntington Lihrary. the Historical So Historical Society supplied copies of their own re ciety of Pennsylvania. the Marquette University search notes; Herman J. Viola of the National Library, and the United States Mint at Philadel Archi,·es and George Chalou of Ohio State Univer phia merit special thanks. The Smithsonian Institu sity did research on medals for me while pursuing tion supplied a research grant for the project, and their own studies on Indian topics; Robert Kvas part of the research and writing was done while I nicka. Hope Holdkamper, and Sara Jackson of the was a Guggenheim Fellow and another part under National Archives patiently went out of their way a summer grant from the Henry E. Huntington to answer my requests for obscure materials, and Lihrary and Art Gallery. other staff members at the Archives were constantly attentive to my needs. Nancy McCormack helped FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA, S.J. with the study as a graduate research assistant. In Marquette University addition the staffs of the Harvard University ,January, 1971
l ~ !
VI INDIAN PEACE :MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1Stn, -, on- CONTENTS So ·sily .del itu PREFACE V and le I INTRODUCTION Xlll Hier .. :ton PART ONE: THE USE OF PEACE MEDALS s ..1 . IN AMERICAN INDIAN POLICY
1. Washington Medals for the Indians 3
2. Spanish Medals in the West 11
3. Medals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 16
4. Zebulon Montgomery Pike's Expeditions 25
5. Before the War of 1812 32
6. Use of Peace Medals in the Northwest 34
7. Two Treaties with Indians in the Northwest 44
8. Indian Medals on the Missouri 48
9. The Southern Indians 54
10. The Mexican War and Postwar Period 57
11. Use of Medals after the Civil War 59
PART TWO: THE DESIGNING AND PRODUCTION OF UNITED STATES INDIAN PEACE MEDALS
12. George Washington Medals 73
13. Two Special Medals 88
14. Washington Season Medals 89 15. Thomas Jefferson Medals 90
A NOTE ON THE ARTIST OF THE ,JEFFERSON MEDALS 95
16. James Madison Medals 95
17. James Monroe Medals 99
18. John Quincy Adams Medals 100
19. Andrew Jackson Medals 103
20. Martin Van Buren Medals 106
21. John Tyler Medals 107
22. James K. Polk Medals 109
23. Zachary Taylor Medals 111
NEW PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP REVERSES 112
24. Millard Fillmore Medals 114
25. Franklin Pierce Medals 116
26. James Buchanan Medals 118
27. Abraham Lincoln Medals 120
28. Andrew Johnson Medals 122
29. Ulysses S. Grant Medal 125
30. Rutherford B. Hayes Medal 127
31. James Garfield Medal 129
~2. Chester A. Arthur Medal 131
33. Grover Cleveland Medal 132
34. Benjamin Harrison Medals 133 ,'35. Completing the Pre;.;idential Series 135
36. Fur Trade Medal~ 139
NOTES TO THE TEXT 145
BIDLTOCRAPHY 165
ACKNOWLEDC'.11ENT~ J 73
PICTURE CREDITS 175
INDEX 177
LIST OF PLATES
1. British Indian Peace Medal xiv 2. Sir William Johnson Certificate 4 3. Red Jacket 10 4. Spanish Indian Peace Medal 12 5. Spanish Certificate 14 6. Frederick Haldiman
Silver medals, designed for presentation to Indian principal village chiefs, those of the second size chief,; and warriors, played a prominent part in will he given to the principal war chiefs, and .-\mcriran Indian policy. Known as Indian peace those of the third size to the less distinguished medals. these tokens of friendship and symbols of chiefs and warriors. allegiance belong not only to the history of Indian 3. They will be presented with proper formal white relations in the United States but to our ities, and with an appropriate speech, so as to artistic heritage as well, for the government took produce a proper impression upon the Indians. great pains to see that the medals were of high 4. It is not intended that chiefs should be merit. Among the Indians the medals were cherished appointed by any officer of the department, but po,;sessions, to he buried with the chiefs or passed that they should confer these badges of author down from generation to generation. ity upon such as are selected or recognized by The practice of honoring Indian leaders in such the tribe, and as are worthy of them, in the a fashion did not originate with the United States. manner heretofore practised. Though the ultimate origin of the usage is obscure, 5. Whenever a foreign medal is worn, it will the French, Spanish, and British had distributed he replaced by an American medal, if the Agent. medals for many decades. Thomas Jefferson spoke should consider the person entitled to a medal.2 of the use of medals among the Indians as "an ancient custom from time immemorial" which had Although these regulations were never formally its beginning in the European practice of giving adopted, they represented the generally accepted medals to "the negotiators of treaties and other practice on the frontier. The practice became so firmly established, in diplomatic characters, or visitors of distinction."1 Whatever the source, the practice took firm hold deed, that it was impossible to conduct satisfactory in the lTniterl States. Medals were given to Indian relations with the Indians without medals. The chiefs on important occasions, such as the signing head of the Indian Office, Thomas L. McKenney, of a treaty, a visit of important Indians to the na made this clear to the Secretarv of War at the end of 1829. "So important is its ca"ntinuance esteemed tional capital, or a tour of Indian country by some federal official. They were distributed, too, by In to be," he wrote, "that without medals, any plan of dian agents on the frontier at their own discretion operations among the Indians, he it what it may, hut according to established norms. The proposed is essentially enfeebled. This comes of the high "'Regulations for the Government of the Indian De value which the Indians set upon these tokens of partment,'' drawn up in 1829 by Lewis Cass and Friendship. They are, besides this indication of the William C'lark. set forth a simple outline of rules Government Friendship, badges of power to them, to govl'rn the distribution of medals: and trophies of renown. They will not consent to part from this ancient ri{!.ht. as they esteem it; and In the distribution of medals and flags, the according to the value they set upon medals is the following rules will be observed: importance to the Government in having them to l. They will be given to influential persons bestow."~ only. The use of medals reflected American relations 2. The largest medals will be given to the with the Indians, and the history of American In-
xiii dian policy is written in the history of the medals. awarding medals the United States designated or When the United States was in competition with "made" the chiefs with whom it dealt. the British for the friendship of the tribes, the As the relations between the American govern medals were of supreme importance, for the chiefs ment and the Indian tribes changed during the signified their switch from adherence to the British nineteenth century, the significance of the medals to loyalty to the United States by formally turning suffered gradual attrition. Less and less symbols of in their British medals and accepting in their place national allegiance and friendship, the medals be those hearing the likeness of the American Pres came mere rewards for good behavior or for services ident. The medals, perhaps even more than flags, performed. Unofficial medals flooded the Indian carried the full weight of national allegiance. They reservations, and the authentic official medals that were personal marks, worn with pride upon the survived passed in large numbers into the hands of breasts of the chiefs, and unlike flags were nearly private collectors and numismatic museums. But indestructible. Within the tribes, too, possession of the present state should not obscure the grand a medal gave rank and distinction, and despite pro tradition that once obtained. testations of government officials to the contrary, by
xiv INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY T
(' " f - 1 t f t I PART ONE
The Use of Peace Medals in American Indian Policy •
l. Washington Medals for the Indians
(;porge Washington's administration was a crucial the de;;criptions and number- ·.,·hich shall be re : ,•riod in American relations with the Indians, who quired by the Superintendan> ·: the indian affairs f11r tlw mnst prnt had taken the side of the British for the northern and ~0uther:--. i:,tricts.''~ during the Revolutionary War. The new nation No action to carry r,ut thi- :---:- •,)mmendation wa:,; net•ded to conciliate them if it was to start its exist taken, at least as far a.- medal- ..-~ ·re c-nncerned, and pnr·e in peace. Washington and his Secretary of War. two years later. when Knox aci.:~"'•"ed a long memo Henry Knox, used every means possible to attain randum to the President con,·~:-:1ing the southern this goal. and they soon realized that silver peace Indians. he repeated in stror..: :erm., his previous medals were a nece;;sary instrument in their policy. recommendation: The medals played an especially significant role in the relations between the United States and the In the admini~tration c: :he Indians, e\'er>· proper expedient that ca:--. :,e devised to gain ,-,outhern tribes. These Indians, like those in the their affections, and attar:-. ::-.em to the interest nnrth. had been granted medals by the British: and of the Fnion, shr,,r!d he ,; ~ ,uted. The British the Spanish, too. had given medals and commissions Government had the pr:;:
WASHINGTO', J,IE:DAL.• f'. ,; THE INDIANS ;! lli !11
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2. Sm WILLIAM JOHNSON CERTIFICATE. The British pre sented elaborate certificates to Indian chiefs as tokens of friendship. This blank certificate shows the form used by Sir William Johnson. Note the presentation of a medal in the vignette at the top.
4 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY nativist inclinations, finally succumbed to his diplo . them continually had to compete with the Spanish macy: for the allegiance of the Indians. The Choctaws and Chickasaws, especially, were subject to pressures 'I The first time he visited me, I received him I from New Orleans. In 1787, for example, the j with the French commissions, medals, and Spanish commandant at Galveztown in West Flor gorgets given up hy the Choctaws strewed un ida wrote to the governor at New Orleans that the I der my feet and chair; they soon attracted his Choctaw chief Franchimastahe was coming in with attention; he seemed struck hy the sight and a large party. "They say these Indians are not. formed conceptions of our influence with that coming to do any harm," he reported, "hut that they nation superior to any I could otherwise have are on the road to New Orleans to extend the hand conveyed to him which contributed greatly to to the Spaniards and deliver to Your Lordship the facilitate our negotiations. I was minute in ex medals of the English. Throughout the month of plaining the privileges and power conferred up Se•)temher all the rest of the chiefs are coming for on medal chiefs which seemed extremely agree . th; same purpose."~ able to him, and altho I could perceive that he had a strong inclination for a great medal, The United States persuaded the Cherokees, yet I allowed myself to he solicited many days · Choctaws, and Chickasaws to sign treaties in late before I consented to confer one upon him. He 1785 and early 1786, but the Creeks held off. Some was with four other chiefs (Emisteseguo, Du of the chiefs had signed treaties with the State of vall's Landlord and the Gun Merchant) and as Georgia in 1783, 1785, and 1786, but the majority many small medals, installed with great parade of the Creeks refused to accept the cessions of land on the King's birthday at the instant that the made in the treaties and under the half-breed chief great guns and musquetry were firing to sol Alexander McGillivray remained hostile toward the emnize that anniversary.4 Georgians and refused to treat with the American government. A conference with the Creeks at Rock The acceptance of the status of great medal chief Landing in 1789 came to nothing, but finally, on did not tie the Creeks as closely to the British as August 7, 1790, at the seat of government in New ::;tuart would haYe liked. "The medal chiefs, except York, McGillivray and other Creek leaders signed for Emisteseguo," writes a recent historian of the a treaty with the United States which recognized Creek Nation, "were Creeks first and went their some of the cessions made to Georgia and promised ways in Creek outlooks and interests, and gave to peace. Undoubtedly, the treaty was successfully the British only sparingly and reluctantly." Yet negotiated in large part because of the secret arti Emisteseguo's great medalship seems to have ad cles which gave trade privileges to the Creeks if war vanced him within the national councils.~ broke out with Spain, and which made McGillivray Stuart continued with presentation of medals a special United States agent to the Creeks with a among the chiefs of the Lower Towns. In November, commission as brigadier general and an annual 1765, he met with the headmen at Picolata on the stipend of $1,200. St. Johns River a few miles west of St. Augustine. In the second of the secret articles the United With great ceremony he installed Tallechea, Cap States stepped into the role, now vacated by the tain Allick, and Estime as great medal chiefs, and British, of appointer of "great medal chiefs" and lshenpoaphe, Weoffki, Lachige, and Clayhage as grant.or of great medals and commissions, in order .:mall medal chiefs, and he sent a great medal to to bind the chiefs in closer ties to the United States. 6 Ahaye, the Cowkeeper of Latchoway. The Choctaws The article read as follows: and Chickasaws, as well, came under Stuart's diplo macy. At a conference at Mobile in the spring of Article 2'nd-The United States also agree 1,65 their chiefs gave up French medals and ac to allow to each of the great medal chiefs here cepted British ones instead, and half a dozen years in after named, a commission, a great medal later at a second Mobile congress Stuart renewed with proper ornaments, and each one hundred British influence hy presenting medals to new chiefs dollars annually for themselves and the other who had come to power since 1765.; beloved men of their towns respectively-to The British and the Americans who replaced wit-
WASHINGTON MEDALS FOR THE INDIANS 5 Of the Upper Creeks-The Chiefs the Oak with him presents of clothing and silver ornaments fuskees, Tuckabatchees, and the present Talis (including medals) for the chiefs, as part of his 11 m< see King of the half-way house. procedure for winning the friendship of the tribes. wr Of the lower Creeks-The Chiefs of the He also carried with him from Philadelphia mes na Cusitahs and Cowetas- sages and medals for the Chickasaws and Choctaws. And- In a letter addressed to Piamingo and other chiefs 111( Of the Semanolees-The Chief of Micasu- of the Chickasaws, Knox wrote: "The President of an kee-0 the United States is very desirous to reward the .fa, attachment of Piamingo, and the warriors who were frif No medals have been discovered with the date of with him at fort Washington, and he now sends to the Treaty of New York, 1790. It is likely, however, Piamingo, and two other principal chiefs.-great that the early oval Washington medals, which bear silver medals, and each a suit of rich uniform me the date 1789, were the ones presented at this clothes; and further, he has ordered presents to be tril treaty. sent from fort Washington to the Chickasaw nation am Late in December, 1791, a group of Cherokee generally, of such articles as shall be useful to ()r" chiefs led by Bloody Fellow appeared at Philadel them." Piamingo was urged to send some of his the phia to confer with the President and the Secretary warriors to join the United States forces at Fort de! of War. On January 5, 1792, during a conference at Washington. 12 enc Knox's house, Bloody Fellow presented the Secre pul tary with two silver medals. "These medals," Knox A similar letter was given Shaw for delivery to Arr wrote in his report of the conference, "were pre the Choctaws: "Your father, General Washington, i,!0( sented by Colonel Martin, about four or five years sends you two great silver medals, and two sets of rio1 ago, but as some disturbances have since happened, arm bands, and also two suits of rich uniform ..\u they are now returned, to obtain others from the clothes, as a mark of his affection. You will point list out the two great chiefs who are to receive these "hi, United States. Medals are valuable to the Chero 13 kees, and when accompanied with speeches, are marks of distinction." Shaw himself, kept busy f'h, monuments of friendship to their nation."10 Joseph with affairs in the Cherokee nation, was unable to rim; Martin was one of the commissioners to the south fulfill his mission to the Choctaws and the Chicka of ern Indians when the Treaty of Hopewell was signed saws to the west, but he turned over his letters and Ch' with the Cherokees on November 28, 1785. What presents to William Blount, Governor of the South Shi sort of medals he might have had to present to the west Territory, at Knoxville, who dispatched the nil chiefs is not known, nor is it clear just why new letters from the Secretary of War, the medals, and giv, the uniforms to the two tribes with special letters of tri~ medals were requested. The Cherokee annuity was 14 l'aised $500 a year by the treaty signed at this con explanation. rlel ference, but there is no record of medals being given. In the Cherokee national council held at Es tan Shortly thereafter, however, silver medals bearing tanaula at the end of June, Shaw read a speech mir the inscription GEORGE WASHINGTON PRES from President Washington and distributed the aft, IDENT 1792 were on their way to the Cherokees medals and other presents to that nation. At this heB and other southern nations. conference the Indian practice of passing on the the When the War Department, after General Arthur medal of a deceased chief to another chief of dis St. Clair's disastrous defeat north of the Ohio River tinction was indicated in the speech of Black Fox. :>re at the end of 1791, began to take firm steps to con "The Dragging Canoe has left the world," he said wh; ciliate all the southern Indians, so that they would on June 28. "He was a man of consequence in his i:-h remain neutral in the continuing struggle against country. He was a friend both to his own and the tai1 the Indians of the Northwest or perhaps even come white 1:eople. But his brother is still in place; and jlro into the war on the side of the United States, I mention now in public, that I intend presenting tot medals were an essential part of the program. him with his deceased brother's medal; for he •hi, In February, 1792, Secretary of War Knox sent promises fair to possess sentiments similar to those Leonard Shaw, a recent Princeton graduate, as of his brother, both with regard to the red and temporary agent to the Cherokee nation. Shaw took white."1';
6 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY ments The Secretary of War in August sent forward the river Ohio, and Superintendent of indian of his more medals and ornaments for the ·Creeks. He 11 affairs for the Southern District ibes. , rnte to James Seagrove, the special agent to that To all who shall see these presents mes ; ~tinn. on August 11 , 1792: "I send by Major Greeting.- :taws. 1 r':1ithc>r twelve pairs of silver arm-hands, four silver Know ye that in consideration of the proofs chiefs ,1;t•dnl,.:, and one hundred and thirty-two pair of nose of fidelity and friendship which we have had of ent of ·uid f'M jewels. These articles you will deliver to Mr. the indian called Tleepoocnautla of the Choc d the Jar k Kinnard [ a Creek chief], and others of your taw Nation maintaining close union with the > were f riendf, as an earnest of further rewards."10 United States-of his valor and consequence ids to with the neighboring nations and his good dis -great The Chickasaws and Choctaws, meanwhile, were mc>t·t ing with Governor Blount at Nashville. These position and knowledge to command desiring tiform to recommend such good qualities I do appoint to be 1rihc,.: were farthest from the American settlements and most closely in touch with the Spanish at New him Chief and Grand Medal admonishing him 1ation of the value he ought to put thereon, the obli :ul to Orlcan~ and in fact were important instruments in rh<' anti-American policy of the Baron de Caron gation to govern his people well, and the re r>f his snect he is to bear to the people of the United Fort ·klet, who had hecome Governor of Louisiana at the end of 1 i91. Blount's intention was, if possible, to States venerating the name of the president.- pull these Indians out of the Spanish orbit into the For these reasons we admonish & require all ~ry to .\merican. In so doing he presented medals and citizens of the United States to acknowledge 1gton, ~orgeti-, with formal commissions, to chiefs and war him Chief and Grand Medal as aforesaid, the ets of rior:- who attended the Nashville conferences on same to the indians of his Nation that they 1ifonn .-\ugust 7-11, 1792. The minutes of the c_onference respect and obey him. point li!-t three "great medal chiefs," four "small medal Given under my hand & seal in the said these chiefs," and seventeen gorget captains among the Territory this tenth day of August one thou busy Choctaws, and nineteen chiefs (without any special sand seven hundred and ninety two. ble to designation of rank) among the Chickasaws. Some 1icka Wm. Blount of the chiefs in attendance, like Piamingo of the By the Governor Dan Smith18 ·s and f'hiekasaws, had already received medals through :outh :-:haw's mission, and it is not possible to tell whether Some of the medals and certificates presented by d the nJI those who· did not have American medals were Blount quickly fell into the hands of the Spanish ,, and 1:i\'en them, hut commissions and medals were dis authorities at New Orleans. They furnished evi ;ers of lrihuted on August 10, the day set aside for the dence to Carondelet that the American officials were ri
WASHINGTON MEDAL'! FOR THE INDIANS 7 do we know if there have been distributed on our gorgets, and hracelets to the savages, invariably. We dipl part, to various chiefs, medals of silver, as those have continu~l it, and did imagine, without pre con 22 the U.S. have distributed with the effigy of the pres tending to knrJw, that Spain also did it." U!-el ident, & at the bottom, George Washington Pres The Ameri('an government did not seem to take moi ident 1792. and others with the legend Friendship the complaints of the Spanish agents very seriously, 11re! 20 & trade without end." • for in 1794 Se<:retary of War Knox ordered the fol hy Jefferson wrote back to the two men, denying any lowing silver ornaments for the Chickasaw Indians: kno wrongdoing on the part of the United States and of 1 Eight of the largest Medals with Eight setts suggesting that the legates must be in error in what Iroc they reported. But J audenes and Viar replied at of the Broadest arm Bands & Eight setts of ,Jae: once with proofs. They sent to Jefferson a "literal the Bmadest wrist Bands. tot) copy" of one of the commissions given by Governor Fourteen :\fedals of the 2d size, with Fourteen setts of Arm Bands and Fourteen setts wrist mot Blount in his creation of great medal chiefs, and afte they invited Jefferson to come to look at the original Bands of the same size Ger in their possession. They reported, too, that medals One Medal 3d size, with one sett of Arm, and rece distributed by the Americans had fallen into the one sett of Wrist bands of same size. lcac; Twelve dozen-Broaches hands of the Governor at New Orleans. These 185 Twelve dozen-Nose jewels medals had been given by commissioners to the 2 fnrn Chickasaws and Choctaws, they complained, "to Twelve dozen-Ear Bobs ~ mor attach more strongly various chiefs of the said na From a very early date the medals were intended mar tion ... notwithstanding it must have been known not only as political symbols marking Indian adher \\'ai to them that they had them from Spain ever since ence to the C nited States, but also as rewards for tha1 the year 1784."21 accepting the white man's ways. President Wash the Jefferson was irritated by the somewhat insolent ington was deeply concerned to introduce agricul li,.;h1 tone of the letters received from the two Spanairds, tural and domestic skills among the southern In {'ni but he was concerned at the time with negotiations dians, and the first agents to the tribes were sent tim• hegun in Madrid between Spain and the United primarily to lead them on the road to civilization. T States to settle the whole ticklish problem of the At the end of his presidency, Washington addressed trih border between Florida and the United States and a delgation of Cherokees at the national capital: .,re~ the Indian jurisdictional dispute that was merged \\he with it. On June 30, 1793, he dispatched a long When I have retired to my farm I shall hear of you; and it will give me great pleasure to dia1 letter to William Carmichael and William Short, the ;ior American negotiators in Spain, in which he re know that you have taken my advice, and are walking in the path which I have described. <'la viewed the controversy and suggested answers for \\'a the Americans to use at the Spanish court. He listed But hefore I retire, I shall speak to my beloved man, the Secretary of War, to get prepared 1-hii six charges made by J audenes and Viar, among for them, "Giving medals and marks of distinction to some medals, to be given to such Cherokees ton several Indians." To this charge Jefferson gave the as by following my advice shall best deserve wri following answer: "This has been an ancient custom them. F 8 INDIAN PE,\CE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Te diplomacy. 2r- The British had dist~ibuted medals in dertake so long a journey as I have now per e- 1-on:-:iclerable numbers, and American medals were formed, in my advanced age and infirm state used to offset continuing British influence. The of health. I come from Lake Michigan. I hope, :e mn:-1 celebrated of these was the large silver medal after our treaty, you will exchange our old Y, ,,re:-:ented to the Seneca chief Red Jacket in 1792 medals, and supply us with General Washing 1- h\' President Washington in Philadephia. Little is ton's. My young men will no longer listen to ;: i..;10wn about the circumstances of the presentation the former; they wish for the latter. They ha\'e of this medal or of similar ones given to other thrown off the British, and henceforth will view ts f roquois chiefs in the same period, but the Red the Americans as their only true friends. We )f Jacket medal itself became well known as the pro come with a good heart, and hope you will 2 t 1Jt ype of large Washington oval medals. The fa supply us with provision. k n mom, chief wore it on all important occasions and ;t :iftcr his death it was passed down in his family. After long days of council meetings and passing c;cneral Ely S. Parker, a descendant of Red Jacket, of wampum belts, the Treaty of Greenville was d received it at mid-century. "At my installation as signed on August 3. The days following were given leading Sachem of the Iroquois Confederacy in over to distribution of presents and more speeches. I ,'i.11," Parker wrote many years later, "I was Then on August 7, General Wayne again addressed formally invested with it by the master of cere the Indians: monies placing it around my neck, the speaker re Listen! all you nations present. I have hith d marking the fact that it was given by the great erto addressed you as brothers. I now adopt r \\"ashington to my tribal relative, Red Jacket, and you all, in the name of the President and >r that it was to be retained and worn as evidence of Fifteen great Fires of America, as their chil 1- the hond of perpetual peace and friendship estab dren, and you are so accordingly. The medals 1- lished and entered into between the people of the which I shall have the honor to deliver you, 1- l 'nited States and the Six Nations of Indians at the you will consider as presented by the hands of 1t time of its presentatation."26 your father, the Fifteen Fires of America. These 1. The wars of the United States with the northwest you will hand down to your children's children, d tribes from 1790 to 1794 were not conducive to the in commemoration of this day-a day in which presentation of peace medals to the Indians, but the United States of America gives peace to 1r when General Rufus Putnam was sent to the In you and all your nations, and receives you and them under the protecting wings of the eagle.29 0 dians in the Wabash Valley in 1792 on a peace mis :;ion between the ill-fated campaign of General St. e On the next afternoon the medals and silver orna l. C·tair and the victorious one of General Anthony \\'ayne, he went prepared to present medals to the ments were presented. There is no record of how d many medals were given nor to whom.30 d rhiefs. Putnam sent forward a large supply of goods for presents, and he reported from Fort Washing Before the council assembled, General Wayne s had been interested in obtaining printed commis e ton, "I take with me some of the medals, arm and wrist-bands and other jewels."27 Putnam's mission, sions or certificates to hand out to the Indian chiefs, s requesting of Secretary of War Timothy Pickering r however, was a failure, and not until General Wayne met with the Indians at Fort Greenville after his "a Number of blank appointments for the principal 0 rnsounding victory at Fallen Timbers was there Chiefs of the respective Nations- say Captains of e the large Medal-small medal &c &c." He added: e occasion to make use of the medals as instruments of American policy. "I observe that these great Kings or Chiefs like On the second day of the Greenville council Children Esteem those trifles as Objects of great forty Potawatomis arrived and had audience with price or value, they cost nothing & they will have a General Wayne. New Corn, one of their chiefs, good effect." Wayne suggested using the same forms ,;poke: as those granting commissions to American army officers; but Pickering vetoed that proposal. The I have come here on the good work of peace; Secretary of War, noting the use of special certifi no other motive could have induced me to un- cates by the British and the Spanish, remarked that WASHINGTON MEDALS FOR THE INDIANS 9 -. - .. . . . - . ' ------ !'€ pa :'-a 'v\' ~h pr :-.ti i: si, er cc WI :,;h w & 2 ti fl d g ~ .'.I p 3. RED JACKET. This lithograph from Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America shows the Seneca chiPf wearing n his famous peace medal, a large silver oval Washington medal dated 1792. 10 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY erhaps "a device may he hit on, and a plate pre The medals presented at Greenville must have come 1 pared. to strike a number of parchments with the from this allotment. Others of these medals were :-ame view," and he promised to send some to used, no doubt, to present to Indians whom Wayne ·,rn\'ne if they could he made, "to gratify those who met as he toured the Northwest after the treaty. A .-hail wit h most influence and apparent sincerity memorandum, dated Detroit, September 20, 1i9 6. promote the objects of the treaty." No record of and headed, "His Excellency Maj. Gen1 An t-' Wayne :-urh commissions, however. has survived, and it Comm" in Chief in Council with the Chiefs of the i~ likely that none were produced. The medals alone Different Nations of Indians," gives the names of .~ignifiecl the bonds of peace and friendship with the three Chippewas and thirteen Ottawas who re ,·hiefs at Greenville. '.11 ceived medals, including medals of all three sizes.a3 The Washington oval medals were produced in The~e medals began the infiltration of the Old considerable numbers for the Indians of the North Northwest with American Indian peace medals. In we,-t. The records of the Quartermaster General later years as the United States government sought : 2. Spanish Medals in the West In the Missouri River Valley and other parts of sent an expedition north to the mouth of the Mis the Trans-Mississippi West, American use of Indian souri River, he instructed the captain in command: peace medals followed a long history of Spanish distribution of medals to the Indians of those re Since it may happen that one must honor the gions. The significance of the use of medals by chiefs of certain tribes who come to the fort, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their ex- as has always been practiced, by giving them 1:edition to the Pacific Ocean in 1804-1806 can be the medal of the king, a report will be given to appreciated only in the light of the earlier Spanish the government of the tribes which come there, practice. with information of the names and relations of Spain's introduction of peace medals into the the principal and secondary chiefs, in order American West came after the cession of Louisiana that these medals may be sent. This is to be to Spain by France in 1762. The agents of Spain understood in regard to the tribes which can brought gold and silver medals bearing the image come anew to offer their friendship, since the of the monarch on the obverse and the motto PRO old tribes have them from the time of the MERITO on the reverse. Although they did not in French government. As far as they are con tend to replace the medals of France with Spanish cerned it is the same as though the medals ?nes, there was need to protect Spanish interests were the same as those of our king, for the m Upper Louisiana against the British, and Spanish Indians have been told so, in order that they medals became important in that region. In the might understand that no innovation is being spring of 1767, when Governor Antonio de Ulloa made in anything.1 SPANISH MEDALS lN THE WE.~T 11 .. Thus began the Spanish practice of a careful ac 4. SPANISH INDIAN PEACE MEDAL. This medal, com counting of principal and secondary chiefs, of who posed of a small Charles IV medal, dated 1797, and set into a larger hand-engraved medallion, was excavated was to be honored with a medal of the king and who from a Pawnee village site. [Size : 88 mm.J was not. Ulloa's successor, Alexandro O'Reilly, continued to control the tribes by means of licensed traders The following day the Indians departed, "with such and by the distribution of presents. In these affairs signs of satisfaction, according to the interpreters, the formal presentation of Spanish medals to the as were never before seen in them." The republican chiefs played a large part. Soon after his arrival, Americans would be hard put to match the majestic for example, O'Reilly summoned to New Orleans ceremonies of the royal Spanish governor. the Indians living within sixty leagues, and in im While Captain Athanaze de Mezieres was sent to pressive ceremonies explained to them the new Natchitoches to reconcile the Indians along the king's friendship: Texas-Louisiana frontier/ Francisco de Cruzat, the Lieutenant Governor of Spanish Illinois, maintained At the end of the speech, His Excellency the friendship of the Indians on the Missouri and arose from his chair to place about the neck the upper Mississippi. Cruzat wrote to the Gov t; of each one of the chiefs the medal which hung ernor at New Orleans early in 1776 about his deal l from a silk ribbon of deep scarlet color. He ings with the Little Osages. His long letter gives first had them kiss the royal effigy, and then insight into problems of medal· distribution that with his bare sword he touched them on both aff ecte 12 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY ha\ir,r. I think that the\' both left :- ,1•,\t-lSH MEllAI.S JN THf WEST 13 ~ """ ~;:.;z).- ,-.1,:, ,., :; ,.,.-. ------™ - f - -.1..... _Q 1 ·, ~L Jl~RdN DE <;:ARONDELET, ;~ I C .\BALLERU DE LAilELJGJ('N Dl·.SA:r-..·J"UAN. I . m. rl!.hn.m:Cutl'QDELCS:JltEALES ExERCJTosGo. ,~ I . . ~I ! If/ 1 1 / tER:--;AooRGE~ERALV1cE-PATRONO.DB lrf" } --· i.;,""'' usPaoyrNCIAS~ELALursrANA, lFLoRroA I;" I • I OCCIDI :1i~.... ·------?-3i.~ ..... -~ ,. __:=_-_ ... ~ ,':~ N atencion .:,,,,.,,.,";•-' ' -_--•--- - , . -.... ,. , •l·: '~···" ;,!, Jrr-e-~-~-.-{.., \ :~;. ,.; ' ~.• 1,:, ..... t. -~~,.J.i.,·. •.. i.. ... " .. 11, • ,, •• 1'. 1 • .., -~.t • i.~1,;. •,,I, ,. ~..... f 1 ~... ~ , • . . , .,.r,.,,,, ,:,I,,,, 1 ...... ,.,,~ r + 'f ,;,J;uf.,. . ,,,~~,,N,.,_t,•,, ...... l • , , # .,. , , .,.' ' ' '·• '• ,•,.i ,;. t-•• ,.1., 'l •,/ -~,;. .,.'l~f'""·K,;,... /' ,.. , /', •l',1,.t;,'lfy-1< ,~,.-.,11,; , , , .-~•.• •,.· .. •• r... , -~I .. Iu,-,:-,n ,,: I\,,,,.,.,'"' ~· .,,.,_ ,,,,.,_.,,,. t . < l 11 II ' """ ,.,... 1 ...... 1. ..f~?..-... ,;.,,·,•,·1·1H1.. 1",/t..~e1.- ,,•,,· • .. - ,.,,.~.. .,.ll'Jc.~~,.,rJ/ .../.'.I. •.1 ,,.,,, !...-¢l''Jl~•1h,1,., y,, ~ .'.•1HJ' 1• ·.•.,.,-.,,A-,, •...... , 1 ~ ,,,. "' t"' q.•. . ~ ,. ,,J.1,.1.-, ..t,.~r.-,#"-'"" ','lr".,'ih1:;,f-1•·d",~N) ~.. . r . .1.;1 ...,,.,, ....~ •yls,11., ' ' ~1' • • ' . > < ' I • ~. . • 'l>f , '\.../. ' ., ~ ' - 1, ·r.,..~ :. . ,. _ ,/ •~r.,.,./),.1'~~11.',zf!': .,!L·"· • , -~v,. .,,,,,.~,~-/11• , ~,..,,,_,,_,.'...... J '"P'•''• f~l".7.... .,.:,,,,. - ""h • '-,., .... -t • ~· • - - :;,,A - ,.... _ .._ _ ~:w,.~,..t.- . _ ..._ --, ... ) --,.....--- ~ ..,.... ------",- .-;J~-.·-· ' .,.,9•.,1• .· l ,, _,,,.,_.... ,,. ... -..1_J1~ .-:::.. ' rt'i "c.." ... ..J. -. ~ ~ '\.' '\. • ._.. ,,..,,,, , · ,,, r' ~-l ., .... ~ ~ "I. ~ ., ' ~)it·\! ) - I /.. ,~, I ~.1.u>lbJ.: '., f of r.;;,:., ?/.:--..-~*-- .. .-{--.....,-- l ~ . ,,. ,,.. • 5. SPANISH CERTIFICATE. The Baron de Carondelet, Governor of Louisiana, issued highly decorated certificates t.o accompany the medals given t.o Indian chiefs. This certificate was presented in 1796 t.o the Omaha chief L'Oiseau Noir, who received a small medal. m o ~ ~ t'") ~ )-,-1 SPANISH MEDALS IN THE WFST 15 Auguste Chouteau left New Orleans carrying to· some small presents, which were received with the ura Trudeau ten large medals and ten small ones for. greatest of Satisfaction." On September 28 he took dia the Osages, Kansas, and related tribes. In addition ·_ possession of the fort that had been built there by ite1 he brought five more of each size plus a large gilded · British traders. 20 plu one for Black Bird, eleven blank commissions, and For almost a decade the Spanish traders con eac five flags with the cross of Burgundy to be distribu tinued their operations on the Missouri, but the or ~ ted by the traders of the Company. The Governor British traders, with aggressive persistence, were wa: cautioned the director of the Company: " ... it is to increasing their influence in the trade, moving into anc be wished, as much for the company as for the king, areas where the Spanish hold had once been solid. thil that there should be but one single chief decorated The director of the Company again in 1800 asked Ar with a great medal, one with a small one, and two· for six flags, six large and six small medals, accom Otl captains in each nation; for hereafter, these chiefs panied by blank commissions, and fifteen months tha will require compensations adequate to their later reported "the powerful impression made on tim grades."1!l the Maha nation by the English in a council [at the Another agent of the Missouri Company, a lieu Prairie du Chien] where all the chiefs of this nation Ind tenant of Mackay's, was the Welshman John Evans, had been assembled by invitations which the agents ( who was dispatched by Mackay overland to the of Great Britain had had sent to them, accompanied inv, Arikaras and Mandans. He spent some time with by presents, medals, and flags." 21 As late as May, ti01 the Arikaras and while there met chiefs from tribes 1804, one of the partners of the Company, Regis living to the west, especially the Cheyennes, who . Loisel, reported that he had to make large presents als were attached to the Spanish. On September 23,. to the Indians "in order to cover the foreign flags of, 1796, he arrived at the Mandan villages. "I gave and medals."22 an( their Chiefs in the name of the Great Father the Wit1i. the Louisiana Purchase and the transfer of we, Spaniard, who inhabits the other Side of the great the trans-Mississippi region to the United States, ras. Lake and in the name of the Great Chief who in however, Spain's hold on the area came to a sudden 1 habits this side of the great Lake and also in the end. New agents with new medals now entered the Jef name of the Chief who resides at the Entrance of. stage, as Meriwether Lewis and William Clark hut the Missouri," he wrote in his journal, "the Flags began their great expedition of dis0overy from St. \ver and Medals that were given me for that purpose by Louis up the Missouri. Otc Mr. McKay. Besides those medals & flags, I made tri~ Ari ~ 3. Medals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition ra;.;, The expedition of Lewis and Clark depended for President Jefferson, in his instructions to Lewis of r its success in large measure upon winning the re of June 20, 1803, told him to apply to the Secretary F spect and friendship of the Indian tribes encoun of War for "light articles for barter and presents the tered along the way. Since many of these Indians, among the Indians," and it was no doubt through the especially thoEe along the Missouri, had long been the War Department that Lewis received the peace l;; conditioned to the presentation of silver peace med medals which he took along, although no specific <1hv als by the agents and traders of France, Spain, and record remains of their requisition or receipt.2 \\'(If Great Britain, it is unthinkable that Lewis and At Camp Dubois, where Lewis and Clark win the: Clark could have successfully completed their ex tered in 1803-1804 while making final preparations DE pedition of discovery had they not been prepared to for the expedition, the goods which had been ac .,ur1 continue the practice that had been so firmly es cumulated for presentation to the Indians were stn. tablished. They were, in fact, well prepared.1 organized and packed for the journey. Clark's mem- <,n t 16 INDIAN PEACE MEDAL.'! IN AMERICAN HISTORY the ,1_;11du111 <,f :1 "Balin!.! Jn,·oicl' of Sundri(',: for ln of tlw medals mentioned in the journal;; a,-; "small nok ,i,;,:: 1'1,·-l'nh" giq•s :1 d!.'taill•d hrenkdmn1 of the nwd,il" or "Medal of small size'' were the.se sea:-:on h~- ;1(' 111 ,. Then, ,,.(•n· fourll•L'll liales cir hags all told. mednk A lmgl' numher of the medal,; had heen ; 1;- :1 c·:H·. CL:11: indil·:1t<.:.- the mticll's pm·h•d in strnl'L. liu1 :ill aniq•d in tlw l'nited Statp,- nltE·1 '011- , .,. !, 11un1h(•rt•d lia_!.! and tlwn giH•- a n·(·;1pitul:itic,n \\'a.-·hin!.!tu11 lwd rct in·d fmm offil'c. Tlw\' ;.;e<·m t,, thc : c1111 1111:1r~· of 111(' item,-;. tk indic:tt('s in a g<•1wrnl ha\L' hc•('n Jll(•..;c•nt('d to lndi:rn.- durinµ .Jol111 .-\darn-· ·ere ·'- ., · 11 hid1 1rilH• ,, t }I(' , nriuus hags an• intend('d for adrninistr:it ion. :md tlw lnr)-'.e numhl•r in Le\\'i,-; nnd nto . :,,I -: ,·,·ifit•,-; ,-;om(• t/r t Ill' itl't11S for fir,-;f. Sl't'OJHI. and Cbrk's i;os,-;e;;sion indi,·at<:.~ that a gout! man~· ,,·c~r<.! lid. 1;! ird d1il'ls. Oto,-;. Pawnees. l'oncas. Omnlrns. still klt in 1he Wm Department in men. Clark's ked .\,. l .. , rn..;. and Mn n d :1 n" are ,:pecifiL·ally named. in\'oicl' lisi,; on!)· •·Dom: Animals" and •·Sowing" Jm ( Hl1c·1 Ide::-; ,n·rl' intvndecl "for foreign ::"\ationc:: medals h>· name, hut it i,; clear from referen!'e.~ in ths :L ,1 i- tlw,-;e IH•:rnnrl the mandanes." The itemizn- ihe iounwl:. that medal,; showing ,;pinning and on ,,11 l11r t'm·h h:1IP gives us a nearly exact l'ount c,f wu:win_g were abo in the stock. [at : 'H' 1 :1riou,; medals intended for presentation to the Two (or four) medals of the fifth size. These ion l:1,li:rns.'· medals cannot he indent ifierl absolutely. and they nts ( 'lark designated medals of five sizes in his hale do not appear in the recapitulation. For the bales ied ;111 .. in· a11d medals of four sizes in his recapitula marked No. 1 S and No. 14. howe\'er. there was the ay. t i<1 11. \\'c• get tlw following rnunt: following entry in Clark's list: >g1s Three brge medals. These were large sih-er med 1 mecbl 4th & f>th Size 2d Chief nts :: I- ! ahout 10,'i mm in diameter) hearing the bust ] medal .5 Size 3 Chief ags , ,f .J efler,-;on on the oll\·erse and the cla,:ped hands ,rnd pl'al'e and friendship design on the reverse and It i,; possible that the ''4th & .'ith Size'' refers at · of ,1 L'l'l' in the hng,; designated for the Omahas. Arika !ea,:t to one :-eason medal and that "5 Size" refers :es, ,a~. and Mandans. 1o an American silver dollar. pierced for suspension !en Thirteen medals of the :,;el'ond size. These \\'ere as a medal. The iournal entry for October 29. 180-L the lt·fler.-;m 1 111edat: of similar design and construction. :--q:ecifil'ally mentions such an award, and the entry uk hut ,,·l·n :1hout 7.'i mm in diaml'ter. Some of these for January 10. 1806, speaks of the giving of a St. ·.,u(· li,tt-d specifically for the first chiefs of the "medal of the Smallest Size"-the only time such Oto- ,r Pmnwes, Pon('as, and other undesignated terminology is used. I rill(' :-:_ hut for the sel'ond chiefs of the Omahas. In his rernpitulation Clark has the following en .\ ribr:i..;, and Mandan ...;. try on medals: :-;i,tel'n medals of ihc third size. ThesP were :i large Medals ·mall Jd\'er,-;on medals (about 55 mm in diameter) Likene,;:,;es 1 :i 2d Size d" l -imilar in design and construction to those of the 71 1\ledals 3.i & 4,1, Size tir.,t and second size. Some of the,-;e were specific-all~· li,ted for second mid third chiefs of the Otos or The totals of these four sizes of medals conesponcl l'awnee,-;. for the third chiefs of the Omahas, Arika- to the itemization by hales as interpreted aho\'e. 1,t:-:. and Mandans. and in one case ''for a 1st chief" This was a large array of medals, hut the supply .S,JS 1 .f nne of the "foreign nations." was nearly if not completely depleted by the time try Fifty.fi\'e medal:,; of the fourth size. These were Lewis and Clark returned to St. Louis in September, 1ts th(• so·-called :-eason medals, struck in England at 1806. gh tlw end of Wa:-:hington'i:; administration. They were The first presentation of peace medals by Lewis ice l:i mm in diameter and hore three designs on the and Clark occurred on Friday. August .'i. 180..J, when fie 11 l 11.er-:c•s: a man sowing grain, domestic animab, the expedition was camped at Council Bluffs, a fe\,. ·,,t;nwn spinning and \\'811\'ing. The reverse,; on all miles nhorn present-day Omaha, and the pattern 111- ,lw-r medals were the :-;anw: SECO:\'D PRESI was :-et for future formal councils with the tribes. ,ns Dl·:\'CY OF GEO. \\'ASHI~GTON MDCCXCVI.. At sunset on the previous day a party of Otos and lC: ,un,,unded by a wreath. The medals had been Mis,;ouris, the first Indians met on the _journey. ire ,rru,·L in hoth sih·er and copper. hut the medals came into camp with their interpreter. Their prin m- 11 11 tlw expedit inn wl're \ery likely all of sil\'er. Mo,;t cip:.il chief. Little Thief. was not among them. hut MEDAi." OF THE 1.E\\'IS A~ll CLARK EXl'J-:DITIOr>: ) 7 there were six other chiefs in the group, and the and whose people like the grass of your plains, cover C two captains welcomed them and agreed to speak with their Cultivated fields and wigwams, the wide with them the next day:' Extended country" from the Mississippi to the At On the third Lewis and Clark gathered the visit lantic Ocean; and they promised to set up a trading ing Indians under an awning made of the mainsail factory at the mouth of the Platte, until which time [l of their boat. The American troops paraded, and the the old traders of the Indians would be permitted to Jr captains "Delivered a long Speech to them expres stay on provided they gave "good Council." ('I sive of our journey the wishes of our Government, The chiefs present responded to this address ,\ Some advice to them and Directions how they were "with some verry sensible Speeches," and the cap d, to conduct themselves."5 The speech began by in tains presented a "Medal of Second Grade" to one h: forming the Indians that the "great chief of the of the Otos and to one of the Missouris and medals C Seventeen great nations of America" had replaced of the third grade to two inferior chiefs of each of /{I the French and the Spanish in the territory west of the tribes. The "Speech flag Meade! & Some w the Mississippi and that he had adopted them all as Cloathes" were sent to the absent Little Thief. Al 111 his children. Their old fathers, the French and the though the journals do not say so explicitly, the w Spaniards, had withdrawn from the land, never to medal sent to Little Thief must have been one of n return, and the American chief had become their the large Jefferson medals, since this would dis lu only father, whom they could now look to for pro tinguish the principal chief of the tribe from the fo tection, favors, and good counsel. Lewis and Clark lesser chiefs who received medals of the second and S1 had been sent out, they informed the tribes, "to third size. It is clear also from the journal entry for clear the road, remove every obstruction, and to August 19, when the second-grade medal of one of ta make the road of peace" between the United States the Otos, Big Horse, was exchanged for one the ar and the Indians. To this end the great American same size as Little Thief's. It is apparent here and bi chief had sent to the great chief of the Oto nation in later presentations that Lewis and Clark were ch "one of his flags, a medal and some cloathes, such as not following strictly the designations of who was T1 he dresses his war chiefs with." The Indians were to get what jotted down on the· baling invoice of [JlJ told that "when you accept his flag and medal, you Indian presents made at Camp Dubois. After the of accept therewith his hand of friendship, which will presentation of the medals, some powder, whiskey, <.'U never be withdrawn from your nation as long as you and a few general presents were distributed, Cap Pf continue to follow the councils which he may com tain Lewis shot a few rounds from his air gun, ar mand his chiefs to give you, and shut your ears to "which astonished those nativs," and the council c·~ the councils of Bad birds." The flag and medal and broke up. In this first encounter, as in the later a a copy of the speech were to be the identifying signs similar ones, Clark spoke of giving medals to those T of friendship when they went to St. Louis: "When "we made Chiefs."6 ac your great father and his chiefs see those things, On Saturday, August 18, Little Thief and other R they will know that you have opened your ears to chi~fs of the Otos and Missouris caught up with the your great father's voice, and have come to hear his party and on the next day at ten o'clock Lewis ex good Councils." And the chiefs were admonished to plained again to the assembled chiefs and warriors turn in to their great father all the flags and medals the speech sent to the nation from Council Bluffs. they had received from the French and the Spanish The Indians replied with short speeches "approving in exchange for new ones. "It is not proper," Lewis the advice & Council their great father had Sent. and Clark said, "since you have become the children them." Presents were brought out, and Lewis and of the great chief of the Seventeen great Nations of Clark gave to Chief Big Horse a medal like the one a America, that you should wear or keep those em sent to Little Thief in exchange for the second-grade '.H hlems of attachment to any other great father but medal given him at Council Bluffs on the third. In himself, nor will it he pleasing to him if you continue addition a small medal was presented to an inferior ,j to do so." Missouri chief, Crow's Head. The other warriors The captains tried to impress upon the Otos the received certificates or commissions. One of the ! ~ fr greatness and power of their new father, "whose Otos, Big Blue Eyes, returned the certificate, but cities are as numerous as the stars of the heavens, after being rebuked "verry roughly for haveing in I~ 18 INDIAN PEACE MEDAi.<; IN AMERICAN l{ISTORY over 1hjed goods and not peace with their neighbours," from the two upper towns, and the cap:~ns sent .vide 1he Indian accepted the certificate again and. was for them at noon, for as Clark noted, "we h..iw every 7 At- ,-ati,.; fied. • reason to hel:eve that a gellousy existi:i he:w-=-en the ding In a meeting with the Sioux on August 30 Lewii:i Villages for fear of our makeing the 1" t C:li?if from '.ime and Clark made their next formal presenta.tion of the.lower Village." By one o'dock all wenc ,,n hand d to medals. The chiefs and warriors were cplled_ to a and· ."after Some little Cenemony," the' council cmincil at noon under an oak tree near which the began with Lewis's customary speech. 0-:'le chief .ress .\merican flag was flying on a high flagpole. Lewis from each village was presented a medal. ~ ibg. and cap- deli\'Clred a speech and then "made one great Chiff a red coat with cocked hat and feather.': one h\' giving him rt Meade! & Some Cloathes, one 2c1 The initial goal of Lewis and Clark wa:o the dais Chief & three Third Chiefs in the same way." The Mandan villages, and by the end of Oct ':\t'l' they h of •!rent chief ali,;o received a flag, a certificate, some reached this ohjective. On the 26th they €-!':l'.'.l.mped ome w:-m1pum , and a chief's coat.~ It is interesting to ahout a half-mile below the first village. Tnt' follow Al- note that Clark in his journal here (as elsewhere) ing day they moved up river opposite the third vil the u,.;e,.; the Spanish word "parole" when referring to lage and hegan to prepare for a grand cot:!1dl with e of 1he certificates given the chiefs, an indication per these important Indians, getting informati,1 11 about dis- hnps that the American captains were consciously the.chiefs from a Frenchman, Rene Jess:n:me. who the following the customs established in the area by the had long been a trader among the Ma:Hfans. A and Spanish in dealing with the Indians. strong southwest wind on the 28th preYented the · for As the expedition moved up the river, the cap assembling of the council, but on the 29th. with the e of tains on September 24 prepared "Some Clothes wind still very high, the council got started under an the and a flew Meadels for the Chiefs of the Teton's awning and with sails stretched around to keep out and hands of Seoux" which they expected to meet that as much of the wind as possible. Captain Lewis gave vere day. The next day they met in council with the his speech, at the end of which the Arikara chief was Tetons at twelve o'clock, and followed the usual who had accompanied the expedition to the ~Iandan ~ of pattern-smoking with the chiefs and the delivery villages was introduced, and "they all Sml,ked with the of the speech ( which this time Lewis was forced to him." To this chief Clark gave "a Dollar of the :my, curtail because there was no good interpreter), American Coin as a Meade}," with which rhe chief ~ap- parading the troops, and presentation of medals was much pleased. Then the presents were distrib ~un, and other gifts. Medals were given to the great uted with great ceremony to the Mandan:-. and the ncil I chief, Black Buffalo (who also received a red <;oat, captains "put Meadels on the Chiefs we intended iter a cocked hat, and a feather), to the second cbief, to make." The first chief of each village w;1s given lOSe I The Partisan (who showed little appreciation and a Jefferson medal; the second chief, "a ~Iedel of acted in an insolent manner), and to the third chief, weaving & Domestic animals''; the third chief, "a :her Buffalo Medicine.9 We may assume that the same Medel with the impression of a man Sowing wheat." the :-:rades of medals were used as with the other Sioux The first chiefs also received coats, hats. and flags. ex- c-hiefs on August 30. Lewis and Clark came to·real According to Clark's lists, at the first tW\) ~landan iors ize that they did not always judge correctly on the villages both first and second chiefs were acknowl 1ffs. q>Ur of the moment in deciding which chiefs were edged, but at the third village only a first chief. fog deserving of medals. Of The Partisan they remarked, First and £econd chiefs from the little Minitnri vil ent in a li~ t of Sioux tribes and chieftains sent to the lage also were on hand and received their medals. md Secretary of War: "A great scoundrel; we gave him Chief One Eye of the great Minitari ,ill:1ge was one a medal before we were acquainted with his char absent on a hunting trip, so his presents t. possibly ade acter."10 including a medal) and those for his villa~e were In On October 9 the expedition was visited by village sent to him by a messenger. Big White. the first dor chiefs of the Arikaras, who were listed by Clark as chief of the lower village of the Mandans :1lso was ors first chief, Lighting Crow, second chief, Hay, and absent from the council on the 29th, but on the the third chief. Eagle's Feather. They were invited the following day he appeared. He asked to he.u some of but following day to a solemn council. The chiefs from the speech that had been delivered on the previous in the lower town arrived early, but there were none day, and his medal was hung around his neck. In MEDALS OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITil):,; 19 addition to the first and second chiefs, fourteen The explorers now put the known world behind inferior chiefs of the five villages were recommend them. They dispatched a barge hack to St. Louis ed, but it is not clear whether all of these rec_eived wit_h official messages and numerous natural history medals.12 · specimens for President Jefferson, and with six The great chief of the Minitaris, One Eye, small canoes and two large perogues headed into claimed that he did not receive the articles dis the future. "This little fleet,'' Lewis wrote, "altho' patched to him. He came to see the captains on not quite so rispectable as those of Columbus or March 9, 1805, and received from Lewis in place of Capt. Cook, were still viewed by us with as much the presents originally sent, "a Medel Gorget arm pleasure as those deservedly famed adventurers ever ban[d]s, a Flag shirt, scarlet &c. &c. &c." Two·guns beheld theirs; and I dare say with quite as much were fired in his honor, and he left much pleased. anxiety for their safety and preservation. We were On March 22 the camp was visited by the second now about to penetrate a country at least two thou C'hief of One Eye's village. To this man the captains sand miles in width, on which the foot of civilized gave "a Medal & Some Clothes acknowledging him man had never trodden; the good or evil it had in as a 2d Chief."1~ store for us was for experiment yet to determine, During their winter stay at Fort Mandan the and these little vessells contained every article by American officers took pains to impress upon the which we were to expect to subsist or defend our Mandan chiefs that now only American medals and selves."1; Included was a still plentiful supply of flags could be tolerated. When Black Cat, grand peace medals. chief of the Mandans, with some of his warriors It was not until the middle of August that Lewis visited the Americans on November 28, the captains and Clark found occasion again to meet in council "had Some little talk on the Subject of the British with Indians and make formal recognition of chiefs. Trader M. Le rock [Larocque] Giveing meadels & On August 13, shortly before the party reached the Flags," and they told the chiefs to impress it upon Great Divide, Lewis came upon three Shoshoni their nation that those symbols of allegiance were women, whom he convinced of his peaceful inten not to he accepted from any but Americans unless tions and who led him toward the village. He made they wanted to incur the displeasure of their Great friends with Cameahwait, the principal chief, and Father. The following day they had an opportunity gave him a flag, explaining that it was an emblem to talk with Francois-Antoine Larocque himself, of peace. The Indians traveled with the party who was one of the two agents of the North West through the rugged mountains, until on August 17 Company living near the Mandans. They told him they met another body of the tribe. A canopy was hluntly that they had heard of his intentions "of made from one of the large sails, and in the late makeing Chiefs &c.," and they forbade him to give afternoon Lewis and Clark addressed the assembled medals or flags to the Indians.14 Larocque noted in Indians on the purpose of their coming, emphasizing his journal that the Americans told him that "the the advantages of trade that the whites would bring Government looked upon those things as the sacred and asking for horses to enable the explorers to pro emblems of the attachment of the Indians to their ceed on their journey. The Indians were friendly, country," but he remarked, "As I had neither flags and Cameahwait pointed out to the captains two nor medals, I ran no risk of disobeying those orders, Indians whom he identified as chiefs. The Ameri of which I assured them."15 cans gave Cameahwait a Jefferson medal of the 1 As spring approached, the expedition prepared to small size. g To the other two chiefs they gave sea move off again on its way to the Pacific. On April son medals, and medals of the same sort were pre 7, 1805, the day of their departure, the Americans sented to two warriors described by the chief as were paid a final visit by Arikaras who had arrived "good young men and much rispected among on the previous day and set up camp across the them."1!1 The first chief also received a uniform coat, river. A chief and three men came to ask the Ameri a shirt, scarlet leggings, tobacco, and other small cans to speak in their favor with the Assinniboines articles, while the lesser chiefs got shirts, leggings. and Crows. The chief was given a "certificate of his knives. tobacco, and small trinkets. good Conduct," a small medal, and some tobacco On September 4 in the Bitter Root range Lewis and wampum and departed well satisfied. 16 · and Clark fell in with a party of Flathead Indians, 20 lNDJAN PF.ACE MEDAi$ IN AMERICAN HISTORY ehind who were friendly and well dressed. On the 5th the Columbia, "a Small Medel & Handkerchief."22 Louis chief:-: and warriors were assemhled in council and As the explorers floated down the Columbia on .story harangued by the captains-though with com,ider their last lap to the sea, they had frequent friendly h six nhle trouhle hecause of the need to speak through contact with the Indians. Two days after their first into ri :-:eries of interpreters. Clark reported: "we made council they were joined hy several canoes of In :i.ltho' .1 Chiefs whome we gave meadels & .a few Small diam;, and they "made a second Chief by giveing a us or articles with Tohacco."~ 0 What regard for the med Meade! & Wampom." Early on the following morn much al:- these Indians had it is difficult to say. Lewis and ing ( Ortoher 19, l 805), they met Chief Yelleppit ; ever ('lark were the first white men with whom they had of the Walla Wallas with two of his suhordinate much had contact. No dou ht the captains explained as chiefs. To Yelleppit they presented a medal and to were ,•:ell as they could the significance of the medals and the others strings of wampum, and despite the thou- of their presentation. The distribution of the medals chief's request that they stay until noon so that his ilized to these new tribes, who were unaccustomed to the people mir,ht come to see them, the captains ex ad in practice and not able to make comparisons between cused themselves, promised to stop with him on 2 :nine, American procedures and those of the British or their return, and set off at nine o'dock. :i le by Spanish, was at times quite informal. Both Lewis and Clark in their journal entries for our- On September 20 Clark reached a small Nez April 27, 1806, when they again met Yelleppit, re ly of Perce village, from which the chief and the warriors marked that they had given him a small medal on had departed on a war expedition. Only a few men October 19 and had promised him a larger one on ....ewis had been left to guard the camp. Clark was told, their return. Neither indicated whether the promise uncil however, of Chief Twisted Hair, then fishing down was fulfilled, although the chief was said to be much hiefs. river, and late on the evening of September 21 Clark gratified on seeing the explorers again. Clark on :l the arrived at his camp. The chief was on a small island that occasion gave him his sword (for which the ,honi in the river, but he was called by the guide and chief had expressed a great desire) as well as some ::iten- joined Clark. The captain found him a cheerful man ammunition. 24 nade of about sixty-five. He gave the chief a medal on October 24 brought a visit from the "principal and the spot and smoked with him until one o'clock in chief from the nation below with Several of his blem the morning. On the 23d the chiefs and warriors of men." The captain took the opportunity to promote Jarty the bands assembled more formally at the village, peace between these men of the Echeloots and the ~t 17 and the explorers explained their mission in sign chiefs who had accompanied the expedition down was language. Medals were given to two other chiefs, the Columbia from the mouth of the Snake-with late and Twisted Hair was given a flag and a shirt in apparent success. The great chief was given a medal 1bled .-1ddition to the medal he had already received. A and the party smoked until late at night. On the izing knife, handkerchief, and a small piece of tobacco next day, with the advice of the Indians, the ex Jring were distributed to each chief present, and a flag pedition ran its canoes through the narrows of the pro- and handkerchief were presented for the great chief Columbia, when they met a second chief from one ::idly, when he returned.21 of the villages above who had been away when the two I When the party at long last reached the Columbia explorers had passed by. They landed to smoke a neri- River on October 16, they encamped just above the pipe with the chief, whom Clark described as "a the confluence with the Snake and soon were in council bold pleasing looking man of about 50 years of age." sea- with a large number of Indians who had gathered to They presented him with a medal of the small size. 25 pre- meet them, having been notified in advance of the The day following was spent repairing the canoes, ~f as Americans' coming and their friendly intentions. which had been damaged by rocks in the rapids, nong Lewis and Clark conversed as well as they could and drying out the equipment and provisions that ~oat, with the chiefs in signs and made the usual pre had been wet. In the evening the camp was visited mall rentation of medals. To the principal chief they gave by "two Principal Chiefs of the tribes above at the ings, n "large Medal, Shirt and Hndkf.," no doubt a Jef falls" who had been hunting when the expedition ferson medal of the second size. To the second chief passed their villages. Each chief was given a small ,ewis they gave "a Meade! of Small size" and to a chief medal, a red silk handkerchief, an arm band, a ians, who had come down from a village farther up the knife, and a piece of paint. Clark said they "ac- MEDAL.<; OF THE LEWIS AND CL.<\RK EXPEDITION 21 knowledged them as chiefs," and he added: "as we cans, Ske-ma-kwe-up, one of the last survivors of thought it necessary at this time to treat those peo his trihe, still treasured the medal he had received.'10 ple verry friendly & ingratiate our Selves with them, The last of the medal presentations at Fort Clat to insure us a kind & friendly reception on our re sop came on February 20, 1806, when Tah-cum, a turn, we gave Small presents to Several, and half a principal chief of the Chinooks, and a party of twen Deer to them to eate." The Indians stayed the night ty-five men came to the fort. This was a somewhat and were joined the next day by more Indians from more formal encounter, as Clark reported it: "we helow, but all departed in the evening.26 had never seen this Chief before he is a good looking As the explorers neared the mouth of the Colum man ahout 50 years of age reather larger in statu[r]e hia, they encountered Indians who had had contact than most of his nation; as he came on friendly visit with white traders. These natives were a trouble- we gave himself and party something to eat and 8ome lot, much addicted to thievery, and the cap plyed them plentyfully with smoke. we gave this tains threatened to shoot on the spot any Indian chief a small Medal with which he seemed much caught stealing, but the presentation of medals con pleased." Clark hastened to add that they escorted tinued as the expedition camped for the winter. On the party out of the fort at sunset and closed the November 20 two Chinook chiefs were given medals gates, for though the natives were friendly, the and one received a flag. The camp was visited on American never quite trusted them.:1 1 November 21 by Indians of different bands, and an As the winter waned and no vessel appeared at Indian named Tow-wale who lived at the great the Columbia to take the party back to the east by rapids Clark made a chief and gave him a medal.27 sea, Lewis and Clark made plans for an early start Two canoes of Clatsops arrived on December 12. across the mountains and down the Missouri to St. They appeared well disposed to the whites and the Louis. On March 23, 1806, after some days' delay captains presented a small medal to their principal because of rain, they began the homeward journey. chief, whom Clark called Commowol.29 On Decem They had almost no merchandise left for trading ber 29 the young chief of the War-kiakum nation, with the Indians, but a small stock of medals re Ske-ma-kwe-up, with a small party arrived. He mained and they were distributed when occasions made a present of wappato roots to the captains arose. On March 26, 1806, the captains presented and they in turn presented him with a medal of a medal of the small size to a principal man among the small size and a piece of red ribbon to tie around the Cathlamahs, and three days later another small his hat. A month later they were visited by the medal was given to a chief of a village at which they chief of the Cathlamahs and eleven of his nation. stopped. This chief transferred the medal to his These Indians lived on the south side of the Colum wife.:i 2 The medals were presented with little cere bia above Fort Clatsop, but the visit on January 10, mony, it appeared, but they were still looked upon 1806, was the first meeting of the chief with Lewis by the captains as important in gaining the friend and Clark, for he had been absent when the ex ship of the tribes. On April 11, for example, as the pedition had passed his village on their way down. party was negotiating the cascades, they were vis The captains rrave him "a medal of the smallest ited by Indians who crowded around the camp in size. "2ll considerable numbers. They were, Lewis reported, So the winter passed, with such occasional visits "the greates[t] theives and scoundrels we have met from neighboring chiefs, who in the minds of the with." The chief, however, seemed mortified by the· captains deserved the recognition which came with behavior of the tribe and showed friendship toward the presentation of a small medal. There was no the captains. He admired the pipe tomahawk of word here of formal council, parades of soldiers, and Clark for its brass bowl and Clark exchanged it for the accompanying ceremonies that marked the "a large fine pipe tomahawk" which the Indian had awards among the tribes along the Missouri. A received from a trader. The captains gave him a "chief," arriving unannounced with a canoe or two small medal, "which appeared to please him verry of his villagers, was greeted as a friend by Lewis and much." Clark added a hope that the medal would Clark, and a small medal was hung around his neck. have "a favourable tendency, in as much as it will The medals, nevertheless, were treasured by the attach him to our interest, and he probably will Indians. Half n century after the visit of the Ameri- harang his people in our favour, which may prevent 22 INDli\N Pl,ACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY of !.:so ,, 11 ,· acts of violence heing committed, on either side."a:: been said yesterday and to enter more minutely '· \Vhen they encountered the Pisquow tribe on into the views of our government with rispect to the it- April 25. a large village whose inhabitants "behaved inhabitants of this western part of the continent, a with distant respect" toward the Americans, they their intention of establishing trading houses for n cra\'e the chief a small medal, and a few miles up the their relief, their wish to restore peace ahd harmony at ~i\'er gave another medal to a Walla Walla village among the natives, the strength power and wealth of ,;e t·hief. They met Chief Yelleppit again on the 27th our nation &c." The talk took nearly half a day, fo1 1g and were forced to spend some time visiting with it had to pass through French, Minitari, Shoshoni, le him . as he had invited neighboring tribesmen to and Nez Perce languages, but in the end the Indians ,it come in to meet the Americans/M After crossing the appeared highly pleased. After the council the cap 1d Columbia with Yelleppit's aid, they moved forward tains amused themselve:; by showing the chiefs "the 1is among the Walla Wallas, giving "small medals to power of magnetism, the spye glass, compass, watch, ~h two inferior cheifs of this nation" on April 29.35 air-gun and sundry other articles equally novel and ?d On May 5, back among the Nez Perces, the cap incomprehensible to them."aH 1e tains presented a small Jefferson medal to one of the Lewis and Clark stayed with the friendly Nez 1e four principal chiefs, a man called Neeshnepark Perces until near the end of June, when they were keeook or Cut Nose, who did not impress the Ameri no longer blocked by snow from getting through the at cans. "He may be a great cheif," they reported, "but mountains. On July 3 the party divided; Captain >y his countenance has but little inteligence and his Lewis with nine men proceeded north to explore rt influence among his people seems but inconsider the Marias River, while Captain Clark and the rest :t. able.":in Cut Nose, however, accompanied the ex of the expedition headed southward toward the ty plorers to a meeting with Twisted Hair and then on Three Forks and the Yellowstone. On July 26 y. to the village of Tunnachemootoolt, the absent chief Lewis's group met a party of Indians who seemed 1g for whom a flag had been left on September 23. The hostile and suspicious. The captain greeted them e- flag was flying near the lodge and the chief met the in friendship and identified them as the feared 1s Americans with great friendship and supplied them Minitaris of the north (Gros Ventres). When he id generously with much-needed provisions. Another inquired if there were any chiefs among them, three 1g principal chief of the nation, Hohastillpilp, arrived were pointed out. "I did not believe them," Lewis 11 with a party of men, and medals were presented to wrote in his journal, "however I thought it best to y hoth chiefs. Tunnachemootoolt received a small Jef please them and gave to one a medal to a second is ferson medal and Hohastillpilp "one of the sewing a flag and to the third a handkerchief, with which medals struck in the presidency of Washington." We they appeared well satisfyed."~0 The next morning n explained to them," Lewis said, "the design and the the Indians attempted to seize the guns of some of l importance of medals in the estimation of the whites the men, and in the resulting skirmish the Indian e as well as the red men who had been taught their who had received the medal was stabbed to death value."37 by one of the men; another Indian Captain Lewis n The following morning another great chief of the shot through the belly. Lewis retook the flag he had I, nation arrived. This was Yoomparkkartim, who was presented, but he left the medal around the neck t given one of the small season medals, for all the Jef of the dead man, "that they might be informed who e ferson medals had been disposed of except the one we were."~0 Soon after this dangerous escapade, the i of largest size which was being kept for "some great two parties met again on the Missouri below the f Chief of the Yellow rock river." The American cap mouth of the Yellowstone, and the united expedi tains by this time had decided that Tunnachemoo tion made its way down the river. Clark made no toolt, Neeshneparrkkeeook, Yoomparkkartim, and mention of medals; he had not found any great chief Hohastillpilp (in that order) were the principal on the Yellowstone. chiefs of the Nez Perces, and while all four were on When the Americans reached the Mandan vil hand a serious conference was in order. All of these lages, they were greeted as old friends by the chiefs chiefs had already received medals, so no presenta they had decorated on the way up the Missouri, but tion ceremony was called for, but, as Lewis reported, no one wanted to accompany them back to St. Louis "we thought it n favorable time to repeat what had for fear of the Sioux who were encamped down river. MEDALS OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION 23 Finally prevailing upon Big White to go along, the theory, far outran the practice of the Spanish in captains moved down to the Arikara villages. Land actuality. Whereas Spanish agents were continually ing opposite the second village on August 21, they pleading with the officials at St. Louis or New were met by most of the inhabitants of the villages Orleans for a supply of medals and cautiously wrote and also by Cheyennes who had recently encamped for specific instructions as to whether or not it nearby. When Clark stepped on shore he was sa would be all right to award a small medal to a sec 4. luted by the two great chiefs "whome we had made ond chief as well as a large medal to a first chief in or given Medals to as we assend[ed] this river in a nation, Lewis and Clark distributed the medals B 1804." In council with the Indians Clark met a with a certain abandon. They came with a large epOt young man of about thirty-two years who was in number of medals, in at least four sizes, and they the troduced as Grey Eyes, the first chief of the Arika regularly presented the medals to first, second, and Lie1 ras. He had been absent when the explorers passed third chiefs-including what appeared to be a good tad up the river two years before, and the Indian they many secondary village chiefs. Nor were they metic otfic had then recognized as the principal chief (no doubt ulous in determining the chiefs whom they selected corr. Lighting Crow J had given up his medal and flag to for the honor. With the Spanish it was generally the whc Grey Eyes as a greater chief than himself.41 governor or some high officer who decided which on , As the sun got hot the Cheyenne chief invited chiefs were to get the medals, and the traders who ,-iss them to his lodge. After smoking together Clark made the actual presentation ( when the Indians ~;eai gave the chief a small medal, which instead of grati did not in fact come to St. Louis or N,•w Orleans) to t fying the chief seemed to alarm him. The Cheyenne were merely agents carrying out the governor's will. the returned the medal and told Clark that "he knew Lewis and Clark in contrast, had complete discre t•xtE that the white people were all medecine and that tionary authority. They did not even make a full Ind he was afraid of the midal or any thing that white report about the chiefs they had "made." \\'ii reople gave to them." Clark was no doubt taken The agent of the British North West Company, ('011• aback, for this was the first time a chief had reacted Larocque, when he met Lewis and Clark at the l'ni unfavorably to the presentation of a medal, but he Mandan villages in November, 1804, wrote in his to i ratiently explained to the chief the purpose of the journal: "They made presents of a flag, medal, award. Clark hung the medal once more around the chiefs clothing, tobacco, knives, beads and other c;hief's neck and told him that "this was the mede trinkets to every chief of the Indian nations which ,;orr cene which his Great father directed me to deliver they saw."H Perhaps the captains could afford to be ,·an to all the great chiefs who listened to his word and so free with the medals because the War Depart tak followed his councils, that he had done so and I ment had so many of the Washington season medals prh should leave the medal with him as a token of his left over from the previous administrations. But one at~ cincerity &c." The chief was impressed; he accepted suspects that the wide distribution of the medals, on the medal and doubled the quantity of buffalo meat together with flags, chief's coats, knives, handker kin he had originally presented to Clark as a gift.42 chiefs and the like, was an expression of American hea On September 23 the captains arrived at St. extravagance and exuberance. Whatever the cause, \Iii Louis. "We were met by all the village," Clark re compared with the restrained and carefully account ne1 ported, "and received a harty welcom from it's in ed for distribution of such marks of allegiance by ' ll,!l habitants &c. "~:i the Spanish, the American captains saturated with 1·n This first use by Americans of peace medals in medals the country through which they passed. The I the Trans-Mississippi West, though similar in Americans who followed them continued to do so. n,e Pr~ :1ls tin lie; Pr: ·,1,·a tio the 24 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN /\MERICAN HISTORY m tlly ew ote it 4. Zebulon Montgomery Pike's Expeditions ec-- in als Bcf ore Lewis and Clark returned from their chiefs who had been to St. Louis and there turned in rge ,,poch-making tour of discovery, an exploration of their British medals to the agent Pierre Chouteau. 1ey the upper ~Ii:,sissippi River was undert!3ken by Chouteau had promised them American medals in ind Lil'utenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike and a de return. to he sent up to them by some officer of the ,od tachment of twenty soldiers. Pike, an alert young government. Now Pike appeared, hut without the ;ic ,tlicer. was the protege of General James Wilkinson, medals, and he wrote to Wilkinson to "remedy the ted t"11mmanding general of the United States Army, evil." The chiefs, Pike said, considered the medals :.he who made hi;; headquarters at St. Louis. Wilki.nson "their commissions; their only distinguishing mark ich nn July 30. 1805. directed Pike to ascend the Mis from other warriors."a •ho ,;i,;:;ippi "until you reach the source of it, o·r the At Leech Lake, in early February, Pike came ms .;ea,;011 may forbid your further progress." Pike was upon the trading establishment of Hugh McGillis, 1s) to take notes on the course of the river, to report the agent of the North West Company post at ·ill. the number and residence of the Indians and the Fond du Lac. What he saw startled and disturbed re l•xtent of their trade, and to obtain land from the him, and he sent McGillis a strong admonition: 'ull Indians for military posts. "In your course," General \\'ilkinson told Pike, "you are to spare no pains to I have found, sir, your commerce and estab lishments, extending beyond our most exagger l'lY, rnnriliate the Indians and to attach them to the ;he l 'nited States." He gave the lieutenant permission ated ideas, and in addition to the injury done his to invite important chiefs to come to St. Louis to our revenue, hy the evasion of the duties, other acts which are more particularly injurious to lal, 'ay a visit. 1 1er Pike was provided with "trifling presents" and the honor and dignity of our gotrernment. The ich ,;ome flags, which Wilkinson cautioned him to be transactions alluded to, are the presenting be rareful about distributing. He did not, however, medals of his Britannic majesty, and flags of rt take any peace medals with him, nor is this sur the said government, to the chiefs and warriors als prising since his journey originated with Wilkinson resident in the territory of the United States. ne at St. Louis and not with the President or Secretary If political subjects are strictly prohibited to .ls, of War in \Yashington, and it is not likely that Wil our traders, what would be the ideas of the :!r kinson had a surplus of medals, if any at all, at his executive to see foreigners making chiefs, and distributing flags, the standard of an European an headquarters. Yet Pike's activities on the y.pper 4 ,e, ~fosissippi throw considerable light on the tre power. it :11enclous importance attached to peace medals as He strictly enjoined the trader to bring his goods by ,;igns of friendship and marks of allegiance to the through proper channels, never to hoist the British th l'nited States. flag, not to hold political councils with the Indians, he Pike was soon apprised by the Indian chiefs he and "on no further occasion, present a flag or medal ;o. met of the value they placed on their medals. At to an Indian." Prairie du Chien a band of Sioux asked for two med McGillis in a gracious response pleaded innocence als "in order that they may have their chiefs dis of any intentional wrongdoing-"The custom has tinguished as friends of the Americans," and the long been established and we innocently and inof lieutenant asked Wilkinson to send the medals to fensively, as we imagined, have conformed to it till Prairie du Chien, where Pike could get them on his the present day." But he promised "to prevent the way down 1·ive1· and then make a proper presenta future display of the British flag, or the presenting tion to the chiefs.2 When he arrived at the mouth of of medals."" Pike was not satisfied, however, by this the Minnesota River, he was importuned by Indian polite exchange of notes, which he must have real- ZEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE'S EXPEDITIONS 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY The basic sources for a history of the use of peace The production of the medals for the most part medals in Indian policy and for an understanding was done at the United States Mint in Philadelphia. of how the medals were designed and produced are The engravers, coiners, directors, and superinten to be found in the records of the federal government dents of the Mint were intimately involved in the preserved in the National Archives. The medals design and the striking of the medals, and when the themselves are mute artifacts; a careful study of the Office of the Director of the Mint was created in medals must be combined with a thorough investi 1873, that officer, and occasionally the Secretary gation of the documents dealing with their manufac of the Treasury, became involved in the bureau ture and their use. cratic machinery necessary to the production of the The medals were produced explicitly for the In medals. dian service, and the primary records are those of All of these officers and agents generated official the offices in the federal government that were con records, now preserved in the National Archives, cerned with Indian relations. Originally the respon which provided the fundamental sources for this sibility rested directly with the Secretary of War, study. In addition, significant documents concern who worked through the officers and agents who ing Indian peace medals have turned up in a wide procured military and Indian supplies. When the variety of non-governmental document collections. Office of Indian Trade was established in 1806, the Superintendent of Indian Trade assumed the re I. RECORDS IN THE NATIONAL AR sponsibility for acquiring and distributing the CHIVES f The records used are listed by Record medals. When an Office of Indian Affairs was estab Group number. If the records have been micro lished within the War Department in 1824, the head filmed, the microcopy number is indicated in square of that office took over the duties of the Indian brackets.] Trade Office, which had been abolished in 1822. The formal appointment of a Commissioner of Indian RECORD GROUP 48: Records of the Office of the Sec Affairs in 1832 and the Congressional authorization retary of the Interior of a Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1834-still under Letters Sent by the Indian Division of the Of the War Department-regularized the work. fice of the Secretary of the Interior [M606]. When the Department of the Interior was created Letters Received by the Indian Division of the in 1849, the Indian service was transferred to the Office of the Secretary of the Interior. new department, but the Commissioner of Indian RECORD GROUP 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was still the chief official dealing with the Affairs matter of Indian medals. In addition, however, the Letters Received by the Office of the Secretary Indian Division within the Office of the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs [M271]. of the Interior and the Secretary of the Interior Letters Sent by the Office of the Secretary of himself frequently were concerned. War Relating to Indian Affairs [M15J. The Superintendents of Indian Affairs and the Letters Received by the Superintendent of In Indian agents on the frontier were the men who dian Trade, 1806-1824 [T58]. dealt directly with the Indians. They were usually Letters Sent by the Superintendent of Indian the ones who presented the medals to the chiefs. ·Trade, 1807-1830 [M16]. BIBLIOGRAPHY 165 Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Letters from the Coiner to the Superintendent, 1824-1880 [M234]. 1877-1891. Letters Sent by the Office of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Letters Sent, 1879-1904. 1824-1886 [M21]. Register of Dies for the Philadelphia Mint, Report Books of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1839-1854. 1838-1885 [M348]. Medal Fund Account Book, 1861-1888. Indexes to Letters Received by the Office of Medal Book, 1868. Indian Affairs, 1881-1907. Chief Coiner's Medal Account Books, Registers of Letters Received by the Office of 1871-1888. Indian Affairs, 1881-1907. Index of Letters Received and Sent from U. S. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Mint from 1792 to July, 1835. IV 1881-1907. Domestick Letters and Statements ... Index to Abstracts of Letters Sent by the Of 1795-1804. fice of Indian Affairs, 1881-1907. Miscellaneous List of Important Papers Found . I Registers (Abstracts) of Letters Sent by the in Engraver's Vault, List #4. Office of Indian Affairs, 1881-1906. RECORD GROUP 107: Records of the Office of the I I Letters Sent by the Office of Indian Affairs, Secretary of War ! 1870-1908. Registers of Letters Received, Main Series Documents Relating to the Negotiation of [M22]. Ratified and Unratified Treaies with Various Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Tribes of Indians [T494]. Registered Series [M221]. List of Property ... Chief Clerk's Room Office Letters Sent by the Secretary of War, Military of Indian Affairs, 1877. Affairs [M6]. Contracts and Bonds, 1836-1877. RECORD GROUP 92: Records of the Office of the II. RECORDS IN THE INDIAN TRIBAL Quartermaster General CLAIMS BRANCH, FEDERAL RECORDS CEN Consolidated Correspondence File, passim. TER, SUITLAND, MARYLAND Day and Letter Book, Superintendent of Mil V. itary Stores, 1801-1814. Second Auditor's Accounts, Indian Depart Smooth Record of Articles Received and Is ment. sued, Office of Military Storekeeper at Phil Register of Indian Claims. adelphia, 1795-1796. Accountant's Office Journals and Warrant Superintendent of Military Stores, Military Books. Stores Account Book, 1796-1813. Letter Book, Superintendent of Military Military Department Waste Books, 1796-1813. Stores, 1809-1812. Superintendent of Military Stores, Letter Journal of George Ingels, Indian Storekeeper. Book, 1801-1808. 1806-1811. RECORD GROUP 104: Records of the Bureau of the Journal of Superintendent of Military Stores. Mint 1794-1811. General Correspondence, United States Mint at Philadelphia. III. NON-GOVERNMENTAL COLLECTIONS Letters of the Superintendent of the Mint. OF MANUSCRIPTS [Some of t.hese supplied only Letters Sent by the Director of the U. S. Mint isolated documents, turned up in casual research.] at Philadelphia, 1795-1817 [M64]. Franklin Peale Correspondence, 1829-1886. Minnesota Historical Society: Letter Book, 1824-1835. Lawrence Taliaferro Papers. Letters Sent by the Director and Superinten Missouri Historical Society: dent of the Mint, 1866-1900. Tesson Collection. Letters Sent by Coining and Medal Depart Chouteau Collection. ment. Indian Papers. 166 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Trobriand. Trans. and ed. Lucile M. Kane. Anthony Wayne Papers. St. Paul, 1951. Autograph Collection. Gass, Patrick. A Journal of the Voyages and Register of the Medal Dies of the U. S. Trai•els of a Corps of Discovery, Under the (Peale). Command of Capt. Lewis and Capt. Clark Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society: ... During the Years 1804, 1805 and 1806. Millard Fillmore Papers. Reprint of 1808 edition, Minneapolis. 1958. Massachusetts Historical Society: Houck. Louis, ed. The Spanish Regime in Mis The Adams Papers. souri. 2 vols. Chicago, 1909. Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jef IV. PRINTED GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS ferson. Ed. Julian P. Boyd. 17 vols. to date. Princeton, New Jersey, 1950-. American State Papers: Military Affairs (7 ---. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. vols., Washington, 1832-1861). Ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb. 20 vols. Washing American State Papers: Indian Affairs (2 vols., ton, 1903-1904. Washington, 1832-1834). Kinnaird, Lawrence, ed. Spain in the Missis Carter, Clarence E., ed., The Territorial Papers sippi Valley, 1765-1794. (Annual Report of of the United States (26 vols., Washington, the American Historical Association for the 1932-1962). Year 1945, vols. II, III, IV.) Washington, United States Statutes at Large. 1949. Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Indian McKenney, Thomas Lorraine. Memoirs, Offi Affairs. cial and Personal; with Sketches of Travels Annual Reports of the Director of the Mint. among the Northern and Southern Indians. House Report No. 259, 20 Congress, 1 session, 2 vols. in one. New York, 1846. serial 179 ("On Retrenchment," May 15, ----. Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes, of 1828). the Character and Customs of the Chippe way Indians, and of Inddents Connected V. OTHER PRINTED PRIMARY SOURCES with the Treaty of Fond du Lac. Reprint of 1827 edition, Minneapolis, 1959. Biddle, Nicholas. History of the Expedition Na~atir, Abraham P., ed. Before Lewis and under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History Clark, to the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rockv Mountains and Down the of the Missouri, 1785-:-1804. 2 vols. St. Louis, River Columbia· to the Pacific Ocean, Per 1952. formed During the Years 1804-5-6. 2 vols. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. The Journals of Philadelphia, 1814. Zebulon Montgomery Pike, with Letters and Black Hawk. Ma-Ta-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, Related Documents. Ed. Donald Jackson. Black Hawk: An Autobiography. Ed. Donald Norman, 1966. Jackson. Urbana, 1955. Prescott, Philander. The Recollections of Phil Bolton. Herbert Eugene, ed. Athanase de ander Prescott: Frontiersman of the Old Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier, Northwest, 1819-1862. Ed. Donald Dean 1768-1780. 2 vols. Cleveland, 1914. Parker. Lincoln, 1966. Clark, William. The Field Notes of Captain Quaife. Milo M., ed. The Journals of Captain William Clark, 1803-1805. Ed. Ernest S. Os Meriwether Lewis and Sergeant John Ord good. New Haven, 1964. way Kept on the Expedition of Western Ex Coues, Elliott. ed. History of the Expedition ploration, 1803-1806. Madison, 1916, 1965. Under the Command of Lewis and Clark. Reid, Russell, and Clell G. Gannon, ed. "Jour New York. 1893. nal of the Atkinson-O'Fallon Expedition," De Trobriand. Philippe Regis. Military Life in North Dakota Historical Quarterly, Dalwta: The Journal of Philippe Regis de IV (October, 1929), 5-56. BffiLIOGRAPHY 167 - --- . . . ., :' ~ - - . - - ·~ Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. Personal Memoirs of in the United States. New York, 1927. Re a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian printed by N. Flayderman, New Milford, Tribes on the American Frontiers. Philadel Connecticut, 1966. fThe best descriptive phia, 1851. guide to American Indian peace medals, ----. Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake based largely on the collection of the Ameri Itasca: The Discovery of the Source of the can Numismatic Society. A pioneer work.] Mississippi. Ed. Philip P. Mason. East Lan Bentley, Esther Felt. "The Madison Medal and sing, 1958. Chief Keokuk," Princeton University Li Taliaferro, Lawrence. "Auto-Biography of Maj. brary Chronicle, XIX (Spring and Summer, Lawrence Taliaferro. Written in 1864," Min 1958), 153-158. f Concerns a Madison medal, nesota Historical Collections, VI (1894), which has been attributed (without solid 189-255. evidence) to Chief Keokuk. The medal is in Thornbrough, Gayle, ed. Letter Book of the the Princeton University Library. l Indian Agency at Fort Wayne, 1809-1815. Betts, Benjamin. "American Fur Company's Indianapolis, 1961. Indian Medals," American Journal of Nu Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. Original Journals mismatics, XXXII (July, 1897), 4-7. fDe of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- scribes the Astor and the Chouteau medals 1806. 8 vols. New York, 1904-1905. issued by the American Fur Company to the Wilson, Peter. "The Letters of Peter Wilson, Indians.l First Resident Agent Among the Teton Betts, C. Wyllys. American Colonial History Sioux,'' ed. Harry H. Anderson, Nebraska Illustrated by Contemporary Medals. New History, XLII (December, 1961), 237-264. York, 1894. f A descriptive list of medals from the colonial period. Does not pertain VI. SECONDARY ACCOUNTS. to medals issued by the United States government. J [These are of mixed quality. A few are based Brannon, Peter A. The Southern Indian Trade, on sound research; some are simply descrip Being Particularly a Study of Materials from tions of medals; many are of little value and the Tallapoosa River Valley of Alabama. must be used with caution. l Montgomery, Alabama, 1935. [Deals pri "About 'Peace Medals,'" Masterkey, XXXIV marily with trade goods, but has some data (January-March, 1960), 23-24. f Concerns on Indian medals of Washington and a Charles III Spanish medal and quotes a Jefferson. J letter of Arthur Woodward about Spanish "British Indian Medals," American Journal of peace medals. l Numismatics, XXXI (July, 1896), 7-11. Alfred, Lorraine C. "King George II Indian fDiscusses George III medals given by Peace Medal," Wisconsin Archeologist, new Frederick Haldimand in 1778. Further notes series, XVI (March, 1935), 4-6. appear ibid., XXXI (January, 1897), 78, "American Indian Medals." American Journal and XXXII (October, 1897), 55-56. l of Numismatics, XXXVIII (April, 1904), Brown, Charles E. "Wisconsin Indian Medals." 98-103. fRandom information, not always Wisconsin Archeologist, XIV (April, 1915). accurate, about French, British, and Ameri 28-36. fBrief material on Indian medals in can peace medals. l collections in Wisconsin. J Beckworth, Paul Edmond. "Medals," in Fred Brown, Theodore T. "An · Abraham Lincoln erick W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Medal," Wisconsin Archeologist, new series. Indians North of Mexico (Bulletin, 30, VIII (April, 1929) , 103-105. fDescribes a Bureau of American Ethnology), I, 829-836. Lincoln medal in the possession of a Wiscon f A brief survey of the use of peace medals sin Indian. l by the Spanish, French, British, and Ameri Butler, James Davie. "Early Historic Relics of cans. Contains inaccuracies. J the Northwest," Wisconsin Historical Col Belden, Bauman L. Indian Peace Medals Issued lections, IX (1882), 97-129. [Data on Span- 168 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY ish medals in Wisconsin and on British printed in American Medals and Medalists, certificates. l pp. 54-62.] ----. "The Hispano-Wisconsin Medal," ----. "Joseph Willson. American Medal Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic ist," Numismatist, LXVIII ( N ovem her, Journal, XI (July, 1882), 26. [Concerns a 1955), 1185-1187. [Reprinted in American Spanish Indian medal dug up in Wisconsin Medals and Medalists, pp. 64-66. Willson, and British practices in giving medals.] working with Salathiel Ellis, designed the ----. "Spanish Silver in Early Wisconsin reverses of some of the peace medals.] - A Unique Medallic Find," Canadian An------. "Medals Made in America by tiquarian and Numismatic Journal, X Moritz Furst," Numismatist. LXVII (Sep (April, 1882), 173-176. tember, 1954), 937-943; (October, 1954), Chamberlain, Georgia Stamm. "American 1075-1080. [Reprinted in American Medals Medals," Hobbies, LV, No. 7 (September, and Medalists, pp. 33-47. A brief descriptive 1950), 137-138. [Reprinted in American catalog of Furst's medals, including peace Medals and Medalists, pp. 1-4.] medals.] ----. American Medals and Medalists. ----. "Moritz Furst, Die-Sinker and Art Annandale, Virginia, 1963. f A memorial ist," Numismatist, LXVII (June, 1954), volume that reprints Mrs. Chamberlain's 588-592. [Reprinted in American Medals articles on American medals and their en and Medalists, pp, 26-32. Brief biographical gravers. Many of the articles, which are information on Furst.] listed separately in this bibliography, deal ----. "President Zachary Taylor's Indian with Indian peace medals. The articles sup Peace Medal," Numismatist, LXXII (May, ply valuable information, often from original 1959), 519-524. [Reprinted in American sources, that is not available elsewhere in Medals and Medalists, pp. 99-108. An ac print.] count of the Taylor medal, which reprints ----. "Bas-Relief Portraits by Salathiel considerable archival material about the Ellis," Antiques Journal, IX, No. 10 (Octo medal.] ber, 1954), 23, 29. [Reprinted in American ----. "Salathiel Ellis: Cameo-Cutter, Medals and Medalists, pp. 23-25. Ellis de Sculptor, Artist of Nineteenth Century signed a number of the United States Indian America," Antiques Journal, IX, No. 2 peace medals.] (February, 1954), 36-37. [Reprinted in ----. "Chapman's Model of the President American Medals and Medalists, pp. 20-22.] Polk Indian Peace Medal," Numismatist, Cutright, Paul Russell, "Lewis and Clark In LXX (May, 1957), 533-537. [Reprinted in dian Peace Medals." Missouri Historical So Studies on John Gadsby Chapman, American ciety Bulletin, XXIV (January, 1968). Artist, 1808-1889 (Annandale, Virginia, 160-167 and plates following page 132. [A 1963), pp. 30-36.] well-illustrated article, but it errs in identi ----. "Ferdinand Pettrich, Sculptor of the fying some of the medals.] President Tyler Indian Peace Medal," Nu Douglas, Damon G. "The First United States mismatist, LXX (April, 1957), 387-390. f Re Indian Chief Peace Medal," Numismatist, printed in American Medals and Medalists, LVIII (July, 1945), 689-693. [Concerns a pp. 48-53.] medal for Indians ordered by the Continen ----. "Indian Peace Medals," Spinning tal Congress.] Wheel, XII, No. 4 (April, 1956), 22-23. Eglit, Nathan N. "Indian Peace Medals and [Reprinted in American Medals and Medal the Presidential Series," Numismatic Scrap ists, pp. 96-98.] book Magazine, XXVI (April, 1960), 929- ----. "John Reich, Assistant Engraver to 950. [An illustrated account of Indian peace the United States Mint," Numismatist, medals, based largely on Belden. Reprinted LXVIII (March, 1955), 242-249. (Re- in serial form in Coin World, 1966, passim.1 BmUOGRAPHY 169 .. . - .:i..'~;.r·: __ ' Evans, George G. Illustrated History o( the· the medals presented by the British to In United States Mint, with a Complete De_. dian chiefs.] scription of American Coinage. Philadelphia, Jester, Margo. "Peace Medals," American In 1888. [Helpful for information on Mint per dian Tradition, VII, No. 5 (1961, 149-157. sonnel who were involved in the production f A highly illustrated, descriptive listing of of peace medals.] peace medals.] Ewers, John C. " 'Chiefs from the Missouri and Julian, R. W. "Peace Medals Honor US Pres Mississippi' and Peale's Silhouettes of 1806," idents," Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Smithsonian Journal of History, I (Spring, XXXV ( August 25, 1969), 1296-1299. 1966), 1-26. [Contains references to presen [First in a continuing series of articles.] tation of Jefferson medals to the Indians.] Kannenberg, Arthur P. "Indian Medals in the Forrer, L. Biographical Dictionary of Medal Oshkosh Public Museum," Wisconsin Arche lists. 8 vols. London, 1904-1930. [Valuable ologist, new series, XVI (November, 1936), reference work on medalists who engraved 97-99. the peace medals.] Kenney, Richard D. "The Chief White Hair Gillingham, Harrold E. "Early American In Medal," American Numismatic Society Mu dian Medals," Antiques, VI ( Decem her, seum Notes, V (1952), 191-192. [Concerns a 1924), 312-315. [An illustrated article about solid Jefferson medal in the Society's collec 1 the Washington medals and the Treaty of tion, erroneously described as the medal pre Greenville medal.] sented to the Osage chief by Zebulon M. ----. "Indian and Military Medals from Pike.] Colonial Times to Date," Pennsylvania Mag ----. "Early American Medalists and Die azine of History and Biography, LI (April, Sinkers," Whitman Numismatic Journal, II 1927), 97-125. [An undocumented address, (September, 1965), 631-635, and subse ( dealing mostly with military medals, but quent issues through III (May, 1966). with references to early peace medals.] [Lists engravers and die sinkers and gives ----. "Indian Silver Ornaments," Penn brief account of each. Incomplete.] I sylvania Magazine of History and Biogra ----. "Early American Medalists and Die phy, XVIII (April, 1934), 97-126. [Contains Sinkers (Prior to the Civil War)," Coin Col some information on early Washington lector's Journal, XXI (January-February, medals.] 1954), 1-24. Hilger, Sister M. Inez. "A 'Peace and Friend Loubat, J. F. The M edallic History of the ship' Medal," Minnesota History, XVI (Sep United States of America, 1776-1876. 2 vols. tember, 1935), 321-323. [Describes a fur New York, 1878. Reprinted by N. Flayder trader's medal dug up at Red Lake Reserva man, New Milford, Connecticut, 1968. [A I tion.J description of United States national med Hodge, Frederick Webb. "Historic Indian Med als, with engravings done by Jules Jacque als," Masterkey, XXX (May, 1947), 94-95. rnart. Includes the peace medals issued with [ Describes the pewter Washington medals.] in ihe period covered. Loubat worked from I ----. "Indian Peace and Other Medals," restrikes of the medals and has only very Masterkey, XXVIII (May-June, 1954), limited documentary evidence about the 109-110. [Account of peace medals in South medals. The book must be used with cau west Museum; some inaccurate informa tion.] tion.] McLachlan, R. W. Medals Awarded to the I Jamieson, Melvill Allan. Medals Awarded to Canadian Indians. Montreal, 1899. [An ex North American Indian Chiefs, 1714-1922, cellent brief account of the use of the medals, and to Loyal African and Other Chiefs in with descriptions of various medals.] Various Territories within the British Em "Medals Found in Pawnee Indian Graves," . I pire. London, 1936. [First half reprinted, Lon Numismatist, XXXIX (March, 1926), 139- don, 1961. A fully illustrated description of 140. [Brief notice of excavations at· the A. 170 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMEBICAN HISTORY T. Hill site in Nebraska, in which Spanish, "A Presidential Medal Given to an Indian," English, and American medals were found.] American Journal of Numismatics, XXXI Miller, Marianne F. "Indian Medals," Numis (July, 1896), 20-21. [Account of a Jackson matic Scrapbook Magazine, XIX (July, medal given to a Chickasaw chief.] 1953), 617-619. [ A brief account assembled Prucha, Francis Paul. "Early Indian Peace from Belden and other secondary sources.] Medals," Wisconsin Magazine of History, . Morin, Victor. "Les Medailles decernees aux XLV (Summer, 1962), 279-289. [Describes Indiens d' Amerique," Proceedings and the use and production of early peace Transactions of the Royal Society of Can medals.] ada, third series, IX (December, 1915), 277- ----. "History of the United States Pres 353 plus plates. [A detailed description of idential Medal Series," in Kenneth M. Failor Indian peace medals presented by the and Eleonora Hayden, Medals of the United French, English, Spanish, and Americans.] States Mint. Washington, 1969, pp. 267-270. "A New Variety of Washington Peace Medal," ----. "Indian Peace Medals," Westerners Numismatist, XXVIII (June, 1914), 300. Brand Book (Chicago), XXI (November, [Brief notice of a fur trader's medal.] 1964), 65-67. Nute, Grace Lee. " Indian Medals and Certifi "Rare Indian Peace Medal on Exhibit," His cates," Minnesota History, XXV (Septem torical Society News (Western Reserve ber, 1944), 265-270. [Brief account of In Historical Society), XVII (September, dian medals given by the French, Spanish, 1963). and English, with special attention to a "Red Jacket Medals," American Journal of Jefferson medal dug up in Minnesota.] Numismatics, XXI (January, 1897), 84-85. Oliver, Andrew. Portraits of John and Abigail [ Concerns three medals, each claimed to be Adams. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967. the original Red Jacket medal.] [Reference to John Adams peace medals.] "Red Indian Peace Medal," Numismatic Circu Parish, Daniel, Jr. "Some New Light on the lar, LV (February, 1950), 71; (April, 1950), Washington Season Medals," American Nu 199-200. [Describes an oval Washington mismatic and Archaeological Society of New medal of 1793.] York City, Proceedings and Papers, Thirty Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Annual Meet "Robert Scot, First Engraver at the Philadel ings, 1894-1895-1896, pp. 82-87. [Reprints phia Mint," Numismatist, LIV (February, important documents about the design and 1941), 84-85. [ Scot made medals for J effer production of these medals.] son to be given to the Indians.] Parker, A. G. "Lincoln Indian Peace Medal," Sandham, Alfred, "Medals for the Indians of Numismatist, XXVI (March, 1913), 132. 'New France,'" Canadian Antiquarian and [Picture and description of a Lincoln medal Numismatic Journal, I (April, 1873), 168- · found at a Pawnee site in Nebraska.] 169. [Quotes documents showing the use of Parker, Arthur C. The Life of General Ely S. Indian medals by the French.] Parker (Publications of the Buffalo Histor Severance, Frank H. "The Red Jacket Relics,'' ical Society, XXIII). Buffalo, 1919. [Con Publications of the Buffalo Historical Soci tains a reasonable account of the Red Jack ety, XXV (1921), 233-242. [Describes the et medal and its ownership.] Red Jacket Medal and its presentation.] Peake, Ora Brooks. A History of the United Slabaugh, Arlie R. "Mickley and the Mint States Indian Factory System, 1795-1882. Dies," Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, Denver, 1954. [Contains a section about the XXXI (April, 1965), 970-973. [Concerns presentation of medals to the Indians.] the Mint dies in the Mickley sale of 1878.] Porter, Mae Reed. "Indian Peace Medals," Snowden, James Ross. A Description of the Antiques, XLVI (July, 1944), 28-29. [Illus Medals of Washington; of National and Mis trations of medals with brief descriptions.] cellaneous Medals; and of Other Objects of BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 Interest in the Museum of the Mint. Phil- XXV (August, 1959), 1871-1882. [De adelphia, 1861. · scribes the techniques used in making dies.] "Speaking of Pictures ... These Silver Medal~ "The War Between Nebraska and Kansas: Chronicle 31 Presidents," Life, International Both Sid3s of the Dispute Over the True Edition, June 3, 1946, pp. 2-4. [Illustrations Location of the Pike-Pawnee Indian Village, of presidential medals from Washington to Where the Spanish Flag Came Down and Hoover.] the Stars and Stripes Went Up," Nebraska Steward, Frank H. History of the First United History Magazine, X (July-September, States Mint, Its People and Its Operations. 1927), 159-261. [Contains illustrations of .I Camden, New Jersey, 1924. [An amateur's peace medals excavated at the site.] work, containing some useful bits of informa tion.] Wedel, Waldo R. Prehistoric Man on the Great Taxay, Don. The U.S. Mint and Coinage: An Plains. Norman, 1961. [Contains illustra r Illustrated History from 1776 to the Present. tions of British and Spanish medals found E New York, 1966. [Contains a fine account of on the Hill site in Nebraska.] the techniques used in the production of "Wisconsin Indian Medals," Numismatist, t medals at the Mint.] XXXVI (January, 1923), 14-19. [Reprints C Thompson, Walter. "The Working Die and Our two articles by Charles E. Brown from Wis Coinage," Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, consin Archeologist.] j I I ... I' COLLECTIONS OF INDIAN PEACE MEDALS V t ( Indian peace medals are to be found in numerous York; Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois; I museums and other depositories, where they are on Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San :r exhibit or otherwise available. The most extensive Marino, California; Henry Francis du Pont Winter I collection is that of the American Numismatic So thur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware; Historical I ciety in New York, which contains an example of Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylva I nearly every peace medal struck. Another extensive nia; Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho; Iowa 11 collection is that of the Smithsonian Institution in State Department of History and Archives, Des I Washington. Moines, Iowa; Kansas City Museum of History and C There are significant collections of medals in the Science, Kansas City, Missouri; Minnesota Histor J I Denver Natural History Museum (Crane Collec ical S9ciety, St. Paul, Minnesota; National Cowboy j tion), Denver, Colorado; Gilcrease Institute of Hall of Fame, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Nebras z American History and Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Hen ka State Historical Society, Lincoln, Nebraska; ~ ry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan; Johns Hop New-York Historical Society, New York, New I kins University (John Work Garrett Collection), York; Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon: 1 Baltimore, Maryland; Massachusetts Historical Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; South Society, Boston, Massachuetts; Oklahoma Histor Dakota State Historical Society, Pierre, South Da• s ical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Western kota; State Historical Society of North Dakota. I Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio. Bismarck, North Dakota; State Historical Society I In addition, the following places have an impor of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. E tant medal or small group of medals: Arizona Pio Some medals are held by other similar museum~. ~ neer's Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona; Boston There are also a number of private collectors with C Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts; important collections of peace medals, and many C ( Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York; Buffalo smaller collectors. I and Erie County Historical Society, Buffalo, New E \ 172 INDrAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY INDEX Adams, Prt>sident John, and season medals, 17, 89-90; Belt. R. V., Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and presidential mPdal of, 135-138, 163 policy on medals, 64-6fi Adams, John, Jr., and J. Q. Adams medals, 103 Bt>nt, Charles, tradn, m£>dals for, 51-52, 107 Adams, President John Quincy, Indian peace medals of, Bent. Georg£>, Cheyenne Indian, given Harrison medal, 28, 42, 50, 100-103, 114; and Moritz Furst, 101, 68 103; and John Adams medal, 136-137 Big Bear, Oto Indian, receives medal, 63 Agents, Indian, and distribution of medals, xi. See also Big Blue Eyes, Oto chief, given certificate, 18-19 individual agents. Big Horse, Oto chief, receives medal, 18 Agnew, John, Inspector of the Customs, 41 Big Mane, Sioux chief, portrait, 66; medals sent to, 132 Agricultural fair, medals as prizes at, 68 Big Martin, Chippewa Indian, exchanges medals, 45 Ahaye, the Cowkeeper of Latchoway, Creek chief, re- Big White, Mandan chief, and Lewis and Clark, 19, 24 ceives medal, 5 · Black Bird, Omaha chief, and peace medals, 14, 15, 16 Ah-pe-atone, Kiowa chief, receives medal, 65, 135 Black Buffalo, Sioux chief, and Lewis and Clark, 19, 20 Allegiance, signified by medals, xii Black Coyote, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal, Allen, Lt. James, on Schoolcraft expedition, 43 68 American Fur Company, and use of medals, 38, 52, 139. Black Dog, Sioux chief, and exchange of medals and See also Fur trade medals flags, 38, 39 American Philosophical Society, Madison bust depos Black Fox, Cherokee chief, 6; sent "great medal," 56 ited at, 98. See also John Vaughan Black Partridge, Potawatomi chief, surrenders medal, 33 Andrus, W. D. E., Yankton Indian agent, and medals "Black Partridge medal," 149 for Strike-the-Ree, 61, 128, 129 Black Wolf, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal, 68 Apalachiola chiefs, given medals, 56 Blackfeet Indians, request medals, 64 Appropriations, for medals, 107, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118, Blankets, as presents for Indians, 50, 57 121,122,160,161 Blodget, Samuel, and design of Madison medals, 95 Apukshunnubbe, Choctaw great medal chief, 54 Bloody Fellow, Cherokee chief, and presentation of med- Arapaho Indians, receive Harrison medals, 68, 135 als, 6 Arikara Indians, 15, 16, 17, 33; and Lewis and Clark, Blount, William, governor of Southwest Territory, dis 19, 20, 24; attack on traders, 50 tributes medals, 6, 7 Arkansas Post, Indian medals at, 13, 33, 94 Bob Tail Bull, Indian of Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency, Arkeketah, George, Oto Indian, portrait, 58; receives given Harrison medal, 68 medal, 63 Boilvin, Nicholas, Indian agent, and use of medals, 28, Arkeketah, James, Oto Indian, portrait, 62 42, 94 Arm bands, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21, 34,52 Bolton and Watt Company, and season medals, 90 Arthur, President Chester A., Indian peace medal of, Bond, for making Johnson medals, 124 64, 131 Bosbyshell, 0. C., Chief Coiner, and die for John Adams Assinniboine Indians, 20 medal, 137 Astor, John Jacob, president of American Fur Com- Boudinot, Elias, Director of the Mint, and Jefferson pany, Indian medal of, 38, 52, 139 medals, 90-91, 95 Atkinson, General Henry, 50 Boutwell, Rev. William, reports council with Indians, Atkinson-O'Fallon expedition, 50 43--44 Bowyer, John, Indian agent, and exchange of medals, Bannock War, 63 34-35 Barber, Charles E., designs Indian peace medals, 129, Boynton, Paul, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal, 131, 132, 133, 135 68; medal of, illustrated, .134 Barbour, James, Secretary of War, on use of medals, 56 Bracelets, 8 Beads for Indians, 57 British certificates, 4, 26, 28, 34 Belden, Bauman L., on designer of Jefferson medals, 95 British flags, 16, 20, 25, 26, 28, 35, 37, 44, 45 Bell, A., Acting Secretary of the Treasury, and Garfield British medals, xi, xii, 3, 9, 16, 20, 25, 26, 30, 34, 35, 40, medal, 129 42, 44, 54, 100; surrendered or exchanged, 3, 9, 18, 177 ~ •t". •...---.:t-...c.;i~MOC'~"'~. ~' . ..,, • . 28. 34-35, 37, :-rn, 48, 51; denigrated by Indi:ms, Chaw:mon. l\knominP<' chiPf, certificate> to, 26; :-um,n- 3:3-34; as pattern for Madison medals, 96 clt'rs British nwclal. 27 Broaches for Indians, 8 <'hergud. Chipp<•wa chif'f. given mPdal, 41 Bronze mrdals, 70. 114, 1:n, 132 ChProkt><' Indians, 5, G, S; medals sent to. 56 Brool\eG, o~muel M., partrait by, 36 Cherokf•e Commission, 6R Brown, Henry Kirke. desiirns Taylor medals. i11 ('h~v~nu Bl~nchP. Jff White ff air Brown. Orlando. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Chc,vt0 nne Indians, 1:), 16; visited by Lewis and Clark. Taylor medals. 111-ll2 24; rpcci\'P H:irri;;cm nwdals, 68, t:3;'5 Brown, William G., portrait of Zachary Taylor by, 111 Chc>yPnne Ri\N Agc>nc:,·. nwdals for Indians at, 68, 1'29 Bruneau, John, Shoshoni Indian, given medal, 63 Chickasaw Indians. ri, 13: mPdals for. 6, 7, 8: and British Buchanan, President James, Indian peace medals of, 60, mvdals. ti: relations with Spanish, G, 149 ( 118-120, 160 Chief Day. 8('C Ogeima Geezhick Buffalo Belly, Arapaho chief, medal for, 52 Chiefs. decline in importance, 59. Se<' also Making of C Buffalo Meat, Cheyenne Indian, given Harrison medal, chiPfs; individunl chiPfs ( 68 Chief's coats. prPsented to Indians, 19, 24, Gl. See also ( Buffalo Medicine, Sioux Chief, given medal, 19 C'loth(0 s; Uniforms Bull Chip, Indian of Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency, given Chinook Indians, givc>n medals, 22 C Harrison medal, 68 Chipppwa Indians. 11, '27, 40-44, 47; wars with Sioux. Bull Thunder, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal. 42. 43. 44 C 68 Chocapa. Chipppwa chief. possc>sses medal, 42 Bushnell, Charles J .. collector, 95 Choctaw Indians. G; and peace medals, :3, 6, 7. :34; and C Butte des Morts, Treaty of. Sec Treaty of Butte des British mPdals, 5: :md French medals, 5; relations Marts with Spanish, G, 149 C Chauteau, Auguste. fur trader, 16. 48, 139 Cabinet, of President Grant, and design of medal, 126 Chouteau. Pinre>, receives medals, 2;i, 94. See also PiPrre> C Calhoun, John C., Secretary of War, and Monroe med- Chouteau, Jr .. and Company C als. 99 ChoutPau medal. illustrated. 140 (' C'ameahwait, Shoshoni chief, given flag and medal, 20 C'lamorgan. ,Jacques, head of Missouri Company, re C Campbell, John, Indian agent. and use of medals, 28, 94 quPsts medals, 1:i. 16 Camp Dubois. Lewis Clark medals at. 16-17, 18 Clark. William. and use of mPdals, xi, 16-17. 50-51, 94. C Cnptain Allick, Crec>k great medal chief, 5 !Ofi. 107; as trc•a ty commissioner. 48; ce>rtificate of. C Cnptain's medals. i-;ent to Choctaws, 54 49. Ser alsn Lewis and Clark expedition ( Carmichael, William, U. S. agent at Madrid, 8 Clats0p Indians, and LPwis and Clark, 22 ( Caron. Mrnomince Indian, appointed chief, 48 ('layhagc>, CrePk small medal chief, 5 Carondelet, Baron de, Spanish governor, 7, 13, 15; cer- ('levPland, President Crover, Indian peace medal of, 66. I tificate of, 14 68, 1:32 I Cass, Lewis, governor of Michigan Territory, and use Clotlws. as presents for Indians, 6, 20, 56. See also Chief's of mednls. xi. 34, 39, 42, 102, 156; and expedition coi1ts: Uniforms I of 1820, 40: as treaty commissioner, 44-45, 47; as Cloud. Tlw. Sre Old Cloud I Secretary of War grants permission for fur trade Cloud Chief. ClwyPnnP Indian, given Harrison medal. I mednls, 52, 1a9 68 I Cass Lake, council with Indi::ins at, 43 (']um, H. C .. Acting Commissioner of Indian Affair:-: . I Cathlamah Indi:rn;;, and Lewis and Clark, 22 and c:r:rnt mPdal, 12:3-127 Catlin. Gc>orJ!e, portraits by. 46, G5 ColP. Rolwrt. Choctaw chid. givPn mednl, !)4 I ('attrell. S1•nator .-\k·x:rnder. f'ndor;;c>s artist for Grant C'olvilli> Indi:in AgPncy. Arthur medals sent to, 131 I mt'da I. I :2:i (',1manchP Inrli:ms. 2,'-'. 80. :3;3 J CrrtificalP:-. for Indian chi<:fs. 7. 9-11, l"-. 19. 20. !iCl. fi9. ''ornmi,-:siorn' r of lndi;m Affairs. and production of nwd · !ii. 1,-,:i: illu:-:trat,•rl. -1. 14. '.26. '29. 4(1; of Briti~h. 4. ;1!:-. J(i:"i. S,·,· ril.,11 indi\'irlunl commissin1wrs :.!G. :J-f: of Spanish. 14. See at.~o ('ommissions ('01n111i.~si1J11;;, fnr Jndi:ms. :\, :"i-H. i. H-11. 18, :1'.l. 11-:- : ( 'hamht, rlain. Gr•orgi:i f .. on dt•.sign of J<'fferson medals, of Fn·nch. ;'j; of :ipnnioh, 13, l:'i, lG, 146. Sec ul, 11 9:3 Crrtificiltes J Chapman, ,John Cad!,hy. :ind Polk nlf'dals. 109-110. :md ('ommowo/. C!ntsop chirf, givrn med:11, 22 Taylor medals. 111 . 1 Charles IV Spanish medal. illustrated, 12 ( 'ompnn.v of ExplorPrs of the Upper Missouri. Sec l\Ii:; I souri Company 178 INDIAN PEACE ~1EDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Conge>r, Patrick H ., Indian ag<'nt, requPsts medals, 61 Duvall's Landlord, C'reek great medal chief, 5 Contracts, for Indian peace m<'dals, 124, 125, 126 Duviyie>r, Jc>an-Simon, and Washington presidential Cooley, Dc>nnis, CommissionPr of Indian Affairs, and medal, 138 Johnson medals, 124 Eagle's Feather, Arikara chief, and Lewis and Clark, 19 Cost of medals, Jefferson, 91; Monroe, 99, 100; J. Q. Ear jewels, 7, 8 Adams, 103; Jackson, 104; Van Buren, 107; Tyler, Eaton, John H., Secretary of War, and Jackson medals, 108, 109; Polk, 110; Taylor, 112; Fillmore, 114; 103-104 Pierce, 116; Buchanan, 118, 120; Lincoln, 120; Echeloot Indians, and Lewis and Clark, 21 Johnson, 124; Grant, 125, 126, 127; Hayes, .129; Eckfeldt, Adam, Chief Coiner, and Jefferson medals, 91, Garfield, 130; Arthur, 131; Cleveland, 132; presi- 94; and Jackson medals, 104-105; and Van Buren dential series, 136 · · medals, 10&-107; and die for John Adams medal, Council Bluffs, council with Indians at, 17 135,136,137 Court Oreilles Lake. See Ottawa Lake Edwards, Ninian, governor of Illinois Territory, receives Cowetas, chief of, appointed great medal chief, 6 medals, 34; as treaty commissioner, 48 Coxe, Tench, Purveyor of Military Stores, and Madison Elk, The, Omaha chief, and fur trade medals, 53 medals, 95-96 Ellis, SalathiPl, and Fillmore medals, 114; and Pierce Crane, The, Wyandot chief, denigrates British medals, medals, ll&-117; and Buchanan medals, 118-120; 33-34; and Treaty of Greenville medal, 88 and Lincoln medals, 120-122 Crawford, T. Hartley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Emisteseguo, Creek great medal chief, 5 on use of medals, 52; and Tyler medals, 109 Estanaula, Cherokee council at, 6 Crazy Horse, Arikara chief, and importance of medals, Estime, Creek great medal chief, 5 15 Eustis, William, Secretary of War, and Madison med Creek Indians, and use of medals, 3-6, 54, 73; treaties als, 96 with, 5-6 Evacuation of Boston medal, 138 Crooks, Ramsay, and fur trade medals, 139, 140 Evans, John, agent of Missouri Company, and distri Crow Indians, 20 bution of medals, 16 Crow's Head, Missouri chief, receives medal, 18 Ewing, Thomas, Secretary of the Interior, and Taylor Cruzat, Francisco de, Spanish lieutenant governor, .and medals, 111 distribution of medals, 12-13 Exchange of flags, 28, 32 Cumming, Alfred, treaty commissioner, 59 Exchange of medals, 13, 18, 27, 28, 32, 34-35, 35-38, 39, Cusitahs, chief of, appointed great medal chief, 6 40, 42-43, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 59,100 Cut Nose, Cheyenne Indian, given Harrison medal, 68 Cut Nose, Nez Perce chief. See Neeshneparkkeeook Faulk, A. J ., Indian superintendent, and presentation of medals, 61 Date, on medals, 98, 121, 125, 126 Fifth Infantry, detachment on Schoolcraft expedition, Delano, Colwnbus, Secretary of the Interior, and Grant 43 medal, 125-126 Fillmore, President Millard, Indian peace medals of, 57, Delaware Indians, receive silver pipe, 33 58, 114, 115 Delegations of Indians, 30-32, 54 Five Civilized Tribes, use of medals, 54-56. See also DeRoin, Battist, Oto Indian, requests medals, 63, 65 Southern Indians Detroit, Michigan, medals sent to, 11, 33, 94 Flags, for Indians, xi, xii, 25, 34-35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, Dickson, Robert, British agent, and distribution of med- 50, 51, 52, 56, 150; given by Lewis and Clark, 18, 19, als, 35 20, 21, 23, 24. See also British flags; Spanish flags Dies, of medals, 103, 107-109, 112, 117, 122, 135 Flathead Indians, visited by Lewis and Clark, 20-21 Dinsmoor, Silas, Indian agent, 8 Flat Mouth, Chippewa chief, given medals, 27, 28, 38, Dole, William P., Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and 43,150 Lincoln medals, 120-122; and Johnson medals, 122 Florence, Representative Thomas B., and Buchanan Dollar, American silver, used as medal, 17, 19 medals, 118 Doty, James D., governor of Wisconsin Territory, re- Florida Indians, medals for, 56, 112 quests medals, 44 Fond du Lac, Treaty of. See Treaty of Fond du Lac Dragging Canoe, Cherokee chief, 6 "Foreign nations," medals of Lewis and Clark for, 17 Drummond Island, visited by Indians, 41 Fort Belle Fontaine, 28 DuVal, William P., governor of Florida Territory, and Fort Clatsop, 22 use of medals, 56 Fort Dearborn massacre, 33 INDEX 179 Fort Mandan, 20 Handkerchiefs, as presents for Indians, 21, 23, 24, 57 Fort Osage, 30 Harris, Carey A., Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Fort Pierre, 52 Van Buren medals, 106-107 Fort St. Anthony, 35-37 Harrison, President Benjamin, Indian peace medals of Fort Snelling. See Fort St. Anthony 61, 65-67, 133-135 ' Fort Union, 139 Harrison, President William Henry, presents silver Fort Washington, 6, 9, 11 pipes, 33; presidential medal of, 135-136 Franchimastabe, Choctaw chief, exchanges British med- Harvey, Thomas H., Indian superintendent, requests al, 5 medals, 57 Francis, Tench, Purveyor of Military Stores, 74 Hat band, as present for Indian, 43 Franklin, Benjamin, medal of, 108 Hay, Arikara chief, met by Lewis and Clark, 19 French commissions, 5 Hayes, President Rutherford B., Indian peace medal of, French gorgets, 5 59, 127-129 French medals, xi, 5, 11, 18 Hayt, Ezra A., Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Furst, Moritz, and Monroe medals, 99-100; and J. Q. Hayes medal, 127-128 Adams medals, 100-103; and Jackson medals, 103- Head, F. H., Indian superintendent, requests medals, 61 104; and Van Buren medals, 106-107; and die for He Dog, Sioux chief, portrait, 65 John Adams medal, 136; J. Q. Adams' opinion of, Herring, Elbert, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and 103 Jackson medals, 105 Fur trade medals, 52, 53, 139-141. See also Astor medals Hietan Indians. See Comanche Indians Hicks, John, Seminole chief, given medal, 56 Garfield, President James, Indian peace medal of, 61, Hohastillpilp, Nez Perce chief, given medal, 23 63, 129-130 Hole in the Day, Chippewa chief, given medal, 39 George III medals, xii, 34, 35. See also British medals Hollow medals, 91, 96, 156. See also Jefferson medals I Georgia, relations with Creeks, 5 Hoopa Valley Agency, medals used at, 68 I Ghost Dance, 65 Hopewell, Treaty of. See Treaty of Hopewell I Gillet, Ransom H., and Fillmore medals, 114; and Pierce Horse Chief, Pawnee chief, portrait, 46 I medals, 116; and Buchanan medals, 118; and bond Hull, William, governor of Michigan Territory, receives for Lincoln medals, 121 medals, 94 I Gitchie Iauba, Chippewa chief, given medal, 41 Gorget captains, appointed by Blount, 7 Imitation medals, 154 I Gorgets, for Indians, 3, 7, 8, 20, 30, 38, 39, 40, 43; of Inaugural medals, 128,129,131,132,133 I British, 3, 37; of French, 5 Indian peace medals. See Medals Governors of territories and distribution of medals, 34. Indian police, receive medals, 68 I See also individual governors Indian Rights Association, president recommends med- Grant, President Ulysses S., Indian peace medal of, 59, als, 68 I 64, 65, 125-127 Ingels, George, and purchase of Jefferson medals, 94 I Grant, U. S., Pawnee Indian, given medal, 64 Invoice of medals, Lewis and Clark expedition, 17 I Graves, J. K., special Indian agent, describes presenta Iowa Indians, given medals, 30, 57 I tion of medals, 61 Iron Cloud, Sioux chief, and use of medals, 39 I Great Caddo Chief, presented medal, 33 Irvine, William, Superintendent of Military Stores, and I Great medal chiefs, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9; certificate of, 29. See Jefferson medals, 90-91 also individual chiefs Ishenpoaphe, Creek small medal chief, 5 Green Bay, exchange of medals at, 34-35 Iskatappe, Pawnee chief, presented medal, 148 I Greenough, Horatio, and design of medals, 136 Greenville, Treaty of. See Treaty of Greenville Jackson, President Andrew, Indian peace medals of, 39. 1 Grey Eyes, Arikara chief, met by Lewis and Clark, 24 48,50-51, 103-105, 114 Gros Ventres. See Minitaris of the North Jaudenes, Joseph de, Spanish agent, 7-8 l Grover, Samuel, Pawnee Indian, given medal, 64 Jefferson, President Thomas, 7-8, 16, 20, 32; on origin Gun Merchant, Creek great medal chief, 5 of medals, xi, 8; Indian peace medals of, 32, 33, 41, I Guns, as presents for Indians, 30, 50 42, 48, 59, 90-95, 149, 155; medals of, on Lewis and l Clark expedition, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 147-148; l Haldimand, Frederick, certificate presented by, 26 designer of medals of, 95 l Hamilton, Samuel S., and Jackson medals, 104-105 Jessaume, Rene, trader, aids Lewis and Clark, 19 L 180 INDrAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY - .John,:<>11. Pn•;;id,·nl AndrPw. Indian pc•a< ·c• nH•dals of Litt!<· Ol)('qul'ltl·. Chipp1•\,:1 l'hil'f. gi\'l'n fbg and Jll(•d:d. 1~2-1:24 3q ,John,-,un. Sir \\'illi:im. <'< •rtific:11( • of. ,j Littlr• (kqw Indi:llls. giv,·n lll(•d:il,; hy Spanish. n-1:~. ,John,t"n, J(lhll. Indi:lll agl'nt. !'('(!LH':-t.~ 111,·cbk !J4 .'-i,·, · a/.,·<, (),;;1g1• l ncl i;m,; ,fol Iv. ,John. I 'hvrnkt·c• chi('f. :-(•nt nH·cLtl. ;,fi Litt I,· l'rin<·,·. < 'n•d; <"hid. s,•nt m1·chl:-, ,>-1- ,-,1; ,Jo;;lyn. :!\I. L. Acting St·n1·tar:, of !l1(· Jntvrinr. und Ar- Littli· Thi('f. Oto chil'f. nH·t l,y L1 ·w;, ;rnd Clark. 17. 1.-; thur 111c·d:d . J:ll Lincoln. J'n·,id('nf Al,r:iharn. Indian p< •: 1C't' mc·dals of. G2. Iii. l:.!1)- 122: pbn- for ;-;('t't1nd 11wd:1I. Lt2-12-1 l{ ;,h;i_,. Nod<'n. Chi11p1·w:1 Jndi:rn. gi,·l·n nH · INDEX ]8] 99, 104; rejected by chief, 24; made by agent, 33; Neenaba, Chippewa Indian, offered medal, 42 presentation at treaties, 45-48; sold to Indians, 63; Neeshneparkkeeook, Nez Perce chief, given medal, 23 replaced when lost, 64; for Revolutionary War Neezh Openais, Chippewa chief, given flag, 43 heroes, 74. See also individual medals; British med:. New Corn, Potawatomi chief, at Treaty of Greenville, 9 als; French medals; Spanish medals; Bronze med New Mexico, governor of, receives medals, 57 als; Fur trade medals; Exchange of medals; Nation New York, Treaty of. See Treaty of New York al medals; Presidential series. New York City, medals struck in, 116, 159 Medill, William, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, policy New York Indians, 47 on medals, 57; on Polk medals, 109-210; and Tay Nez Perce Indians, visited by Lewis and Clark, 21, 23 lor medals, 111-112 Noble, John W., Secretary of the Interior, and Harrison Melting down of medals, Tyler, 109; Polk, 110, 112; medal, 133-134 Taylor, 112; Fillmore, 114, 116; Pierce, 117 Nose jewels, 7, 8 Menominee Indians, at St. Louis, 28; at Treaty of Butte Number of medals made, Jefferson, 91, 94; Madison, 98; des Morts, 47-48 Monroe, 100; J. Q. Adams, 103; Jackson, 104, 105; Mescalero Agency, Garfield medals sent to, 130 Van Buren, 107; Tyler, 109; Polk, 110; Taylor, 112; Mexican War, use of medals during, 57 Fillmore, 114; Pierce, 116; Buchanan, 118, 120; Mezieres, Athanaze de, and distribution of medals, 12 Lincoln, 120; Johnson, 124; Grant, 125, 126, 127; Miami Indians, 13, 57 Hayes, 127; Garfield, 129, 130; Arthur, 131; Cleve Micasukee, chief of, appointed great medal chief, 6 land, 132; Harrison, 135 Michilimackinac, medals sent to, 94 Mickley, Joseph J., sale of coin collection, 137-138 Oakfuskees, chief of, appointed great medal chief, 6 Mickley, H.J., and die for John Adams medal, 137 Obequette, Chippewa chief, 27, 39 Military Storekeeper at Philadelphia, 74. See also George O-bar-gu-wach, Chippewa woman, wears husband's med Ingels al, 45 Minitari chiefs, and Lewis and Clark, 19 O'Fallon, Benjamin, Indian agent, 50, 52, 54. See also Minitaris of the North, visited by Lewis, 23 Atkinson-O'Fallon expedition Mint. See United States Mint Office of Indian Affairs. See individual commissioners Missouri Company, expedition to Indians, 15-16 Office of Indian Trade, and production of medals, 165. Missouri Indians, met by Lewis and Clark, 17-18. See See also John Mason, Thomas L. McKenney. also Oto Indians Ogeima Geezhick, Chippewa Indian, wears Jefferson Missouri River Valley, use of medals in, 11, 48-53 medal, 42 Mitchell, David D., Indian superintendent, and use of Old Cloud, Chippewa chief, and medals, 38, 150 medals, 52 Old Northwest, use of medals in, 11, 34-44 Mix, Charles E., Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Old Obequette. See Obequette Buchanan medals, 118-120 Omaha Indians, 15, 17, 68 Mobile, Alabama, conference with Indians at, 5 Omeeshug, Chippewa woman, claims medal for son, 41- Monroe, President James, sends medals, 48; Indian 42 peace medals of, 28, 37, 38, 39, 43, 48, 55, 99-100, One Eye, Minitari chief, met by Lewis and Clark, 19, 20 114, 150 One-that-killed-the-Eagle, Sioux Indian, given medal, Moore, Samuel, Director of the Mint, and J. Q. Adams 61 medals, 101, 103; and Jackson medals, 104-105 O'Reilly, Alexandro, Spanish governor, and distribution Morgan, George T., engraver, and Hayes, medal, 128; of medals, 12 and Garfield medal, 129-130 Origin of use of medals, xi, 8 Morgan, Thomas J., Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Harrison medal, 133-135 Osage Indians, 15, 16, 28, 57 Mortar, The, Creek chief, 3-5 Oshkosh, Menominee chief, 48, 59 Moshulatubbe, Choctaw great medal chief, 54 Oto Indians, medals for, 15, 17-18, 65, 133 Muckadaywuckooneyea, Chippewa Indian, medal taken Ottawa Indians, receive Washington medals, 11 away, 41 Ottawa Lake, council with Indians at, 42 Muldrow, H. L., Acting Secretary of the Interior, and Oval medals, special attachment for making, 162. See Cleveland medal, 132 also Washington medals; Hayes medal; Garfield medal; Arthur medal; Cleveland medal; Harrison Nashville, conference with Indians at, 7 medal National medals, 94 Oza Windib. See Yellow Head 182 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY l<':tna. l\liami <'hi<'f. :inrl Sp:rnish Jll<•cbl. 1:t Porta~<· ch·:- Sioux. Tr<'at:,· of. Ser Tn•aty of Portag<' d<•,-c 1pi11. A. L .. tr:tdl'r, and fur tr:1clt- nwd:ds.. ·,:; Sioux iqw·t. Anthon_,· ('.. ;ind Huch:m:m nw INDEX 18:1 Richardson, Joseph, Jr., and Washington medals, 73, Sisseton Indians, and surrendPr of British medal, 37 74; and Jefferson medals, 91; medals engraved by, Size of medals, xi, 74, 91, 100, 114, 151. See also illus- illustrated, 80-81, 82-83, 84, 86 trations of individual medals Rinehart, F. A., photograph of Indian by, 67 Ske-ma-kwe-up, Indian chief, given medal, 22 Rings, for medals, 39, 127 Small medal chiefs, 5, 7, 9 Rock Landing, Georgia, conference with Creeks at, 5 Smutty Bear, Sioux chief, and fur trade medals, 53 Roman Chiquito, Apache chief, sent medal, 63 Snelling, Col. Josiah, and medals at Fort Snelling, 37 Row of Lodges, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal, Snowden, James R., Director of the Mint, and John 68 Adams medal, 137; and Washington presidential medal, 138 Sac Indians, and Spanish emblems, 13 Souligny, Menominee chief, portrait of, 36 St. Clair, Gen. A1-thur, 6, 9 Sound of Eating, Chippewa Indian, portrait of, 60 St. Louis, Missouri, visited by chiefs, 28; Jefferson med- Southern Exposition, Louisville, Arthur medals sent to, als sent to, 33 · 131 St. Louis Superintendency, use of medals in, 50-52, 57. Southern Indians, use of medals among, 3, 54-56, 59 See also Clark, William; Harvey, Thomas H.; Southwest, use of medals in, 57 Mitchell, David D. Spanish certificates and commissions, 14, 28, 30, 146 Saint-Mernin, Charles, and design of medals, 95-96, 156; Spanish dealings with Indians, 5, 7, 28, 30, 149 portrait by, 31 Spanish flags, 13, 15, 16, 30, 32 St. Peter's Agency, 35. See also Taliaferro, Lawrence Spanish medals for Indians, xi, 3, 11-16, 24, 28, 30, 32, Sandford, John, subngent, receives medals, 51 54, 100 San Juan, Apache chief, sent medal, 63 Speech to Indians, of Lewis and Clark, 18, 19, 147 Scabby Bull, Arapaho Indian, given Harrison medal, 68 Spencer, John C., Secretary of War, and national med Schoolcraft, Henry R., Indian agent, 48, 54; and use of als, 94, 135; and Tyler medals, 107-109 medals, 28, 40-44; expedition to source of Missis Starving Elk, Cheyenne Indian, given Harrison medal. sippi, 43-44 68 Schurz, Carl, Secretary of the Interior, endorses artist, Stevens, Hazard, describes presentation of medals, 59 125; and Hayes medal, 127-128 Stevens, Isaac I., treaty commissioner, 59 Scott, Robert, and Jefferson medal, 91, 95 Strike-the-Ree, Sioux chief, medals for, 61, 63, 128-129 Scouts, Pawnee, picture of, 64 Stuart, Gilbert, and design of Madison medals, 96 Seagrove, James, Indian agent, distributes medals, 7 Stuart, John, British superintendent, use of medals by, Season medals, 17, 19, 20, 24, 89-90 3-5 Secret articles, in Treaty of New York, 5--6 Superintendent of Indian Trade, and production of med Secretary of the Interior, and production of medals, 165. als, 165. See also Mason, John; McKenney, Thomas See also individual secretaries L. Secretary of War, 33, 95. See also individual secretaries Swords, as presents, 21, 56, 59 Seminole Indians, chief of, appointed great medal chief, Symbol.ism in medal designs, 73-74, 89, 90, 91, 114, 119, 6. See also Florida Indians 120,124,128,132, 133-135 Seneca Indians, receive silver pipe, 33 Sharcope, Sioux chief, exchanges medals, 37 Tah-cum, Chinook chief, given medal, 22 Shaw, Leonard, Indian agent, distributes medals, 6 Taliaferro, Lawrence, Indian agent, 48, 54; and use of Shawnee Indians, receive silver pipe, 33 medals, 28, 35-40, 43 Shells. See Hollow medals Talissee King, appointed great medal chief, 6 Sherman, John, Secretary of the Treasury, and Hayes Tallechea, Creek great medal chief, 5 medal, 127 Tapenahomah, Choctaw chief, given medal, 54 Short, William, U. S. agent at Madrid, 8 Tatschago, Osage chief, 32 Shoshoni Indians, visited by Lewis and Clark, 20; given Taylor, Nathaniel G., Commissioner of Indian Affairs. medals, 130 and Grant medals, 125 Shoulder Blade. See Tinnegans Taylor, President Zachary, medals for Mexican War. Sibley, George C., factor at Fort Osage, and medals for 111; Indian peace medals of, 111-114 Pawnees, 30-31 Thompson, Jacob, Secretary of the Interior, and Bu Sibley, John, Indian agent, presents special medals, 33 chanan medals, 118 Sioux Indians, 15, 19, 27, 28; and use of medals, 25, 40, Thornton, William, and design of Madison medals, 95-96 59, 61; wars with Chippewas, 42, 43, 44 Tinnegans, Chippewa Indian, given medal, 42 184 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Tl,·<•pooc·riautl:1. Choctaw C'hid. giv<·n n·rtificat<· :md Uppc•r \1iss(luri Outfit. and fur tradt• mc•rlal:-:, 119. 141 nwcbl. 7 Upshaw, A . B .. Ac-ting ( 'ommi;-;sio1H·r of Indian Affairs. Toha('C'O. a,; prc•sc·nt,. I 'i, '.!(I. '.!1. :l). =>7 rl'fusc•s rc·quc,.~t for nwda!. 5;3 'J'c,rn:,h:iwh. Pxch:m~('d hy l,<•wi~ :mrl Cl:1rk. 22 Tur1(Jlli-i~t. Ott:,wa d1id. throw,; aw:·,~,: Brit i,.:h nwrl:1 1. .14 Van Hurc·n. Pn!;.:icknt ;'\l:ntin. lndian p,·,H·c· mt·dal of. 64. To\\ -\1 i, h•. Jncl i:111 ch id. g i vr•n mc•dal by L, •11 i,.: :tncl < 'Ltrk. lllli-107. 114: fur tr:idc· nwcbl;;. l4f1- l-tl 22 . Van Valkt·nburgh. H. B .. Ad ing C'ommi~sionn of Indian Tradl'rS. :md pri';-;Pnl:ition of JTIPcbls. Fi. '.!7. 81'<' rtlsu Aff:-tir.~. :tnd ,J uhll.•(11\ mc·d:ds. 124 British nwcbi.-: Sp.1ni,;h nwdab: Fur tradP nwdal,.: \ 'augh:,n ..John. nnd M :1di;;nn nwdnb. \H,; nnd l\fonl INDEX 185 Willson, Joseph, and Fillmore medals, 114; and Pierce Yellcppit, Walla Walla chief, and Lewis and Clark, 21 , medals, 116, 117; and Buchanan medals, 118; death 23 of, 118 Yellow Bear, Sioux Indian, medal of, 64 Winneba Indians, 34, 47; and use of medals, 27, 28, 57 Yellow Hair, Sioux Indian, portrait, 69 Wolf Robe, Cheyenne Indian, portrait, 67; given Harri- Yellow. Head, Chippewa chief, given medal, 43, 151 son medal, 68 · Yellow Wolf, Cheyenne chief, medal for, 52 Wrist bands, 3, 8, 9, 43 Yellowstone River, explored by Clark, 23 Wright, Charles Cushing, and design of Taylor medals, Yoomparkkartim, Nez Perce chief, given medal by Lew- 111 is and Clark, 23 Wyandot Indians, receive silver pipe, 33 Young Smoke, Ponca Indian, given medal, 50 .~,, .. , 186 INDIAN PEACE MEDALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY • ...... ~ ;.. ,. for Incidental expe~ w~ich .,,., befontinsufticlent to inee( the demaud upon it. Thi,,':, .,· ~er.in times pMt. : The negle, fuud sbowd be alm011t entirely expended in the (lUrcha11e of provlsiona t.o fnruish the Indiana . · £-i-· .iii. agt1ticy. lsupphed them, be during the winter, when they cannot support \hemeelves, and ~~ dq)endent, in a great, ,;;.; ~'\.i° .. _. o{lny own pocket, and woul~ measure, upon the bounty of the gowirnment and the settlers-. • .:."'! :;,1~:·,.' lbaL they too may receive a share .My experience with Indians in this Territory has satisfied ID6 ·that by jndlclom mattag_e,-· !>-: ·:•r: . These Bannocks will undoubte ment no trouble will be bad ln maintaining with t!1em the most peaceful re!Ations. I b&ve · ,..~, · The sttpply of pres6;(1t8 for the_ ; never Ut'el1 among any peopl_e who appreciate more highly any exhibition of klndnese and . · aantlty · and ga.ve UU1Tersahat1s ' g;ood will. I have known no ins111nce of difficulty between them and the whites in which . •. . q Shortly before the distribution : ~ the Indians, were \he 11ggre880rs. They realize fully the power of the government, and would ens Head, W asb&kP.e and his chii at all times greatly prefer to remain ai (K!ACe. In this, aa in the other ne,ver Territories, are &llem•a speech, and the best of go numerous r11ckless and unprincipled adv1111turer11, who, for purposeo of t.ra~ will sometime. \he pledge of friendship from tho give the llldians whisk11y, or will l!Ometimt's sh.oot an Indian from sheer'-i\-nntonness, and ,uperscription of the Great F~th~ t~ cause the livee of Innocent whites to be taken in retaliation for their acts. Fewer oo There were prel'ent &t the d1stn currences of this nature, however. transpire here than in any other Territory, owing to the agency-, who came for the purpos fuct that the people of·thia Territory are almo~t entire!,: engaged .in agricultural pursuits-. DJ1 IndiaDB were dilatory in com 1'he most eotl,e tranquillity can be proee"ed ainong t.be Indian11 in thi& Territory if they be ':· all, or nearly all, had arrived. 1 treated by the gov1>mmen, 11·ith kindnt!j!s and liberality. A bale of blankets or II sack of ; -.equent difficulty in maintaining donr will accomplish mora than ill weight in gold expended In prosecuting military opera- · ~ llUle money to buy food with, -I tione against the Indians. It is, too, Infinitely more in accordance with the spirit of our inst!- l,· · oni,, and for this reason: the It tutions aud our prof'essiou of Christianity and civilization as a people to treat these poor an4 grounds to receive their/resents, ignorllllt wa.rds of \he n&tion with a spirit of enlightened charity, than to put in practice the well-ni~h exhausted, 11,n for thee doctrine of.military surveillance and extermhia.tio11, which is worthy 8f the darkest ages of ance ot g11,me is an impossibility, the race. Within a compuratiTely short period, with /roper management, the Indiuns of · fore recommend that a portion of this Territor, co.n be ma.de nearly aelf-snpporting, an may look forward to a future of deiray the expenses c,f subsistenc peace, comfor\, and tranquillity, in entire subordinal.ion to law. In this counes:ion I would aga I Rbpuld be doiug injustice to my own feelings did I fa.ii to mention in this report the cor .. neut resern~tion and establishing .dial co-ope_ratioe. I have at all time■ experienced from all the principal .M:ormons throughom ~.,... have heret-0fore suggested for imt the Territory. In the execution of my official duties I have been obliged often to ask their ,. The valley of the Wiad River assistance aud co-operation, and in no instance have I failed to receive the moat cheerful and .... - &hoir home, and this i., the place, heGny aid. ' . - , ·· aetablished. I iransmit herewith an eatim&te for the necessary appropriation■ for the service during the · . The country abounds in game, 001111ug_year. · , r tagee which make it a great d1 I am, ~ery Nlllpectfully, your obedient servant, been disoovered and located in ti F. H. IIEAD, ,· ~ to any invasion of thei[ ter Supm,nundau Indian Affa.irY. I grett,tly fear that these nuner1 , Roii..D, N. COOLEY," be a·bone of oonteutiun between ~ :';. Couur1imft•r llldia• Affain. tribe have a reservation staklld 01 npon by the whites. • ' Sev1,ral of our citizl'ns are lo development, and I give you a f, " No.35. ier and a pa.rt of the spriug In tb1 the climate mild and regular. ' FORT BRIDGER AouCT, &pttmlier 15, 1866. • farming land enough to support . SUt: In compliance with the 'regulations of• the Indian departme~t, have the honor to Well adapted to tho ~owth of sm t la, plenty of timber tor b11ildini, 11:1.bwit the follo~n$' report relative 10 the affilirs of this agency : , p1cturesque. Thero are two 011: About the 201h ot September, 1865, the sea11on being far advanced and game Re&ree, the Shoshones immediately set out for their winter hunting grounds e;cr088 the mounmins, ii barrels P'!r day. There are g()()( possibla to reach there before tho snow foll. . • al Ume~tone snil:llble for buifdin1 • The whole tribe accompanied Chief \V11Shakee thither, with the exception of five or ten and sumwer, with a luxuriant g w~c of the Missouri. Tho mou l~dges, who passed tho winter on Green river, about fife, miles fr~m here, where they sab fell, .and what did fall soon disaf e1sted· on the sm~ll gllllle there to be found, and making no demands upon me for IU!ijistance. falo, and other game, abounds, The main portion of the tribe proceeded to the valleys of the Pawrawgee and Wind rivers. where they spent the winter bunting the buffalo, deec, elk, and mountain sheep. They pro ·As luug &e our Indian tribes C'U,[ed durlng the lea8on upwards of one thouSJWd buff'a.lo robes and a few dreaaed skins of ehould hu.vo a territory &1Bigne ot'!fer named animals, a much larger collection than during any previoua yee.r. They also clrlven aw&y to the ~rest trac: \nowledge, would f1Ul to ruake 1 secured e. good supply of dried meat. Although the past was the severeat wiuter on record . oxclusi ve reservation in, the vall1 for the p10st ten ;rear■, ·the In~ians or m1, agency never fared bett.er nor looked so fat &nd once. The subJeot demands .se1 healthy &11 they did on thoir amval here this summer, proving conclnaivel1 that they bad rared sumptuously everr day. Such well-fed Indians could not be otherwise than healthy so thai &luu, 'l'be Indian mus, bo rec, the mortality among them has fallen far below the average. - ' peoae to the country so long 11.8 I - I did not have a favorable opportunity for taking the census of the tribe this year, bu& h~•ablding citizen Is so etfcct estimate the number of Shoehrin611 at nineteeir hundred. Aside · from the natural increaae , -.... .and tliis work cannot be J~ by births, which has not fallen abort of former years, there baa been a considerable additiou -,ij · .,. The Shoshones have not bee1 from neighborintr tri~ .About fonr hundred Bannoeks, under a chief named Tahgay, (• ·•,~... - pa■t ,Year with neighboring trib, very wonh;y. Itthan, and .in whom .I fully repose confidence,)· wbo be.ve been residing ill }i;-' ;.,.. _to_aay, couLinue !'&itbfo.l to their the vicinity qt' Soda Springs ~cl &long the Snake rivei'; paased over Into the Wind River val .. ,,., :' .·· .1 ~w, very reapectl'ully, l ley an.d located themselves adJacent to the Shoshones, with whom they are at peace. The1 J-:J.i~t .~; . ·.:: : ' aleo acco~nied the. Slloshonea on their visit.to ,this agency, and, from all that I CtUl ~ p, ,: lion. 1'', H. HEAD, . · of. them, I think. they desire lo be on the mOllt frlel!4J,-. $erms with the whites. I did not baff ',j,,.,,.i;",.· · · ~irfperiftfendaid lJJdillll .A_j 11111 pruenta ror them, and WU uµom.-l. that ,the7 liad. not received auy from the Gre~ .~ . '.',_{ ' · ': . .• . • ! .,: .. -~iit~~::r ·\~1~fj~;::t~r\.·· ·:.i~ttJ.~?~:: >·. ,~·1 • 4. ,.,. ,,~.,.,- , __ , . .• . • (~r:llUlf11&NI>Dcr '?i . :.. '"' . {f~'~ft ,::.?:,~ ~\~-'?\f;\:• ..,._,: ;f ' {\"•~ '{ ~/~.~:.;~~~I<~::••~.;, I,"• '·.;~\•t::(:; ~~~ •: '}~-,;.>~r. •... ;~•·•._~-•~-•,.~;.A,~, ;( ~}~t~• and 11poii ·tt:~ -'-h't. ~bi, in 'tiniet past. · 1'1'll11 ~ • tr IJJy, mi:t.t ·:be~wtili to tbelt behi~' · o far-. . 'II( '. ~- 1,, fnrulah the In4-, ; 1-~cy. 0 1 ~npJ>Jie~ th•Jni;bowe~, :with!' .l&w articles offo°' ~r', ·1r .illlin_ed_ , . n• ~- ,,', pendent, i_n a ·~ : .•• \~..;~ o(1ny ol't'n pocko~,.~d lt'ould recommend that ·aueh provls~ou-'!& 'IP. . fotJlienr~tt~., ·),.:1, ,, . • .... • ~-··· ·:.t_t "fj tbat they too may rece1vo.a 1bareofth!l anmtlty~with the1rne,ghlion,the Shotl,ioci.ea. : ';; :.· · c· ,1?•. ~ r j1idicfou~ ntan~·~ / -Tbetie Bannocks "ill-undoubtedly remm· to thl8 agency once-or twl~durillg·,h~~1 ;; 5, · :, ti relations. I bal'I : The snpply ofpresonteior the I~di!W9ofthlaagency_reached me _hl.duetiiue,·~aiample .• ',.-,,. "• Ion of kindness a'114 ;.. ,~"t, qgantlty, f\lld gave univtsrsalsatisfacbon. · :< . . • . . • ,';:'· · :~;.. ,. · ·•1,1;;:,,.. thti'whites in which,.· ..:_:. ~-. . Shortly before the dlatribution I had the .pleasure of meeting, in company witb.Saperin'terid• '. • . · ~~f: remment, and w·ou1a -;. ;-:'f. ··• 11*Read, Washakee and.hie chief~ in· ~uncil, ~n which ocC11Sion tlie aupetjnte!1dent made . · ·· .~ ii(r.•er Territories,· •1'6 ·.•. 1:( . t1,111n 'a speech, _and t~e best of gooa f~hng prcva1l11d. ~ Mhakee h&11 laU;lY rece1y-ed. 11nder , raiie, wiU sometime,;,, · · she pledge of frieodsb1p from tlio Pres1dtsnt, a fiue large silver medal, bearing the I.Dlage · an(} eef'frnutoune;is, and ··, ·fuperscription of the GJ'1)&t Father. ,~ - .- ·.. .·: -~· eir .eta. Fewer oo- ·,{ There were prfl1'61lt at the diijtribution about one hundred and fifty Utes from the Ulntao. rritory, owing to the •· ,egency, who c.i.me for the purpose of trading with thtsir neighbors, -the Shoshones. Som~ of ,gricultural pursuits. ')!! '., .;.. , DIY Indians were dib1tory in coming in thi11 season, but I ilid · not distribute the good• nntil Territory ii they be . ·" all or nearly all, had arrived. The cause of this delay is the scarcity of game aud the con· 1hm kets ·or a sack of :··• ·•'i}. --~uent difficulty in maintaining an independent euetenance at this post, tor the7_have but 1lling military opera- -.'.'' •., • ,,'Ji'tle money to buy fOQd with. I 1vould here observe that the location of this agency is a bad ,be spirit of our mstl• ,, ! , ..,~ · ~• and for this reaeon :· the Iudiaus are obliged to come a long way from their hU11tjug 1 treat these poor and · . -:~.,.sroun~ to receive their present.a, and b,: the time they re~h m_e t~e!r ~tock_ of provisions is :o .put in practice the · · ~ 1-DJgh exhausted, and for them to ma1utam themselvee in th1s-v1cin1ty w1thout·an abund• ' the darkest ages o( anee of game is an Impossibility, and discourages swne from coming at all. I would there ment, the' Indi11nK r,r ~re recommend that a portion of' Weir annuities be given them ju money, to enable tlulm to · ward to a future or , defray the expenses dsubsiste11ce during their villit at this agency. • . . ::,~ . ../'·' In this counexion I would again recommend the plau of locating this tribe upon a perma• n this report the cot.· ?· 11ent reservation and establishing thereon an agency, and make such oilier arrangements as I Mormons throughout ·; have heretofore suggtll!ted for improving their condition, • ~ ed often to ask their • The valley of the Wind River m1tuntai11s .is the territory whicjl the tribe have selected for ;he moet cheerful and . ..;.: .ii&ir hodle, and this is the place where 11uch a reservation ahould be set apart and lUl agency : . ~ .: .~:)( eetablished. . . ., . · 1e service· during the - The country abounds in game, has a very mild climate; and possesses -agricultnral advau• •'••)I. I Jo • .''.,_ lage8 which make it a great desideratum to the white man. Numerous oil springs have. bceo discovered a11d located in the valley of the Pawpawgee, but this tribe are titrozigly :-01>· : :. IlEAD, ~ed to any invasion of their tenitor1 by the while8, . . · ent lndia,1 .Affair,, . · 1 greatly fear that these mineral and !1¥ricultural ·resources of the country will turn out to be a boue of contention between the wh11.118 anil the reds, and would therefore urge that the tribe have a reeervatiou s&ako!d out which may be held sacred k> thein, and not be encroached upoo by the whites. · . ; . ,• · Several of our citizens are looking toward the Wind River country with & view to its development, and I give you a few extracts.from a letter writte11 by .one who passed the win ier and a p11rt ofthespriug in the valle1,. Be says: "The air i8 pure, ihe water of.the~t, I.he climate mild aud regular. The soil Is not second in fertility k> that of Dlinois or Imv11, - 6'e~n- ~5, 1866;:• , ~ faru1ing land enough k> support a fopuiadon of tl't'O hundred thousand persons, the clillll!,te . ·I. have the honor tlO ,: .;,, well adnpted to tho g-rowth o{ smal grain an4 fruit, especially apples and ngetable11, There ill plenty of timber for building and fe11ciug purposes. 'fhe scenery iJ most beautiful and 1bd game scBTce; the ... pic:luresque. There are two oil springs in the Talley, one of which pours forth one hundred roes the mountuiw,; if : ' barrsls per day, There are good indications of stone-coal ai,d iron, with nwneroua quarries of limestone suitllble for building purp0b88. ·The foot-bills and valleys are covered, wintot iept;on of five ~r ten .:' i/ llld su·mmer, with a luxuriant growth of nutritious grass, n111.king .the finest grazin,g region 1ere, where they eub- ,, :·, . :west of the Missonri. The mountains give indications of mineral dep011its. Hut little snow ion me for assistance. ,.: ·• /ell, and what ,. OJI' THE . ' - ' ...... , ' . \; ·, •• COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS .,. .,. ,, I ,. .. , ,._• WASHINGTON: t , 'IOYBRNMKNT PRJNTJNO ,PPPICR. 1866 . .. :NDIA.N AFFAIRS. BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN- AFFJ.IRS, 81 . .\ ·. . • e superintendent says that ,· of &be several reservations ·in Utah heretofore set apart, -,,Ith• &hetfj,jrii.provements, t the Pacific railroad "will " Governor Durkee and Sup_erintendent Head w~r~ appointed appraisers, and validity; but it is alleged lu,ve made their report, which has been tranl!mttted to the department. The md the suggestion is matle avails of the eale of these reservations are by law to be devoted to the Indian ms of tli'e Stii.tti; and this aervice in Utah, and they are needed for the purpose of providing for various . in cultivating the soil upon improvements' upon the Uintah Valley reservation. · a~cultural operations in Esrly in the spring advices were received that Black Hawk, an influential nothing can be done w,hich chief of the San Pitch band of' Utahs; had taken the field wiLh an active band , o~ self-sustaining in~ustry of followers, and had killed many of the settlers And driven off a large amount 1 of valnnble stock. In the conflicts which ensued some forty of the Indian!! 1n estimate, and it is hdped were kiih,d, but the chief was joined by wild spirits and outlaws fr.om various on. While Nevada is by l,andi!, aud·tbue recruited, renewed his raids upon the settlers. > of the nation, the Indian 'l'he J>11i-Utes, refpn•ed to in the la.st annual report, a.s living in southwestern tb, and.have no permanent • Utah, and formerly in charge of Special Agent Sale, now belong properly in •pl'opriations for •e 1.1ervice - Nevada, but, as bas been stated under the head of the last-named superinten r many -small tribes in the dency, this special agency, now in charge of .Mr. Gn~hrie, reports to the super- intendent for Utah. · · · 1e arrival of some one hnn By the annual report of Agent Mann, of the Fort Bridger agency, we are hern part of Nevada, mostly auviaed ·of the condition of the eastern band of Shoshones. Old "Waehakee," ~hey had been ho1:Jtile, but, t.beh· chief, is a firm friend of the whites, and his people behave well. ee River or Pyramid Lake Silver medals have been sent to W ash11.kee ·and to "Konosh," head chief of ~getables for themaelves. one of the Utah bands, in recognition of their good service to the whites and last-named reservation, and · good influence over their own people. ;ified by the-superintendent \ ' N.EW MEXICO.- detachment of soldiers ac- -~ I od the intl'llders were co"m If \\-e are not able a.s yet to repgrt the condition of Indian affairs in New f the kind has occurred. Mexico as an entirel;r ·satisfactory one, it is not for lack of knowledge of the :ttion ·and christianizing of · tribes which inhabit different portioW! of that Territory; the very full and ex Jtes; and upon the request haW!tive .report of Mr. J. K. Gr11ves, who was in New .Mexico at the time of the Lte of the amount of fonds last annMI report of this office, having been made early in this year. lte great supp~rting it for one year, length precludes the po1JBibility of inserting it in full among the accompanying , I tlnnk, was transmitted r,apel'll, bnt an ab11tract i8 therein presented, in order 'that il may be refeiTed to, 1 taken thereon at the last· if necessary, for an accurate under.standing of the matter, wheu Congress shall, icommendation will enable as it is hoped may be the case, take up the subject with thB purpose of' provid- ~ coming year. Believing ' ing such means as may be necessary to do justice to · a Territory wbofle loyal su_m o~ $60,000 can be •jn- people havo suffered, and are su.ffering much from Indian depredations, and who se Indians during the next · "' are knocking louclly. ut the door of Congs·ess for relief.. ~ ·. A few words niay profitably be devoted here to the cpnclusions reached by Mr. Graves upon the different points considel'ed in his report. The Bosque Re- . dondo and the Na.v'lioes thereon, he found to be an engrossing theme of discus- . eion among the people, so much so tha.t parties wer~ org,mized upon the jssue, ing arrived at a late hour •• Bosque" or "anti-Bosque"-that is, whether the Navajoes should or should uot .s is desirable. Mr. Heaa' be. kept upon that reservation. Mr. Graves is clearly of the opinion 1,hat'. the i spripg, ha.s performed hi~ po!1cy of General Oarleton ~as had an e!c~llent effect; that the Navajoes are contains much interesting do1ug well upon the reservation; and that 1t 1s best that the government should, on~ for all, put au end to the quarrels among 'the, people upon this subject, by ians upon the Uintah Val dec1dmg that the Indians shall be retained at ~at reservation, and by providing ri:<>ry,. have been pushed ~e D~Hary appropriations for taking them into the ~barge ol the civil authori d1re~t1on of the 11uperin ties. As they are now, there is a divided jurisdiction, the Indians being pris ~ relieved .A.gen_t Kinney oners of war, _and sustained, as to all eupplies bey"Ond what they raise them- • · ll.1r crop upon the reserva- 1elvei1, by rat1~ns issued by the military authorities; while they also have a · ed an outbl'eak of hostili- ,, zegularly appointed agent, and an annual distribution of supplies in clothing, to accomplish which the &e.. of $ 100,000 appropriated by OongreBS. · Huch a state of things should uot ntains, the Indians were continue. Either. they should be supported and educated in aelf-11upporting in , and promisP.d obedience. • ~ustry by the military alone, or they should be turned over to the civil authori for the appraistl and sale ties. The division ot' jurisdiction u.iakes trouble cons~tly. Mr. Graves pN• • • ..'t f ~ AF'filB,8-• , . a.. }Oll88I01iEB . O'f .JND r- . UPO'Jlf O~ TRB CO . ' . . river. Tbey metr- ·.r lfr . ,. .. ei:up the )l,eaoiirl d found theni , nortati.on out.am · ..1 ·Ui last year, an • ht•ir · e.t- could 'be maa~ .§!L~,-a , . '1.ion:X trea\e~, wi ·'• tupnPK t_-;.__ ➔- _;,_,__,,.._ ____...... at:varioua still peace REPORT OJ tcntion to so REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. ,. tonujliS b, . President ~amed reserve. In regard to thia timber reserve, the superintendent says th;t . of the eevetfll reserve.ti the labor it includes about 20,000 acres of fine timber, and that the Pacific railroad "will· Governor Durkee an< "Proce<· 'claim the alternate sections," a claim of'doubtful validity; but it ie alleged hY11ve ma.de their re{o1 -with the that ii ie found very difficult to protect t~ie timber, and the euggeetjon ie maile • avails of the sale o d ti about t.w that it be sold, and the proceeds used for the Indians of tire State; and this service in U~h, an t through course is recommended. A beginning has been made in culth·ating the soil upon.,. improvements upon.th• ior bent these reservations, and with some success ; ·but as agriculturnl operations in E ii.rly in the epr!?\ of them Nevada require irrigation for their permanent success, nothing cau be done which chief of the San P1tc The • shall tend to concentrat.e these Indians to the pursuit of self.eus~ning industrr of followers, and hadi1 and tho until the means are provided for the purpose. · . . of vahtl\blo stock. ~ were killed, but the c. route to Agent Oam'pbell iu hie annual report makes such an e11timate, and it ie hoped , l' . gl\tnO U \)auds, and thus recrutl t;, ; that Oongreee will take the subject into consideration. While Nevada ie by 'l'he Pai-Utee, ref~ri .those i·t her rich mines pouring immense wealth into the · lftp of the nation, the Indian • tice to occupants of the country have never been treated with, and.have no permanent Utab,.aod formerly 11: result ii N ev1lda. but, as . has provision made for their benefit; while the annual appropriations for tlie s~rvice ' . dency, this special agE the tw , in thai State are lees than is'anuulllly expended for many small tribes in the .. ual im intendeut for Utah. east. ' ' • I don th By the· annual re_p~ In the month of June Agent Campbell reported the arrival of some one h}ln advi6ed ·of the cond1t1~ At dred and twenty Indians at Fort Churchill, in the northern part of Nevada, mostly cede 1 their chief, is a firm fr: Bannacks and Pai-Utes, destitut.e and suffering. They had been 4ostile, but Silver medals have I iar w voluntarily surrendered, and wero sent to the 'l:'ruckee, River or Pyramid Lake river, one of the Utah band1 reservation, and set at work at raising a supply of vegetables for·themselve~. good iufh1ence over tht BPsic Early in the year, certain whites repaired to the hist-named reservation, llnd st.a.ti, commenced settlements there. Upon tlieir being notified by the superintendent · sider to leave, ·and Jheir refusal to obey,the order, a small detachment of so!t,ii;re ac A 1£ ~e are not a?le a, companied t.he superintendent to the reservation, and the intruders were com- • l[exico 1\8 an entu:ely_ pelled to leave it; since which no further difficulty of the' kind·has o·ccurred. tribes which inhabit d; There is a very encouraging field for the educJJ.tion and ch1·istianizing of hanstive.report of Mr.' these Indians open, especially ii) the ease ofJhe Pi-Utee; and upon the request last annual report of tl of this office the ~µperiutendent fumiehed an estimate of the amo~nt of funds length precludes the p necessary for· establishing a manual labor' school, and supporting it for one year, , . • pavers, but an l\bstuc1 which amount is stated at $11,500, Thie 'estimate, l think, was transmitted ii- nccessnry' for an e.e to Congress by yoar predecessor, but no action wae taken thereo~ at the last· a.a it is bo1,ed mn.y be session. It is hoped th~t early action upon this recommendation will enable iug such roeaus as m1 this office to put the school in operation during the coming yMr. Believing . people have suffered, that, including the establishment of this school, the sum of $60,000 can be jn- · are knocking loudly. v ye dicionsly expended for the permane,nt benefit of those Indians during the nex~ th A few words may year, that sum is recommended for Nevada. · · ~ b Mr. Graves upon th~ - c dondo and the NavaJ' p UTAH • • -- sion among the p~.o p "Bosque" or " a.ot1-B tr The annual reports· fro~ this superi~tendency having amved at a late hour, t be kc:pt upon that 1 I have been unable to give them 11uch full notice as is desirable. Mr. H ead, policy of General 0 1 who succeeded Mr. Irish aa superintendent early last 11pripg, has performed his clviug. w_ell upon the duties to the satisfaction of this office. and hie report contains much interesting once for all, put au e matter.· deeidiog that the ln• The arrangements for concentrating the tah Indians upon the Uintah Val the n~esary approJ ley reservation, in the northeastern part of the Territory, have been pushed tiee. As they a.re t forward this year with considerable energy under the direction of the 11uperin oners of war, and e tendent, and the immediate charge of Mr. Carter, who relieved Agent Kinney selves, by rations i. in the early, summer; and there waa a prospect of a fair crop upon the reilf.'rv~ reguLirly appointed tion. At one time the bands at this location threatened an outbreak of ho@tih &c of $ 100,000 a1 ties; put by a speedy visit to them, in t_he journey to accomplish which the continue... E'1t h er t party suffered great hardehipa in crossing the mountains, the India::i. wen, duetry by the milit. qtrleted, restored the property which they had seized, aud promia8? ob J."'!~ tiee. 'rhe division In accordance,,, with the acts of Oongreas providing for the appraisal ao - ... ,. ·• -, -?t~~,~-i-:!r ;·:::::.• r_ ~ ·OFncc S!fB8.JNi'BN~N'l' bbIU ¥J'."1RS, UTAtf.. ,, ·C , • · : · : !', , ~ 811U 1,a/u Cilg, ~''6'"' 13., 1866; . :818'1- Washl\k~ the chiet or thee&1tem ban& or Shoshones, with aome three bun