DOCSLIB.ORG

Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 10, 2021 Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates Niedbal, Dominika Alina Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Niedbal, D. A. (2016). Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates. DTU Chemistry. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates Ph.D. Thesis Dominika Alina Niedbal August 2016 Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Method Development in the Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Carbohydrates Ph.D. Thesis by Dominika Alina Niedbal Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank Professor Robert Madsen for supervising me during three years I have spent on the project and his help with practical and theoretical aspects of organic chemistry. I would like to express my gratitude to the entire Madsen group and Department of Chemistry, both past and present members, for creating a good working atmosphere. Special thanks to Gyrithe Lanz for being a great lab mate. It was a pleasure to share lab with you, discuss chemistry, life, and listen to good music. I am very grateful to Tamara Lang and Andreas Ahlburg for proofreading this thesis. The Novo Nordisk Foundation is acknowledged for financing my Ph.D. project. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their patience and support. Dominika Niedbal Kongens Lyngby, August 2016 i Abstract The present dissertation describes the research performed at the Technical University of Denmark in the period of February 2013 – January 2016 and involves a study on the tin- and boron-mediated glycosylation of unprotected carbohydrates. Project 1: Tin-mediated glycosylation of unprotected hexopyranosides The regioselective glycosylation at the 6 position in 2,3,4,6-unprotected hexopyranosides has been investigated with dibutyltin oxide as the directing agent. Perbenzylated hexopyranosyl bromides were employed as the donors and the glycosylations were promoted by tetrabutylammonium bromide. The couplings were completely selective and gave rise to a number of 1,6-linked disaccharides with 1,2- cis-linked orientation. Project 1 Tin-mediated glycosylation of unprotected hexopyranosides. Project 2: Boron-mediated glycosylation of unprotected carbohydrates Boron-mediated regioselective Koenigs-Knorr glycosylation has been studied with unprotected acceptors. By means of organoboron derivatives, cis-diols in acceptors can be either activated or masked via an ester formation. Project 2 Organoboron-mediated glycosylation of unprotected carbohydrates. ii Resumé Denne afhandling omhandler forskning, som er udført på Danmarks Tekniske Universitet i perioden februar 2013 – januar 2016 og beskriver undersøgelse af bor og tin medieret glykosylering af ubeskyttede kulhydrater. Projekt 1 Tin medieret glykosylering af ubeskyttede kulhydrater Regioselektive 6-O-glykosyleringer af ubeskyttede glycopyranosider med dibutyltin oxid er undersøgt. Denne glykosyleringsreaktion mellem tin aktiverede acceptorer og ”armed” bromid donorer, under anvendelse af tetrabutylammonium bromid som promotorsystem, gav de tilsvarende (1→6) disakkarider i gode udbytter. Projekt 1 Tin medieret glykosylering af ubeskyttede kulhydrater. Projekt 2 Bor medieret glykosylering af ubeskyttede kulhydrater Bor medieret regioselektiv Koenigs-Knorr glykosylering med ubeskyttede acceptorer er undersøgt. Organoborforbindelser kan enten aktivere eller blokere cis- dioler i acceptoren, og derfor hjælpe med regioselektiv og stereospecifik dannelse af den glykosidiske binding. Projekt 2 Bor medieret glykosylering af ubeskyttede kulhydrater. iii List of Abbreviations Å Angstrom Ac Acetyl acac Acetylacetonate AgOTf Silver triflate Bn Benzyl BTF Benzotrifluoride Bu n-Butyl Bz Benzoyl CSA Camphorsulfonic acid d Doublet (spectral) DAST Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride DCE 1,2-dichloroethane DDQ 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate DIPEA N,N-Diisopropylethylamine DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DMTST Dimethyl-(methylthio)-sulfonium triflate DTBPI 2,6-di-tert-butyl pyridinium iodide equiv Equivalent(s) iv Et Ethyl Et2O Diethyl ether Et3N Triethylamine Gal Galactoside Glc Glucoside h Hour(s) HMBC Heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation HRMS High resolution mass spectrometry HSQC Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation IDCP Iodonium dicollidine perchlorate IR Infrared spectroscopy J Coupling constant LG Leaving group m Meta m Multiplet (spectral) Me Methyl MS Molecular sieves NBS N-Bromosuccinimide NIS N-Iodosuccinimide NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NPG Non-participating group o Ortho p Para Pent n-Pentenyl v PG Participating group Ph Phenyl Phth Phthalimido ppm Parts per million rt Room temperature RVC cathode Reticulated Vitreous Carbon cathode s Singlet (NMR) SET Single-electron Transfer t Triplet (NMR) TBAHS Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate TBDMSCl tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBTU 2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3- tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate Tf Trifluoromethanesulfonyl TfO- Trifluoromethanesulfonate THF Tetrahydrofuran TLC Thin layer chromatography TMS Trimethylsilyl TMSI Trimethylsilyl iodide TMU 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea TMSOTf Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Tol Tolyl UV Ultraviolet vi vii Publications Publication Included in the Appendix “Halide-mediated regioselective 6-O-glycosylation of unprotected hexopyranosides with perbenzylated glycosyl bromide donors” viii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... i Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii Resumé ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... iv Publications ............................................................................................................ viii 1 Aim of the project .............................................................................................. 1 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Anomeric effect .......................................................................................... 6 2.2 Glycosyl donors .......................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 n-Pentenyl glycosides ......................................................................... 8 2.2.1.1 Armed-disarmed approach ........................................................... 9 2.2.2 Glycosyl imidates .............................................................................. 10 2.2.3 Thioglycosides .................................................................................. 12 2.2.4 Glycosyl halides ................................................................................ 16 2.2.4.1 Glycosyl fluorides ...................................................................... 16 2.2.4.2 Glycosyl bromides ..................................................................... 17 2.2.4.3 Glycosyl iodides ........................................................................ 20 2.3 1,2-cis O-glycosylations ........................................................................... 23 2.4 Glycosylation with unprotected or partially protected carbohydrates ...... 32 2.5 Metal-mediated alkylations, acylations and glycosylations ..................... 38 2.5.1 Tin-mediated glycosylations ............................................................. 45 2.5.2 Boron-mediated glycosylations......................................................... 53 3 Results and discussion ..................................................................................... 57 3.1 Halide-mediated glycosylation ................................................................. 57 3.1.1 Synthesis of glycosyl donors............................................................. 57 ix 3.1.2 Optimization of glycosylation ........................................................... 65 3.1.2.1 Solvent studies ........................................................................... 66 3.1.2.2 Studies of different tin species ................................................... 70 3.1.2.3 Promoter studies ........................................................................ 71 3.1.2.4 Further optimization and synthesis of various
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrolysis of Haloacetonitriles: Linear Free Energy Relationship, Kinetics and Products
    Wat. Res. Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1938±1948, 1999 # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain PII: S0043-1354(98)00361-3 0043-1354/99/$ - see front matter HYDROLYSIS OF HALOACETONITRILES: LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIP, KINETICS AND PRODUCTS VICTOR GLEZER*, BATSHEVA HARRIS, NELLY TAL, BERTA IOSEFZON and OVADIA LEV{*M Division of Environmental Sciences, Fredy and Nadine Herrmann School of Applied Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel (First received September 1997; accepted in revised form August 1998) AbstractÐThe hydrolysis rates of mono-, di- and trihaloacetonitriles were studied in aqueous buer sol- utions at dierent pH. The stability of haloacetonitriles decreases and the hydrolysis rate increases with increasing pH and number of halogen atoms in the molecule: The monochloroacetonitriles are the most stable and are also less aected by pH-changes, while the trihaloacetonitriles are the least stable and most sensitive to pH changes. The stability of haloacetonitriles also increases by substitution of chlorine atoms with bromine atoms. The hydrolysis rates in dierent buer solutions follow ®rst order kinetics with a minimum hydrolysis rate at intermediate pH. Thus, haloacetonitriles have to be preserved in weakly acid solutions between sampling and analysis. The corresponding haloacetamides are formed during hydrolysis and in basic solutions they can hydrolyze further to give haloacetic acids. Linear free energy relationship can be used for prediction of degradation of haloacetonitriles
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications
    molecules Review Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications M. R. Ranga Prabhath, Luke Williams, Shreesha V. Bhat and Pallavi Sharma * School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; [email protected] (M.R.R.P.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (S.V.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-015-2288-6885 Academic Editor: Margaret A. Brimble Received: 9 March 2017; Accepted: 7 April 2017; Published: 12 April 2017 Abstract: The application of alkyl and aryl substituted cyanamides in synthetic chemistry has diversified multi-fold in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry. Keywords: cyanamide; synthesis; aminocyanation; cycloaddition; electrophilic cyanation; radical reaction; coordination chemistry 1. Introduction Cyanamide enjoys a rich chemical history, which can be traced to its unique and chemically promiscuous nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen (NCN) connectivity. The chemistry of the nitrile-substituted amino-group of the ‘cyanamide-moiety’ is dominated by an unusual duality of a nucleophilic sp3-amino nitrogen and an electrophilic nitrile unit. The reported use of unsubstituted cyanamide (NH2CN) and metal cyanamides (MNCN, where M = metal) date back as far as the late 19th century, where the likes of calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) was used as a fertilizer, and later as source of ammonia and nitric acid, which fueled the industrial production of metal cyanamides. In contrast, the reported use of the corresponding substituted organic cyanamides (RNHCN or RR’NCN) gathered pace only in more recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Promoted Mesoporous Manganese Oxide Catalyzed Oxidation of Allyl Ethers
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08619-x OPEN Lithium promoted mesoporous manganese oxide catalyzed oxidation of allyl ethers Biswanath Dutta1, Ryan Clarke 1, Sumathy Raman2, Timothy D. Shaffer2, Laura Achola1, Partha Nandi2 & Steven L. Suib1,3 Herein we report the first example of the catalytic aerobic partial oxidation of allyl ether to its acrylate ester derivative. Many partial oxidations often need an expensive oxidant such as 1234567890():,; peroxides or other species to drive such reactions. In addition, selective generation of esters using porous catalysts has been elusive. This reaction is catalyzed by a Li ion promoted mesoporous manganese oxide (meso-Mn2O3) under mild conditions with no precious metals, a reusable heterogeneous catalyst, and easy isolation. This process is very attractive for the oxidation of allyl ethers. We report on the catalytic activity, selectivity, and scope of the reaction. In the best cases presented, almost complete conversion of allyl ether with near complete chemo-selectivity towards acrylate ester derivatives is observed. Based on results from controlled experiments, we propose a possible reaction mechanism for the case in which N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) is used in combination with trichloroacetonitrile (CCl3CN). 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. 2 Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil, 1545 US 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA. 3 Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North
    [Show full text]
  • Cation Clock Reactions for the Determination of Relative Reaction Kinetics in Glycosylation Reactions
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2018 Cation Clock Reactions For The etD ermination Of Relative Reaction Kinetics In Glycosylation Reactions Philip Adero Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Adero, Philip, "Cation Clock Reactions For The eD termination Of Relative Reaction Kinetics In Glycosylation Reactions" (2018). Wayne State University Dissertations. 2086. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/2086 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. CATION CLOCK REACTIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE REACTION KINETICS IN GLYCOSYLATION REACTIONS by PHILIP OUMA ADERO DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2018 MAJOR: CHEMISTRY (Organic) Approved By: __________________________________________ Advisor Date __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to God for his providence and mercy, and to my family for the unconditional love and support ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my profound gratitude to my graduate adviser, Professor David Crich for his guidance and encouragement throughout my research work in his laboratory at Wayne State University. I thank him for the confidence he had in me, for his constant unwavering support for my academic excellence and for inspiration and mentorship throughout my Ph.D studies. I wish to thank my committee members comprising; Prof. Jennifer Stockdill, Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemicals Found in Pool Water Can Be Derived from a Number of Sources
    CHAPTER 4 CChemicalhemical hhazardsazards hemicals found in pool water can be derived from a number of sources: the source Cwater, deliberate additions such as disinfectants and the pool users themselves (see Figure 4.1). This chapter describes the routes of exposure to swimming pool chemi- cals, the chemicals typically found in pool water and their possible health effects. While there is clearly a need to ensure proper consideration of health and safety issues for operators and pool users in relation to the use and storage of swimming pool chemicals, this aspect is not covered in this volume. Chemicals in pool, hot tub and spa water Source water-derived: Bather-derived: Management-derived: disinfection by-products; urine; disinfectants; precursors sweat; pH correction chemicals; dirt; coagulants lotions (sunscreen, cosmetics, soap residues, etc.) Disinfection by-products: e.g. trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; chlorate; nitrogen trichloride Figure 4.1. Possible pool water contaminants in swimming pools and similar environments 4.1 Exposure There are three main routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools and similar environments: • direct ingestion of water; • inhalation of volatile or aerosolized solutes; and • dermal contact and absorption through the skin. 60 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE RECREATIONAL WATER ENVIRONMENTS llayoutayout SSafeafe WWater.inddater.indd 8822 224.2.20064.2.2006 99:57:05:57:05 4.1.1 Ingestion The amount of water ingested by swimmers and pool users will depend upon a range of factors, including experience, age, skill and type of activity. The duration of ex- posure will vary signifi cantly in different circumstances, but for adults, extended ex- posure would be expected to be associated with greater skill (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • PS-Triphenylphosphine
    Technical Note PS-Triphenylphosphine Resin-bound Phosphine PS-Triphenylphosphine is a resin-bound Specifications equivalent of triphenylphosphine. The Chemical Name: Diphenylphosphino-polystyrene capacity of the resin is determined by the Resin Type: 1% Cross-linked poly(styrene-co- quantitation of benzyl bromide uptake in divinylbenzene) DMF (GC, internal standard method). P Loading: Typical loading 2.2 mmol/g, minimum loading 1.8 mmol/g (based on uptake of benzyl bromide) PS-Triphenylphosphine can be used in Bead Size: 75–150 microns, 100–200 mesh Mitsunobu reactions to prepare aryl (95% within) ethers in good-to-excellent yields and in Application: Chlorination of acids and alcohols, high purities (Scheme 1).1 Wittig and Mitsunobu reactions, scavenging of alkyl halides Typical Chlorination Conditions: 0.5 equivalent of acid or alcohol in CCl4, 3 h, reflux Typical Mitsunobu Reaction Conditions: 1.0 1. MP-Carbonate (2.5 eq) equivalent of alcohol, 1.5 equivalent of phenol, X 2. Filter Alphatic or Aryl-OH X 2.2 equivalent of resin, and 1.6 equivalent of di- + PS-PPh3 + DBAD 3. TFA:DCM:H2O (50:48:2) HO 16 hr, RT, THF 4. LLE (extract into MTBE) Aryl or Aliphatic O tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD) at room tem- 2.2eq 1.6eq 5. Concentrate 1.5eq perature for 16 h Typical Wittig Reaction Conditions: 2.0 equiv- Scheme 1. Mitsunobu reaction using PS-Triphenylphosphine alent of ylide resin, 8.0 equivalent of sodium bis (dimethylsilyl)amide/tetrahydrofuran Mitsunobu general procedure: Add a solution of the phenol to the PS- (NaHMDS/THF), resin washed with THF, followed by 1.0 equivalent of carbonyl compound in THF at Triphenylphosphine resin and allow the suspension to stand for 5 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Cationic Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Glycosylation with Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates
    Cationic Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Glycosylation with Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates Jaemoon Yang, Colleen Cooper-Vanosdell, Enoch A. Mensah, and Hien M. Nguyen* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State UniVersity, Bozeman, Montana 59717 [email protected] ReceiVed NoVember 20, 2007 The development of a new method for stereoselective glycosylation with glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors employing cationic palladium(II), Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4)2, is described. This process employs Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4)2 as an efficient activator, providing access to a variety of disaccharides and glyco- peptides. This reaction is highly stereoselective and proceeds under mild conditions with low catalyst loading. Interestingly, this palladium catalysis directs â-glucosylations in the absence of classical neighboring group participation. Introduction anhydrous and low temperature (up to -78 °C) conditions, especially if glycosyl donors and acceptors are incorporated with Since the first paper on Schmidt’s glycosylation method was acid-labile protecting groups. Additionally, high catalyst loading published in 1980,1 trichloroacetimidates have been among the is often required since these Lewis acids are oxophilic. This most widely used glycosyl donors. Their popularity comes from has resulted in the continued development of activating reagents their relative ease of synthesis by base-catalyzed addition of and conditions for the activation of trichloroacetimidates. It trichloroacetonitrile to the anomeric hydroxy group.2 The begins with the use of stoichiometric amounts of AgOTf as a glycosyl trichloroacetimidates are often formed in high yield promoter to provide glycosides with excellent yields.8 Two other with excellent anomeric selectivity. The glycosyl trichloroace- improvements utilizing LiClO and LiOTf as promoters have timidates are generally activated with strong and moisture- 4 been described.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL PAPER Facile and Direct Synthesis of Symmetrical Acid
    Chemical Papers 69 (3) 479–485 (2015) DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0042 ORIGINAL PAPER Facile and direct synthesis of symmetrical acid anhydrides using a newly prepared powerful and efficient mixed reagent Hamed Rouhi-Saadabad, Batool Akhlaghinia* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948974 Mashhad, Iran Received 31 March 2014; Revised 16 July 2014; Accepted 7 August 2014 An efficient mixed reagent for direct synthesis of symmetrical carboxylic anhydrides from car- boxylic acids has been prepared. Carboxylic acids are converted to anhydrides using triphenylphos- phine/trichloroisocyanuric acid under mild reaction conditions at room temperature. Short reaction time, excellent yields of products, low cost, availability of reagents, simple experimental procedure, and easy work-up of the products are the main advantages of the presented method. c 2014 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences Keywords: trichloroisocyanuric acid, triphenylphosphine, carboxylic acid, carboxylic anhydride, functional group transformation Introduction 1968; Jorba et al., 1990; Katritzky et al., 1992; Ke- shavamurthy et al., 1982; Kim et al., 2003; Kita et Among the most important classes of reagents, car- al., 1984, 1986; Mestres & Palomo, 1981; Newman & boxylic anhydrides are useful compounds either as Louge, 1971; Rinderknecht & Ma, 1964; Rinderknecht acylating agents or as intermediates in organic syn- & Guttenstein, 1967; Kocz et al., 1994; Sandler & thesis due to the high electrophilic character of their Karo, 1972), new and more convenient methods for carbonyl groups (Ogliaruso & Wolfe, 1991; Mariella & the synthesis of this class of compounds still pro- Brown, 1971; Shambhu & Digenis, 1974; Tamura et ceeds. Carboxylic anhydrides are usually prepared al., 1987a, 1987b; Holzapfel & Pettit, 1985; Fukuoka through a reaction of carboxylic acids with acylat- et al., 1987; Bryson & Roth,Author 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 the Allylic Trihaloacetimidate
    c01.tex 7/18/05 12:41 PM Page 1 CHAPTER 1 THE ALLYLIC TRIHALOACETIMIDATE REARRANGEMENT LARRY E. OVERMAN University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 NANCY E. CARPENTER University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, Minnesota 56267 CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 3 INTRODUCTION . 3 MECHANISM . 4 Thermal Rearrangements . 4 Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangements . 6 SCOPE & LIMITATIONS . 9 Preparation and Stability of Allylic Trihaloacetimidates . 9 Preparation of Allylic Trichloroacetimidates . 9 Preparation of Allylic Trifluoroacetimidates . 10 Stability of Allylic Trihaloacetimidates . 11 Thermal Rearrangements of Allylic Trihaloacetimidates . 12 Reaction Conditions:Temperature, Solvent, and Additives . 12 Scope . 14 The Halogen Substituents . 15 Carbon Skeleton . 16 Cyclic Substrates . 18 Substituent Effects and Problematic Substituents . 20 Regioselectivity . 22 Stereochemistry . 22 Chiral Secondary Imidates: Chirality Transfer . 22 Diastereoselectivity Arising from Stereocenters Outside the Pericyclic Arena . 23 Geometry of the New Double Bond . 24 Catalyzed Rearrangements of Allylic Trihaloacetimidates . 25 General Conditions . 26 Scope . 27 Stereoselectivity . 29 [email protected] [email protected] Organic Reactions, Vol. 66, Edited by Larry E. Overman et al. © 2005 Organic Reactions, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 c01.tex 7/18/05 12:41 PM Page 2 2 ORGANIC REACTIONS Chiral Secondary Imidates:Chirality Transfer . 29 Chiral Primary Imidates:Diastereoselectivity . 29 Asymmetric Catalysis . 31 APPLICATIONS TO SYNTHESIS . 33 Overview . 33 Preparation of Allylic Amines . 33 Other Direct Uses of Allylic Trihaloacetamides . 38 Applications in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products . 39 (Ϯ)-Acivicin . 39 (ϩ)-Lactacystin . 40 (Ϯ)-Pancratistatin . 40 COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS . 41 Other Allylic Rearrangements . 41 Other Routes to Allylic Amines . 43 Amination of Allylic Electrophiles . 43 C-H Activation .
    [Show full text]
  • Direct and Facile Synthesis of Acyl Azides from Carboxylic Acids Using the Trichloroisocyanuric Acid–Triphenylphosphine System
    181 ARTICLE Direct and facile synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using the trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine system Batool Akhlaghinia and Hamed Rouhi-Saadabad Abstract: A mild, efficient, and practical method for the one-step synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using a safe and inexpensive mixed reagent, trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine, is described. Key words: carboxylic acid, acyl azide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, triphenylphosphine, sodium azide. Résumé : On décrit une méthode de synthèse en une étape des azotures d'acyles a` partir d'acides carboxyliques; la méthode est a` la fois douce, efficace et pratique et elle implique l'utilisation d'un réactif sécuritaire et pas cher, soit un mélange d'acide trichloroisocyanurique et de triphénylphosphine. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : acide carboxylique, azoture d'acyle, acide trichloroisocyanurique, triphénylphosphine, sodium. Introduction efficient procedure for the direct conversion of carboxylic acids to Acyl azides are important intermediates in organic chemistry acyl azides using the triphenylphosphine–trichloroisocyanuric acid– and especially in pharmaceuticals,1–4 dyes,5 and agrochemicals.6–9 NaN3 system (Scheme 1). They have been extensively used in the synthesis of amides, ni- At first, the reaction of p-nitrobenzoic acid was initially per- triles, cycloaddition reactions, peptide bond formation,10,11 and in formed in the presence of different molar ratios of RCO2H–TPP– heterocyclic chemistry.12–15 Many single-step and multistep proto- TCCA–NaN3 at 0 °C to room temperature. The effect of different cols have been developed to convert carboxylic acids to acyl solvents was also studied (Table 1). Employing the ratio of 1:1:0.3:3 azides.16–29 Acyl azides are usually prepared from acid derivatives in CH2Cl2 at room temperature gave the best results and produced such as acid chlorides, acyl hydrazides,16 or mixed anhy- p-nitrobenzoyl azide in a quantitative yield after 40 min (Table 1, drides.26,30–36 Acid chlorides are not always easy to access or store.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcr-Chemical Chart6
    Chemical Chart E=Excellent G=Good F=Fair P=Poor NR=Not Recommended -=No Recommendation Neoprene Neoprene Neoprene Neoprene PVC PVC PVC PVC Chemical Chemical Chemical Chemical Acetaldehyde NR NR Cyclohexanol G F Hydroquinone G G Phenol > 70% NR G Acetic Acid F E Cyclohexanone NR NR Isoamyl Acetate NR NR Phenolphthalein G G Acetic Anhydride NR F Cyclohexylamine NR NR Isoamyl Nitrite NR NR Phenolsulfonic Acid - E Acetone NR NR Diacetone Alcohol P G Isobutyl Alcohol NR G Phosphine NR NR Acetonitrile NR NR Diallylamine NR NR Isobutyl Methacrylate NR NR Phosphoric Acid G E Acetophenone NR NR Dibenzyl - NR Isobutyl Nitrite NR - Phosphoric Acid > 70% E E Acetyl Chloride NR NR Dibutyl Phthalate G F Isobutylamine NR NR Phosphorus Oxychloride NR NR Acrolein NR NR Dichloroacetyl Chloride NR NR Isobutyraldehyde - NR Phosphorus Tribromide NR Acrylic Acid NR NR Diethanolamine E E Isooctane NR F Phosphorus Trichloride NR NR Acrylonitrile NR NR Diethyl Carbonate - NR Isophorone NR NR Pickling Solution G F Allyl Acrylate NR NR Diethylamine NR NR Isoprene - NR Picric Acid NR F Allyl Alcohol - NR Diethyldichlorosilane NR NR Isopropanolamine E E Pine Oil F P Allyl Chloride NR - Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A NR NR Isopropyl Alcohol G F Piperazine NR NR Allylamine NR NR Diisobutyl Ketone NR NR Isopropyl Ether NR NR Piperidine NR NR Aluminum Chloride E E Diisobutylamine NR NR Isopropyl Methacrylate NR NR Plating Solutions-Chrome E - Ammonium Acetate - E Diisopropylamine NR NR Isopropylamine NR NR Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) P - Ammonium Carbonate - E
    [Show full text]
  • Jecamp Pt-MFC
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Supplementary Information Multifaceted Catalysis Approach to Nitrile Activation: Direct Synthesis of Halogenated Allyl Amides from Allylic Alcohols Roy P. Lester, Jay J. Dunsford and Jason E. Camp* School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK Email: [email protected] Contents I. General remarks S1 II. General procedures for the synthesis of allyl amides S2 III. Synthesis of ally amides 3a-l and 4a S2 IX. Optimisation of the multifaceted catalysis approach to allyl amide synthesis S8 X. NMR kinetic measurements S10 XI. GC kinetic measurements S12 XII. References S13 XIII. 1H and 13C{1H} NMR data for 3a-l and 4a S14 I. General Remarks Unless otherwise indicated, all commercially available reagents and solvents were used directly from the supplier without further purification. All other reagents were prepared according to previously reported literature procedures, vide infra. Analytical grade dichloromethane was dried over calcium hydride and purified by distillation prior to use. Solvents for column chromatography were of technical grade and used without further purification. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (60-120) mesh. Visualization was accomplished with UV light and/or potassium permanganate solution. NMR spectra were obtained on JEOL 270, Bruker DPX300, Bruker AV3400 or Bruker DPX400 spectrometers. The chemical shifts are reported as dimensionless δ values and are frequency referenced relative to TMS for 1H and 13C{1H}. Coupling constants J are reported in Hertz as positive values regardless of their real individual signs. The multiplicity of the signals is indicated as “s”, “d”, “t” “q” or “m” for singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet or multiplet, respectively.
    [Show full text]