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Ambivalences of Europeanization. Modernity and Europe in Perspective IFES WP 1 / 2019-I IFES Working Paper Series Institut für Europastudien der Europa-Universität Viadrina No. 1 Ambivalences of Europeanization. Modernity and Europe in Perspective Timm Beichelt, Clara Frysztacka, Claudia Weber, Susann Worschech IFES Working Paper 1/2019-I June 2019 Beichelt, Timm; Frysztacka, Clara; Weber, Claudia; Worschech, Susann. Ambivalences of Europeanization. Modernity and Europe in Perspective IFES Working Papers Series Published by the Viadrina Institute for European Studies (IFES) of the European University Viadrina. The IFES Working Papers Series serves to disseminate first results of ongoing research projects prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. The papers are peer reviewed and have been discussed in the frame of the IFES research seminar. Inclusion of a paper in the IFES Working Papers Series should not limit publication in any other venue. ISSN 2628-5460 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). (License deed: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed) Publication date: June 2019. All papers are available for download free of charge on the website: https://www.europa-uni.de/de/forschung/institut/institut_europastudien/index.html If you would like to receive a printed version please send an email to: [email protected] Series Editors: Timm Beichelt, Estela Schindel Viadrina Institute for European Studies, European University Viadrina Große Scharrnstr. 59 15230 Frankfurt (Oder) Production/Layout: Giraffe Werbeagentur GmbH Editorial assistance: Julia Türtscher Beichelt, Timm; Frysztacka, Clara; Weber, Claudia; Worschech, Susann. Ambivalences of Europeanization. Modernity and Europe in Perspective. IFES Working Paper Series 1/2019-I Frankfurt (Oder). Viadrina Institute for European Studies, European University Viadrina, doi.org/10.11584/ifes.1 The IFES Working Papers represent the views of the respective author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the editors or the institute as a whole. The Viadrina Institute for European Studies and the European University Viadrina are not responsible for the authors’ opinions and cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper. Ambivalences of Europeanization. Modernity and Europe in Perspective Beichelt, Timm; Frysztacka, Clara; Weber, Claudia; Worschech, Susann. Abstract This working paper aims to reformulate the teleological concepts of Europeanization by relating them to modernity’s ambivalences, which seems necessary for two reasons. First, both the number and the scope of “crises” in European politics and societies have increased considerably in the last two decades. Second, and more importantly, the project of European integration has changed its status from being a potential problem solver to being a part of the problem. The paper establishes a broader historical perspective than is usual in most projects on Europeanization. It argues that crises and drawbacks have been a part of European societal and political development during most periods of European history. One reason has been the purely European strategy of colonialism, which was used as a mechanism to outsource the negative consequences of modernity to places outside of Europe and to peripheral locations within Europe. By including historical and postcolonial perspectives on contemporary Europeanization, we argue that Europe and modernity are not characterized by teleological progress but rather engender ambivalent and entangled developments. Keywords: Europe; Modernity; Europeanization; EU; Ambivalences Zusammenfassung Die Autor*innen verfolgen das Ziel, teleologische Konzepte der Europäisierung zu reformulieren, indem sie die Ambivalenz der Moderne als Bestandteil von Europäisierung berücksichtigen. Dies erscheint zum einen notwendig, weil die Zahl und Tiefe der europäischen „Krisen“ in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten deutlich zugenommen hat. Zum anderen hat sich dabei der Status europäische Integration von einer potentiellen Lösung von Problemen zu einem Verursacher von Problemen gewandelt. Die Autor*innen nehmen eine breitere historische Perspektive ein als in den meisten sonstigen Projekten zur Europäisierung der Fall ist. Sie argumentieren, dass Krisen und Rückschritte in der europäischen Geschichte eher der Regelfall als die Ausnahme waren. Diese Krisen fanden allerdings nicht immer allein auf europäischem Territorium statt, sondern die negativen Konsequenzen der Moderne wurden über die europäische Strategie des Kolonialismus nach außen verlagert: in außereuropäische Gebiete und innerhalb Europas in periphere Regionen. Durch die Hereinnahme historischer sowie postkolonialer Perspektiven schärfen wir den Blick auf gegenwärtige Prozesse der Europäisierung, indem wir argumentieren, dass Europa und Moderne nicht durch teleologischen Fortschritt charakterisiert sind, sondern durch verflochtene und ambivalente Entwicklungen. Schlagworte: Europa; Moderne; Europäisierung; EU; Ambivalenzen Table of contents 1. Introduction 05 2. Modernization, Europeanization, and ambivalence: existing definitions, missing parts and the potential of interdisciplinary approaches 07 Modernity/modernization Europeanization Ambivalences 3. Teleology, modernity, and Europe: from historic to postcolonial studies of Europeanization 13 4. Conclusion 17 5. Bibliography 18 1. Introduction “Trajectorism”, as Arjun Appadurai (2012: 26) has connected to the moral expectations of freedom, put it, “is the great narrative trap of the West and is equality, welfare, and democracy – has been inher- also, like all great myths, the secret of its successes ently linked to the ideas of Europe, Europeaniza- in industry, empire and world conquest”. Trajector- tion, and (later) European integration. However, ism entails the idea that a telos can be found in all neither the process of Europeanization nor the re- patterns of social change, process and history – an spective results are unidirectional. In contrast, the idea that is inherent to Europeanization and stud- creation of (economic) welfare and modernization ies on Europeanization as well. On the one hand, has often depended on the dynamics of destruction, the trajectorist ideology has helped scholars con- with societal progress or integration proceeding at ceive of Europeanization as a larger unfolding of the expense of societal alienation. Democratic prog- the European story of modernization and cosmo- ress may flourish in key places but may leave out politanism. On the other hand, it has also impeded geographical or social peripheries. On a closer and the detection of alternative sources and paths of non-trajectorist look, these ambivalences of mod- Europeanization. Consequently, rethinking Euro- ernization are equally mirrored in Europeanization peanization and European modernity beyond tra- processes. jectorism remains a challenging yet necessary task. Accordingly, we define Europeanization as histori- The question that we will address in this paper is cal and current processes of negotiating modernity. as follows: How can Europeanization be conceptu- In this sense, Europeanization means fluid, con- alized beyond trajectorism and which particular tentious and often violent confrontation. Conflicts insights does a nonteleological perspective on the have been triggers for contingent processes of Euro- Europeanization processes offer? peanization throughout all of European history and Trajectorism has been an axiomatic part of the have intensified with social, economic, and political social science of Europeanization. In line with transformations since the 18th century. Appaduraj, Reinhart Koselleck (2000) has pointed Why is it necessary to reformulate Europeaniza- out that teleology has been the way in which Euro- tion and to relate it to modernity’s ambivalences at pean history and development have been concep- this very moment? We offer two answers. The first tualized between about 1750 and 1850 when the is related to the various societal and political crises French and early industrial revolutions laid (inter in contemporary Europe: for example, with regard alia) the normative ground for modernity. Only to the Eurozone, the war in Eastern Ukraine, or the since this period, which is called Sattelzeit (saddle EU’s migration policy. We argue that these crises time) by Koselleck, time is imagined as an arrow are mainly perceived against a shortened time ho- pointing in a precise direction. Since the Enlight- rizon that compares today’s Europe with that of a enment and the Sattelzeit, the concepts of Europe, perceived golden period of the postwar era. Crises progressive modernity, and trajectorism have be- in Europe and loss of confidence in the promises of come increasingly interwoven, forming a triad of an the European modernity project are by far not new emerging “European teleological modernity”. phenomena. Even if we concentrate on the 20th It is both necessary and adequate to ask which con- century only, it becomes clear that European his- cepts and ideas of Europe, Europeanization and tory has always been marked by tidal waves. The modernity arise once we try to break up this triad. multiple political, social, and economic crises in the The Western idea of modern progress – which is 1930s were preceded by the cultural pessimism of ifes_wp 01 5 the fin de siècle (Beck and Grande 2010; Assmann crises, but also transnational movements – of 2013b). The Holocaust triggered the deepest
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