DOCSLIB.ORG

Míra Závislosti Britských Zámořských Teritorií: Případová Studie Anguilly a Turks a Caicos Bronislava Vráželová

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Míra Závislosti Britských Zámořských Teritorií: Případová Studie Anguilly a Turks a Caicos Bronislava Vráželová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Mezinárodní vztahy Míra závislosti britských zámořských teritorií: případová studie Anguilly a Turks a Caicos Bakalářská diplomová práce Bronislava Vráželová Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Vít Hloušek, Ph.D. UČO: 385771 Obor: MV-EVS Imatrikulační ročník: 2010 Brno, 2013 PROHLÁŠENÍ: Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma „Míra závislosti britských zámořských teritorií: případová studie Turks a Caicos a Anguilly“ vypracovala samostatně za použití uvedených zdrojů. ……………………………….. 2 PODĚKOVÁNÍ: Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala svému vedoucímu docentovi PhDr. Vítu Hlouškovi, Ph.D. za jeho cenné rady a připomínky, které mi při psaní bakalářské práce velmi pomohly. Rovněž bych chtěla poděkovat své rodině za podporu a trpělivost. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Nepřiměřený zásah Velké Británie na Turks a Caicos...................................................................... 9 2.1 Korupční aféra na Turks a Caicos ............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Pohled Velké Británie na zásah ............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Názor politických představitelů Turks a Caicos ..................................................................... 10 2.4 Reakce občanů na zásah ........................................................................................................ 11 2.5 Turks a Caicos Fórum ............................................................................................................. 11 2.6 Názor médií ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.7 Reakce Karibských zemí ......................................................................................................... 14 2.8 Analýza (ne)závislosti ............................................................................................................ 14 3. Seznámení s územími .................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Turks a Caicos ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Anquilla .................................................................................................................................. 18 4. Vliv Velké Británie na státní správu území .................................................................................... 20 4.1 Společné rysy ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.2 Státní samospráva na Turks a Caicos ..................................................................................... 21 4.3 Státní samospráva v Anguille ................................................................................................ 22 4.4 Analýza (ne)závislosti ............................................................................................................ 22 5. Oblasti spolupráce s Velkou Británií .............................................................................................. 24 5.1 Brání spolupráce s Británií případnému osamostatnění? ..................................................... 26 6. Vztahy s mezinárodními organizacemi .......................................................................................... 28 6.1. Členství a spolupráce Turks a Caicos a Anguilly s mezinárodními organizacemi ................. 29 6.2 Předpokládaný vývoj členství v organizacích po osamostatnění území ................................ 31 6.3 Analýza (ne)závislosti ............................................................................................................ 32 7. Snaha osamostatnit se .................................................................................................................. 34 7.1. Snaha Turks a Caicos osamostatnit se ................................................................................... 34 7.2. Snaha Anguilly osamostatnit se ............................................................................................. 35 7.3. Postoj Velké Británie vůči osamostatnění ............................................................................. 36 7.4. Postoj vybraných mezinárodních organizací vůči osamostatnění Turks a Caicos a Anguilly 37 8. Závěr .............................................................................................................................................. 38 9. Použitá literatura ........................................................................................................................... 42 10. Přílohy ............................................................................................................................................ 48 4 1. Úvod Britské impérium svého času představovalo největší teritoriální jednotku s největším počtem obyvatel, kterou se v průběhu známých dějin lidstva někomu podařilo podřídit své nadvládě.1 Prvními britskými koloniemi byly Karibské ostrovy. Některé z Karibských ostrovů zůstaly pod britskou správou dodnes. Tato bakalářská práce se bude věnovat právě dvěma vybraným Karibským územím, jež dodnes spadají pod vládu Velké Británie. Jedná se o území Turks a Caicos a o Anguillu. Území Turks a Caicos jsem si vybrala kvůli nedávné korupční aféře, při které Velká Británie nepřiměřeně zasáhla do chodu státu a tím oddálila naději na samostatnost. Paradoxně tím posílila touhu občanů po osamostatnění. Anguillu jsem si vybrala proto, že již delší dobu o samostatnosti uvažuje. Závislým teritoriím je v několika mezinárodních dokumentech garantováno právo na sebeurčení. Osamostatnění může být dosaženo za předpokladu svobodné a demokratické volby obyvatel území.2 Bezpochyby nejdůležitějším dokumentem ovlivňujícím dekolonizaci je Chata OSN. Charta OSN navazuje na Atlantickou chartu, která deklaruje „právo všech národů zvolit si formu vlády, pod kterou chtějí žít“.3 Dle Charty OSN jsou zájmy obyvatel nejpřednější.4 Poručenské země mají povinnost podávat OSN pravidelnou zprávu o vývoji na územích.5 S rostoucím počtem žádostí o suverenitu vydalo OSN roku 1960 Deklaraci o poskytnutí nezávislosti koloniálním zemím a národům. V té znovu potvrzuje právo národů na sebeurčení, na rozhodování o svém politickém statusu a na svůj hospodářský, sociální a kulturní rozvoj. Rovněž zdůrazňuje, že nedostatečné politické, hospodářské či sociální 1 David Šanc, Marek Ženíšek and kolektiv. Commonwealth: z perspektivy politické vědy (Plzeň: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Aleš Čeněk, 2008), 8. 2 The United Nations Organization," Declaration adopted on the report of the Fourth Committeeon," accessed January 24, 2013, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/1541(XV). 3 Vladimír Nálevka, Čas soumraku: rozpad koloniálních impérií po druhé světové válce, (Praha:Triton, 2004), 20. 4 Organizace Spojených Národů, Organizace spojených národů a dekolonizace: nejvýznamnější události třicetiletéhoúsilí Organizace Spojených Národů ve prospěch koloniálních zemí a národů (New York: Organizace Spojených Národů, 1977), 5. 5 Organizace Spojených Národů, "Charta OSN," accessed January 24, 2013, http://www.osn.cz/dokumenty-osn/soubory/charta-organizace-spojenych-narodu-a-statut-mezinarodniho- soudniho-dvora.pdf 42-51. 5 přípravy nesmí být zneužito jako záminky k průtahům při poskytování nezávislosti.6 Kvůli odkládání a záměrnému prodlužování dekolonizace v mnoha územích se v roce 1962 rozhodlo OSN založit Speciální výbor pro dekolonizaci.7 Přestože je Velká Británie zmíněnými dokumenty vázána, v případě korupční aféry na Turks a Caicos mnohé výše popsané závazky plynoucí z dokumentů hrubě porušila. Svou práci budu začínat korupční aférou a jejími následky a reakcemi občanů, politiků či mezinárodního prostředí. Zásah Velké Británie při korupční aféře na Turks a Caicos je ve 21. století bezprecedentní a minimálně v Karibské oblasti vyvolal mimořádný rozruch. Chování Velké Británie považuji za největší možnou demonstrací závislosti území. Zásah však zdaleka není jediným důkazem závislosti území na Velké Británii. V následujících kapitolách se budu zabývat dalšími faktory a oblastmi dokazujícími závislost obou území. Svou práci zakončím snahami obou území osamostatnit se. Cílem této práce je potvrdit nebo vyvrátit tvrzení: „Velká Británie poskytuje závislým územím dostatečnou autonomii a v případě zájmu území o samostatnost mu poskytuje potřebnou pomoc“. Abych mohla potvrdit či vyvrátit toto tvrzení, budu se v práci snažit odpovědět na několik otázek. Budu zjišťovat: Na které oblasti má Velká Británie vliv a jak velký tento vliv je. Odpověď na tuto otázku se bude prolínat několika kapitolami. Nejprve budu zkoumat systém státní správy na obou územích. Bude mě zajímat, kolik politických představitelů je volených a kolik je dosazených. Budu se věnovat jejich pravomocem a omezením při rozhodování. Budu zkoumat do jaké míry může Velká Británie zasáhnout do procesu rozhodování a tvorby nových zákonů. Oblasti vlivu Velké Británie na státní správu budu věnovat samostatnou kapitolu č. 4. nazvanou Vliv Velké Británie na státní správu území. Přestože vliv na státní správu nejvíc vystihuje závislost obou území, je potřeba se podívat i na jiné
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TCI Inquiry Report
    Turks and Caicos Islands Commission of Inquiry 2008‐2009 into possible corruption or other serious dishonesty in relation to past and present elected members of the Legislature in recent years Report of the Commissioner The Right Honourable Sir Robin Auld Presented to His Excellency, Gordon Wetherell, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands TURKS and CAICOS ISLANDS COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO GOVERNMENTAL CORRUPTION REPORT CONTENTS Page No Appointment of Commission 5 Submission of Report to the Governor 7 Acknowledgements 9 Summary of the Report 11 1 ‐ INTRODUCTION The Nature of th e Inquiry 14 Brief Description of the Turks and Caicos Islands 17 Short History of the Islands 19 Matters giving rise to the Commission’s appointment 27 Scope and conduct of the Commission’s Inquiry 31 2 ‐ CORRUPTION Introduction 48 Conflicts of interest 52 Disclosure of interests 55 Politics and political donations 62 Belongership 67 1 Constitutional Watch Dogs 69 3 ‐ CONTEXT OF CORRUPTION Abuse of office and of the political and electoral process 77 Crown Land 81 Public contracts 100 Immigration and permission to work 104 Revenues and Exemptions 108 4 ‐ INFORMATION OF POSSIBLE CORRUPTION AND/OR OTHER SERIOUS DISHONESTY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction 113 The Hon Michael Misick Background 114 Declarations of Interests 119 Disclosure of Interests to the Commission 119 Political Donations or ‘Loans’ 120 Other Payments 125 Tourism 132 Use of Government and leased aircraft 138 Casablanca Casino and the Windsor Investment Group Ltd 141 Joe Grant Cay 146 Salt Cay
    [Show full text]
  • Un-Redacted Report 2009
    Turks and Caicos Islands Commission of Inquiry 2008-2009 into possible corruption or other serious dishonesty in relation to past and present elected members of the Legislature in recent years Report of the Commissioner The Right Honourable Sir Robin Auld Note Redactions to this Report have been made on the authority of His Excellency the Governor pursuant to: (a) directions given by the Hon. Chief Justice in proceedings brought by Dr Cem Kinay and others, and Mr Mario Hoffmann; and (b) an assurance given by the Hon. Attorney General in proceeding brought by Mr Jak Civre, regarding its publication at this time. Presented to His Excellency, Gordon Wetherell, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands 1 TURKS and CAICOS ISLANDS COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO GOVERNMENTAL CORRUPTION REPORT CONTENTS Page No Appointment of Commission 5 Submission of Report to the Governor 7 Acknowledgements 9 Summary of the Report 11 1 - INTRODUCTION The Nature of the Inquiry 14 Brief Description of the Turks and Caicos Islands 17 Short History of the Islands 19 Matters giving rise to the Commission’s appointment 27 Scope and conduct of the Commission’s Inquiry 31 2 - CORRUPTION Introduction 48 Conflicts of interest 52 Disclosure of interests 55 Politics and political donations 62 Belongership 67 Constitutional Watch Dogs 69 2 3 - CONTEXT OF CORRUPTION Abuse of office and of the political and electoral process 77 Crown Land 81 Public contracts 100 Immigration and permission to work 104 Revenues and Exemptions 108 4 - INFORMATION OF POSSIBLE CORRUPTION AND/OR OTHER
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 15 February 2021
    United Nations A/AC.109/2021/15 General Assembly Distr.: General 15 February 2021 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Turks and Caicos Islands Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Chapter Page The Territory at a glance ......................................................... 3 I. Constitutional, legal and political issues ............................................ 4 II. Budget ....................................................................... 6 III. Economic conditions ............................................................ 7 A. General ................................................................... 7 B. Tourism and construction .................................................... 7 C. Financial services .......................................................... 8 D. Agriculture and fisheries .................................................... 8 E. Communications and utilities ................................................. 9 IV. Social conditions ............................................................... 10 A. General ................................................................... 10 B. Labour and immigration ..................................................... 10 C. Education ................................................................. 11 D. Public health .............................................................. 11 E. Crime and public safety ....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Turks and Caicos Islands
    The Turks and Caicos Islands Standard Note: SN05038 Last updated: 31 December 2012 Author: Jon Lunn Section International Affairs and Defence Section This note briefly reviews the crisis of political and economic governance which has affected the Turks and Caicos Islands since 2008, leading to the imposition of direct rule, the launching of anti-corruption investigations (including against senior government figures) and, with the economy experiencing serious problems, the exceptional introduction by the British Government of a rescue package in the form of a loan guarantee of £160 million over five years (2011-16). Significant sections of the local population strongly resented direct rule. With trials now under way and a range of other measures enacted to improve governance, fresh elections were held in November 2012, bringing to an end the period of direct rule. These elections were won narrowly by the Progressive National Party, now under new leadership, which had been in government when the crisis originally broke. The UK is also currently seeking the extradition from Brazil of former Premier Michael Misick, who was arrested in Rio de Janeiro in December 2012 after his application for political asylum was rejected. Only time will tell whether the Turks and Caicos Islands are now set on a new course – and, if so, what that course is. This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it.
    [Show full text]
  • 12-25 Aug 2016 the Editorially Independent Publication of the Caribbean Council
    VOL 39 • ISSUE 26 CARIBBEAN INSIGHT 12-25 AUG 2016 THE EDITORIALLY INDEPENDENT PUBLICATION OF THE CARIBBEAN COUNCIL Chinese investment in Jamaica and Highlights this issue... region growing China is continuing to increase and diversify its investments in Click and explore: the Caribbean region. Trinidad tightens security as Confirming trends forecast in recent reports from the United Na- terrorist threat increases tions Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbe- an (ECLAC), Chinese companies have recently announced major Cuba: Substantive talks on US diversified investments in Jamaica and St Lucia. claims settlement begin On July 19 the Jamaican government announced that the Alpart Jamaica: Kingston port extension alumina refinery in Jamaica had been sold for US$299m to the contract awarded Chinese state owned entity the Jiuquan Iron and Steel Company (JISCo) owned by the Jersey-registered but Moscow-operated in- Dominican Republic, air hub of the dustrial giant, US Rusal. Caribbean? According to Jamaica’s Transport and Mining Minister, Mike Hen- Antigua and Barbuda to revisit ry, JISCo is expected to complete the full takeover of Alpart by dispute with US November this year and will then begin a first phase of invest- ment of around US$220m in modifying and upgrading the alumi- Dominica: PM Skerrit delivers na plant to reduce costs and enhance production. Work permits budget address are expected to be issued for around 200 Chinese technicians to achieve this and to undertake other activities. Cayman will cooperate in Canadian
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Crisis Female Leadership Signals Competence and Change
    Backwards and in Heels: Post-Crisis Female Leadership Signals Competence and Change Dayna Judge Abstract Recent scholarship has suggested that women are more likely to achieve leadership positions during times of crisis, a phenomenon known as the glass cliff. However, most previous research on the glass cliff has been largely descriptive, and fails to adequately test the mechanism(s) at work. It may be the case that men step aside after crisis because failure is likely and the position becomes less valuable. Or the mechanism might be more insidious: women are used as “sacrificial lambs” on whom likely failure can be blamed. Finally, it may be that women are seen as more capable of cleaning up post-crisis, or that they are meant to represent a change from the status quo. This paper examines how well the glass cliff framework fits the selection of women to executive political positions in two notable cases following crises. Using firsthand interviews, it shows that in the cases of the victory of Theresa May in the 2016 UK Conservative Party leadership contest, and the election of Sharlene Cartwright-Robinson as the first female Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands, gender operated as a signal of ability to handle the crisis, and as a change from the status quo. Furthermore, this research suggests that this effect operates most strongly when the crisis can be specifically attributed to the preceding male leader, and when the incoming female leader is unassociated with creating the crisis. 1 Introduction In 2016, the British overseas territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) elected its first female premier, Sharlene Cartwright-Robinson.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 8 March 2013
    United Nations A/AC.109/2013/12 General Assembly Distr.: General 8 March 2013 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Turks and Caicos Islands Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Page The Territory at a glance ......................................................... 3 I. Constitutional, legal and political issues ............................................ 4 II. Budget ....................................................................... 6 III. Economic conditions ............................................................ 6 A. General................................................................... 6 B. Tourism .................................................................. 6 C. Financial services .......................................................... 7 D. Agriculture and fisheries .................................................... 7 E. Communications and construction............................................. 7 IV. Social conditions ............................................................... 8 A. General................................................................... 8 B. Labour and immigration ..................................................... 8 C. Education ................................................................. 8 Note: The information contained in the present working paper has been derived from public sources, including those of the territorial Government,
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
    Tuesday Volume 555 11 December 2012 No. 84 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Tuesday 11 December 2012 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2012 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/. 131 11 DECEMBER 2012 132 the upside by taking a public sector stake and having House of Commons the public sector on the board; and at the Budget we will set out a control total for PFI 2 liabilities. Tuesday 11 December 2012 Helen Goodman (Bishop Auckland) (Lab): The Chancellor says that things are getting better, but Essex The House met at half-past Eleven o’clock county council has issued a social impact bond on which it proposes to pay 12%—six times the price of PRAYERS gilts—and the Government are putting £20 million into subsidising this financing. Why are the Government wasting money like that at a time of austerity? [MR SPEAKER in the Chair] Mr Osborne: I think that most people in the House—I BUSINESS BEFORE QUESTIONS thought this was the case in all parties—welcome the innovative work being done on social financing and social CITY OF LONDON (VARIOUS POWERS)BILL [LORDS] impact bonds. Sir Ronald Cohen is one of the leading (BY ORDER) advocates of this and has been advising the Government. Second Reading opposed and deferred until Tuesday It is all about trying to get new forms of financing into 18 December (Standing Order No. 20). improving our society. I would have hoped she would have welcomed that, rather than criticising it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caribbean Overseas Territories and the Limits of Autonomy
    The Non-Self Governing Territories of the Caribbean and Debates over Autonomy General Survey The Non-Self Governing Territories of the Caribbean and Debates over Autonomy Dr Peter Clegg Introduction Nineteen countries in the Caribbean region (from the Cayman Islands in the west to Martinique in the east, and from the Turks and Caicos Islands in the north to French Guiana in the south, plus Bermuda, located in the West Atlantic but often grouped with the Caribbean territories) are not independent sovereign states; rather they retain constitutional relationships, albeit under different systems, with their original metropolitan powers. At present, none of the countries wishes to make the move towards independence. However, many governments and political parties in the territories are not satisfied with the status quo, and thus there has been considerable debate with regard to the extent to which greater autonomy might be provided to them. While the metropolitan powers have been generally willing to grant more autonomy, a situation is now developing whereby further significant change is unlikely, and in some cases there has in fact been a moderate repatriation of powers. This essay considers the nature of the political relationships in place, the important reforms that are being undertaken in an attempt to re-energize and reorganize links between the non-self-governing territories of the Caribbean and their metropolitan centres, and the likelihood that an end point is being neared with regard to the awarding of further autonomy – unless of course independence becomes the favoured option. This essay also looks at the increasingly important relationship that the European Union (EU) has with some of the territories, and how this link also influences the autonomy debate.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 3 March 2019
    United Nations A/AC.109/2019/15 General Assembly Distr.: General 3 March 2019 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Turks and Caicos Islands Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Page The Territory at a glance ......................................................... 3 I. Constitutional, legal and political issues ............................................ 4 II. Budget ....................................................................... 6 III. Economic conditions ............................................................ 7 A. General ................................................................... 7 B. Tourism and construction .................................................... 7 C. Financial services .......................................................... 7 D. Agriculture and fisheries .................................................... 9 E. Communications and utilities ................................................. 9 IV. Social conditions ............................................................... 10 A. General ................................................................... 10 B. Labour and immigration ..................................................... 10 C. Education ................................................................. 11 D. Public health .............................................................. 11 Note: The information contained in the present
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 10 February 2016
    United Nations A/AC.109/2016/15 General Assembly Distr.: General 10 February 2016 Original: English Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Turks and Caicos Islands Working paper prepared by the Secretariat Contents Page The Territory at a glance ......................................................... 3 I. Constitutional, legal and political issues ............................................ 4 II. Budget ....................................................................... 6 III. Economic conditions ............................................................ 6 A. General ................................................................... 6 B. Tourism and construction .................................................... 6 C. Financial services .......................................................... 7 D. Agriculture and fisheries .................................................... 7 E. Communications and utilities ................................................. 8 IV. Social conditions ............................................................... 8 A. General ................................................................... 8 B. Labour and immigration ..................................................... 9 C. Education ................................................................. 9 D. Public health .............................................................. 10 Note: The information contained in the present
    [Show full text]
  • Turks and Caicos Islands 9 November 2012 Legislative Assembly Elections
    THE JOINT ELECTION OBSERVER MISSION TO THE TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS ELECTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY ASSOCIATION BRITISH ISLANDS & MEDITERRANEAN REGION (CPA BIMR) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN ELECTORAL ORGANIZATIONS (ACEO) Turks and Caicos Islands 9 November 2012 Legislative Assembly Elections FINAL REPORT London 31 January 2013 1 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ...................................................................................... 3 II. Mission Information ................................................................................... 4 III. Voting, Count and Recount of Votes ......................................................... 4 IV. Political Background ................................................................................. 6 V. Election Legislation and the Electoral System ............................................ 6 VI. Candidate Registration and Campaign ...................................................... 7 VII. Election Administration ........................................................................... 8 VIII. Suffrage Rights ........................................................................................ 9 IX. Voter Registration .................................................................................... 10 X. Complaints and Appeals ........................................................................... 10 XI. Recommendations .................................................................................... 11 ANNEX. Final Results
    [Show full text]