In the Footsteps of'Jesse"Waifenfismkes EaRLy ARcbaeoLogy at R u s t i c o IslancX ^1
Hotel in South Rustico. As he waited, nity to resume his fieldwork in the By Michael A. O'Grady Fewkes surveyed the golden, late sum- Southwest. As a final contribution to mer landscape, perhaps reflecting on the Hemenway Expedition, Fewkes Amid the blasts of a shrill whistle, cater- the vicissitudes of the past year. had installed an exhibit of the collect- wauling steel wheels, and complaints He had been twice decorated by ed materials in the Peabody Museum whispered in steam, the afternoon train European royalty for his part in of Archaeology and Ethnology at slowly pulls out of Hunter River Station. Madrid's 1893 Historical Exposition, Harvard University. He had then Left standing in the exaggerated stillness and, as director of the Hemenway decided to take a short vacation, far that follows the departure are two gen- Archaeological Expedition, he had from the scorching sun of the Arizona tlemen and three ladies; their trunks, made a significant contribution to the desert and the intense academic cli- stacked beside them on the platform, archaeology and ethnology of the mate of Cambridge, Massachusetts. mark them as visitors - from the Southwestern United States. But in When he arrived on Prince Edward "Boston States," no doubt. The station more recent months there had been Island, Jesse Walter Fewkes likely had agent's keen gaze settles on one of the the death of the expedition's benefac- no thoughts of conducting an archaeo- party: a man of above average height, tress, Mary Hemenway, Fewkes' close logical excavation; yet, he would leave solidly built, with intelligent blue eyes, a friend and his neighbour in Boston's with the distinction of being the first graying, neatly trimmed beard, and a fashionable Beacon Hill area. Her professional archaeologist to work here. ruddy complexion that suggests years of passing had interrupted Fewkes' pio- His excavation, although a modest outdoor labour. But the man's bearing, neering research on the American effort, was to have a lasting impact on almost regal, and his clothes, obviously frontier, where he had spent much of later archaeological research on the from Boston's finest tailors, seem to con- the preceding five years recording the Island. Considering Fewkes' stature, it tradict this last deduction. Surely this is ceremonies and collecting the material was an auspicious beginning to profes- a man who earns his living through remains of the desert-dwelling Pueblo sional archaeology in the province. But intellectual toils, not from the sweat of Indians. The expedition had ended in that beginning is best understood within his brow. scandal; its first director, the eccentric the context of the development and his- Frank Hamilton Cushing, had been tory of archaeology in North America. accused of fabricating artifacts. The The Learned Tourist proud Fewkes had suffered the ignominy of having his own research Archaeologists and t was 22 August 1894. Jesse Walter tainted by the controversy. Antiquarians IFewkes, the renowned Harvard- Coinciding with these unpleasant educated archaeologist, his wife, and events, Fewkes had been offered a By the 1890s, the study of archaeology their three travelling companions were position with the Smithsonian had developed beyond the speculation watching for the coach that would take Institution's Bureau of American and conjecture that had long charac- them the eight miles to the Seaside Ethnology, allowing him the opportu- terized debates on antiquities and
10 M The shell midden at Rustico Island, by Patrick O'Grady.
Indians. Since at least the mid-19th century, serious attempts had been made to describe and classify archaeo- logical materials, rather than just to collect them as curiosities. The development of a scientific approach to archaeology coincided with the discipline's professionaliza- tion: sponsored expeditions led by trained archaeologists replaced the generally non-systematic, avocational A 19th-century shell midden excavation, from a wood-engraving published in researches of the earlier period. The American Naturalist (1868). The term "midden" derives from the Danish kjoekken- Smithsonian Institution and Harvard moedding or "kitchen-midden." University's Peabody Museum, both founded in the mid-19th century, were In the Maritime Provinces, particu- Canada, where there were no dramatic at the forefront of that development in larly Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, earthen pyramids, it was a different the United States. meaningful archaeological investiga- kind of mound - made of shell - that Canada lacked similar institutions, tions were being directed by local soci- captured the research interests of the and without such a propelling force, the eties comprised of professional gentle- archaeological pioneers. growth of archaeology in this country men with an interest in science. Shell mounds, or "middens," are lagged behind developments in the Members of the Nova Scotia Institute archaeological sites containing the United States. There was, nevertheless, of Science and the Natural History remains of shellfish and other food significant activity at the antiquarian Society of New Brunswick conducted deposited by prehistoric peoples. In level in Canada during the last half of excavations, held meetings and lec- addition to this faunal material, mid- the 19th century. Daniel Wilson, a tures, and published the results of dens may include artifacts and debris respected scholar and administrator at their research in societal newsletters associated with human activity. The the University of Toronto, and John and scientific journals. The two soci- archaeological investigation of these William Dawson, a geologist and princi- eties reached their peak before the sites can provide valuable clues about pal of McGill University, both published turn of the century; by the First World prehistoric lifeways, particularly diets. books and articles on archaeology dur- War they had ceased to function. In terms of the development of ing this period. David Boyle, appointed In Prince Edward Island, the begin- archaeology, 19th-century shell midden archaeological curator of the Ontario nings of archaeological research have studies were especially important Provincial Museum in the 1880s, holds yet to be explored fully. Ongoing study because they acknowledged early on the distinction of being Canada's first of the topic suggests, however, that the connection between stratigraphy "professional" archaeologist. the early history of archaeology here (the superimposed layers of matter in is similar to that of the rest of the an archaeological site) and cultural Maritimes. Like its sister provinces, change. Expressed another way, the the Island had a Natural History archaeological material recovered from Society, founded in 1889, which includ- the lower levels of a midden was recog- ed archaeology among its subjects of nized as being from earlier cultures, inquiry. A decade later, the group compared to that found in the upper would actually change its name to the levels. It would not be until the 20th Natural History and Antiquarian century that the so-called "stratigraphic Society as a way to reflect its interest method" was widely adopted for the in the province's prehistory. The development of relative chronologies in Society appears to have fallen dormant American archaeology. by 1894, but two of its members, John The scientific study of shell middens, Hunter Duvar and John Newson, by geologists and natural historians, earned mention in the published began in North America as early as the report of Fewkes' excavation. 1760s and 1770s. Even at this early date, the enigmatic heaps of shell were being correctly identified as manmade - as Shell Midden Archaeology opposed to natural deposits, although their exact origin would continue to be A major concern of the first archaeolo- debated for another 100 years. gists in eastern North America was the In the 1860s, undoubtedly influ- A Smithsonian Institution file photo of origin of the impressive manmade enced by similar research being done Dr. Fewkes, taken in 1918, when he mounds and earthworks of the Ohio in Europe, professional archaeologists became Chief of the Bureau of and Mississippi Valleys. In the north- and educated amateurs began system- American Ethnology. eastern United States and eastern atic investigations of Atlantic coast
11 Fewkes excavated a shell midden on the south shore of Robinson's Island (marked with cross). Part of the Prince Edward Island National Park since 1937, the Island was joined to the mainland by a causeway in the 1950s.
of New Brunswick was involved in similar investigations in that province in 1870. The same year, Spencer F. Baird, a zoologist and, later, secretary at the Smithsonian Institution, ana- lyzed shell mounds in southern New Brunswick. There are no published reports of organized shell midden studies on Prince Edward Island prior to Fewkes' visit. Nevertheless, mem- bers of the local Natural History Society were certainly aware of the existence of such deposits in the province. At a meeting of the Society in 1889, John Hunter Duvar related that he had corresponded on that very topic with Professor William F. Ganong, an instructor in botany at shell middens. The Smithsonian Fewkes must also have learned of Harvard University who had done Institution and, to a greater extent, shell midden investigations through some archaeology in his native New Harvard's Peabody Museum were the numerous reports that appeared in Brunswick. Duvar's own "enquiry involved in some of the earliest shell the archaeological literature of the along the Island coast," he remarked, mound excavations. Jeffries Wyman, period. Among the more influential of ". . . [had] failed, as yet, to come on the Peabody's first curator, examined these published studies were several any trace of such shell heaps." shell middens along the New England undertaken in eastern Canada. In 1863 However, his fellow Society member coast in 1867. Under Wyman and his and 1864, members of the Nova Scotia Francis Bain, the well-known Island successor, Frederic Ward Putnam, the Institute of Science carried out and naturalist,* was able to report on a Peabody continued these researches reported on shell mound excavations "kitchen midden" he had come for four decades. at St. Margaret's Bay and Cole across near Wheatley River in Both Wyman, an anatomist turned Harbour. The Natural History Society Queens County. Apparently, though, archaeologist, and Putnam, who trained it would be left to Fewkes to do the as a naturalist, were Harvard contempo- first formal.- and professional - raries of Jesse Walter Fewkes. After archaeological investigation of such a receiving his Ph.D. in marine zoology site on Prince Edward Island. from Harvard in the late 1870s, and J^-,:--^ before he turned to archaeology, ^^^^^^^B Fewkes spent almost a decade as a t\ From Vacation to Excavation curator in the University's Museum of j£3jj|.
12 Fewkes' party would have been wel- comed by the Seaside's proprietor, Doion by the Seaside John Newson, and his wife, Elizabeth. Introductions probably revealed both The Seaside Hotel, where Fewkes and his Mends made their headquarters, was one Dr. Fewkes' profession and his host's of four summer hotels opened on the North Shore during the 1870s. The Seaside's reg- antiquarian interests. As a member of ister (which is now housed at the Public Archives and Records Office) records the first the Natural History Society's execu- guest on 1 June 1875. The hotel's owner, John Newson of Charlottetown, was a furniture manufacturer tive, Newson was undoubtedly thrilled and importer, whose showroom and shops were located on Victoria Row at 160-164 to have the archaeologist as his guest. Richmond Street - the Newson Block. While Newson minded his business interests in Similarly, Fewkes must have been the city, his wife, Elizabeth Ann (Hutcheson), managed the hotel Their nine children delighted to make Newson's acquain- shared in the various tasks associated with looking after as many as 70 guests, the tance, for, with the local antiquarian as hotel's capacity. his probable guide, he was soon The disastrous fire that destroyed the three-storey, wood- framed structure just after exploring archaeological sites along the turn of the century left few salvageable items. In an unpublished history of the hotel, the North Shore. Frank Jost Newson, the proprietor's grandson, recalls seeing "a large wooden gate with It was likely the hotel keeper who 'Seaside Hotel' painted on it" at his Grandfather's farm at Rocky Point (This would have been between 1910 and 1920, some years after the fire.) According to the grandson, led Fewkes to the shell midden on 'This [gate] was probably all that was left of the hotel, except the hotel register." Robinson's (now Rustico) Island. The The leatherbound register, its large pages singed and water- stained, bears witness Seaside Hotel maintained bath houses to the Seaside's days of glory and, sadly, its reduction to ashes. The book is signed by amid the sandhills on the little island's guests from as far away as London, England, and San Diego, California. Sprinkled northwest shore; the midden is situat- throughout are the signatures of distinguished visitors. Among them were the ed on the south side of the island, fac- province's lieutenant governor, Sir Robert Hodgson, who signed on consecutive ing Rustico Bay. It was here that Dominion Days (1 July 1875 and 1876); the distinguished British politician Rt Hon. Fewkes was inspired to conduct a dig. Hugh Childers, who had come to preside over the final settlement of the Island's vexar Although Newson is not given credit tious Land Question; Father of Confederation Sir Alexander T Gait and family; and, in for locating the site, he is mentioned 1879, Canada's Governor General, the Marquis of Lome, accompanied by his wife, twice in Fewkes' subsequent report of H.R.H. Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. In such company the signature of archaeologist J. Walter Fewkes, who signed for the excavation. himself and his wife on 22 August 1894, seems to pale. But reduced to virtual obscurity Outfitted with shovels and, perhaps, are the Fewkes' three Mends, whose signatures immediately follow. Except for their rakes and hoes, it must have been an names, nothing certain is known of these individuals. excited group that climbed into small The guest book shows that the Seaside was a popular place to stay among the boats at the Seaside wharf and headed Island's American visitors, who, by the 1890s, numbered in the thousands annually. across the bay to Robinson's Island. The proliferation of travel literature was a significant factor in the province's ability to Even for Fewkes, a veteran of archaeo- attract visitors from the United States in the late 19th century. The beleaguered logical expeditions and zoological Fewkes may very well have been enticed to visit the Island by a description of the research, the outing held the prospect North Shore as "the place for weary men and women to come to build up worn out tis- of, if not adventure, then at least dis- sue, to rest the mind, to banish weariness." For its part, the Seaside Hotel was advertised as having "no equal on P. E. Island as covery. Ever the enthusiast, his expec- a Summer Resort." In addition to the usual pastimes offered by its competitors - boat- tation may have been heightened on ing, bathing, and fishing, the Seaside invited its guests to enjoy "shady walks, a bowling this occasion; the dig would be his first alley, and croquet and tennis lawns," all for just $1.75 per day. Archaeological excur- shell mound excavation. sions were not among the advertised attractions. The nattily attired Fewkes (his dig clothes normally included knee breech- es) would have directed the operation, assisted - so the Charlottetown Patriot of 29 August 1894 relates - by "some friends" staying at the Seaside Hotel. It is almost certain that Fewkes' wife, Harriet Olivia Cutler, helped as well; she was her husband's "constant field companion" throughout his career. No doubt John Newson was involved, too, and the activity may also have attracted the interest of other Seaside guests or area residents. The party landed on the beach directly in front of the midden and just below the farm operated by P. W. Robinson. Clearly visible in the low bank was a layer of shell, mostly oys- ter and clam, averaging six inches in Another carriage arrives at the Seaside in this 1880 engraving from Meacham's thickness. Fewkes paced off the extent Atlas. Rustico Island lies out of sight across the bay. of the deposit and found it to be over a
13 hundred feet in length.* The seaward absence of the natural resource here, edge was exposed by erosion, shells but there is also an environmental fac- literally spilling on to the beach; the tor to consider. The Island's highly landward side was under cultivation by acidic soil promotes corrosion, which Mr. Robinson. can effectively eliminate metallic Selecting a spot near the bank, objects from the archaeological record. Fewkes stepped down on his spade, Interestingly enough, the mineral com- the ancient shell of the midden pounds present in marine shells have a crunching under his weight. Eagerly, neutralizing effect on the soil. Most the others followed his lead, and soon likely the copper bead was preserved there were trenches at a number of because of its being in the midden. points along the bluff. Sifting through The environment offered by shell the mix of shell and soil, the archaeol- middens is also favourable for preser- ogist and his assistants found frag- vation of faunal materials, which helps ments of bone and charcoal, as well as to explain the presence of the fourth several items of greater interest. The object found by Fewkes - a spear point latter were pocketed for more careful made of walrus ivory. Another unusu- examination back at the Hotel. Within al, if not unique, archaeological find in an hour or two, the group was making the province, the point, when attached its way back across the bay, pleased to a shaft, would have been used in the with the results of the day's inquiry. K^* hunting of seals and walrus. Such Fewkes, who possessed a sense of Elizabeth Ann (Hutcheson) Newson, points were fashioned from bone as history and history-making, may have who managed the Seaside Hotel well as walrus tusk, but the relative derived additional satisfaction from the density of the latter material made a effort, knowing that he had launched much more durable weapon. the first archaeological research on hardness of which made it a good It was hoped that the four objects Prince Edward Island. Undoubtedly, choice for tools. As Fewkes so correctly removed from the midden by Fewkes they were his thoughts that the observed, igneous rocks are not found could be located and photographed for Charlottetown Patriot echoed a few in situ in the province, and occur only inclusion in this article. Unfortunately, days later, on 29 August: "[It has as "erratics," that is, boulders transport- a determined search for the artifacts been] proved that our Province is by ed and deposited by glacial action. It is has thus far been unsuccessful. Nor no means a barren field for students of possible, then, that the celts arrived in have field notes or photographs from ethnology and archaeology." Prince Edward Island as an item of the excavation been discovered, which trade or as part of a migrant's personal is not too surprising; Fewkes was noto- belongings. In their original and com- rious for his poor note-taking, even on The Yield plete form, the celts would have been his major excavations. hafted - attached to a wood handle with Fewkes expected that the results of Despite his stature as an archaeolo- leather thongs - and used as a chop- his research on Prince Edward Island gist, Jesse Walter Fewkes was never ping implement. could be brought to bear on two out- known as a careful excavator, and, cer- There is no doubt that importation standing archaeological questions of tainly, the methods he employed on was the means by which the copper the day: the southern limits of the Robinson's Island were less than bead came to be in the shell midden. Eskimo culture, and whether or not the meticulous. Nevertheless, the trench- The bead is made of so-called native Beothuks of Newfoundland "ever left ing of the midden did reveal some sig- copper, a relatively pure form of the traces of residence" in the province. In nificant artifacts. In his report of the mineral which can be worked easily by light of his discoveries, he concluded excavation, published in American hammering. The copper was pounded that "it was probable that Prince Antiquarian in 1896 under the title "A into thin sheets or strips and rolled to Edward Island aborigines were affected Prehistoric Shell Heap on Prince form a bead, which was then strung on by Esquimaux [sic] customs, [but] Edward Island," Fewkes made specific a necklace or attached to an article of there is no evidence that the Beothics reference to a pair of stone celts clothing. Again, Fewkes was correct in [sic] had anything to do with the shell (axes), a copper bead, and an ivory observing that native copper does not heaps of the island." harpoon point. occur on Prince Edward Island, Today we know that the Inuit (the The celts were made of diorite, an although it is found elsewhere in the appellation preferred over "Eskimo") igneous-plutonic rock,** the relative region. Therefore, the bead, or the of the Canadian Arctic are culturally copper from which it was made, must distinct from the Northeast Woodland have been imported. Indians, which include the Algon- *Recent surveys of the site have more or less While Native American copper arti- quian-speaking tribes of the Maritimes confirmed these approximations: the most signif- facts - some quite elaborate - have and New England. Geographically, the icant deposit of shell measures 25 metres by 10 been recovered archaeologically in Arctic culture area extends northward metres, with a maximum depth of 25 centimetres. many parts of North America, the bead from the tree line, and, therefore, is far **A pluton is formed by cooling and crystalliza- found by Fewkes is extremely rare in removed from Prince Edward Island. tion of molten rock beneath the earth's surface. this province. The scarcity of such cop- The people responsible for the Robin- per objects might be explained by the son's Island shell midden were un-
14 doubtedly ancestors of the present-day Prince Edward Island, including the The investigation, led by Dr. Stephen Micmac. shell midden on Robinson's Island, Davis of St. Mary's University, recov- Fewkes was correct in his second which by now was also known as ered several hundred artifacts, includ- conclusion, concerning the Beothuks Rustico Island. According to the ing stone and bone tools, pottery of Newfoundland, a now-extinct Borden site-designation system, the sherds, and numerous quartz and Subarctic people. There is no evidence shell midden was labelled as CcCtil. quartzite flakes. It was Davis' conclu- of their range having extended beyond Pearson's report of his survey, pub- sion that the site had significant Newfoundland. lished in Anthropologica in 1966, potential and warranted a full-scale acknowledged Fewkes' earlier work at excavation. the site, referring to the copper bead After almost a century of sporadic In Fewkes5 Footsteps and the ivory harpoon point that his archaeological testing, the shell mid- predecessor had recovered there. den was excavated in its entirety in Fewkes' published account of his Pearson's own investigation, which 1987-88 by Parks Canada archaeolo- research on Robinson's Island no consisted of test pits in the midden gist Birgitta Wallace. First, a heavy doubt encouraged a succession of and surface-collecting on the beach covering of vegetation, consisting of archaeological investigations at the fronting the site, yielded the foreleg of hawthorn and bayberry bushes and site. In the century following his pio- a caribou, a broken projectile point, poison ivy, was removed from the site. neering work, no fewer than five pro- and lithic debitage (flakes of chert, The entire layer of shell was then fessional archaeologists would visit the quartz, and quartzite - the by-product stripped off, revealing a second and shell midden. of stone tool manufacture). earlier site underneath the midden. In August of 1913, pioneer Canadi- In May 1974, CcCtl was once again Samples of charcoal obtained from the an archaeologist William J. Wintem- subjected to the archaeologist's shovel two levels produced radiocarbon dates berg, working with the Geological and trowel, this time by Dr. James A. of AD 1480 (plus or minus 50 years) Survey of Canada, included the site in Tuck of Memorial University. By for the midden itself and ca. AD 500 an archaeological survey of the Mari- removing sections of the bank at the for the lower occupation. time Provinces. His surface-collecting front of the midden, he was able to The excavation yielded over 700 on Robinson's Island recovered an recover a wide range of artifacts: artifacts, the vast majority of which unfinished stone pipe and an adze. stone tools and flakes, potsherds, and came from below the layer of shell, Wintemberg's familiarity with Fewkes' a stone smoking pipe. In an unpub- and hence from the earlier occupation. earlier work at the site is clearly indi- lished report of the excavation, Tuck Based on the artifact assemblage, fau- cated by the remark which accompa- concluded that the site had been "vir- nal material, and the radiocarbon nies the original entry for the pipe in tually destroyed" by erosion. dates, Wallace was able to conclude the Museum of Civilization Archaeo- That condemnatory evaluation did that during the late prehistoric period logical Collections Catalogue: "This not discourage further testing of the the site was a temporary work station was [found] on the shell-heap ex- midden in 1981. In what had become a for the harvesting of shellfish and plored by Fewkes." familiar scenario, the site was shovel- marine mammals such as Harp seals Wintemberg returned to the site in tested, several test pits were dug, and and Atlantic walrus. The midden was 1937, did some additional surface- the beach area was surface-collected. likely associated with a habitation site collecting, and also -on the mainland dug some test pits. shore of Rustico The visit produced Bay. Wallace be- a varied a collec- lieves that the ear- tion of several hun- lier component dred artifacts, in- represents a small cluding a second living site, as indi- copper bead. cated by the pres- A quarter of a ence of a hearth century would and associated pass before anoth- stone and ceramic er professional ar- artifacts. chaeologist under- The 1987-88 took research in excavations also the province, and exposed evidence on Robinson's Is- of earlier archaeo- land. In the 1961 logical investiga- and 1962 field sea- tions at the site. sons, a National Wallace believes Museum of Cana- that she may have da team led by Dr. actually come a- Richard J. Pearson cross a trench dug located and ex- by Fewkes in the plored 18 archaeo- Nature's own archaeology - erosion - exposes a layer of shell in the clay bank at thesumme r of 1894. logical sites on Rustico Island site in this pen-and-ink sketch by Patrick O'Grady. Of course, she
15 cannot be certain, given the amount of invasive activity at the site over the past century; in Wallace's own words, "Fewkes didn't leave his name on it." In another sense, however, he most certainly did leave his mark on the Robinson's Island shell midden, and his name remains prominent, if not pre-eminent, in the history of archaeo- logical research in this province.
Dean of American Archaeology Fewkes' research in Prince Edward Island was his sole foray into North-east- ern archaeology. Joining the staff of the Smithsonian Institution in 1895, he returned to the Southwest, concentrat- ing his research in New Mexico, Ari- zona, Colorado, and northern Mexico. Among his major accomplishments was The gentleman archaeologist: Jesse Walter Fewkes (in foreground) supervising an the excavation and restoration of the excavation at Mesa Verde, Colorado. ruins at the famous sites of Mesa Verde (in southwestern Colorado) and Casa shell midden does not appear to have Information concerning Fewkes' Grande (in southern Arizona). He was changed much. The layer of shell personal and professional life has been eventually appointed Chief of the remains visible in the clay bank, and drawn from a variety of sources, in- Bureau of American Ethnology. At the flakes of worked stone can still be cluding: Neil Judd's The Bureau of time of his death, in 1930 at the age of found on the beach. But the Seaside American Ethnology (1967); Curtis 80, Fewkes still maintained an office at Hotel, where the famous archaeologist Hinsley's "Ethnographic Charisma and the Smithsonian, where he was known stayed across the Bay, is long gone; Scientific Routine," in Observers to some as the "Dean of American and a low, grass-covered mound is all Observed (1983), edited by George W. Archaeology." that remains of the Robinsons' farm- Stocking, Jr.; America's Great Lost Surprisingly, a century after house. Yet, on a late summer day, only Expedition (1980), by Edwin L. Wade Fewkes' visit, the Robinson's Island a small amount of imagination is need- and Lea S. McChesney; and obituaries ed to walk with Jesse Walter Fewkes in academic journals. Publications from into Prince Edward Island's past. among Fewkes' personal bibliography SEASIDE ffOTEL. of over 200 titles were also consulted. '•••« Gordon R. Willey and Jeremy A. Sources Sabloff's A History of American
f 7'hO.A~ Zj--{s£iLZ4purMJ Archaeology (1993) is a standard I am grateful to Laura Lindenfelzer for source on the discipline's intellectual her research and field assistance; development, as is James E. Fitting's together we retraced Jesse Walter The Development of North American •^^^•MJUCAMZ^ Archaeology (1973). Bruce G. Trigger's ^*/d„ -01*. Fewkes' footsteps during an Island vacation in the summer of 1992. My essay in an edited volume by Glyn brother Patrick rendered the sketches Daniel, Towards a History of Archae- of Rustico Island reproduced here. The ology (1981), treats the professionaliza- following institutions and individuals tion of Canadian archaeology. An arti- cle by John Connolly in Man in the fan* V ^ - $ir~ Cu, yiV,~ *QCo^ LUt X ,6 „ provided additional help: Peabody Museum, Harvard University; National Northeast (1977, No. 13) considers Museum of Natural History, Smith- early archaeological research in Nova sonian Institution; National Anthro- Scotia and New Brunswick. pological Archives, Washington, D.C.; Trigger's volume, Native Shell Public Archives and Records Office, Mounds of North America (1986), pro- Charlottetown; Island geologist John vides a good overview of shell midden DeGrace; Dr. David L. Keenlyside, studies from the mid-18th to the early Canadian Museum of Civilization; and 19th centuries. An article by Andrew QMJ+— i.%&A»3- Dr. Birgitta Wallace, Canadian Parks L. Christenson in North American Service, Halifax. The latter two individu- Archaeologist (1985, Vol. 6, No. 3) con- The Seaside Hotel's guest book registers als, along with Professor Stephen siders similar research during the pre- the Fewkes and their three companions Williams of Harvard University, Civil War period, im on 22 August 1894. reviewed an early draft of this article.
16