37th year Revue bimestrielle 1985 37e année

This publication, produced by the UAl, appears with Cette publication, éditée par I'UAI, se présente à ses six issues per year. lecteurs sous la forme d'une revue de période bimes- trielle. The purpose of the studies, surveys and information included in this periodical concerning the interna- Son objet associatif d'études, d'enquêtes, d'infor- tional and transnational networks of nongovern- mations, au service des réseaux internationaux et mental organizations is to promote understanding transnationaux d'organisations non gouvernemen- of the associative phenomenon in a human society tales, s'attache aux idées et aux faits d'un phéno- which continues to grow and evolve heedless of the mène de société humaine en expansion continue et implications. en évolution hâtée.

The programme of the review, in accordance with Son programme, conforme aux principes et aux mé- the principles of the UAl, is intended to clarify gene- thodes de l'UAI, vise, en général, à éclairer les ral awareness concerning the associative pheno- connaissances du grand public sur la vie associa- menon within the framework of international relations tive dans la perspective des relations internationa- and, in particular, to inform associations about les et, en particulier, à informer les associations aspects of the problems which they tend to share or des divers aspects de leurs problèmes propres et which are of common interest to them. d'intérêt commun.

The columns of this review are open both to officers Les colonnes de la revue sont ouvertes à la fois aux of associations, researchers and specialists of responsables d'associations, chercheurs, spécia- associative questions. The articles do not of course listes des matières associatives, dont les articles necessarily reflect the point of view of the pu- n'expriment pas nécessairement le point de vue de blisher. l'éditeur.

UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Christian DE LAET (Canada) Secretary. Canadian Plains Research Centre. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL COMITE DE DIRECTION University of Regina. Président : Johan GALTUNG (Norway) President : Vice-recteur F.A. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa italiana per la de l'Université transnationale. Paris. Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie) Vice-Prèsident : Vice - Presidents : Vladimir HERCIK (Tchécoslovaquie) S.A. SAXENA (India) Former Director of the International Cooperative UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS Alliance. Nikola A. KOVALSKY (URSS) INTERNATIONALES Auguste VANISTENDAEL (Belgique) Secretaire general de Cooperation et Solidarité. Tresorier général : Treasurer General Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du mouvement ouvrier Paul E. HIERNAUX (Belgique) REPRESENTATIONS PERMANENTES DE L'UAI President honoraire de la Conférence permanente des Chambres de commerce et d' industrie de la international de l'Academie des sciences de l'URSS. Communauté économique européenne. UAI REPRESENTATIVES Secrétaire général : Secretary-General : Marcel MERLE (France) Proffeseur a l'Universite de Organisation des Nations-Unies : New York : Andrew Robert FENAUX (Belgique) Ambassadeur honoraire. Paris 1. RICE Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.) Membres: Former Executive Secretary of the Society for International Development. Members: New York : Andrew RICE F . W . G . BAKER (UK) Executive Secretary. International Council of Cyril RITCHIE (Ireland) Scientific Unions Institutions established in Geneva. Genève : Cyril RITCHIE Albert TEVOEDJRE (Bénin) Secretaire general de l'Association mondiale de UNESCO : Vladimir HERClK prospective sociale. Paris : Maryvonne STEPHAN

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 249 1985 - N° 5

SOMMAIRE CONTENTS

Redaction/Editorial Robert FENAUX Georges Patrick SPEECKAERT Geneviève DEVILLE Anthony J.N JUDGE Ghislaine de CONINCK Paul GHILS Published by/ Publie par : Union of International Associations - UAI (founded 1 9 1 0 ) Editorial, par Robert Fenaux lssn-0020-6059 Editorial and Administration : Rue Washington 40. 1050 Brussels (Bel- L'expérience des ONG et leur contribution 252 gium) Tel (02) 6401808 - 64041 09 Tx 65080 INAC B Editeur responsable : R. Fenaux. Rue Washington 40. 1050 Bruxelles (Belgi- que) dans les pays en développement (rapport ONG / Unesco, 2e partie) Tel. (02) 6401808 - 640 41 09 Publicité/ Advertising : Union of Internatio- nal Associations. Rue Washington 40. 1050 Trends in the Meetings Market, Brussels. Belgium Tel (02)6401808 - 64041 09. Tx 65080 INAC B. OU /OR 254 France: Roger Ranson, délègue-Directeur de publicité. 18 avenue du 19 janvier. 92380 Garches Tel 741 81 80. by Gian Carlo Fighiera 259 U.K. : Maureen Wingham Media Represen- tations Ltd. 2 High Gate Av. London NGS Rx. Tel. 3489 111 Europeans and Aid to Development, ECAD Survey 275 Subscription rate : BF 1 100. or équivalent per year (6 issues) + postage BF 150. NGO Attitudes towards Government Funding : ICVA Guidelines 282 Abonnement: FB 1 100 ou équivalent, par an (6 numéros) + Frais de port FB 150. NGOs and the World Food Council 285 Method of payment: Liste officielle des associations Mode de paiement a utiliser : la loi belge a accordé la Bruxelles: Compte-chèque postal no 000- internationales auxquelles 0034699-70 ou Compte no 210-0508283-55 a la Société Generale de Banque. 253. Ave- personnalité civile 287 nue Louise. 1050 Bruxelles Bibliography, by Paul Ghils London : Account no 04552334. National 298 Westminster Bank Ltd.. 1 Princes street. Echos de la vie associative-News on Associative Affairs 300 Genève : Compte courant no 472.043.30 Q a Congressalia l'Union des Banques Suisses. 306 Paris : par virement compte no 545150-42 au Crédit du Nord. Boulevard Haussmann. 6-8. Paris 75009. Copyright 1984 by Union of International Associations. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied m any form or by any means - graphic, electro- nic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrie- val systems - without written permission of me Secretary General, Union of International Associations

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 251 A propos du 26ème Congrès international des sciences historiques (Stuttgart 1985) Editorial

L'HISTOIRE DES PEUPLES A L'HEURE DES ASSOCIATIONS

« Les peuples ont besoin d'avoir des rapports spirituels d'après leurs sym- pathies. C'est pourquoi nous voyons se multiplier les associations qui ont pour objet le développement des relations amicales de peuple à peuple ».

Paul OTLET « Monde » Essai d'universalisme (1935) Nous avons tenté l'autre mois, à l'occa- La « transnationale » D'autres thèmes exprimèrent les interro- gations du temps présent: l'attitude des sion du 40ème anniversaire de l'Organi- des historiens citoyens face à l'administration, la relation sation des Nations-Unies, de situer le Le Comité international des sciences his- entre culture des élites et culture des phénomène associatif moderne dans sa toriques (CISH) occupe une place èmi- masses; aussi les formes anciennes et portée universelle et désormais spatiale nente dans cet édifice d'associations nouvelles de la diplomatie à l'heure des avec ses 47 comités nationaux, ses 24 organisations internationales publiques par rapport aux évidences nouvelles de organisations affiliées venues des quatre et transnationales privées. notre temps en mutation rapide et pro- vents et ses dix commissions internes. fonde- En marge de ce Congrès quinquennal, le Ce Comité, fondé à Genève en 1926, vient Calendrier international des Conférences Une révolution de l'esprit de tenir son XVIème Congrès quinquennal de l'UAI, dans sa 25ème édition 1985 En ce sens, les signes révélateurs d'une à Stuttgart. L'événement a réuni plus de (vol. 2), mentionne la réunion concomi- véritable révolution intellectuelle et 2.000 participants venus de cinquante- tante à Stuttgart, durant plusieurs semai- morale, annonciatrice d'une autre pondé- neuf pays de cinq continents, qui ont nes d'affiliée, d'une suite de colloques ration de la société de demain, apparais- réparti leurs travaux dans trente commis- spécialises relevant de sociétés univer- sent actuellement dans l'essor des étu- sions saisies de centaines de rapports selles et régionales d'historiens de tous des et des débats de sciences humaines touchant à tous les domaines de l'Histoire ordres. partout où la pensée est assez libre ou universelle : un bel exemple d'association assez brave pour tout oser dire ou dédire, de type transnational du fait de la contribu- sans interdit de dogmes ni peur de châti- tion savante de ses membres à titre per- La recherche collective ments. sonnel. Cette vitalité de la coopération mondiale Au plan international ou transnational qui des sciences historiques, qui associe nous soucie, les réseaux associatifs L'image de l'autre d'ailleurs des concours publics et privés, offrent un site de réflexion et un cadre nous a incité à nous reporter au bel d'accueil à ces manifestations culturelles Un thème du Congrès avait pour titre ouvrage de synthèse sur « L 'histoire et ses et scientifiques de disciplines diverses qui signifiant: « L'image de l'autre: étran- méthodes » publié il y a quelques années bouillonnent de problèmes ou de projets à gers, minoritaires, marginaux ». déjà dans l'Encyclopédie de la Pléiade. l'échelle mondiale. Une excellente relation des débats for- Un chapitre y est consacré à l'organisation Le tout dernier Annuaire de l'UAI (vol. I mule fort à propos la démarche » concer- collective de la recherche historique dans 1985-1986) porte témoignage de nant la quête d'identité de ceux qui furent sa réalité fort diverse où concordent des l'expansion des réseaux associatifs privés d'histoire, soit qu'ils en aient été valeurs et des principes communs à la voués aux sciences humaines de plus en exclus, soit qu'ils n'y soient pas encore vocation de l'historien et à l'idéal associa- plus globalement comprises dans leurs entrés : un monde de silence, monde uni- tif. affinités avec la philosophie, la philologie, versel et ancien comme l'humanité elle- l'histoire, le droit et les multiples antennes même, où l'altèritê se trouve source tantôt de sacralisation, tantôt de diabolisa- de la sociologie des relations internatio- (1) François Bedarida, Actualités de l'histoire, Le Monde nales et transnationales. tion » (1). aujourd'hui 21-23 septembre.

252 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 encore mal perçu dans sa spécificité pro- Tels un individualisme intégré à la collec- S'agissant des relations extérieures entre pre et sa dimension transnationale. tivité, une adhésion librement consentie, Etats, tout jusqu'alors se rangeait sous le une indépendance soucieuse d'autrui. un titre d'Histoire diplomatique. L' » Histoire Les études sociologiques avec aperçus de la diplomatie », publiée à Moscou sous certain désintéressement antonyme de historiques ne manquent certes pas. Des lucre, aussi un objectif de progrés humain la direction de V. Potiemkine. date de fragments d'Histoire ont été publiés, 1945 en édition française (3). assorti de justice sociale. L'ensemble comme l'Histoire de l'internationalisme empreint d'une conscience intellectuelle (19 19) du jurisconsulte norvégien Chris- et morale d'appartenance et tie solidarité tian Lange, le premier directeur de l'Insti- L'histoire des peuples universelles. tut Nobel. Les archives et les dossiers de En une introduction générale à son l'Union des Associations Internationales « grand manuel » , le professeur Renouvin sont riches de matières ad hoc. Les distingue » la conception traditionnelle qui œuvres d'Henri Lafontaine et de Paul plaçait au premier plan les relations entre les « Solidaires par nécessité » Otlet, premiers secrétaires généraux de gouvernements,... des nouvelles tendances de la recherche historique (qui s'attachent) «L'historien le plus jaloux de son indépen- notre Institut et fondateurs de la docu- aux rapports entre les peuples ». dance se sait et se sent tributaire de tous mentation moderne, ont autorité histori- D'une part, une préoccupation primordiale ceux qui ont œuvré avant lui, et tout autant que, avec un point culminant : » Monde », de sécurité, de puissance ou de prestige. de ses contemporains, qu'ils traitent ou non essai d'universalisme publié par Otlet au D'autre part, la considération des « forces des mêmes problèmes, qu 'ils parlent ou non soir de sa vie (1935) et qui est un véritable profondes » de la société, de la vie économi- la même langue que lui. Solidaires par testament intellectuel. que, sociale, culturelle et pour tout dire des nécessite, les historiens ne se sont en fait » intérêts collectifs ». jamais ignorés les uns des autres, mais On remarquera que le fait associatif de type cette mise en commun des efforts et des moderne et d'expansion universelle n'est moyens n'a peut-être jamais été ressentie pas encore ici considéré ni analysé spécifi- aussi nécessaire et indispensable que de La coopération internationale nos jours ». quement en soi comme un acteur du sytème Dernièrement, notre prédécesseur et ami international. Par exemple dans les campa- Puisse se sentiment avoir vertu d'exem- Georges-Patrick Speeckaert. qui a voué gnes pour la paix, le désarmement, les droits ple et être aussi largement partage que le le meilleur de sa foi et de sa carrière à de l'homme et des peuples, les égalités légi- bon sens de la méthode cartésienne. l'étude et à l'action associatives avec un times, la justice sociale, le développement. L'auteur du chapitre. Michel François, enthousiasme égal à son dévouement, a On doit le sous-entendre par allusions aux jetant un regard en arrière, découvre les ouvert une nouvelle collection de l'UAI tendances de la psychologie collective, aux premières formes de l'organisation col- avec un volume consacré au « Premier sie- manifestations de l'opinion publique, au lective de la recherche en histoire lors des cle de la coopération internationale 1815- mouvement des idées, ou par mention des controverses suscitées dans la chrétienté 1 9 1 4 » ( 1 ). C'est, à propos de l'apport groupes professionnels, sociaux, économi- par le développement de la Réforme. belge considérable, associations et per- ques, aux organisations de producteurs et sonnalités confondues, la saisissante de consommateurs etc. évocation d'initiatives humaines dans une Pour demain fouie de matières aux titres brûlants La prolifération des réseaux associatifs, La leçon de tolérance d'actualité: la paix et le droit; l'action leur ventilation et leur considération par Or l'actualité fait précisément que le tri- sociale, éducative et syndicale: la vie éco- ordre d'objets, leur extension géographi- centenaire de la Révocation de l'Edit de nomique; l'administration publique: les que, leur revendication d'indépendance et Nantes soit cette année l'occasion de sciences et les techniques; la documen- de reconnaissance juridique, leur rôle de débats éclairés et courtois qui ont montré tation, bibliographies et science de l'inter- pression et de service, leur participation à quel chemin parcouru par la tolérance nationalisme. Ce beau livre, inspiré d'un part entière à l'organisation internationale dans l'espace spirituel de la Chrétienté patriotisme ouvert à autrui, est une invita- et a l'ordre mondial. Voilà autant de sujets qui fut hier encore, à si peu de siècles de tion à compléter la collection par le témoi- et d'autres encore désormais proposés à nous, entaché d'un fanatisme qu'on gnage et l'illustration du mouvement la recherche des historiens en compagnie retrouve aujourd'hui ailleurs, hélas. associatif partout ailleurs et depuis lors de leurs collègues sociologues. Pour le jusqu'à nos jours. destin et la grande histoire des peuples de demain. Cette leçon d'histoire, à l'honneur du pro- Robert FENAUX grés humain, devrait être retenue a toutes Ajoutons à ces éléments de recherche les étapes du développement d'une civili- historique les Annuaires de l'UAI et son sation de l'universel. Elle interpelle toutes encyclopédie des « World Problems and les formes d'intolérance, religieuse, Human Potential», qui sont un trésor de raciste, xénophobe, linguistique, les idéo- références et de renseignements. logies dogmatiques et exclusives, les ter- rorismes aveugles, sans oublier les inté- rêts prédateurs.

Enfin, elle illustre la démarche associative Et pourtant... des droits de l'homme et des peuples qui Et pourtant, malgré ce déploiement de vie est amplement assumée par les forces associative, d'énergie personnelle et de d'option publique structurées de nos jours solidarité humaine, il a fallu attendre la fin en réseaux d'OING. de la deuxième guerre mondiale et l'ère des nations-Unies pour que sortit la pre- ( 1 ) Edition de l'UAI. Publication no 244. No 1 de la col- mière » Histoire des relations internationa- lection : les racines nationales de la coopération internationale. A la recherche les », sous la direction èminente de Pierre Renouvin. Un premier « essai de synthèse » (2) Huit volumes édites de 1953 a 1966. Librairie des associations Hachette. Paris. de l'histoire de la politique internationale (3) Trois volumes, de l'Antiquité A la seconde guerre La recherche historique est maintenant en huit volumes depuis le Haut Moyen mondiale. traduits du russe en français et publiés Age. avec un horizon mondial (2). aux Editions politiques. économiques et sociales sollicitée par le phénomène associatif Librairie Médicis. Paris.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 253 L'EXPERIENCE DES ONG ET LEUR CONTRIBUTION DANS LES PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT

Nos lecteurs se souviendront que le Comité permanent des ONG auprès de l'UNESCO a orga- nisé, en novembre dernier à Paris, un colloque ayant pour thème » l'expérience des ONG et leur contribution dans les pays en développement ». Nous avons publié dans notre Revue un résumé des travaux de ce Colloque, sous ta plume de notre représentant permanent auprès de l'UNESCO Vladimir Hercik. en sa qualité de rapporteur de l'événement.

On trouvera ci-après le texte intégral de la deuxième partie du rapport général, auquel notre col- laborateur a apporté le concours d'un savoir et d'une expérience éprouvés dans la préparation de notre propre colloque africain d'octobre 1984.

La première partie a paru dans notre précédent numéro.

- 2e partie -

Les solutions 50) Par ailleurs, la création de centre régionaux peut constituer 47) A la lumière de l'expérience acquise, quelques mesures pra- un stimulant décisif dans la constitution de branches nationales tiques susceptibles de contribuer à une plus large extension géo- dans ces pays proches les uns des autres. La coopération de ces graphique des ONG peuvent être envisagées. structures régionales avec les organes régionaux de l'Unesco peut également contribuer à l'établissement de bonnes communica- tions entre diverses organisations volontaires, certaines Commis- 48) Tout d'abord, les ONG pourraient être encouragées à accor- sions nationales et les Etais membres d'une même région. Ces der, dans leurs programmes, une place accrue à des activités sus- centres régionaux pourraient, notamment, servir de relais vers le ceptibles de susciter l'intérêt et la collaboration active des spécia- niveau international pour des ONG régionales ou nationales qui se listes des pays où elles ne sont pas encore implantées. A ce trouvent aujourd'hui à l'écart. En outre, les Commissions nationa- niveau, les commissions nationales pourraient jouer un rôle décisif les pourraient apporter leur aide dans l'organisation des rencon- en engageant un travail de réflexion et de prospection afin de tres régionales dans leur pays, notamment dans te cadre du pro- conseiller les secrétariats internationaux des ONG pour choisir gramme de participation. des personnes qualifiées susceptibles de prendre des responsa- bilités dans ce sens.

49) Sur le plan national, l'expérience prouve que l'action des ONG peut être grandement facilitée par l'aide éclairée des autori- Le rôle des Commissions nationales tés des pays dans lesquels ces organisations souhaitent s'implan- 51 ) A sa Vingtième session, la Conférence générale de l'Unesco ter. Les Etats pourraient donc examiner quelles mesures législa- a adopté la Résolution 7/41 invitant les Etats membres à assurer tives ou administratives peuvent favoriser l'établissement de grou- au sein des Commissions nationales une représentation des ONG. pements nationaux de spécialistes sur leur territoire et faciliter le Le Directeur général a toujours tenu d'ailleurs à ce que cette coo- rattachement de ces associations à l'organisation internationale pération soit étudiée à l'occasion des réunions régionales et inter- correspondant à leur domaine d'action. L'adoption d'une législa- régionales et qu'elle reste coordonnée, dans chaque pays, avec tion libérale et démocratique régissant les associations à but non l'apport des milieux intellectuels et scientifiques au Programme de lucratif, et à vocation éducative scientifique et culturelle, des faci- l'Unesco. lités d'octroi de passeports, de visas et de devises aux personnes assurant les contacts internationaux de ces associations, et enfin une aide en ce qui concerne les charges de locaux et d'adminis- 52) C'est sur te plan national et donc grâce à l'action de leurs tration, consituent des encouragements sérieux de la part des branches nationales que les ONG font ressentir leur influence véri- gouvernements. A ce niveau également, les Commissions nationa- table et exercent pleinement leur rôle. L'institution et le dévelop- les pourraient apporter une contribution décisive en établissant un pement d'une coopération efficace entre Commissions nationales répertoire de toutes les associations qui groupent, dans leur pays, et ONG représentent donc un élément indispensable à cet égard. les spécialistes des différents domaines (éducation, science, et cet objectif a constitué, depuis de nombreuses années, l'une culture et communication). Elles pourraient également prendre des des principales préoccupations tant d'un très grand nombre initiatives dans la création d'associations groupant des spécialis- d'ONG individuelles que du Comité permanent des ONG. tes de diverses disciplines et effectuer des démarches en vue du rattachement de ces organismes à des ONG internationales exis- tantes. 53) L'une des principales difficultés réside dans le fait que les influences gouvernementales s'exercent de façon plus ou moins

254 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 marquee selon les Etats, tant sur les Commissions nationales que même domaine n'est nullement un obstacle à une collaboration sur les ONG. en fonction des statuts qui les régissent. Il en résulte fructueuse avec elles, moyennant des efforts de compréhension une grande disparité dans les rapports entre les Commissions réciproque. nationales et les ONG, ainsi qu'entre ces dernières et l'Unesco dans son ensemble. Si dans certains Etats membres de l'Unesco 59) Parallèlement, les grandes ONG pratiquent le régionalisme la coopération est importante, dans d'autres elle est à ce point et sont dotées d'une structure régionale. Il est apparu que. bien inexistante que Commissions nationales et branches nationales souvent, le niveau international pouvait aider à débloquer des des ONG peuvent s'ignorer mutuellement. Afin de préserver leur situations régionales conflictuelles. Inversement, dans d'autres nécessaire indépendance, certaines ONG hésitent parfois à cas. l'échelon régional a permis de faire avancer des problémati- s'associer à des Commissions nationales à caractère gouverne- ques nationales. La région est en effet un créneau où peuvent se mental, et réciproquement. comparer des actions nationales. Les contextes étant souvent similaires ou comparables, il est possible de réunir des gens qui 54) Aucune règle générale ne pouvant être instituée, en raison sont confrontés à des problèmes identiques, même s'ils sont sépa- de la diversité des types de relations existant entre Commissions rés par une frontière qui est le plus souvent purement géo-politi- nationales et ONG, c'est au niveau national que ces relations que. Parce qu'elle permet un travail en prise directe avec la base, devront se définir. C'est ainsi, par exemple, qu'une collaboration les structures régionales sont plus proches des réalités, donc plus efficace sera assurée si des membres qualifiés d'ONG siègent au aptes à trouver des solutions adaptées et plus promptes à se sein des Commissions nationales, ce qui n'exclut évidemment pas mobiliser que les organisations à vocation universelle. Toutefois le concours éventuel d'ONG non représentée dans ces Commis- pour les ONG qui se sont dotées de structures régionales, la sions. manière dont elles ont articulé les sections affiliées avec leur orga- nisation centrale pose des questions diverses. 55) En effet, les services mutuels que peuvent se rendre Com- missions nationales et ONG dans la réalisation de leurs program- 60) Le problème revient en fait a harmoniser les actions qui sont mes respectifs ou communs rendent indispensable leur étroite entreprises au niveau horizontal avec la structure verticale. Il sem- association. Les Commissions nationales sont parfois en mesure ble que les Bureaux régionaux de l'Unesco et sous-régionaux, d'apporter aux ONG l'appui matériel et technique qui leur est dont l'action a été renforcée, devraient pouvoir jouer, dans de tel- nécessaire pour l'exécution de certains projets de l'Unesco mis en les situations, un rôle de médiateurs, puisqu'ils sont les interlocu- œuvre dans leur pays. Les ONG, pour leur part, sont le plus souvent teurs privilégies des ONG de caractère régional aussi bien que des un bon instrument de diffusion auprès du public d'informations tou- sections affiliées ou régionales. Dans le contexte de la décentra- chant la coopération internationale et la mise en œuvre des idéaux lisation de l'Unesco, il paraît en effet important de poser la question de l'Unesco. du rapprochement entre les ONG de caractère régional, aussi bien que les instances régionales des ONG internationales et les 56) Un certain nombre de mesures pourraient sans doute être bureaux régionaux et sous-régionaux de l'Unesco, s'agissant prises en vue de permettre aux ONG et Commissions nationales de notamment d'échange d'information mutuelle, d'invitation à des maintenir le contact étroit qui se révèle indispensable, tout en réunions, de consultations individuelles et éventuellement collec- conservant des responsabilités respectives bien déterminées, et tives sur le programme dans la région et de la coopération à la mise de développer ainsi une coopération réelle. Pour n'en citer que en œuvre de celui-ci. quelques unes, les ONG Ont été encouragées à plusieurs reprises à prendre elles-mêmes les contacts nécessaires avec les Com- 61 ) Quoi qu'il en soit, la tendance à privilégier le niveau régional missions nationales lorsqu'elles ne sont encore représentées au ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la réalisation d'une extension sein de ces derniers organismes. Elles ont également été encou- géographique satisfaisante et ne doit pas être considérée comme ragées à accroître le nombre de leurs branches nationales dans la panacée. En fait, il faut souligner que les ONG ne sont ni des les pays où elles sont encore insuffisamment représentées. courroies de transmission, ni des satellites de l'Unesco. Elles sont des traits d'union, le lieu d'un échange. L'Unesco donne aux ONG 57) Réciproquement, les ONG souhaiteraient que les Commis- les moyens d'avoir plus d'impact mais, en retour, elles mettent à la sions nationales intensifient leurs efforts pour établir avec les disposition de l'Organisation une certaine capacité opérationnelle branches nationales des ONG les contacts nécessaires et échan- grâce à leur implantation sur le terrain. Dans cet échange, les ONG ger avec elles des informations mutuelles dans tous les domaines ne veulent pas perdre leur identité car ii est important qu'elles d'intérêt commun. Sur le plan pratique, il serait sans doute néces- conservent leur existence propre par rapport à l'Unesco. ne serait- saire que. dans toute la mesure du possible, les Commissions ce que parce qu'elles existaient, pour un grand nombre d'entre nationales puissent disposer des listes des branches nationales elles, bien avant que ne soit créée l'Organisation. des ONG dans leurs pays respectifs. Les ONG souhaiteraient éga- lement que leurs branches nationales soient davantage associées 62) Dans le contexte, les quelques questions suivantes peuvent à l'étude et a l'élaboration des programmes opérationnels qu'envi- être soulevés : Comment tes ONG peuvent-elles élargir leur action sagent les Commissions nationales, ainsi qu'à l'exécution, par le afin de soutenir leurs membres dans les pays en développement ? truchement de contrats par exemple, de certains projets entrant Comment ces mêmes ONG peuvent-elles participer à l'activité des dans le cadre du programme de l'Unesco. Elles souhaiteraient ONG au niveau mondial pour qu'elles soient réellement universel- enfin qu'un système d'information concerté puisse être institué - les et enfin comment cette action s'articule-t-elle avec les objectifs les bulletins et publications des Commissions nationales étant par de l'Unesco ? Certes, l'échelon régional d'une ONG mondiale est exemple utilisés pour diffuser toutes informations sur les activités un relais indispensable mais un relais parmi d'autres. La création des branches nationales des ONG et réciproquement. d'ONG de caractère régional peut permettre une meilleure conver- gence des actions dans la région même. Mais, il faut se garder des particularismes régionaux qui risqueraient de créer des tensions Le rôle des structures régionales et de nuire à la solidarité entre régions. 58) Au cours des dix dernières années, la création d'ONG de caractère régional a connu un essort sans précèdent dans l'his- toire des relations internationales. Sans être en mesure de chiffrer ce phénomène, il est à noter que pendant cette période l'Unesco La coopération entre seule a établi dans les domaines de sa compétence, des relations officielles avec plus de quarante ONG créées en Afrique, en Amé- l'Unesco et les ONG : rique latine et en Asie. Il s'agit d'organisations qui répondent à résumé du bilan septennal l'exigence d'une efficacité accrue, sur le plan régional, en raison de la proximité géographique, de la communauté de civilisation ou 63) C'est en 1945. lors d'une conférence qui s'est tenue à Lon- d'idéologie, de l'identité des structures économiques et sociales dres, que les travaux des représentants de 44 gouvernements ont de pays voisins. L'existence d'ONG à vocation mondiale dans un permis la création de l'Unesco.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 255 64) S'inspirant de la Charte des Nations Unies (Article 71 ). l'Acte interrégional (1 en Catégorie A, 31 en Catégorie B et 65 en Caté- constitutif de l'Organisation (Article XI. paragraphe 4) définit les gorie C). Toutefois, il convient de souligner que de nombreuses bases de la coopération entre le secrétariat et le secteur non gou- organisations internationales non gouvernementales compren- vernemental des relations internationales : nent des instances régionales qui. bien que leur étant formelle- ment affiliées, disposent cependant d'une certaine autonomie 65) » L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la d'action dans leur région d'implantation. science et la culture peut prendre toutes dispostions utiles pour faciliter les consultations et assurer la coopération avec les orga- 71 ) Examinons encore la répartition par thématique spécialisée nisations internationales privées s'occupant de question qui des 261 ONG dans les catégories A et B bénéficiant actuellement entrent dans son domaine. Elle peut les inviter à prendre certaines d'une subvention de l'Unesco. L'analyse revêle la nette prépondé- tâches déterminées rentrant dans leur compétence. Cette coopé- rance des thèmes rattachés au domaine de l'éducation où se ration peut également prendre la forme d'une participation appro- concentre d'ailleurs l'effort prioritaire des objectifs a long-terme. priée de représentants des dites organisations aux travaux de En 1982. 120 - soit 4 % du total mentionné - relevaient de l'édu- comités consultatifs créés par la Conférence générale ». cation, suivies par les sciences sociales avec 53. soit 20,3 %; puis la culture avec 29, soit 11,1 %; les sciences exactes et naturelles 66) Un an après, la première session de la Conférence générale avec 23, soit 8,8 %; et !es communicationsd avec 18. soit 6.9 %; réunie à Paris adoptait des Directives provisoires concernant les tandis que le soutien de Programme et le programme général relations de l'Unesco avec les ONG. Dans un premier temps ces d'information en totalisaient 18. soit 6,8 %. relations ont donc été régies par des arrangements consultatifs. Mais, par la suite, la nécessité s'est fait jour de préciser, notam- ment, les conditions, d'admissions des organisations ainsi que les modalités selon lesquelles celles-ci peuvent être associées tant à l'élaboration qu'à la mise en œuvre des programmes de I Organi- sation. C'est pourquoi, en 1960, lors de sa onzième session, la Les modalités de la coopération entre Conférence a adopté les "Directives concernant les relations de l'Unesco avec les organisations internationales non gouverne- les ONG et l'Unesco mentales ».

67) Complétées par un amendement en 1966, elles sont actuel- La consultation lement en vigueur. 72) Les Directives concernant les relations de l'Unesco avec les ONG prévoient que les organisations de la Catégorie A « seront 68) Ces Directives définissent les conditions auxquelles doivent associées aussi ètroitement et régulièrement que possible aux satisfaire les organisations internationales non gouvernementales divers stades de la planification et de l'exécution des activités de avec lesquels l'Uneso maintient des relations officielles, c'est-à- l'Unesco relevant de leur compétence » (Article IV.4 (c) (i) ) et que dire le cadre dans lequel peut se développer la coopération. En celles qui appartiennent à la Catégorie B » seront consultées par particulier, différentes catégories d'ONG sont distinguées. Les le Directeur général sur les projets de programme de l'Unesco » ONG de la Catégorie A entretiennent avec l'Unesco des relations (Article IV.4 (b) (ii). de consultation et d'association, celles de la Catégorie B des rela- tions d'information et de consultation, enfin, celles appartenant à la 73) Sur la base de ces dispositions, le Directeur général a régu- Catégorie C des relations d'information mutuelle. A chacun de ces lièrement consulté les ONG de la Catégorie A au stade de la pré- catégories de relations sont définis des avantages et obligations paration du Projet de programme et de budget, en même temps spécifiques. que les Etats membres et les organisations de la Catégorie B au moment de la parution de ce projet. Tout en se conformant aux 69) D'une période sexennale à l'autre, le nombre d'organisations Directives, le Directeur général a décidé d'élargir la procédure de des catégories A et B a augmenté d'une façon pratiquement cons- consultation aux organisations de la Catégorie B pour la prépara- tante : 135 en 1963, 175 en 1969, 220 en 19765 et 261 en 1982. tion du Projert de programme et de budget de l'Unesco depuis celui Cependant, entre 1976 et 1982, trois organisations seulement ont de 19 81 - 19 83 . été admises en Catégorie A. En 1982, les organisations des caté- gories A et B se rèpartissaient comme suit par secteur ou service 74) Les statistiques établies pour la période 1976-1982 mon- du programme de l'Unesco : trent que la proportion des ONG qui ont participé aux consultations écrites a augmenté en nombre absolu et en pourcentage d'un Secteur Cat Cat Total biennium à un autre au cours de cette période septennale. Cepen- A B dant une plus grands participation des ONG de statut consultatif à l'élaboration des grandes orientations et du programme de Education 16 104 120 l'Unesco serait souhaitable. C'est pourquoi la Conférence géné- Sciences exactes et naturelles 5 18 23 rale à sa Dix-neuvième session a invité » les organisations inter- Sciences socialles et nationales non gouvernementales qui sont consultées par le leurs applications 4 49 53 Directeur général au sujet de l'élaboration du Projet de programme Culture 10 19 29 et de budget, à répondre plus promptement et en plus grand nom- Communication 1 17 18 bre à ces constations». (Résolution 19 C/7.33). Soutien du programme _ 11 11 Programme général d'information 4 3 7 75) Les Directives prévoient que « les organisations internatio- Total 40 221 261 nales non gouvernementales admises dans les Catégories A et B pourront, avec l'accord du Directeur général, se réunir tous les deux ans en conférence au Siège de l'Unesco, en vue d'examiner les problèmes que pose leur coopération avec l'Unesco et de faci- 70) L'Unesco collabore déjà avec plus d'un millier d'organisa- liter la coopération entre les organisations ayant des intérêts com- tions spécialisées dans divers aspects de ses domaines de com- muns ». (Article V.1). pétence. Mais cette coopération n'a pris une forme institutionnelle que dans la moitié des cas environ. A l'heure actuelle, l'Unesco 76) Jusqu'à présent la Conférence des ONG de statut consultatif entretient des relations officielles avec 527 ONG, dont 41 sont a tenu dix-neuf sessions dont la dernière en juin 1984. Au cours de classées dans la Catégorie A. 233 dans la Catégorie B et 253 dans la Conférence, le Directeur général procède à une consultation la Catégorie C, II est intéressant de noter à cet égard que sur les collective des organisations des Catégories A et B pour recueillir 527 organisations non gouvernementales qui entretiennent des leur avis et suggestions sur le programme de l'Organisation. La relations officielles avec l'Unesco, 97 sont de caractère régional ou conférence élit son Président et le Comité permanent de quinze

256 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 représentants d'ONG qui assure la mise en œuvre des décisions 81 ) Bien que les ONG ne disposent que de faibles moyens finan- adoptées et entretient la liaison avec la Secrétariat de l'Unesco ciers, elles reçoivent de plus en plus de la part de l'Unesco des invitations pour les réunions, l'attitude constante du Directeur 77) Entre 1970 et 1976, 53 % des ONG out participé aux travaux général est d'appuyer les demandes des ONG tendant à se faire de la Conférence. En 1981, le taux de participation était de 43 %. représenter à toutes les réunions de l'Unesco y compris a la Les obstacles au développement de cette participation semblent Conférence générale, y compris les ONG de la Catégorie C. En être d'ordre matériel : difficultés financières, moindre disponibilité effet, toutes les ONG qui ont satisfait à leurs obligations contrac- des représentants, éloignement du siège de certaines organisa- tuelles vis-à-vis de l'Organisation, doivent pouvoir exprimer leurs tions. Il faut noter qu'entre 1976 et 1984. le statut consultatif a été opinions au sein de l'Unesco, quel que soit leur point de vue sur accordé par l'Unesco à un nombre significatif d'organisations qui certaines activités. ont leur sisége hors de Paris. Cela explique en partie la baisse du taux de participation, tout en mettant en évidence l'influence des 82) Par ailleurs, le Directeur général reçoit chaque année de aspects matériels. nombreuses invitations pour participer aux réunions organisées par les ONG des différentes catégories. Dans la mesure du possi- 78) Avec l'aide du Comité permanent, des groupes de travail se ble, le Directeur général parvient à assurer la représentation du sont constitués afin d'organiser des colloques, séminaires et ren- Secrétariat aux réunions des ONG auxquelles il adresse égale- contres et préparer des documents de travail. De nombreuses réu- ment des documents de travail. nions ont été organisées dans ce cadre pour poursuivre la réflexion sur des sujets extrêmement divers. Par ailleurs, le Comité La coopération permament répond le plus souvent que possible aux invitations du Secrétariat de l'Unesco de participer aux réunions qu'il organise 83) Les Directives prévoient les conditions d'octroi de subven- afin de présenter le point de vue de l'ensemble des ONG sur les tions aux ONG ainsi que les modalités selon lesquelles des sujets en discussion. contrats peuvent être conclus avec elles.

84) Ainsi l'Article VI.1 précise que l'Unesco peut accorder une 79) Les consultations collectives sectorielles et intersectorielles aide financière sous forme de subventions, à un nombre limité ont pour but de recueillir les avis et les propositions d'un certain d'organisations internationales non gouvernementales des Caté- nombre d'ONG. dont la compétence porte sur certains aspects du gories A et B qui, par leurs propres activités, apportent une contri- programme de l'Unesco. Ce type de consultation peut prendre des bution particulièrement efficace à la réalisation des objectifs de formes diverses : organisation de réunions périodiques par les dif- l'Unesco tels qu'ils sont définis dans son Acte constitutif, et à la férents secteurs de programme associant les organisations pro- mise en œuvre d'une partie importante de son programme. fessionnelles pour recueillir leurs points de vue Sur la préparation du programme de l'Organisation et sa mise en œuvre; consulta- tions spécialisées en vue de la préparation d'activités ponctuelles 85) L'Article VII spécifie que « Toutes les fois que le Directeur (par exemple, une dizaine d'ONG spécialisées dans les domaines général le jugera nécessaire pour la bonne exécution du pro- culturel et artistique ont contribué à l'élaboration de l'ordre du jour, gramme de l'Unesco, il pourra conclure, avec toute organisation des études et des documents de travail de la Conférence mondiale internationale non gouvernementale particulièrement qualifiée, un sur les politiques culturelles); consultations collectives intersecto- contrat en vue de la mise en œuvre d'activités figurant au pro- rielles qui rassemblent un groupe d'ONG et des représentants de gramme adopté par la Conférence générale ». plusieurs secteurs de programme pour discuter les sujets pluri- ou interdisciplinaires d'intérêt commun (par exemple, reunions annuelles des principales organisations syndicales organisées a) Les subventions par le Secteur de la coopération pour le développement et les rela- 86) Les données chiffrées concernant la répartition par Secteurs tions extérieures et réunion, également annuelle, d'une trentaine de programmes des subventions accorées par l'Unesco entre d'ONG de jeunesse organisée par le Secteur des sciences socia- 1976 et 1982 font apparaître que ces subventions ont régulière- les pour la première fois et, tout récemment des organisations ment augmenté :d e 2 1 % en 1979-1980 par rapport à 1977-1978, œuvrant dans le domaine de l'alphabétisation). Par ailleurs, un et de 24 % en 198 1- 1982 par rapport à l'exercice biennal précé- groupe de travail mixte Unesco-ONG sur le thème des droits de dent, sans compter que la hausse du dollar des Etats-Unis a consi- l'homme fonctionne depuis deux ans et son mandat a été reconduit dérablement accru le pouvoir d'achat des subventions payables par la 19e Conférence des ONG. D'autres groupes de travail fonc- dans cette monnaie. tionnent en étroite collaboration avec les services spécifiques du Secrétariat. Cette collaboration entre l'Unesco et les groupements 87} Par rapport au montant total et au nombre d'organisations d'ONG prend également d'autres formes. Par exemple, des qui en ont bénéficié, la part des subventions attribuées dans cha- consultations entre le secteur de l'Education et les quatre organi- que Secteur de programmes se prêsenait de la façon suivante en sations internationales des enseignants (qui préparent un docu- 1982 : 7,7 % à l'éducation pour 1 2 ONG : 22 % aux sciences exa- ment de travail commun pour chaque session biennale de la tes et naturelles pour 2 ONG; 21 % aux sciences sociales pour 3 Conférence internationale de l'éducation; des consultations régu- ONG; 44 % à la culture et communication pour 14 ONG et 5.3 % au lières entre le Secrétariat et certaines ONG de Catégorie A qui programme général d'information et l'office des statistiques pour 4 constituent un groupement d'ONG (Conseil international des ONG. sciences sociales. Conseil international des unions scientifiques. Conseil international du cinéma et de la television). 80) La participation réciproque aux réunions est également une b) Les contrats des formes habituelles de collaboration entre l'Unesco et les ONG. 88) Les contrats sont d'une nature juridique distincte de celles A cet égard, les Directives prévoient que les organisations admi- des subventions et obéissent à des critères différents. Ils consis- ses au statut consultatif, Catégories A et B, » doivent inviter tent dans le versement d'une certaine somme d'argent par l'Unesco à se faire représenter à leurs réunions dont l'ordre du jour l'Unesco à une ONG en contrepartie de l'exécution d'une tâche présente un intérêt du point de vue du programme de l'Unesco ». spécifique, définie dans le programme et budget, que cette orga- (Article III.1 (b) (iii) ). Celles qui sont admises au statut d'informa- nisation s'engage à exécuter. Grâce aux contrats, les organisa- tion mutuelle. Catégorie C, » pourront être invitées à envoyer des tions non gouvernementales apportent ainsi à l'Unesco. pour ce observateurs a certaines réunions convoquées si. de l'avis du qui concerne leur domaine de compétences, une contribution très Directeur général, elles sont en mesure d'apporter une contribu- importante aussi bien dans l'exécution du programme approuvé tion importante aux travaux de ces réunions ». (Article IV.4 (a) (ii) ). par la Conférence générale que dans la préparation du programme Enfin, les organisations de statut consultatif, Catégories A et B, futur. » pourront être invitées par le Directeur général à envoyer des observateurs à des réunions organisées par l'Unesco et portant 89) Entre 1976 ert 1982, 1807 contrats d'un montant total de sur des sujets de leur compétence ». (Article IV.4 (B) (iii) ). 10.136.566 dollars des Etats-Unis (U.S. $) ont été conclus avec

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 257 158 ONG des Catégories A et B, ou avec des organisations qui leur ONG répertoriées. 1 1 7 seulement avaient leur siège en Afrique, sont affiliées. Les chiffres appellent plusieurs remarques. En pre- 14 8 en Amérique latine et aux Caraïbes, 138 en Asie et Océanien mier lieu, il apparaît que pour cette période le volume des subven- ontre 1990 en Europe et 238 en Amérique du Nord. Il faut égale- tions n'est Que de 4 % supérieur à celui des contrats. En second ment remarquer que, dans la très grande majorité des cas, les siè- lieu, si l'on additionne le volume des contrats et celui des subven- ges en dehors de l'Europe et de l'Amérique du Nord sont ceux des tions (20.669.979 dollars U.S.). le secteur Culture vient en tête ONG régionales. Remarquons également qu'une analyse de la (34.3%) du montant total des sommes distribuées), suivi des répartition des sièges d'une centaine d'organisations intergouver- Sciences exactes et naturelles (25.8 %), des Sciences sociales nementales existantes, indique une répartition plus inégale (18,5 %). de l'Education (13,6 %) et du Programme général d'infor- encore, ce qui n'implique pas que l'Unesco. par exemple, dont le mation et l'office des statistiques avec 7,8 %. En troisième lieu, si siège est à Paris, ne soit pas une organisation représentative des l'on considère le nombre de contrats pris isolément, ii apparaît que pays du monde. Un indice plus révélateur serait celui de la répar- le secteur des sciences exactes et naturelles a utilisé le plus grand tition des organisations nationales affiliées des ONG internationa- volume de fonds (avec 29.7 % du montant total pour 291 contrats), les et régionales. Ces données devraient être disponibles l'année suivi de la Culture et Communication (24.20 % pour 291 contrats), prochaine quand seront connus les résultats de l'enquête mise en l'Education (19.7% pour 428 contrats), les Sciences sociales œuvre par le secteur des relations extérieures de l'Unesco. (15,9 % pour 237 contrats). le Programme général d'information et office des statistiques (10,5 % pour 179 contrats). 94) Cependant, un progrès sensible se dégage des statistiques disponibles. Les données de l'Annuaire de l'Union des associa- 90) Que ce soit sous forme de subventions ou de contrats, les tions internationales permettent de tracer une courbe sur une activités des ONG dans les domaines de compétence de l'Unesco durée de douze ans, depuis 1966 à 1977. Au cours de cette (qui contribuent à la mise en œuvre du programme de l'Organisa- période, l'Afrique passa de 1 1 . 6 % à 14.5 %; l'Amérique latine de tion) bénéficient donc d'une aide financière importante. Mais les 17,3% à 21.4 %; l'Asie de 16,8% à 19,1 %. tandis que le taux cor- activités entreprises par les ONG à titre entièrement bénévole respondant à l'Europe et à l'Amérique du Nord montre une nette sont, de loin, les plus nombreuses comme l'a souligné la Confé- régression, en se réduisant de 53 % à 45 %. Si l'on ramène cette rence générale en adoptant, à l'unanimité, une résolution dans situation globale aux 261 ONG de Catégories A et B, la répartition laquelle elle a remercié, entre autres, toutes les ONG qui « bien fait preuve d'un équilibre encore plus soutenu. Considérant la que n'ayant bénéficié d'aucune aide financière de l'Unesco, ont période 1975-1982, les taux de croissance régionaux se chiffrent néanmoins contribue, par leurs propres moyens, à faire connaître comme suit : les idéaux et à favoriser la réalisation des objectifs de l'Organisa- la présence en Afrique des ONG nationales affiliées aux ONG tion ». internationales passe de 305 à 383, ce qui donne une croissance de 25,5 %; celle en Amérique latine passe de 360 à 397, soit 10,25 %; celle en Asie de 67 à 406, soit 10,5 %; et celle dans les L'implantation géographique des ONG Etats arabes de 150 à 184, soit 22.65 %; tandis que le taux de 91 ) La plupart des ONG internationales sont constituées d'orga- croissance visant l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord reste de loin le nisations nationales préalablement existantes. Néanmoins, on plus modeste: 7,6%, soit un passage de 771 a 830 branches constate une diversité considérable entre les ONG internationales d'ONG. dans la catégorie des subventionnées. L'importance de du point de vue de leur création et de leur développement au cours cette expansion semble d'autant plus encourageante que les sta- des années. Pour des raisons historiques, les pays de l'Europe tistiques utilisées ne tiennent compte que des affiliations réguliè- occidentale et de l'Amérique du Nord étaient les mieux représen- res, en excluant les membres associés ou correspondants. tés dans la plupart des ONG. C'était en effet dans ces pays qu'un grand nombre d'entre elles y ont pris naissance et ont contribué à 95) II est bien évident que l'extension géographique des ONG former les organisations internationales. Elles y possèdent un dépend de facteurs d'ordre économique, politique et socio-culturel reseau de relations très étendu et y ont entrepris de très nombreu- ainsi que de la conjoncture internationale. En effet, ce n'est pas un ses activités. Des relations plus étendues se sont établies, dans le hasard si les Secrétariats des ONG se sont installes à proximité du cas de certaines organisations, depuis le début du siècle. Mais, siège des organisations du système des Nations Unies auprès dans l'ensemble, ce n'est qu'après la deuxième guerre mondiale, desquelles elles bénéficient d'un statut consultatif. Néanmoins, avec l'essor de la solidarité internationale, que les associations même si elle en a perçu les raisons, la Conférence générale, lors non gouvernementales ont pris pleinement conscience de leur de sa Dix-neuvième session, a « exprimé à nouveau l'espoir que vocation universelle. les organisations internationales non gouvernementales intensi- fieront leurs efforts pour à une large extension géographique » et 92) Pour l'Unesco, organisation mondiale, il est important que les « invite le Directeur général à étudier les mesures propres à favo- organisations qu'elle associe dans la mise en œuvre de ses pro- riser une plus large extension géographique des organisations grammes soient implantées dans des pays assez variés et nom- internationales non gouvernementales » (Résolution 19 C/7.33). breux pour représenter valablement différentes régions culturelles du monde. C'est pourquoi, la Conférence générale a constamment invité les ONG à poursuivre et à intensifier leurs efforts pour favo- 96) A l'occasion de la Seizième Conférence des ONG, qui s'est riser une plus large extension géographique, tant en ce qui tenue au mois de Novembre 1977, le Directeur général a proposé concerne leur composition que leurs activités. Cette invitation la constitution d'un groupe de travail réunissant des responsables rejoint les propres préoccupations des ONG comme le prouvent les du Secrétariat et des représentants des ONG en vue d'examiner nombreuses résolutions de leurs assemblées mondiales. Mais le problème et de faire des suggestions. Le rapport établi par ce malgré les efforts déployés et les résultats partiellement satisfai- groupe de travail a indiqué plusieurs mesures à prendre aux diffé- sants, obtenus au cours des deux dernières décennies, la pré- rents niveaux : Etats membres. Unesco. ONG. En particulier, il a été sence des ONG demeure inégale dans les différentes régions du recommandé aux ONG de faire une meilleure place dans leurs pro- monde. grammes à des activités susceptibles de susciter l'intérêt et la col- laboration active des spécialistes des pays où elles ne sont pas 93) Si l'on considère la localisation des sièges des ONG. comme encore implantées. De même, par le biais des Commissions natio- l'a fait l'Annuaire de l'Union des associations internationales en nales, le Secrétariat de l'Unesco pourrait jouer un rôle pour aider prenant 1976 comme date de référence, on constate que, sur 2676 les ONG à s'implanter dans les pays où celles-ci sont suffisam- ment représentées.

258 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 TRENDS IN THE MEETINGS MARKET

by Gian Carlo Fighiera*

This survey prepared in 1985 by Mr. Gian Carlo Fighiera is based on the most recent congress statistics and gives a complete overview of the meeting trends taking into consideration the implication on the congress industry, of the most advanced technological equipments. 1. Information sources The conventional way of going about In any case, a consideration of the list of count the type of meeting facility chosen predictive research is to consult interest- studies available must begin with the by organizers (convention center, hotel, ing sources for changes which have been most important, and the only truly world- university), the number of meetings and recorded in past research, analyze and wide study, namely the UAI statistics and participants and meeting length and sea- compare the information from these surveys on the number and geographical sonal distribution. sources, single out the trends noted, and and seasonal distribution of international project them into the foreseeable future in meetings, and the number of participants. This concludes the short list of national the light of secondary factores which may The study of three geographical areas sources which provide indications of the have an impact on development. (Europe. North America and Asia) by the major trends taking shape in the confer- USTS (United States Travel Service), pu- ence market. In the case at hand - determining the blished under the title, « The Market for In- trends which are taking shape in the ternational Congresses ». however excel- At this point we must refer to purely local meetings market-the paucity of data and lent it may be, is no help to us here since sources. the incompleteness and fragmentary na- it only examines the situation in 1974, est- ture of the data which is available hampers ablishes partial comparisons with 1973 The first reference consists of the studies considerably this research method. and fails to provide a realistic view of pos- by A. Frame on Dubrovnik from the end of sible development of the data in the fol- World War I to 1978, excluding 1942- Indeed, there are reliable annual data for lowing years. 1949. The aspects studied are the num- several decades on the number of inter- ber of national and international meetings national meetings, but as regards national These are the only two sources on the held and their classification by subject meetings, only simple computations are world market that we possess. matter. For 1950 to 1977 the author di- available. There is data on seasonal and vides his study on the meetings held in geographical distribution, and on the av- Proceeding now to the national level, use- this Yugoslavian town according to the erage length of international meetings, ful information is as limited here as for the months of the year and indicates the aver- but practically no data is available on na- international level. At the outset we must age length of stay of the delegates. tional meetings. Spending by participants point to the periodical surveys, mostly of meetings of all types has been deter- done every five years, conducted since mined in some developed countries, but 1948 by the United States Travel Data (*) Mr. G. C. Fighiera. born m Turin (Italy) in 1929 and still unknown in most others. Center on behalf of the IACVB (Interna- now living in Madrid, has over a Quartet-century of tional Association of Conventions and Vi- experience as an international conference organizer. sitors Bureaus). The resulting statistics Lastly, reporting and planning methods deal particularly with the geography of in- In successive posts, first as Permanent Congress are developing so slowly that progress is ternational, federal and local meet- Secretary of the UEA (Rotterdam) for six years, then hardly appreciable. as Deputy Secretary-General of the UFTAA (Brus- ings/conferences located in the United sels) for sixteen years, he has organized over 150 States, delegate spending and length of meetings of all types in 30 countries : from small Therefore, we have no choice but to stay, and the means of transport used. committee meetings to large, world conventions with over 3.000 participants. Mr. Fighiera was a proceed with extreme caution both in member of the team in charge of organizing the cross-checking the widespread informa- The second major source of information World Tourism Conference held in Manila (Philip- tion and in filling in the gaps through de- consists of the annual research coordi- pine) in September 1980. sponsored by the WTO ductive reasoning which our experience in nated by the British Tourist Authority and (Madrid). He is the author of two books on meetings and observing the conference phenomenon conducted jointly since 1970 by nine U.K. several dozen articles and monographs on the same since World War II permits us to engage in. resort towns. This research takes into ac- subject, ans is currently writing a manual for con- vention and conference organizers

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 259 The periodical research carried out by the information on the number of meetings posium on Meetings in the Year 2000 Singapore Tourist Promotion Board begin- and participants, and on spending by held in Innsbruck in 1979. ning in 1973. is also of unquestionable in- meeting participants in the Philippine ar- The 13th IWKI Seminar, organized in the terest here. It primarily deals with the chipelago. same city the following year under the title types of international meetings held in « The Conference - the motor behind tou- Singapore and their length. the number of In addition to these different sources, the rism » , heard, among others, an interest- participants and accompanying guests, comments, observations and forecasts ing report by Henk G. Borgman on trends the category of the hotel chosen, delegate made by the most experienced specialists in conference development in Europe. spending and distribution by income in this field regarding the trends of the bracket, age group and country of origin. meetings market are important to take We also refer here to the thorough analy- into account. Most are contained in the re- sis by Robert Schadenwald, « Same time, Lastly, the annual reports of the Philippine port of the IWKI (Internationales Wis- next decade », published in the ICCA Convention Board provide rather detailed senschaftliches Kongreß - Institut) sym- News of November/December 1979.

2. Planning

2.1. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT METHODS

The increase in the number of meetings The advantages of using a computer for correspondence which is sent to partici- after World War II gave rise to organiza- conference organization and manage- pants and speakers : tion, administrative and management ment are manyfold. techniques which rapidly became wides- requests for supplementary information, pread. When all the data is entered into the com- reminders, confirmation, refusals, etc. puter program, a break-down can be ob- Along with adopting these techniques, tained of all types of information required : In the area of management, the computer there grew a deepening awareness produces bills, prints checks, keeps the - Lists of meeting participants by code among conference organizers of the na- books, carries out budgetary control, and number, alphabetical order, company, ture and goals of meetings. Furthermore, prepares intermediate financial reports, nationality, language, professional in- participant motivations and demands un- the final balance and statistics. derwent substantial change, which we will terests, arrival and departure dates, etc. see in Section 2.3 on Programs. - Speakers' and dignitaries' resumes. Software has been developed which permits the simultaneous administration - Distribution of participants by hotel and One of the most important developments of four meetings of over 1.000 delegates type of room. each. may well be the elimination of the improv- isation and amateurism which governed - Lists of those registered for different Software has been developed which per- the work of organizers in the earlier peri- workshops, and cultural and social ac- mits the simultaneous administration of od. Nowadays, prediction and planning tivities, pre and post conference travel, four meetings of over 1.000 delegates rank first among the activities engaged in etc. each. by meeting organizers. In principle, no- - Distribution of personnel schedules and thing is left to change. Since computer programming is relatively service rotations. easy and it is possible to correct and up- Planning and implementing the different - Lists of meeting room and exhibition date recorded information at any time, it organizational, administrative and ma- space use. can reasonably be stated that this tool is nagement phases tends more and more to going to become indispensable to meet- be entrusted to professionals, whether This mass of data can be consulted in- ing organizers, if it has not already done they be officials employed by the organi- stantaneously by the organizer and parti- so. zation holding the meeting, meeting or- cipants during the meeting. Information ganization consultants or firms special- can be projected on a screen tied into the Nonetheless, the widespread use of com- ized in the field. computer or printed in written documents. puters will be subject to highly evident li- mitations. Indeed, the introduction of com- It can be assumed that this trend towards The same procedure can be used for re- puters in this field, as in any other, is only greater professionalization will progres- producing schedules and addresses of justified if there is a large volume of infor- sively increase the professional standing delegates on labels, for sending invita- mation to be dealt with, as in the case of of meeting organizers, either as inde- tions, confirmations, acknowledgments of medium (several hundred delegates) and pendents or as part of a career in a busi- receipt, hotel vouchers, for preparing large (over one thousand delegates) ness or national or international associa- name badges, etc. meetings. tion. It is seen here that the services provided However, use of modern data processing It is quite feasible that those whose job it by the computer are a valuable aid to the techniques is too costly for small meet- is to prepare meetings will broaden ap- meeting organizer. ings such as seminars, colloquia, sym- propriately their present use of manage- posia and other types of meetings at- ment instruments which modern technol- There are, in addition, other fields in which tended by several dozens of participants. ogy has put at their disposal. this machine contributes its characteristic In these cases, the amount of information involved in the meeting is necessarily li- The most widely known is the computer. speed and accuracy in holding a modern- mited and can be dealt with more effi- Twenty years ago the computer was al- day conference. ciently and easily using traditional me- ready being used in many fields, but noone would have conceived of using it to We are referring here to the work of the thods. organize a meeting, however big it might secretariat and the economic manage- It is therefore rational to think that for a have been. Nor would anyone have pre- ment of the meeting. period of time difficult to predict, but dicted that it would become indispensable In the area of the secretariat, the compu- unquestionably quite long, no important in all large meetings. ter, with appropriate software and a prin- changes will occur in the administrative ter, produces and personalizes repetitive organization of meetings which are small

260 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 in number of participants. Thus, there will these documents by audio-visual means For obvious economic reasons, this be nothing surprising about continuing for is certainly more appealing, even if they procedure will probably not replace con- a long time to use individual card and sub- are more difficult to refer to in this form ventional written reproductions; indeed, ject files rather than computer-produced than as photocopied or printed docu- the price of a cassette or of a video will al- lists. ments, as is done currently. Subject to the ways be higher than that of a document continued drop in the price of the hard- which is reproduced or printed in offset. There is. on the other hand, another area ware and of magnetic and video tape re- Audio-visual products will, nonetheless, in which the organizing committees of the cordings, one is prompted to state that in be a valuable alternative to written pro- large and medium-sized meetings will be the near future we will see official texts, ducts and will, furthermore, offer to non- prompted to change their present prac- texts of the most interesting presenta- participants the opportunity to follow tices : the preparation of reports, working tions and of complete meetings in cas- some of the work in a way almost as live documents and minutes. Presentation of sette and video-cassette form. as if they were present.

2.2. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

2.2.1. Teleconferences of the meeting, which would result in a documents marked out on a sensitive card savings of the transportation expenses It is possible to distinguish between two by an electronic pencil. and the extra fees and per diems corre- types of communication at meetings. sponding to the days employed in travel- The cost depends on the number of The first type can be called vertical com- ing and stay. speakers, the length of the meeting and munication and refers to the relations be- the distance covered. One tends to think Modern telecommunications thus opens tween the meeting organizers and ma- that a conference by videophone would be other fields of application, particularly that nagers, on the one hand, and meeting par- costly in comparison with a normal tele- of teleconferences, or meetings held at a ticipants, on the other. This communica- phone call, even a conference call. How- distance. tion should be continual and flow in both ever, this procedure offers an unquestion- directions to keep the system from be- In this context, it is useful to note that te- able savings of time and transportation and lodging expenses (without mention- coming a rigid, unilateral, authoritarian leconferences can be held equally well ing the elimination of travel fatigue). The transmittal of simple instructions and est- among small groups of people (by tele- number of centers equipped for this sys- ablished concepts from the top down. phone) and among large gatherings (via tem is small at the present time, but it is satellite). The second type of communication, horiz- expected that the development of optic ontal, is the communication which occurs fibers will facilitate the installation of ne- among the participants in a meeting. tworks of centers covering all national ter- a) Small Groups itories. With regard to the first type of communi- We are already familiar with regular tele- A conventional telephone call between cation, it is of interest to note the possible phone calls which involve multiple partici- use in the long term of teleinterpretation New York and Los Angeles costs pants. This system, which has been used $36.00. while the same communication at large conventions and major confer- only minimally, makes it possible for many would cost between $300 and $2,000 ences. people to communicate at the same time (depending on the day of the week and by telephone. the time chosen) when accompanied by By «teleinterpretation » we mean simul- image transmission. Intercontinental te- taneous interpretation via satellite. Suc- This system has just added a new im- leconferences between small groups cessful experiments have been carried provement with the introduction of the are more expensive. The price of a 30- out in this field by UNESCO : the interpre- videophone, a combination of the televi- minute call between London and New York ranges from $3,150 to $5.000. ters at the Organization's headquarters in sion and telephone. The videophone, A duplex teleconference can be set up Paris received on a screen by satellite the which Americans call the « picture- images of a conference which was being between two points in around fifteen mi- phone », makes it possible for two groups nutes, but it takes up to eight days to set held at the same time in Africa and, by the no larger than 20 people in total, located up a triplex or quadruplex connection. same means, sent back the simultaneous at two different points on the globe, to talk interpretation of the speeches and pres- together and see each other on the tele- Setting up a teleconference studio with two screens : one for the image being re- entations, which was picked up by the vision screen. The mechanism of trans- ceived and the other for the image being earphones of the delegates present thou- mitting sound and image requires the use sent ranged in cost in 1983 from sands of miles away. of appropriate permanent facilities which, $100.000 to $1.000,000. in a small number of cities, are leased by This procedure is still at an experimental the national post office and telegraph and Besides multinational companies, which stage and could be more widespread if the telephone administration. Apart from the are already equipped with studios for in- costs were to drop considerably, as pre- network of public studios (called telecen- ternal teleconferences, other firms and or- dicted, and if the interpreters all lived in ters), the teleconference can also be held ganizations are gradually setting up their the same place, without having to travel to in private television studios located in own studios. For example, the large hotel perform their work. businesses or organizations. Public and chains, such as Hilton (projected 35 hot- private studios can be interconnected. els equipped by 1985). P.L.M.. Intercontin- In general, some European and North Am- The dimensions of the screen make it ad- ental. Sheraton and Holiday Inn have erican capitals with numbers of interna- visable to show one image at a time and linked some of their hotels. Their studios tional governmental organizations having therefore, for reasons of clarity, only the are available to their guests and the pu- their own permanent interpreters as well image of the speaker is transmitted auto- blic, and satellite reception and trans- as being chosen as the headquarters by matically onto the screen. During the tele- mission is performed by means of a para- most of the nongovernmental internation- cast, the two groups can communicate or bolic antenna on the roof. al organizations as well as by free lance speak by telephone, with no image in- interpreters, i.e.. Paris, Geneva. London. volved, outside the television circuit. Brussels, New York, would be favored by In the United States there are mixed opin- this system. It would, in effect, do away The presentations can be supplemented ions about the rate of video-telephone ex- with interpreters having to travel from by the tele-reproduction on the screen of pansion in the country. their usual place of residence to the place

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 261 While some predict a relatively rapid and sound in both directions, thereby prove this, it would suffice to say that none conquest of the market, others are more making possible the establishment of a di- of the forms of rapid, longdistance com- cautions in their projections. rect dialog among the participants. munication which have appeared during this century : the telephone, the telegraph, Along these lines, American Telephone The number of satellites which can be the telex; has replaced business trips and and Telegraph announced at the begin- used to distribute communications is in- meetings. On the contrary, in the same ning of 1985 its decision to close its Pic- creasing. Some cover only national terri- period of time the latter have undergone turephone Meeting Service studios in 6 of tory, while others have an international, unprecedented growth. This constitutes, the 11 cities where these studios had continental or even worldwide radius of therefore, parallel growth, not a competi- been operating for the previous three action. tive develoment of means of communica- years. However, at the same time, it indi- tion. Each has its own « raison d'être », a France uses Telemac. Transatlantic cated its intention to extend the service to situation comparable to the coexistence New York-London links are provided by 42 cities and to introduce it on the inter- of the theater and television, and of video continental market. Bright Star. The authorization agreed to in 1984 by President Reagan tor private and cinema. AT & T declared that in 1983. 120 cus- American firms to launch telecommuni- Here it is important to take into account tomers used the picturephone and that cations satellites opens the way for a the fact that in informative or decision- peaceful conquest of space by commu- the number was 180 for 1984. The annu- making meetings the communication al losses were estimated at around S4 nications and puts an end to Intelsat's among the individuals present is constant. million. According to the company, exec- monopoly. The expected competition utives were reluctant to hold teleconfer- will result in lowering the fees for placing During the meetings the communication ences in special studios and com- communications satellites in space. among the participants conforms to exter- plained, among other things, about the It is interesting to note that the first com- nal discipline and formality, but it is there poor quality of the image. munications satellite for the Arab coun- nonetheless. lt is present at all other times tries. Arabsat, of French production, was and under all other circumstances in more On the whole, the videophone industry is put in orbit in 1985. relaxed and spontaneous ways which in- expected to reach a turnover of S45Û mil- spire greater frankness and familiarity and lion in 1988. The cost of transmitting a conference long therefore, facilitate the reaching of com- distance involves three aspects : the mon goals; in hallways, during coffee technical equiment; the leasing of the breaks, at the bar, at the restaurant, dur- b) Larger Groups channel through the Ministry of Communi- ing a show, a visit or an excursion, in ca- cations (Eurovision fee if the link is an in- sual meetings, etc. Video-conferences take place between tercontinental one); and the production two or more groups which are meeting in and administrative costs of producing the These constant human contacts are not rooms geographically distant from each program in the meeting rooms. possible in teleconferences. other and which have the required infras- Furthermore, small meetings, such as tructure and a large screen. The means of As surprising as it may seem, this last seminars and working groups, as welt as transmission involves the use of commu- aspect may cause the meeting to be can- medium-sized meetings, are evidently un- nications satellites and the technical fa- celled owing to the high costs and mana- able to benefit from the new technology of cilities may be permanent or ad hoc. gerial difficulties associated with it. teleconferences. This is both because of There are two types of videoconferences In 1982 the Ford Motor Company organ- the obvious economic reasons and be- in use and both are used widely in televi- ized a teleconference with the participa- cause interest in them is low because of sion programs : the monolateral and bila- tion of 17,000 people. The 12 hours of their small size. teral videoconference. program by satellite cost $600,000. clearly lower than the $3 million required That leaves large conventions and confer- In the monolateral system, one center to bring the delegates together in the ences. transmits to another center which re- same place. It can be stated with certainty that the de- cieves. This is how conference discus- velopment of technology leads to reduc- sions can be broadcast to spectators in The above gives food for thought. Evident- tions in costs, which, in turn, make telec- receiving facilities in a different country. ly, the transmission of meetings by satel- onferences economically accessible to a lites located in outerspace gives meetings growing number of large conventions and Using this procedure, a medical confer- a new dimension. This new means of com- conferences. ence organized in Davos was able to munication gives anyone interested, transmit simultaneously to 26 cities in wherever he may be located in the world, The simple unilateral broadcasting of the United States a surgical operation the possibility of attending and even of meetings poses no theoretical problems. which was taking place during one of its It is merely a matter of the technical meetings. participating by means of sound and im- age, in meetings held in another part of means and financial investment. Primarily companies with many branches the world. However, it is practically impossible to or multinationals use mono lateral video- The formula is an attractive one, consider- conceive of multilateral sending and re- conferences to communicate at a dis- ing the fact that it permits an expansion of ceiving of programs between different tance and send their messages. the audience of a meeting by adding the points on the globe owing to the difficul- This technique can be chosen as a sup- interested public, which would otherwise ties in the complex administration re- plementary element to show a major event be excluded. Furthermore, it enables quired for the smooth running of meetings. live to a group of conference participants some travel to be eliminated, resulting in a Up to now, the most linkages established gathered in a city or province. For exam- savings of time, fatigue and expenses. Te- ple, in the context of the social activities. leconferences can even replace confer- simultaneously is five. it is possible to project to Atlanta the en- ences theoretically requiring the physical The most important event was the Inter- tertainment at a gala evening perfor- presence of the delegates in a specific national Symposium on Teleconferences mance at the Metropolitan Opera of New city. held via satellite in 1984 between London, York or a sports event of worldwide inter- Sydney, Tokyo. Philadelphia and Toronto. est occurring at a stadium located in ano- However, the generalization of this proce- An international conference of substantial ther part of the world. dure is limited by psychological, technical size easily brings together many dozens and economic constraints. of countries. Delegates come from Proceeding now to the bilateral and mul- hundreds of cities. As for large, intergov- tilateral teleconference, it is important at The notion that nothing can replace hu- ernmental conferences which last for the outset to note that it provides the pos- man contact among participants has be- weeks or even months, the countries re- sibility of transmitting and receiving image come an axiom. If it were necessary to presented almost always exceed 100.

262 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 At the present time it seems almost im- Let us go back to reality to consider the lo- number of monitors in the room (an aver- possible to imagine the organization of te- cal transmission of meetings by closed- age of one screen for every twenty per- leconferences bringing together dele- circuit television. sons). gates from all their different countries, not This system can be used in the same room to mention cities, becoming common Using this same process it is also possible where the meeting is being held in order to practice to transmit the proceedings outside the continuously show a close-up of the head room, to neighboring rooms, for example, table and the speaker's platform and 2.2.2. Closed-Circuit or even to the participant's hotel room, thereby provide greater visibility in the where he could conceivably follow the dis- Transmission room. In this case if suffices to place a cussions without getting out of bed !

2.3. PROGRAMS

In going over the minutes of meetings held and focus the general discussion, the goal ant. 41 % judged it important and 7 % in the decades prior to World War II, one is of which is to establish communication judged it of little importance struck by the verbosity and rhetoric of the both between the speakers and the audi- - the potential for communication among participants, who seemed more con- ence and between the participants them- delegates ranked third 52 % felt it was cerned with showing their oratorial skills, selves. In turn, communication is aimed at very important. 38 % felt it to be im- most often in support of radical ideas, bringing the discussions to clear and sub- portant. than with contributing to the search for stantive conclusions in a limited period of - organization of an exhibition was truth. time. ranked last. 59 % gave it little or no importance. It is just the opposite nowadays, when One is forced to admit that large plenary In the same poll, 82 % of those surveyed speakers hardly seek to polish their pres- meetings do not offer the ideal setting to thought it a good idea to encourage entations, however little. The general ob- develop this desire to participate in the spouse participation in the meetings. With regard to the development of pro- jective of organizers, rapporteurs and par- work of the meeting. grams for accompanying spouses, the ticipants is making meetings effective, do- generalized desire was revealed for the ing away with purely formal attitudes, cir- Modern organizers limit the number and coming years for there to be educational cumlocutions, sterile positions, intellectu- length of plenary meetings in order to de- meetings, greater integration of spouses al voids, and wasting time. vote more time to preparatory meetings in the general program of the meeting where attendance is lower: committees, and less social activities (fashion This is attributable to the desire to save seminars, working groups, etc. (These Shows, tours, etc.). time and, therefore, money. The economic smaller meetings are devoted to detailed crisis experienced since 1973 has only analysis and to preparing the plenary As we have seen, the general orientation served to accentuate this trend and its im- meetings, of which they are in some ways shows a trend towards attaching high va- pact on the agendas of modern meetings the vital organs). lue to efficient working sessions and to is felt to a certain extent. reducing the recreational activities. It is The trend towards encouraging communi- important to consider this trend in the light The present situation is characterized by cation has also led to a multiplication of of the austerity of our present-day world. seeking to establish as succinct agendas small, independent meetings which con- as possible, where communication pre- stitute an end in themselves: colloquia, A researcher in the field of conferences, vails over information and where work symposia, round tables, study groups, etc. Cray-Forton writes. " Now work ranks prevails over social events. first in meetings, social and sports pro- A study ( 1 ) sponsored in the United grams having been reduced to a bare Meetings consisting of a number of mas- States by the American Society of Asso- minimum. If, on the first day of meetings terful speeches listened to in silence by a ciations Executives (ASAE) in 1975 in- the agenda does not begin until 10 O'clock, many participants will arrive in mass of delegates and concluding with an dicates that : the city where the meeting is being held outburst of polite applause, belong to the - interest in the subject chosen was the most important factor of appeal to par- that same morning, in order to avoid the past. Nowadays, the public shows more ticipants. 68 % of those surveyed rat- expense of an extra night in the hotel ". maturity and seeks, more than before, to ed this factor as very important, 29 % participate collectively in the work of the as important, and 2 % gave it little im- For this reason, one tends to assume that meeting. There is a desire for the points of portance. meeting programs in the future will aim for discussion to be dealt with as concisely - meeting site comfortability ranked sec- greater originality and creativity and offer as possible in order to limit the subject ond. 52 % considered it very import- new areas of interest.

2.4. TECHNICAL AND AUDIO-VISUAL EQUIPMENT

The technological era has been upon us patient or snickering audience ! The times apparatus for their work than ever before. for some years now and we didn't even of breakdowns of machines, lighting, ven- Segmented working tables (square, tri- realize it ! The days of cumbersome, tilation, heating, are over! Gone are the angular, oval, circular, etc.! offer the pos- heavy, difficult to handle, defective and days of breaking into meetings to make sibility of a variety of quickly assembled. low-yield technical apparatus are over announcements over the loudspeaker to changeable geometric arrangements. Gone is the time when you had to blow locate delegates or announce scheduling Modular folding chairs, easy to arrange in into the microphone and tap on it to make changes. Nowadays everything is auto- different formations, can easily be folded sure it was working ! Gone is the annoying mated, remote controlled, run by high per- (including an armrest) to only a few cen- background noise and continual crakling ! formance computers, as we will see in the timeters thick. Gone are the days of showing slides lines to follow. backwards and in reverse order from that Moveable bars mounted on wheels can be established by the speaker ! Gone is the First, meeting organizers are able to offer set up anywhere in the meeting center to time of painstaking focusing before an im- users more appropriate and sophisticated serve cold drinks. The speaker's rostrum.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 263 consisting of a reclining lectern and hor- stenographic and stenotypist recordings. vice used widely in the United States izontal shelves for documents, a micro- It is expected that cassette recorders will principally in TV Programs, called the tele phone and lighting fixtures, can be disas- become even smaller and the duration of prompter. This is a device which enlarge sembled and put into a suitcase and reas- the cassettes even shorter, while main- the text, which is on a tape. The text is vis- sembled in fifteen minutes. The battery- taining a reasonable price. • ible to the speaker but not to the audience powered loudspeakers are also dismoun- Still on the subject of sound equipment, it and this enables the speaker to read his table and can be stored in a drawer. is interesting to note the plans underway speech while giving the impression that Administrative services have noiseless, to equip each seat with an individual, ult- he is looking at the audience. In reality, the battery-powered, ultralight (2 Kg.) elec- ra-sensitive telephone which would en- text is projected onto glass in three differ- tric typewriters, miniphotocopiers and able meeting participants to communicate ent places some 10 meters in front of the color and three-dimensional photocop- among themselves without bothering their speaker, to his left and to his right. The iers with enlarging and reducing capabil- neighbours. mechanism is controlled by the speaker (or by an experienced operator) who can, ities, high-performance telecopiers for re- These days, the presentation of a report is at will speed up, slow down or stop the producing documents at a distance, tele- almost always accompanied by visual or text going by, or even revese it. The phone-operated dictaphones, very fast audio-visual projections. Whatever the speaker can read the text at will and move ultra-light composers for composing technique used, the projection of dia- his head from one side to the other natu- names, titles, badges and plastic-covered grams, charts, statistics, pictures, typed rally. identity cards (250-400 professional qu- written messages, all types of data, grabs ality badges can be made in an hour). the attention of the audience, increases The teleprompter can be an important aid, Delegate and VIP security is provided by the speaker's powers of persuasion, and especially when the speaker has to trans- beam alarm systems and TV circuits. facilitates the assimilation of the material mit a large amount of technical data diffi- It is a mistake to think that all the equip- by the audience, while at the same time cult to memorize. It enables the speaker ment commonly called « audio-visual providing an improvement in teaching me- who knows how to use it to relax and to equipment » is in reality that. In many thods in meetings whose primary goal is concentrate more on the report, freeing cases this term should not be used, since educational. him from having to memorize it and related concerns. some are purely visual equipment, others Image sequences are necessary inas- are purely audio equipment, and a third much as audience attention fluctuates. At Despite appearances, this method does category groups these two aspects. a given time less than 25 % of the audi- not impinge upon the art of drafting a ence may be following a report. When at- speech, so important to Europeans im- The importance of any mainly visual sys- tention flags, it suffices to cut in on the bued with classic Greco-Roman culture. tem is explained by the fact that the lar- spoken message with a visual one in order Indeed, the speaker must still draft his text gest part (83 %) of the information to recover the audience and present con- in accordance with his own parameters. It needed by man and processed everyday cepts which would otherwise be lost. by his brain enters through his eyes. Au- does not do away with occasional improv- ditory information is limited to 11 %, olfac- This method may be indispensable, but it isation nor does it improve a speaker's tory to 3.5 %. tactile to 1.5 % and gustato- is not a panacea. A boring presentation eloquence. ry, to 1 % (2). will continue to be boring despite the use of all types of audio-visual apparatus. Au- It is clear, on the other hand, that use of On the subject of equipment involving the dio-visual systems are an unquestionably this device requires some training on the sense of hearing, it is interesting to take valuable support, but the prime element is, part of the speaker or operator. Addition- note of sound transmission by infrared and always will be. the speaker and the in- ally, the speaker will, after all, have to read light, which has replaced use of wiring, formation he has to offer. his text 2 or 3 times before delivering it. which is painstaking to install and also the wireless, inductive system. Let us continue to consider market trends Lease in France of a teleprompter costs in new technical means by examining 1.700 FF per day. 7.000 FF per week The advantages of infra-red light beams purely visual equipment and 18.000 FF per month. Purchase is are principally : high sound quality, elimin- also a possibility. ation of parasitic interference from the The generally vertical information which outside and protection against unwanted meeting organizers communicate to dele- Another communications tool that is pre- listening. Indeed, infra-red beams are un- gates, including the agenda of the meet- dicted to receive increasing use in meet- able to go through walls or to be picked up ing and locating people, has been, up to ings is the laser beam. Its spectacular ef- outside them. now, transmitted by announcements fects make it a powerful tool in livening up In simultaneous interpretation, infra-red tacked up on bulletin boards or made meetings and communication inside the light makes it possible to use 9-12 chan- through loudspeakers. Specialized com- meeting room. With a laser beam you can nels ( 1 4 channels are offered by the fixed panies now offer the possibility of using write, draw, reproduce graphs, produce cable system, 8 by the wireless circuit optical panels of differing sizes for these luminous boards, arches and decorations system). same purposes. These may reach large synchronized with fireworks. sizes to project moving or fixed messages All small wireless apparatus (plans are programmable up to 3,500 letters and The cost of installing a laser system can underway to produce receives hardly big- symbols. The characters, made of high- reach 500,000 FF. but one can be ger than a pack of cigarettes) infrared ear- performance, large viewing-angle élec- leased from 20.000 FF. phones are easy for conference partici- troluminescent elements, are readable up pants to keep as souvenirs or under the to 18 meters away. Messages can be fully Computers and computer terminals are misconception of their usefulness in the or partially blinking words or lines. called upon to play a major role in confer- home. ence halls. The idea of electronic voting. The panels are adaptable to any space The trend towards miniaturization and for example, is not a mere dream; it has al- lighter weight in equipment is felt at all le- and are of regular dimensions. Their pot- ready been put into practice in large inter- vels. For example, there are earphones ential for text storage and programability national organizations, parliaments, mu- with foam pads whose weight is ex- for a set date and hour make them very nicipal councils, etc. Voting is performed pressed in grams (80 grs.), minimicro- useful. as follows : the voter inserts his magnetic phones shaped like pens whose diameter The speaker may make use of a magnetic voting card into the reading device in front is no more than 13 mm. board to show a series of figures, num- of him: he then presses the button of his bers, symbols or letters. choice, yes, no or abstain; the final results Video taperecordings on erasable, reus- appear in a few seconds on a lighted able tapes will perhaps never replace This is only a minor detail in comparison board which also shows the number of vo- with the possibilities which have been written reports, but they will edge out ters registerd, the number of persons offered for several decades now by a de- present, the required quorum, the vote in

264 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 terms of percentages. This system has The backdrop for the projection is a por- tion between the chair and the audience many other applications. By providing all table screen or a movie screen. Nonethe- in three large meeting rooms, and en- those present with keyboards and less, for fixed image projection a televi- larges images to a maximum (for example, screens, it would enable interpreters to sion screen can also be used. images of surgical operations). look up. at the speed of light, technical terms stored in the computer memory, as With automatic projectors it is possible to In the most recent Suoer-8 models the well as to send messages to the speaker achieve a dissolve effect (one image dis- reels are replaced by cartridges. (too fast, too slow, diction unintelligible, solves into the next one), making it possi- etc.). The chairman would also be able to Installation of a eidophore is extremely ble to avoid moments of darkness be- costly, but one may be leased at an ac- communicate directly with the speaker tween slides. By coupling two or more pro- cessible price : several hundred dollars (please conclude, your speaking time is jectors (up to 18 projectors have been per day. over, etc.) and, in turn, receive messages used at one time together) it is possible to from the secretariat. The participants animate fixed images : multivision. The Video has recently conquered all markets could ask to speak by means of the mag- slides are shown quickly and dynamically, because of its manageability and its abil- netic card, which would enable the com- one after another, side-by-side or super- ity to produce or reproduce programs very puter to provide the chairman with a list of imposed on the same screen or simul- economically. speakers' names and to etablish an irre- taneously on a number of screens, to form futable speakers' list. Participants could an ensemble of large images or separate A program taped on a video cassette is also receive personal messages (tele- ones, like a changing mosaic. much less expensive than if it were filmed phone calls, etc.). on 16 mm. or 8 mm. : furthermore, video Slides offer a luminosity and clarity of im- tapes can be erased and reused, another Under quite different circumstances it is age quite superior to that of film, which advantage. possible to project simultaneous inter- gives it a great advantage. We note here, in passing, that it is possi- pretation by sign language for the deaf ble to videotape not only television pro- onto the screen. The beauty of the images will be appre- ciated even more if the presentation grams, but also films from movie reels. What will become of traditional devices, lasts no longer than 5 to 15 minutes. Another use of video is to tape complete such as the episcope, for large-scale pro- Beyond this limit the audience will grad- meetings for the files, to supplement the jection of non-transparent material (writ- ually get used to the spectacularity, minutes, or to be sold to participants or ten or printed texts, books, brochures, which will inevitably cause a drop in in- other interested parties. Taped meetings terest. etc.), and the epidiascope, which projects can also be projected live through closed images reproduced on transparencies ei- circuit television inside and outside the From fixed images, let us now go on to dis- meeting room. ther singly or in series ? cuss moving images: film with a sound- track. There are now battery-operated videos, It can be predicted that they will survive as well as continuous cassettes which the technical upheavals underway, since Present-day movie projectors (35 mm., automatically rewind and re-show the they offer manageability and a quality- 16 mm. and 8 mm.) have done away with same program. This is an enormous ad- price ratio which otherwise will be difficult the bothersome noise of the fan, and with vantage for promotional programs in ex- to match in the future. Improvements in the beam of light which used to be emit- hibit halls and showcases. these devices will undoubtedly better im- ted. Projectors can be placed behind the screen, which is from 2 to 10m2 either age-quality and enlargeability at will. They The other novelties include large, fold- made of white cloth or of beaded glass. will make use of the overhead projector away screens (10 m2). and, on the other There are also slanted silver screens for widespread, enabling the speaker himself hand, videos with a small, incorporated fixed or moving image projection in semi- to show the illustrations without having to screen (6 to 8 inches), which can be easily darkness or daylight. go down into the room or turn his back to fit into a small suitcase. The most recent the audience. Additionally, these devices models are able to project images without perform well, even in normally-lit rooms The 35 mm. format is reserved for films by professional filmmakers destined for having to darken the room and without and are becoming increasingly lighter in showing in public cinemas. Note : a por- losing any image quality. Video discs con- weight and smaller in size. table 35 mm. projector weighs around stitute the latest development. In the me- 30kgs. dium term they will probably replace video The use of the episcope and the epidia- A large number of documentary and cassettes. They have been widely used in scope will probably be limited to small, scientific films are made in 16 mm. the United States since 1974 and have seminar-type meetings : projection range The most manageable and economical just been introduced in Europe. The ad- currently reaches 10 meters and will not system is the 8 mm, and Super-8 mm. vantage of synthetic discs over cassettes likely change substantially. format. This system is only good in small is that the scanning is done by laser beam, rooms, because it is difficult to get a thereby enabling the original quality to be Having discussed visual equipment, let us clear picture beyond 15 m. maintained indefinitely. Furthermore, they now briefly turn to the range of devices can be copied more quickly and at a lower A device which provides sensational per- which provide both image and sound, to price than cassettes. It is expected that formance and is increasing its applicabil- audio-visual devices. the signals on these discs (30 cm. in di- ity is the eidophore, which projects ex- ameter, with a duration of from 10 to 45 traordinarily precise black and white or Nowadays it is quite normal to synchron- minutes) will, in the future, be able to be color images on giant 12 m. x 16 m. (200 ize a fixed image presentation with a transformed into three dimensional pro- soundtrack consisting either of back- m2) screens. It is also able to project the jections. ground music or spoken commentary. image of the speaker onto a giant screen While there are still slide projectors which behind the head table, while he is speak- The disc system, however, has some dis- are not automatic or semi-automatic, pro- ing in an amphitheater holding thousands advantages. The user can use only prere- fessionals prefer automatic models in the of people. corded programs, since recording and carousel version which take care of start- program creation is not yet available to in- There are three models of the eidophore. ing up and showing the slides, one after dividual users. the other, at regular, programmed inter- One is for black and white projection, the vals. For semi-automatic projectors it second is for color projection and the third Apart from the degree of development, it is should be noted that remote control is for double luminosity projection. a pity that there is no standardization of (starting up, stopping, going backwards, these systems. Three different systems pace adjustments) is performed by infra- Use of this device is especially interesting are on the market and all are incompatible red light. because it can improve the communica- with each other.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 265 5. MEETING SITES AND CENTERS

2.5.1, Traditional Sites pense of countries which previously had - it has political stability and a good inter- national image; A study of the geographical distribution of the monopoly. meetings (3) in 1983 showed that interna- Apart from receiving facilities, the other - it offers an appropriate reception struc- tional conventions and similar meetings factors which enter into choosing a given ture. were highly concentrated in the industrial- country as a site for a meeting are the fol- ized countries. 73 % of the market corre- lowing : Still regarding international meetings, it is sponded to Western Europe and North - the country possesses a large number important to note that the study referred to America, while the remaining 27 % was of governmental and non-governmental in footnote (3) reports that these confer- divided among the other regions of the organizations which are the principal ences and similar meetings are usually world : 11 % m East Asia and the Pacific; promoters of international meetings. concentrated in the large cities, the capi- 6 % in Eastern Europe: 4 % in Central and This is the case with France, Switzer- tals and important centers as indicated in South America; 3 % in Africa; 2 % in the land, Belgium and Great Britain; the following table. Middle East; and 1 % in South Asia. - it has a large international communica- These figures point out, once again, the tions network; imbalance which exists among the differ- ent parts of the world in almost all fields, 2.5.2. Unusual Sites and more specifically, in tourisme. Furth- The main countries Constantly on the look-out for new sites, ermore, the situation only reflects the cur- for some organizers of meetings and similar rent economic situation of the different international meetings events seek to organize meetings in out- countries. of-the-ordinary places, sometimes even in 1984 However, upon thorough analysis one can in circumstances which reveal more a de- detect a trend within this general picture. sire for adventure than for comfort. Some 30 years ago Western Europe and Here it is only a matter of experiences Nord America accounted for 90 % of all in- Number which may, in turn, inspire other innova- ternational meetings : 82 % for Europe Country tors. and 9 % for North America. The market meetings shares of the other areas in 1950 were the 1. United States 639 following ; Central and South America. 2. France 590 Airport 4%; South Asia, 1.75%; East Asia and 3. Great Britain 511 Four deluxe, high security VIP rooms have the Pacific, 1 %; Africa, 1 %; East Europe, 4. Fed. Rep. Germany 360 been set up at the Vienna airport for use 1 %; and the Middle East. 0.25 %. 5. Switzerland 323 by meeting organizers. The rooms, which The decline of Europe's position in relative 6. Belgium 308 are named after great musicians : Bruck- terms is parallel to the stagnation or de- 7. Italy 287 ner, Schubert, Haydn and Mozart, are cline in the position of Central and South 8. Austria 241 equipped with television and video as well America, and South Asia, while it is com- 9. Netherlands 206 as telex and can be joined to make a us- pared with the growth in the markets of 10. Canada 152 able area of 300 m2. The delegates enter North America. Africa, East Asia and the (Source : UAI) through a special entryway, without going Pacific and Eastern Europe. through passport control of customs (5). Furthermore, it can be reasonably as- sumed that the generating markets of inter- national meetings and participant senders Main cities for international meetings (1984) have not changed substantially from 1950 to 1983 and that they coincide with the tourist sending markets of Western Eu- Austria Great Britain rope and North America (4). 1. Vienna 1 . London However, the receiving market has under- 2. Salzburg 2. Brighton gone some changes. In 1950 it was one 3. Edinburgh, Oxford and the same as the sending market, while in 1984 it tends to be disassociated Belgium Italy and to grow in size. 1. Brussels 1. Rome 2. Liege 2. Florence In other words. European and North Amer- ican meeting-goers who used to travel 3. Antwerp 3. Milan only within their own area to attend inter- 4. Venice national meetings, now travel to other ar- eas of the world able to receive them, as Canada Netherlands is the case with East Asia and the Pacific 1. Montreal 1. Amsterdam and, to a lesser extent, Eastern Europe. 2. Vancouver 2. The Hague However, it does not follow that these 3. Toronto 3. Rotterdam meeting regions are becoming sending markets, but they have begun, non ethe- France Switzerland less. to make their appearance on the re- 1. Paris 1. Geneva ceiving market. 2. Strasbourg 2. Zurich Thus, it is possible to consider the theory 3. Nice 3. Lausanne that to the extent that new countries be- come developed and open themselves to Germany (Fed. Rep.) United States international currents and/or become 1. Berlin 1. New York equipped with their own facilities for hold- 2. Munich 2. Washington ing international meetings, they carve out 3. Hambourg 3. Los Angeles part of the meetings market at the ex- 4. San Francisco (Source UAI)

266 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Bus In Amsterdam it is possible to hold meet- seven hundred-year-old castle of the A British firm has produced a double- ings at the Sonesta Congress and Cultu- Duke of Atholl, delegates can attend decker bus like those normally seen in ral Centre, which is an old, XVIIIth Century showings of the costumes of the epoch, London, for small meetings. The lower le- Lutheran Church, after being regaled by the village Highlan- vel has a bar, small tables with chairs and The National Council of Churches leases ders. a small kitchen. On the upper level 16 to conference organizers the old convent An original setting is offered in England for people can meet around a table. This bus of Ayia Napa. on the eastern coast of Cy- holding meetings: a haunted house in is hired for from 175£ per day. The rate in- prus (7). which the conference-goer can sleep in a cludes a driver and a 150 Km. itinerary (6). The Quaker House (popular name for the coffin. At the close of the meeting, those Society of Friends) of London can hold who have not been frightened by ghosts Bank meetings of up to 1,200 participants. The can have their money back (23), The Trustee Savings Bank offers its facil- rental price is 30 pence per person (16). An association, the « Vereinigung Gast im ities at Shirley (Great Britain), especially Schloß », was founded in Germany to pro- on weekends, to small meetings of up to Cave mote the use as conference sites of 20 100 particpants (7). The rock of Gibraltar is full of caves. One castles in that country, some of which are of them, which is 300 meters below sea- veritable private museums in which one Boats level and was used as a hospital during can view large collections of art and an- tique weapons (24). The most luxurious paddle-wheeler in the the war, has been converted into a con- world, the «Mississippi Queen », an- cert hall and can be used as a setting for The Ducal Palace of Madrid, which was chored at Cincinnati and sailing on the meetings (7). the home of Cervantes and is now the Mississippi River and Ohio River is also seat of the Chamber of Commerce, offers used as a conference center. It has a 125- Fortress a collection of Louis XV furniture, Renais- seat theater, meeting rooms, a restaurant After 2 years of restoration, the fortress at sance rooms, stucco-decorated ceilings and first class cabines (8). Marienberg, Bavaria, was converted into a and walls, and has just recently been conference centre able to hold over made available for meetings(7). Its competition, the - Landing Show- 500 (17). boat ». sails the Tennessee River and can The white marble palace of Udaipur (India) accommodate up to 500 conference-go- is located on an island in the middle of a Railroad Station ers (9). lake. It consists of a conference room as In Providence, Rhode Island (United well as deluxe rooms and suites, proof of The fleet of catamarans which sails the States), the unused railroad station is the refined taste of the Indian Majarajahs. Thames River has a new addition, the used as a meeting site (18). In another palace, in Rambagh. also outfit- « Naticia ». which is specially devoted to ted to receive conferences, the delegates holding meetings (10). arrive on elephant (7). Kibbutz Bought by the City of Long Beach for S3 There are some forty castles belonging to In Israel there are five kibbutz which offer million and remodeled into a conference the French Government which have been their facilities for meetings. Some are lo- center at an additional cost of $48 million, put at the disposal of conference organiz- cated amid forests and equipped with the old ocean-liner, the « Queen Mary », ers. One can now hold a meeting in the sports facilities (19). has a number of meeting rooms (one ac- room where Francis I held receptions or in comodating 1,200) and over 400 double the Orangery in Versailles (25). cabins ( 1 1 ) . Underground Railroad A subway station has served as a meeting All the romance of the sailing ships of yes- Animal Reserves terday is recaptured in the four-masted place : the Aldwych Station in London was « Passat », anchored at Travemunde used for this purpose by an Australian Midway between Nairobi and the Kenyan (West Germany); where 130 people can group (20). coast, in the Taita hills, is a very original meet (12). Hilton hotel made up of individual stone Museum huts and equipped with its own runway, In 1984 the icebreaker "Stettin" ... built where meetings of over 100 participants 120 people can meet in the London Mu- half a century ago, was converted into a can be held. The hotel is located in the seum at the Barbican Centre (21). conference center for some 100 dele- middle of a wild animal reserve where li- gates. The rental is 7,000 DM per day, in- ons and elephants live (7). cluding food and drinks (13). Opera In 1981 the old Palace of the Opera of Brewery Frankfort was remodeled to the tune of Stadium Groups of less than 200 people can meet- DM 200 million into a concert and confer- The Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United ing in the new meeting room of the famous ence center. It has some 15 rooms, the States) baseball stadium is regularly used Whitebread Brewery in London (7). largest holding up to 2,500 dele- for large American conferences (7). gates (22). Religious Centers Historic Palaces Tent Founded in the 12th Century by the Au- gustinian Fathers, the Abbey of Ittingen We begin by referring to the Popes' Pa- 400 m2 circus tents are leased in the Unit- (Switzerland) became a Cartusian mon- lace in Avignon, which has housed a con- ed States for from $3,000 to $10.000 for astery in the 15th Century and was res- ference center for some years now. the duration of an event. These tents have the advantage of being able to be set up tored and secularized in 1982 as a confer- The « Residential Conference Centers » ence center. The Benedictine convent in anywhere and enlarged at will by means guide, published by the British Tourist Au- of attachable modular elements. Fishingen has experienced the same pro- thority, describes 75 aristocratic resi- In 1984 a number of tents were used in cess; the monks' cells are now used as dences, all located in the country and sur- Orlando. Florida, to house the 19,000 par- rooms by meeting participants (14). rounded by parks, which are available for ticipants in the National Congress of meetings. All the residences offer lodging The old nunnery of Koningshof Veldhover They include, for example, the castles of Kitchen and Bathroom Builders. Particular (the Netherlands), also converted into a the Marquess of Northampton, of Lord attention was given to the ground cover- conference center, has a meeting room for Brocket, of the Duke and Duchess of Rich- ing, acoustics and to the problem of tent 600 people, 178 single rooms and 87 dou- mond and of the Duke of Wellington. In the transparency. bles (15).

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 267 The Eiffel Tower The Zoo Space Station Since 1981 the Eiffel Tower has been able The Chessington Zoo, one hour from Noone should be surprised if in a few to offer a number of services aimed at ac- downtown London, offers organizers the years' time conventions, conferences or commodating up to 500 conference-goers Burnt Stub Mansion, a XlVth-Century seminars are organized in space stations in the - Gustave Eiffel •> room. 58 meters building located within its confines. For located beyond the airspace of the differ- from the ground. entertainment the zoo management offers ent countries of the world. animal shows (26). 3. Quantitative and economic aspects

As we will see later on. none of Alkjaer's 3.1. Number of meetings and participants hypotheses, even the most moderate one was borne out in practice. Present statis- In 1970, the Danish researcher Eljer Alkjaer, after undertaking a detailed study of interna- tics issued by UAI show not even a third of tional conference statistics gathered by the UAI, arrived at three hypotheses regarding the number of meetings forecast by Alkja- world meeting growth (27). In all three the average number of participants was set at 500. er's most pessimistic hypothesis. The number of participants is probably one- No. of fourth (29) the most pessimistic figures Participants Year Growth Rate No. of Mtgs. predicted by Alkdjaer. (1968) (Reference year) (4.000) 2,000.000) One thing seems certain : the failure of all 1975 18% 13.000 6.500.000 of Alkjaer's predictions through an excess 1980 20% 32.000 16.000.000 of optimism, essentially attributable to 1985 25% 98.000 49.000.000 four major reasons. They are : - the overestimation of the average num- ber of meeting participants, which is in reality closer to 300 than to the 500, 600 or 800 projected by Alkjaer; a) Optimistic hypothesis, based on a forecast of progressively increasing growth in interna- tional meetings : - the overestimation of the number of meetings for the reference year of 1968, No. of which, according to UAI data was in the Participants neighborhood of 2,000: Year Growth Rate No. of Mtgs. (1968) (Reference year) (4.000) (2,000.000) - the fact that Alkjaer did not know that 1975 15% 9.500 5,000.000 the annual growth in the number of 1980 15% 19.000 10,000.000 meetings before 1960 was only 1 0 % 1985 15% 34.000 17.000.000 (7 % between 1965 and 1975. but Alk- jaer was unaware of that at the time he made his predictions);

- lastly, it must also be taken into account that all development is subject to fluctu- b) Moderate hypothesis. This hypothesis assumed a sustained growth rate of 15 % between ations and to unknown factors which 1968 and 1985; The number of participants is rounded off. elude all efforts at calculation; for exam- No. of ple, the world economic crises, unfore- Participants seeable in 1968, did not bring about a Year Growth Rate No. of Mtgs. major recession in meetings, contrary to ( 19 6 8 ) (Reference year) (4.000) (2.000.000) what happened in other sectors of the 1 9 7 5 15% 9.500 5,000.000 economy, but it did. however, slow an- 1980 10% 15.000 8,000.000 nual growth. 1985 5% 19.000 10.000.000 In his utopie considerations. Alkjaer ex- pressed the fear that the conference- meeting hall and convention center infras- tructure would be unable to keep up with c) Pessimistic hypothesis, based on continued slowing of the growth rate, the average num- the increase in the number of meetings. ber of participants per meeting remaining 500 and the total rounded off within 5 %. Indeed, he envisioned « spectacular de- velopment » in large conventions of over No. of 2,000 participants and repeatedly stated Participants that in the future the infrastructure would Year Growth Rate No. of Mtgs. act as a catalyst on demand and even be (1968) (Reference year) (4.000) (2.000 000) a determining factor. He concluded by 1 9 7 5 15% 9.500 5,700.000 stating that the creation of a large number 10% 15.000 10.500.000 of conference services (of higher quality) 19801985 5% 19.000 15.200.000 would stimulate the growth of » super- conventions ». Fifteen years later, a sur- vey by the Convention and Exposition Center of Berlin (30) revealed that meet- A few years later. Professor Alkjaer revised his projections (28) as follows The three hy- ing rooms in West Germany are only used potheses described above were replaced by a single one, modeled on the earlier pessimis- an average of twice per week. This con- tic hypothesis, with the difference being that the average number of meeting participants clusion is probably valid for all confer- was increased gradually : 500 in 1968. 600 in 1975. 700 in 1980 and 800 in 1985 ence-receiving developed countries.

268 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 In 1973, the Chamber of Commerce of Pa- ris, planning to open the Pans Convention Palace, carried out surveys and studies International Tourism (annual average) on the possible development of the meet- ings market. It arrived at the unqualified International meetings (annual average) conclusion that, « No cooling of the pas- sion for meetings is expected ».

Two years after the publication of Alkja- er's first predictions, two Swiss research- ers. G. Gamma and M. Accola, published a book (31) in which they corrected Alkja- er's data, limiting the average constant growth rate to 7 % per year (one point over the projected growth of international tourism) from 1968 to 19 8 1 , with an un- specified degressive growth rate from 1981 to 1985. This brought them to pre- dict 10,000 international meetings in 1985.

In 1975. a USTS study (32) reached the same conclusions: the projected growth rate for four prime markets (North Ameri- ca, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia and Australia) would be 7.5 % annually for the following 20 years.

Also in 1975, the publication .< Voyages et Affaires « (Travel and Business) project- ed, on the basis of parameters unknown to us, a regular 3 % increase per year in the number of meetings.

The following year the ASAE carried out a survey of the foreseeable number of con- ventions and similar meetings to 1985. The majority of the 200 associations which responded to the questionnaire predicted a general increase of nearly 24% in the number of meetings and a 78% increase in the number of partici- pants, the most spectacular increase af- fecting seminars and conventions them- International tourism and international meetings selves, 140%, while assemblies were predicted to rise only moderately by (Development from previous period) 9% (33).

For his part, Krippendorf (34) predicted in 1950/60 1960/65 1975/80 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1978 a 1 % annual growth rate for meet- ings over the following 30 years. International Tourism + 180 % + 62% + 33% + 1 % - 1 % + 0.22% In 1978, the more reserved publication + 1 % -1 % « Tagungsorts » (35) announced a con- (yearly average) (+ 1 8 % ) (+ 22 %) (+ 7 %) + 0.22% tinuation of the increase in the number of International Meetings + 1 3 1 % + + 49 % -4% -6% + 1 1 % meetings while « the number of partici- 0.07% pants in many cases will drop ». -4% We have yet to discuss the joint study by (yearly average) (+ 1 3 % ) (0%) (+ 1 0 % ) -6% + 1 1 % Jost Krippendorf and Peter Müller (36) in 1983, based on interviews of ten experts on meetings. Without issuing a verdict as of mostly contradictory studies, predic- Except for the five-year period from 1960 to the quantitative development of the tions and analyses available up to now. In to 1965, everything seems to indicate that market as a whole, the two authors pro- the absence of precise indicators, it would international tourism and meetings on the jected the development of each type of certainly be of interest to know at least if whole showed the same upward and gathering. They stated that in the future the quantitative development of meetings downward trends, For each positive or ne- mammoth conventions of over 2,000 dele- parallels, to some extent, development in gative change in international tourism gates will be an exception and that the av- other socioeconomic areas. Can we, for there is a corresponding change in the erage number of participants in a single example, relate meeting growth to growth same direction, but with differing intensity, meeting will be between 200 and 500. in tourism, or would it be better to relate it in the number of conventions and other to growth in transportation, as Alkjaer did meetings. Sometimes the movement is More radical conclusions were presented in 1966 when he noted that the increase greater in tourism, while at others it is previously at the 13th IWKI Seminar at In- in transport traffic was three times higher greater in the field of meetings. nsbruck, which predicted an increase in than economic growth ? The former alt- the number of meetings having less than ernative seems better to us. Dwelling for a moment on the 1950 to 200 delegates (37). 1960 period, we find that during that de- In noting the relationship between inter- cade international tourism rose at an an- It must be stated here that it is difficult to nual rate of 18%. whereas the annual draw specific conclusions from the mass national tourism and international meet- ings the year 1970 should be disregarded, growth rate for meetings was 13 %. since UAI data for that year is not very re- In the five-year period between 1960 and liable owing to a change in methodology. 1965, the growth rate of tourism dropped

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 269 The data gathered in this study at this to zero while there was zero growth in 1982 was clearly negative in both fields : meetings. stage bring to light the conformity and do - 1 % for tourism and - 6 % for meetings. conformity found in the growth of the From 1975 to 1980 tourism growth slowed In 1983 recession gave way to stagnation num- again to 7 %, nonetheless very positive in tourism. +0.22%, while recovery was ber of meetings and of participants. considering the world economic crisis. quite patent for meetings, 11 %. Parallely. growth in meetings was slightly It is useful to note in passing that there Regarding a future projection of the above higher: 10 %. is some conformity at the national level mentioned growth, common sense makes with the above trends : us wary of formulating suppositions The delayed effects of the economic crisis - in 1982 in France the Pans Conven- which, while they certainly differ from the were felt after 1980 and there was a deep tion Centre recorded a drop in the exaggerations of the '70s, would run the recession in 1982. followed by recovery in number of meetings and participants risk of being mere intellectual speculation. 1983. of 1 7 % and 27% respectively. The Nancy Vittel Convention Center an- Let it suffice for us to underline the fact International tourism in 1981 showed nounced a drop in each, too. that in the previous three decades devel- - in the United States, the American nearly zero growth, + 1 %. over the previ- opment has never been linear, but rather Management Association indicated ous year while international meeting re- that there was a 4 % drop in 1982 in has followed more or less the curves of sults were negative : - 4 %. the number of seminar participants. the international economic situation and world tourism growth.

3.2. OTHER MARKET FACTORS

3.2.1. Length served that the average length of this lat- SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL LEVEL. Al- ter type of meeting only reaches half that though there is no research to corroborate Despite the lack of precision in the work of international meetings. There are no this notion, one can accept the probability done in different countries to determine data on this subject for purely local meet- that delegates pertaining to higher socio- the average length of meetings of all type ings, but everything seems to indicate that professional levels, thereby receiving pro- -studies of the length of the meeting itself they are slightly shorter in duration than portionately higher incomes, stay in the and of the stay by participants in the host the national meetings referred to above. city or country where the meeting is held city or country - one can accept the hy- longer than participants from lower social pothesis that an average meeting lasts 3 brackets. or 4 days. International meetings may The TYPE OF MEETING. According to stu- exceed this estimate of 4 days, while na- dies on this subject, meetings with limited It is thereby plausible that a convention of tional meetings rarely exceed 2 or 3 days participation such as round tables, sym- notaries or surgeons will last longer than in length. posia, seminars, etc., are shorter than a convention of students. meetings referred to as conventions or Certainly, these are general considera- conferences. An intergovernmental con- Turning to the factors which are external to tions, given the large number of factors ference, for example, is not measured in the meeting itself and which affect its which affect the length of a meeting one days but rather in weeks of duration. length or the length of the participant's way or another. stay, the following can be listed : The SPONSORING ORGANIZATION. It is - the attractiveness of the host city These factors can be grouped into two probable, though unconfirmed, that meet- categories : those that are inherent in the ings sponsored by the public sector are - accessibility of the host city. nature of a meeting and its participants. longer than those sponsored by the pri- and those which, to the contrary, are ex- vate sector, accustomed to giving time an ternal thereto. economic value and therefore spending it The ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE CITY. sparingly. It has been found that business This aspect does not lend itself to quanti- Among the inherent factors are the follow- meetings last from 2 to 2.5 days at most. fication. Rather, it is related to the site's ing : tourist attractions. Along these lines, con- ventions and similar meetings are gener- - the geographic scope of the meeting The SUBJECT OF THE MEETING. It would ally held in large tourist cities. (provincial, national. international, be interesting to verify the truth of the worldwide); statement made at Singapore that scien- One thing certain is that the length of stay tific and technical meetings last longer - the type of meeting and number of par- (and length of meetings) increases along than medical meetings and 30% longer ticipants : seminar, convention, confer- with the increase in the generally accept- than meetings on financial matters. ence, etc.; ed degree of tourist attractiveness of the host city. - the organization which is holding the The PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THE PARTICI- meeting : public of private sector; PANTS. The statistics of many conference cities published in recent decades lead us ACCESSIBILITY TO THE MEETING SITE. - the subject of the meeting : scientific, to believe that the length of stay of meet- It is undoubtedly for reasons of difficulty of ideological; ing participants from other continents is access rather than for lack of tourist at- longer than that of participants from the tractiveness, that stay in small provincial - the place of origin of the participants : same region (Europe, in the case of a cities is generally shorter than in capital national, intraregional, inter-regional; meeting in London, Paris or Berlin). The cities. For example, the average length of - the socio-professional level of the par- shortest stay is attributed to the delegate meetings of all types in 1979 was 5 days ticipants. from the country where the meeting is in London and 3.5 days in Brighton. held. This is the reason that some destin- ations, such as Singapore or the Philip- General conclusion pines, where the exotic element plays a The GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE of the meeting. Up to now we have discussed the factors We saw above that the length of interna- major role for delegates mostly from Eu- which influence meeting length. It would tional meetings is greater than domestic rope and the United States, show record be appropriate here to present some gen- meetings. In some cases it has been ob- lengths of stay of over 7 days. eral conclusions on the trends in meeting

270 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 COUNTRY Average length of Average slay of of July and August, which account for one- meeting/stay tourists registered third of the annual tourist movement, in lodging establ. while these same months constitute the low meeting season. Austria (1977) 4 days (Vienna) 6.7 days West Germany (1974) 3 days 2.22 days On the other hand, the winter is a low sea- United States 4.45 days (1973) 7 days (1975) son both for meetings and for tourism. France 4.10 days (1979) 7 days (197?) Great Britain (1979) 3.2 days (1979) 9.1 days (1979) This leads us to conclude that the low (except London) 2.5-3.5 days 12.4 days (1976) seasons are the same in both cases, but the high seasons differ, the time of intense Singapore (1972) 6.3 days 5.1 days meeting activity occuring during a fairly Yugoslavia (1977) 5.4 days (Dubrovnik) 5.2 nights low tourist season.

It is observed that along these lines tour- length which have emerged in recent They seem to be more regularly distribut- ists avidly seek out the heat of summer years; in other words, determine whether ed throughout the twelve months of the while meeting participants tend to flee or not we are witnessing a lengthening or year. from both the rigors of winter and the sum- shortening of meetings. mer's heat. A study of the subject on a regional level While we are not given to precisely pre- shows a preference for the month of Sep- Having said that, it would be of interest to dicting the development of this situation tember in Africa, with the rate of concen- obtain an accurate evaluation of the on the basis of available data, it would tration not being very high. causes of the seasonal nature of meet- seem possible to state that since 1970, ings. Is it the result of the climatic factors despite the present economic crisis, the There is also a tendency for meetings to of the host countries or rather the result of length of meetings of all types has under- be held in that same month in Western Eu- cherished social customs in the country of gone only a slight decrease. The decrease rope. Here, there are two high seasons origin ? Do the constraints which exist in the case of pleasure trips, particularly dur- is so slight (United States ; 4.45 days in during the year : one in September as we ing vacation periods, have an impact on 1973 and 4.10 days in 1979; Paris: 3-7 just saw, and the other in May-June. the seasons chosen for meetings ? days in 1974 and 3-2. days in 1982) that There is a low season in December-Jan- it would be wiser to speak of stagnation uary-February. At the present stage of research, it is not rather than of decrease. Indeed, although possible to give conclusive answers to there has been a decrease, it is only a mo- The characteristics of the United States these questions. We can only ask them at mentary one which possibly occurred in regarding seasonally are similar to those the present time. the mid- '70s only to be offset by an in- of Western Europe, however, the most ac- crease which erased the effects of the in- tive month is October rather than Septem- itial drop. ber. The second high season is April-May, but on the whole there is more balanced To conclude, it would seem advisable to distribution of meetings throughout the 3.2.3. Geographic distribution quickly discuss another matter of interest, year. Meeting sending markets are divided into namely whether the delegates who attend five categories : a convention or other type of meeting re- October is the preferred month for a large main in the host country more or less time number of meetings in Asia, with the ex- International meetings than ordinary tourists. ception of the Philippines where the situ- - National, provincial and local associa- ation is reversed : January and February tions and institutions account for more meetings than ail the The answer is a complex one, since tour- - National and local businesses ist and meetings statistics rarely include other months of the year combined. the concept of stay in the available tables. For information only, we publish the fol- At this stage the question arises of know- International meetings lowing comparisons; ing whether the high season for meetings - Multinational companies of September-October in most regions, - International governmental organiza- followed in some cases by May-June, There is nothing, ultimately, which would tions (IGO) coincides with the high tourist season. enable us to state, quite to the contrary, - International nongovernmental organi- that meeting participants stay in the coun- zations (INGO). try visited longer than tourists, as there is The answer is no, at least for Europe. Ac- nothing which would enable us to state cording to WTO conclusions, the high that the trend is towards meetings getting tourist season in this region is the months There is practically no data on the geog- shorter. raphic distribution of meetings held by na- tional and local businesses. Region % of meetings Main receiving countries

3.2.2. Seasonality Africa 4 % Kenya, Tunisia. Egypt. Ethiopia The concentration of meetings and other Central and South America 4.5 % Mexico, Brasil, Argentine similar forms of encounter during certain North Amercia (USA & Canada) 14 % Japan, Australia, Singapore months of the year is a phenomenon East Asia and the Pacific 9,5 % India. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka which is found in all parts of the world. South Asia 60% France, Great Britain, Fed. Germany Western Europe 5,5 % Czechoslovakia, Hungary. However, this trend is not a uniform one in Eastern Europe Yugoslavia all fields. National meetings, especially (including Yugoslavia) 1 ,5 % Israel business meetings, show less of a ten- Middle East dancy to be concentrated in certain peri- 100% ods of the year with respect toothers (38).

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 271 With regard to national and intranational These results are for 1984, If we study the While the number of meetings rose con- associations and institutions, we only development of the international market in tinually and uniformly, participation by re- have sporadic data which is hardly com- these regions in the three decades since gions in the world market, on the contrary parable and which does not enable us to 1950, we see constant growth worldwide underwent uneven variation throughout establish a full picture of the situation. in the number of meetings indicated by the the years, which resulted in a more ba- UAI and variations in their distribution lanced distribution of the flows between On the international level we have the throughout these same years. the different parts of the world. Western same deficiencies with regard to multina- Europe was especially involved in that its tional companies. The number of conferences and similar predominant role succumbed in favor pri- meetings worldwide has gone from ap- marily of East Asia and the Pacific Sub- We only know with regard to the IGOs that proximately 800 in 1950 to more than stantial growth was revealed also for East they tend to organize most of their meet- 5.700 in 1984: a 600% increase in 34 Europe. Africa, North America and the ings at their headquarters : Paris, London, years, which represents an annual growth Middle East, while the situation remained Geneva. Brussels, New York are cities rate of 17 %. The world economic crisis stationary for Central and South America. where most of the IGOs are located. since 1973 has not halted but only slowed this upward growth. A slight regression was seen in South Statistics, beginning with those from the Asia. UAI, quite often combine the data on the In the same period, all 8 geographical re- IGOs and the INGOs which organize gions have undergone substantial growth The development seen up to now is clear, (especially the latter) the most interna- in absolute terms in the number of meet- but it would be a mistake to make final tional-type meetings. ings held in their territories, but the rate projections for the future through simple has at times been different than the world projection of the data from the past. In- Consideration of these two categories to- growth rate. Therefore, the areas which deed, we may experience a reversal of the gether brings to light an obvious pheno- have had less rapid growth than the world situation in the coming years. menon. The conferences and similar growth rate have gradually lost ground in meetings of these two groups of organiza- the international market in favor of the re- tions shows the same geographical dis- gions with more rapid growth. In studying the points of conformity and tribution found in all areas of world socio- disconformity between the geographical distribution of meetings and of tourist economic development, namely, that the A detailed study of the situation leads us movements, it is interesting to consider most developed countries monopolize to distinguish two situations : the following data provided by the WTO : nearly all the international market. a) Decrease in world traffic : South Asia Arrivals of international tourists in 1983 : The UAI statistics support this statement. (2% in 1950. 1 % in 1984); Western Eu- Africa % In 1984 the twenty-odd countries of West- rope (80% in 1950. 60% in 1984). Central and South America 2.5 ern Europe and North America accounted North America 6 for 74 % of all meetings held in the world. b) Increase in world traffic : Africa (1 % in East Asia and the Pacific 12 The remaining 26 % were distributed over 1950 against 4 % in 1984); North America South Asia 8 some hundred other countries. (10 % in 1950 against 14 % in 1984): East Western Europe 57 Eastern Europe 11 Asia and the Pacific (1 % in 1950,9,5 % in Middle East 2.5 If we examine the results of the 8 main re- 1984); East Europe (1 % in 1950. 5,5 % in 100% gions of the world more closely, the dis- 1984); the Middle East (0.25 % in 1950, tribution is the following : 1,5% in 1983).

4. Conclusions

4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Following the unbounded optimism of the the national level the indicated slowing vel of modern societies, which create new '60s and early '70s when it was thought down is less evident. and imperative needs to communicate for that the growth of the meetings market purposes of information and continuing would continue unimpeded, there has In 1981 and 1982 Japan showed a education; been a time of uncertainty when it was growth of 16 % and 23 % respectively. In queried whether or not the market might 1982 Singapore rose by 18 % (25 % in - progress in cooperation, interdepen- not undergo an inversion on the heels of 1981 ) and Cyprus grew by 66 %. There dence and world integration, in the pres- was an unspecified decrease lor Italy in the adverse circumstances which ent world climate of relative stability: threatened it, namely : 1983 and the Philippines announced an increase in the number of meetings ac- - the increase in purchasing power, re- - possible saturation of demand; companied by a slight drop m the aver- duction of working hours and increase in age number of participants. economic means and free time for partici- - development of new techniques of long The above data are insufficient and even pating in meetings; distance communication making travel contradictory for use in formulating con- to meetings unnecessary; clusions. Rather than general market - progress in means of transport and trends, they indicate internal shifting in moderation of prices; - repercussions of the world economic meeting traffic from one sub-market to recession. another. - growth in associationism brought about by the dual phenomenon of fragmentation Demand has remained stable. In fact, in- The market seems far from drying up. On of knowledge and the creation of new so- ternational meetings have underwent the contrary, its expansion seems gener- cio-politico-administrative communities 11 % annual growth between 1975 and ally ensured by the following factors. at the intranational (autonomous pro- 1980 and only recorded a passing drop in vinces) and supranational (EEC. group- 1982. resuming their previous growth rate - the development of knowledge in gen- ings of countries by geographical, reli- the following years. 1983 and 1984. On eral and in particular of the educational le- gious, political, etc., affinities) level;

2/2 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 - diversification of supply : in Germany in foreigners, those from overseas stay the sessions in favor of meetings of commit- 1980 no one would have foreseen the con- longest at the place the meeting is held. tees and working groups. Thus, because struction of 63 new convention centers in of strict time control, agendas are becom- the following five years; If we consider socio-professional catego- ing tighter and tighter and seek to stimu- ries, it can be stated that meeting partici- - reaction to the economic crisis and to late communication in all its facets and in pants whose incomes are higher stay the context of disciplined discussion. the robotization of modern life. longer in the host city or country. If we consider the second element which Since most of the studies on meeting par- It has also been asked whether delegates to a certain extent could slow the growth ticipants' spending have been performed at conferences and other similar meetings of meetings, namely, the new techniques in dollars, an unstable currency if there stay longer at their destination than other for long distance communication, we find ever was one, it is practically impossible tourists, however everything seems to that they have not been rejected but ra- to compare the results in real terms from point to the contrary being true. ther welcomed enthusiastically by the one year to the next. Therefore, nothing traditional meeting world which they have As for the times of the year which are pre- can be said about the development of this contributed to reviving. ferred for meetings, these can be clearly market aspect. This leads us to accept the determined as being the seasons of tem- hypothesis that the average daily spend- The economic recession could have re- perate weather : May-June and Septem- ing by delegates amounts more or less to sulted in a compression of meeting organ- ber-October. The high meeting seasons the per diem allowances set by the United ization expenses and in a reduction in the are seen to complement the high tourist Nations, which vary substantially accord- number of meetings, but in reality it acted seasons which cover the months of July ing to the country, and in industrialized as a stimulus on the number of meetings. and August. countries is around S75-S85 per day per On the other hand, it can be assumed that person. it had a slightly negative influence on the Conventions and large and medium-sized average number of meeting delegates, international and national meetings are meeting length, programs and amount of preferentially held in large cities, espe- participant spending. cially capital cities. However, some small meetings where originality is sought seek (1) - Association Meetings Trends -n ASAE, Wash- out unusual sites, from Mississippi pad- ington, 1976. Regarding the number of delegates at dle-wheelers to converted convents. (2) - Konferenzen, Planung. Durchfuhrung - Kurt meetings, all observers agree in predict- Hoch. Munich 1972. (3) - The geographical distribution of meetings ing that after a number of years a reduc- Be that as it may, the appearance on the tion in meeting size will be seen. It is a fact throughout the world .. by G.C. Fighiera. market of new convention cities leads us Transnational Associations/ Associations that 60 % if not more of meetings of all to foresee fiercer competition to carve out Transnationales, types have less than 300 participants. It part of the market, as well as a more har- has also been observed that small meet- 3/1984. monious distribution of conventions in the (4) - Economic study of World Tourism -, p. 38. WTO ings such as seminars are tending to in- different countries and cities. Madrid. 1984. crease in number, Nonetheless, we lack (5) Conferences and Exhibitions. September 1983, the data to assess these statements both (6) Conferences and Exhibitions. February 1983. The geographical concentration of inter- (7) Conferences and Exhibitions. April 1984. on the national and international levels. national meetings in Western Europe is (8) Tagungs Wirtschaft. August 1979. Internationally the average of 300-400 gradually giving way to other areas, pri- (9) Meeting News. September 1982. participants per meeting put forth in an marily North America, South Asia and the (10) Conferences and Exhibitions. August 1980. (11) Travel Agency, January 1969. earlier study (39) can be considered valid. Pacific and East Europe. Western Eu- (12) Congress & Seminar. 9/1982. rope's share of the world market in 1950 (13) Congress & Seminar. 5/1984. (14) Congress & Seminar. 11/1982. The decrease in the average length is also 80%. dropping to 60% in 1984. (15) Conference & Exhibitions, Octobre 1983. more an assumption than a proven fact : in (16) Conferences & Exhibitions. June 1983. the case of Great Britain, for example, it is Organization techniques and program for- (17) Congress & Seminar, 7/1982. only a reduction of several hours. There is mulation have adjusted to modern times. (18) Meeting News. July 1982. (19) Tagungs Wirtschaft. April 1982. nothing to enable us to modify the stated In medium to large meetings the use of the (20) Convention London. 1981. estimate of an average length of 3 to 4 computer has promoted a streamlining of (21) Conference Britain. days for international meetings and of 2 to the administrative work, of financial ma- (22) Tagungs Wirtschaft. June 1981. (23) Conferences & Exhibitions. March 1985. 3 days for national meetings (40). nagement and of general organization. (24) Congress & Seminar, 1/1985. Supporting elements - typewriters, photo- (25) Conferences & Exhibitions. May 1984 It seems, on the other hand, that there is copiers, projectors and recorders - have (26) Contenance Britain, Autumn 1982. (27) - Character and Problems of Congress Tourism -. a relationship between the length of meet- also evolved and give higher performance by Ejler Alkjaer, in Congress Tourism, AIEST. ings and the number of participants : the in speed, quality and work. They also offer Berne, 1970. lower the number of participants, the advantages from the point of view of han- (28) - New Lines for development of the international dling, noise reduction, miniaturization and meetings market -. report by E. Alkjaer at the 1st shorter the meeting length. It is also noted Seminar of the Organization of American States that meetings stemming from the public replacement of electricity use by batter- held in Washington in 1972. sector, including IGOs, are longer than ies. Added to this is the introduction of in- (29) - The number of meetings in the world -, by Gian frared and laser beam systems. Meetings Carlo Fighiera in - Meeting & Congressi - , Milan, meetings held by private entities. The host No, 10/ 11, 1983. city also has an impact on meeting length : are also enriched by the possibilities (30) Congress & Seminar. 12/1984, offered by electronic voting, multivision. (31) - Das Wesen des Kongresstourismus -. St. Gales. small cities where there are less attrac- the eidophore, the teleprompter, tele-in- 1972. tions have shorter meetings than those (32) - The market for international congresses -. terpretation, the videophone and telecon- Washington. 1975. which are held in large cities. ferences. (33) - Association Meeting Trends -. Washington. 1976. It is a known fact that a substantial num- (34) - Tourismus im jahre 2010 - University of Berne. On the whole, meeting preparation has 1978. ber of participants prolong their stay in the improved and has more and more been (35) - VOSM-Kongress-und Tagungs-Berater - in city or country where the meeting is held left to professionals. -Ta- beyond the length of the meeting. There is gutigsorte -. Darmstadt, 1978. a common factor in this regard : the con- (36) - Schlittert die Tagunswirtschaft mit Vollgas ins The general desire to take maximum ad- Debakel ? -. Congress & Seminar, 11/1983, nection between the distance from the vantage of available time has led to a (37) - Der Kongreß - Motor des Internationalen country of origin of the participant and the shortening of the purely social and tourist Touris- length of his stay in the city or country of mus -, Innsbruck. 1980. programs in favor of the work-related pro- (38) - The seasonal nature of meetings - by G.C. Figh- the meeting. Foreign participants stay grams. The concern for efficiency has led iera (to be published by AIEST by the end of 1985). longer than national participants; among to a reduction in the number of plenary (39) See footnote (4). (40) - Average length of meetings - G.C Fighiera, in - l'Officiel des congres -, Paris, Ja./Feb. , 1983. ( 41 ) -Empirische Untersuchungen zum Kongresstou- rismus in der Stadt Zurich - . Zurich. 1984

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 273 4.2. COMPUTER PORTRAIT OF THE AVERAGE MEETING PARTICIPANT

The preceding enables us to paint a por- is less than 500 kilometers from his place age, up to 60 years of age and are in- trait of the average meeting participant. of origin when he prefers to make the trip versely proportional to the length of the Some of our conclusions coincide with by car. meeting : the shorter the meeting the those of Roland Stahel (40). higher the daily spending of our average After arriving in the city hosting his meet- meeting participant. Likewise, he (ends to The average participant in an internation- ing, he goes to a good or delux hotel (3-4 double his spending if he is a foreigner in al meeting is male, 40 to 50 years old, from stars). If his meeting is to last longer than the country where the meeting is held an industrialized country - European in the average (over 4 days), he prolongs his Furthermore, his social status influences most cases - and participates in more stay 24 hours beyond the closing of the his level of spending : if he belongs to a than one meeting of differing geographical meeting to visit the country and take ad- liberal profession, particularly if he is a importance (local, national, international) vantage of the excursions organized by physician, he is a bigger spender than per year. the meeting he is attending. participants pertaining to other profes- In 2 out of 3 cases his expenses stemming sional categories. In only one out of three cases he travels from his participation in the meeting are with his wife and only rarely with his chil- 60 % to 70 % of his expenditures are fully or partially covered by the company, dren, which only occurs when he goes to made for hotel and restaurant expenses. firm or institution he represents or who is a country he considers exotic. The rest is spread between drinks, enter- sponsoring his participation. tainment, shopping and miscellaneous The meetings he participates in are most- Without taking into account travel ex- expenses. The prolongation of his length ly held on the Old Continent, less fre- penses, it can be calculated that he of stay involves an increase in spending quently in North America, South Asia and spends in the host country an average of on " entertainment " (including excur- the Pacific. To reach the meeting he takes $75 to $85 (1984 figure) per day per per- sions), and « shopping », at the expense the airplane, except when his destination son. His daily expenses increase with his of other items.

274 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 EUROPEANS AND AID TO DEVELOPMENT

The survey we are publishing hereafter was carried out in the Jen European countries on request of the E.C.A.D. (European Consortium for Agricultural Development) and cofinanced by the Di- rection Générale du Développement of the Commission of the European Communities. The survey in the countries was carried out under the responsibility of ten associated national institutes forming « the European Omnibus Survey », coordinated ty Hélène Riffault. General Ma- nager of » FAITS ET OPINIONS », in Paris. All these institutes comply with the professional stand- ards defined by ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research). The overall results for the community are weighted, so that each country is represented in pro- portion to its population. As is customary for surveys of this kind, the European community commission cannot be held responsible for the formulation of the questions, the results presented or the commentaries. Introduction

The survey on which is based this report is the first one about the has its own particular attitudes on one point or another; the most attitudes concerning aid to the development of the Third World important national differences are pointed out in the report. The countries that has ever realized in all the countries members of the reader interested in the results in one particular country may refer European Community. It completes the researches, often of great to the tables which present systematically the results to the main importance, done during previous years in one or another country. questions for each individual country. A questionnaire has been set up after consultation of the national On some points, the chronological series of the Euro-Barometer surveys already published. It includes about 25 questions which surveys give points of references for the past years since 1973. have been asked during the same period of time and in the same This permit us to compare attitudes at different points in the time. conditions in all the ten countries. This report has been written as a reference document which pres- ents step by step, the different aspects of the information that has The main aim of this survey was to obtain an overall view of the been collected. An overall view of the highlights is presented at the opinion of the Europeans and to show the principal common end of the report in its integral version, which can be obtained from aspects of the opinion in the ten countries. However each country any of ECAD members (see p. 276). Overall view

1. There is no doubt whatsoever that Europeans are aware of the Helping under-developed countries is... severity of problems of Third World countries; two out of three Eu- ropeans believe that it is important or very important to help these countries. % % % This attitude has existed in Europe for at least ten years : one question, repeated ten times in the Euro-Baromètre surveys since 1973, provides a follow up for the development of public opin- 1973 - Sept. 26 40 66 ion (1). 1974 - Oct. -Nov. 20 35 55 1975 -May 17 29 46 1975 - Oct.-Nov. 17 31 48

(1) In the past, individual question concerning the possibility of increasing or 1978 - Oct.-Nov. 21 39 60 maintaining aid to Third countries were asked several times during Euro-Barometre 1983 -Oct. 21 46 67 surveys. Taking into account the difference of context and also phrasing the replies cannot be easily compared with the data from this survey.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 275 E.C.A.D. In 1982. a group of action-oriented NGOs for development, established in the European Community (E.C.) member states, joined forces and decided to cooperate with each other under the heading » EUROPEAN NGO CONSORTIUM FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES » (E.C.A.D.) * Each of these organizations has been working for over 20 years at the implementation of rural development programmes in Third World countries. Such a gathering of experience and know-how is aimed at improving the efficiency of each member's own action as well as joint efforts. The Consortium operates in the framework of the « food strategies - approach against « World Hunger ». This Consortium aims at: - increasing and improving food production in the least privileged communities in Third World countries, in order to meet the domestic needs and reach food security; - running development information and education campaigns at European and domestic levels. In 1982/83, E.C.A.D. cofinanced with the E.C. 22 food related development programmes for a global amount of ECU 9.477,890, in 12 different countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia. During that period, the Consortium further explored the most appropriate ways and means to increase food production, it also added another aim to those previously stated, namely: - to provide developing countries engaged in the planning stages of « Food strategies » with « a non-profit NGO consulting Consortium ». In the educational field, E.C.A.D. promoted and cofunded, in cooperation with the E.C. « Eurobarometre 2000 », a survey outlining and providing data on European public opinion's attitude towards development. Other initiatives were prepared and implemented in 1984.

(*) E.C.A.D. 'S members : BELGIUM : S.O.S. HONGER - 9. Quai du Commerce - Brussels FRANCE : COMITE FRANÇAIS CONTRE LA FAIM &/. RUE Cambronne - 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 WEST GERMANY : DEUTSCH WELTHUNGERHILFE - Adenawerallee 134 05 - 300 BONN 1 ITALY : MANI TESE - Via Cavenaghi. 4 - 20149 MILANO THE NETHERLANDS: NOVIB - Amaliastraat 5-7 - DEN HAAG 2514 JC.

As the above table indicates, the importance attributed by the pu- populations, instability of the political systems, the disorder blic to Third World countries significantly decreased after the first caused by the appropriations of resources by privileged minorities. oil crisis. However, remaining at a high level, it gradually increased On the other hand, Europeans do not accuse the populations of not from May 1975; in 1983 it was again at the 1973 level. wanting to work. At the same time, Europeans admit that these countries are confronted with problems of under-development that However, in the Autumn of 1983, Europeans believe that they have Europe lived through and took centuries to overcome while favor- their own serious problems and difficulties to deal with : unemploy- ing, in principle, a model of development which is not based on the ment, terrorism, pollution, un certain energy supplies, tension be- model of industrialized countries. tween the major powers, regional problems. Overall, as shown by a typology of replies concerning the images and prejudices, only approximately one quarter of Europeans exp- Finally, among all these preoccupations . the necessity of helping ress points of view determinedly critical or negative concerning the Third World countries is in the eighth place following the other Third World countries. problems.

4. The principle of helping Third World countries is very widely ac- 2. In the upcoming ten years the European public expects a certain cepted : 8 out of 10 Europeans are favorable or very favorable and amount of progress : science and technology will have improved believe it should be maintained at a current level at least; even giv- the situation of the poorest countries. It will also better manage the en the hypothesis of the worsening in the recession which would use of the planetary resources in the interest of future generations. decrease the standard of living in Europe. 4 out of 10 maintain that But the public does not believe that hunger will have finished; nor the aid program must be continued ( 1 ) . does it believe that the differences between the rich and poor countries will have decreased. An underlying reason for these favorable intentions to aid is doubt- less partially due to the feeling that the industrialized countries in The context is not an optimistic one; 40 % of Europeans believe Europe have a moral duty in relation to the Third World-this often that, no matter what is done, the Third World countries will never results from a certain feeling of guilt from the colonial era. But. at be able to escape their poverty. However, the policy of develop- the same time, there is a clear conscience due to the fact that the mental aid is widely supported. development aid provides a reciprocal interest for Europe. It should not be seen as a primarily commercial interest; in fact. 53 % of Eu- ropeans feel that in the upcoming 10 to 15 years, the events in the 3. Europeans believe that the world regions which need help are Third World countries, their political, economic, and demographic above all Africa, followed by India and Pakistan; South America and situation can have an effect on the life of Europeans in their own South East Asia to a much lesser degree. countries. There is undoubtedly a feeling of interdependence be- tween Europe and the poor countries of the Third World. A study of images and prejudices concerning Third World coun- tries, based on the replies to a set of 15 propositions, reflecting Just how far are Europeans ready to go ? Many of them (1 out of highly varied sterotypes of the condition of these countries, their 10) say that they would accept 1 % taken from their income to pro- economic and political structures and the type of relations that we vide better aid to Third World countries. This is doubtless a slightly have had or should have with them, reveals a high degree of per- premature reply, though at least if confirms the sincerity of the po- ception concerning the problems posed by a rapid increase in the sitions taken in favour of aid.

276 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 We have just seen how the majority of the public takes positions With the exception of the last level, which has no information nor favorable to aid to Third World, stimulated by the questions asked experience concerning Third World countries, the proportion of during the interview. But can it be stated, that, spontaneously, the people favorable to aid to these countries is just about the same subject of the Third World is a subject of reflection for Europeans ? regardless the level of information. But, while for the highest level 6 out of 10 say that they think only slightly or almost never about of information the degree of motivation is also high, the motivation it. We can thus state that only a certain section are motivated. More decreases significantly as the level of information decreases. specifically, out of 85 % who said they were favorable or very fa- vorable to aid, 41 % said they thought a lot or a fair amount about An important element can be drawn from this analysis : Europeans the Third World, while 44 % think rarely or almost never (page 66). who have personally visited or lived in a Third World country (level Thus we can legitimately consider that there is a « motivated » ++) are the most motivated in favor of aid to development; those opinion (41 %) and a potentially favorable opinion but « fairly un- who only have contacts with nationals from Third World countries motivated - (44%). The motivation here is characterized by the living in Europe, are just as favorable though slightly less motivat- fact that it is both favorable to aid and results from spontaneously ed. Therefore, the presence of immigrants in Europe does not re- thinking about the Third World countries. We will return to the ef- sult in a rejection of aid. Indeed, even people who show a certain fect of this variable concerning attitude behaviours (this is an af- hostility towards the presence of immigrants in their country (hos- fective variable). tility measured by the fact that they consider their country « does too much » for immigrants) are to a large degree favorable to aid to Third World countries. 6. How is public opinion concerning Third World countries formed ? We took into consideration two different types of informa- tion sources ; personal contacts and the media. 8. What form should this aid to Third World countries take, which As for personal contacts, there is either the direct experience with is so largely approved by European opinion ? one or several countries in the Third World : traveling or living In a series of concrete suggestions including 9 examples, the pu- ( 1 3 % of Europeans), or the indirect experience by means of na- tionals from these countries : contacts at work or in the neighbour- blic clearly favors all those which tend to encourage indepen- dence, in particular, concerning training and equipment, and are hood, at children's school (25 % of Europeans), The others, 62 %, did not have this type of contact at all, much less interested in assistance (for example, food assistance or sending experts). The promotion of small concrete projects at a local level is three times more favorable than financing large pro- h addition, the Third World appears through the media: 71 % of jects which may encourage a classical industrialization. More gen- Europeans say that they have recently read in a newspaper or erally, the type of actions which appear the most appropriate are heard the radio or television « something concerning Third World those which have a short term effect and which directly involve the countries ". This is a high proportion. The public does not complain population. about hearing too much of the Third World, rather the opposite; however, the public often doubts that the image given by the media corresponds with reality. 9. The public is undoubtedly not specifically aware of the type and Using the two different kinds of information explained above : per- relative size of the sources for financing the aid. The sources which sonal contact and information received from the media, it is possi- are the most often mentioned are those which are both known and ble to construct a 4-level scale which we will call : information - ex- which appear the most conceivable. In a decreasing order of re- perience, summarized below: plies : the government of the countries, private associations or in- - Level ++ : have a direct personal experience of one or several ternational organizations such as the United Nations, the Euro- Third World countries and have recently seen information in the pean Community, and, clearly behind the others, investments by companies and industries. media 1 0 % - Level + : have contacts with nationals and have recently seen, in- In terms of usefulness, aid provided by private associations and in- formation in the media 22 % ternational organizations such as the United Nations, are selected by the public over aid provided by governments or the European - Level - : have no direct or indirect contact but have recently seen Community (page 281 ). The action of the Community is clearly un- information in the media 46 % derstimated by the public, which no doubt does not receive enough information concerning this action. - Level - - : no contact nor information 22 % An intersting-dichotomy in replies to this question can be noted : 100% the European public is divided into two groups : on the one hand those who believe that the most useful aid comes from private as- We will return to the effect of this variable on attitudes and behav- sociations and. on the other hand, all the others. iours (this is a cognitive variable). - The first tends to favor more than the average, the forms of aid which involve the participation of the populations helped : small 7. What is the connection between the level of information - expe- projects at a local level, supply of equipment and training to encou- rience and degree of motivation discussed above? rage independence, guarantee of reasonable prices for exported products. They are also among those who have helped a Third World aid organization, the most in recent years, Proportion of people Total favorable to aid favorable - The second group tends more to support major projects and sending experts. and motivated fairly unmotivated Among those who believe that the most useful aid is...

According to the information/experience level : Level ++ 62 25 87 + 51 33 84 - 37 46 83 Level - - 17 52 69

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 277 Private organizations Other sources Overall 10. What are the most discriminating variables concerning the at- titudes toward the Third World ?

The analyses concern three types of variables : nationality, socio- Type of aid considered the demographic variables and the socio-political variables. most useful : We will not here go into detail concerning the differences in atti- - Supply equipment and 56 tudes concerning the countries. This point alone deserves ten na- training so that they tional studies; we can only hope that researchers will attempt this become independent 62 54 task. We can only state that a principle of aid to Third World coun- - Promote small projects 46 tries is approved by a great majority in all countries, and that the which have a direct feeling that what takes place in the Third World in the upcoming effect on the life years will have an affect on the life of Europeans is particularly of the people. 51 44 strong in the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands and in France The socio-demographic variables, in particular sex and age, do not - Make sure that the aid 36 play a very important role. benefits the poorest populations 40 35 However, the socio-cultural and socio-political variables have a - Guarantee a reasonable 10 very great effect on the opinions and attitudes. By this we mean the price for exported degree of education, the political predispositions in terms of left or products 13 9 right, and the leadership level. The effect of the different variables was emphasized several times in the report. - Finance major projects 16 which can encourage The « leaders », here defined as people who, regardless their po- industrialization 14 18 sitions in society, both voluntarily discuss politics and try to con- - Send experts 25 28 28 vince those around them, are most concerned by the problems in the Third World and are also the most favorable to developmental ENTIRE COMMUNITY - CUMULATIVE REPLIES ACCORDING TO ATTITUDE CONCERNING AID TO THE THIRD WORLD

Very For Somewhat against Entire much to some Very much for extent Most important: (1) against

Promote small projects 50 51 44 41 49 Finance large projects 22 17 12 16 18 Send food 25 24 15 13 23 Send skilled people 26 29 38 41 30 Train people from these countries here 40 38 37 36 38 Buy more products 12 11 10 17 . 11 Guarantee reasonable prices 13 11 9 6 11 Provide equipment and training 62 62 57 44 61 Make sur aid benefits the poorest people 36 40 42 40 39 Total is greater than 100 due to multiple replies.

This table shows that 3 of the 9 types of aid are mentioned proportionnally more frequently by individuals opposed to helping Third World countries : - provide skilled people to work there - Make sure that European help to these countries actually benefits the poorest parts of the population - Buy more products from these countries. One could assume that the reasons for these individuals hostility to the idea of aid is indicated here especially concerning the second of the statements.

Of these 5, which one do you thinks provides the most useful help to these countries ?

-ENTIRE The international COMMUNITY organizations like the United Nations 26

- The private organizations 25 - The (country) government 12 - The European Community 9 - Business and industry 6 - None of these 2 - Dont know 20

- Total 100%

278 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 aid Europeans who are more politically to the left support the ment and quality of life (example : increase the participation in principle of aid more than others : the effect of political positioning decisions by citizens », » guarantee freedom of expression » ). concerns less the approval or disapproval of aid (which is widely This dimension has a positive correlation with the left/right dimen- distributed on the different points of the scale), than the enthu- sion, but is not identical with it. According to Certain authors, it siasm with which this approval is manifested. In other words, the seems to correspond to a new separation which can be illustrated differences are greater at the level of words than at the level of by the fact that the protagonists for struggles undertaken for fem- principles inism, ecology, pacifism, etc. are not identical to those involved in the traditional struggles concerning ownership of the means of This phenomena is well illustrated by comparing the replies to production, or centralized control of the economy by the State. questions. The first is a hypothetical question : « if you were told The chart on the following page shows an analysis of the replies that, to help Third World countries, 1 % of your income would be to the key questions in the survey according to this scale of values, withheld, would you agree or not ? »; the second is a factual ques- as well as the positioning on the left/right scale and the degree of tion : * have you. in the last 2 years, either by giving money or in an- leadership. other way, helped an organization which is concerned with Third World countries ? ». The replies to the first of these questions are It shows clearly that the effect of the value system is greater than significantly different. The number of positive replies increases as the positioning on the left/right scale. The degree of support for aid the political positioning tends towards the left. The replies towards to Third World countries among the post-materialists, at least con- the second question are less different and tend to receive positive cerning principles, leads us to state that there is almost a coinc- replies as the political positioning moves towards the right. There idence between these two attitudes. is thus apparently a strong link between support to Third World id- As for the « leadership » variable, it also seems to play a very im- eas and political ideology. But is would be more precise to say that portant role, both concerning the predispositions to aid and the these attitudes are specially linked to the individual value system. operational attitudes. It is promising that the fraction of the public This appears clearly when the replies are studied according to a which is the most active in private discussions and which has in- scale which we shall call : materialist/post-materialist. fluence on those around it is also the section which most supports efforts of developmental aid and which contributes the most help- The » materialist/post-materialist » scale of values which has ing organizations concerned with the Third World countries. been currently used for 20 years for analysing public opinion data ( 1 ) measures the preference expressed by the respondents to a situation of forced choice, either for subsistence and material (1) Also see the work of Ronald INGLEHART. in particular : - The Silent Revolution - : security values (example : « maintain order ». « fight against rising Changing values and political Styles among Western Publics -. Princeton University prices »), or for values concerning belongings, personal develop- Press. 1977, CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE IMPORTANCE GIVEN THEM ENTIRE COMMUNITY

Very Little Not Don't Average imp. imp know imp. at imp. all Total index (*)

- Fighting unemployment 78 19 1 2 100 3.78

- Fighting against terrorism 64 27 6 1 2 100 3.5S - Protecting nature and fighting pollution 56 37 6 _ 2 100 3.52 - Ensuring energy supplies are maintained 46 45 5 1 3 100 3.41 - Defend our interest against the superpowers 43 39 10 3 5 100 3.28 such as USA and Soviet Union - Try and reduce the number both of the very 40 38 14 4 4 100 3.17 rich people and the very poor people - Reduce the differences between regions 25 52 14 4 5 100 3.04 of our country by helping the less developed regions or those in most need - Helping poor countries in Africa, 21 46 22 7 4 100 2.85 South America, Asia, etc. - Strengthen our military 23 27 22 13 5 100 2.75 defence against possible enemies

(*) The average index is calculated by allocating the numbers 4.3.2.1, to the various replies - very important -, - important -, - of little importance -, - not important at all - , respectively - No replies - , were not used for this calculation. The index values greater than 2.5 indicate that the problem is considered fairly important. The values lower than 2.5 indicate that the problem is considered fairly unimportant. The results are classified according to the index value in decreasing order

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 279 CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS ACCORDING 11. Finally, what is the influence of the level of information and ex- TO THE IMPORTANCE GIVEN THEM ( 1 ) perience and the degree of motivation on the images and preju- dices ?

BELGIQUE / BELGIE DANMARK The various opinions expressed concerning Third World countries are linked to two essential determining elements for attitudes con- Unemployment 3-68 Unemployment 3.83 cerning aid to development: a cognitive determinant on the one Terrorism 3.41 Environment 3.79 hand, which is revealed by the level of information, and an affective Energy supplies 3.39 Terrorism 3.78 determinant on the other hand, which is expressed through the de- Environment 3.38 Energy supplies 3.73 gree of motivation in favor of the Third World. We have described Rich-poor 3.34 Superpowers 3.33 these two variables in the preceeding pages. As it involves fairly Superpowers 3.14 Third World 3 . 1 1 schematic attitudes and prejudices, the affective determinant Regions 3.03 Rich-poor 3.03 plays a greater role, but the level of information nonetheless has Third World 2.78 Regions 2.90 a significant influence on most of the themes. A more specific study Defence 2.66 Defence 2.65 of the correlations between these various opinions and the two X = 3.20 X = 3.35 cognitive and affective determinants results in 6 major groups of attitudes which range from a high degree of support to the Third DEUTSCHLAND FRANCE World countries to a rejection of the very idea of development of these countries (see page 93 - the table of correlations). Unemployment 3.77 Unemployment 3.77 Environment 3.63 Terrorism 3.58 A first group of opinions is characterized by a clear influence of the Energy supplies 340 Environment 3.45 level of information and by the even greater effect of the degree of Terrorism 3.36 Superpowers 3.37 motivation in favor of the Third World. The fact that the affective di- Superpowers 3.21 Energy supplies 3.36 mension is preponderent but is however combined with the cogn- Rich-poor 3 . 1 1 Rich-poor 3.24 itive dimension, leads to a definition of this group of opinions as a Regions 2.97 Regions 3.06 statement of faith in favor of aid to development. Three opinions Third World 2.89 Third World 2.89 can enter into this category: »W e have a moral duty to help Defence 2.60 Defence 2.81 them ». « it is in our interest to help them », and »we, Europeans, x = 3.22 X = 3.28 also have much to learn from the populations in these countries ». The second group of opinions is characterized by the fact that the IRELAND ITALIA two affective and cognitive dimensions both have the same degree Unemployment 3.86 Unemployment 3.82 of influence on the opinions. This group of opinions includes the least passionate arguments in favor of the Third World countries Terrorism 3.56 Terrorism 3.72 and aid to development. Three opinions can be included in this Energy supplies 3.47 Environment 3.56 group : « they are confronted with problems that the European Rich-poor 3.31 Energy supplies 3.35 countries took centuries to overcome», » we must encourage Environment 3.25 Rich-poor 3.33 them to develop in their own way rather than have them immitate Regions 3.05 Superpowers 3.28 us ». and « the minority of rich people exploit the population ». It Superpowers 2.86 3.13 Regions can be noted that these opinions also have the common point of Third World 2.68 Third World 2.87 taking the point of view of the Third World countries by, in some Defence 2.67 2.44 Defence way, taking the position of a citizen in these countries. X = 3.19 X = 3.28

LUXEMBOURG NEDERLAND In the third group of opinions, only the affective determinant, the motivation in favor of Third World countries and aid to develop- Unemployment 3.64 Unemployment 3.74 ment, plays a significant role, while the cognitive determinant, the Environment 3.64 Environment 3.46 level of information has no influence whatsoever. This attitude can Energy supplies 3.46 Terrorism 3.42 be qualified as a favorable predisposition but cannot be taken as Rich-poor 3.23 Energy supplies 3.24 a true approval insofar as the reactions expressed remain essen- tially affective. Two opinions appear in this group : « in the past, co- Terrorism 3.22 Rich-poor 3.18 lonization prevented them from development » and « they are ex- Third World 298 Superpowers 2.99 ploited by developed countries such as ours » . In this case, colon- Regions 2.93 Third World 2.90 ization as the fundamental cause of under-development. Superpowers 284 Regions 2.80 Defence 1.94 2.49 Defence The fourth group of opinions is primarily characterized by the fact X = 3 . 1 0 X = 3.14 that the opinions expressed are independent of the level of infor- UNITED KINGDOM ELLAS mation and the degree of motivation. The fact that neither the af- fective dimension nor the cognitive dimension are taken into ac- Unemployment 3.76 Unemployment 3.79 count, leads one to believe that the attitude expressed by these Terrorism 3.66 Environment 3.68 opinions is a fairly detached one concerning problems of develop- Energy supplies 3-53 Superpowers 3.53 mental aid. Four opinions are included in this category : « they suf- Environment 3.41 Terrorism 3.50 fer from a highly unfavorable climate », « they do not have a stable Superpowers 3.37 Rich-poor 3.44 government », « their population increases too rapidly » and « they Defence 3.15 Energy supplies 3.41 are beginning to become competitive with our products ». These Regions 3.05 Defence 3.39 are, in fact, statements rather than opinions. Rich-poor 2.95 Regions 3.30 Third World 2.73 Third World 2.84 X = 3.29 X = 3.43

(1) Average score of importance : » very important » = 4 « not important at all » = 1.

X = average of mean scores, this value indicates the tendency to score the problems high or low.

This table is taken from the EUROBAROMETRE No 20, COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPÉENNES. Brussels.

280 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 The fifth group of opinions characterized by the negative relation between motivation in favor of developmental aid. The level of in- formation plays no role whatsoever in this case. This is a hostile The nationality is a highly discriminating variable on this point. predisposition to the Third World countries and to aid to develop- In Ireland, more than 8 in 10 individuals say they have helped ment. Only one opinion can really be allocated to this group : « they were happier when they were colonized ». It is interesting to note an organization concerned with the Third World while in that this attitude, which is the counterpart of the third group of Greece, there are less than 3 of 10, The following graph opinions (the favorable opinion), also refers to colonization. shows the proportion of " yes " replies for each country.

The final group of opinions is characterized by the negative relation of opinions with both the degree of motivation and the level of in- HELPED AN ORGANIZATION CONCERNED WITH formation. Cognitive and affective determinants here play a nega- THE THIRD WORLD tive role and define an attitude of rejection and refusal of the very PERCENTAGE OF « YES » REPLIES idea of development of Third World countries. Two opinions are in- cluded in this last category : « whatever we do to help them, they will never escape their poverty » and « they do not want to work ». This type of analysis does not refer to the frequency of responses, but to the structure of opinions. It indicates the relationships, or, more precisely, the co-relationships which exists between the im- ages and prejudices on the one hand and the level of information and the degree of motivation on the other. It can be useful for or- ganizing a policy of inromation.

The first information to be drawn from this is that the negative judgement and images concerning the Third World are associated with a lack of information.

Secondly, the reference to colonization, whether it involves a fa- vorable opinion towards aid due to a certain guilty conscience or to an unfavorable opinion, is independent of the level of informa- tion.

The moral and affective arguments : « we have a moral duty to help them » or » we, European,s have much to learn from them » already correspond to a high degree of motivation in favor of aid.

To summarize, the arguments which seem to be the most affective are : « they are confronted with problems that Europe took centu- ries to overcome » and » they must be encouraged to develop in their own way, rather than to immitate us ».

ORGANIZATIONS WHOSE AID IS CONSIDERED THE MOST USEFUL TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

Govt Busin. Priv. organ None N. R. Total Europ. Comm. indust. Entire community 12 9 26 6 25 2 20 100 Sex : Men 13 10 27 7 24 2 17 100 Women 12 8 24 4 27 2 23 100 Age : 15 - 24 8 9 30 5 30 2 16 100 2 5 - 2 9 9 9 28 6 27 2 19 100 40 - 54 14 8 24 5 25 3 21 100 55 + 17 9 22 6 21 2 23 100 Age at end of studies : 15- 15 10 21 4 22 1 27 100 1 6 - 19 11 8 27 6 29 3 16 100 20 + 8 7 34 g 25 3 14 100 Still studying 8 10 32 5 27 1 17 100 Income : 16 10 21 5 23 2 23 100 _ 14 10 24 6 23 2 21 100 + 11 9 27 6 28 2 17 100 ++ 9 8 30 8 27 2 16 100 Leadership : ++ 11 11 30 5 29 3 11 too

+ 12 8 30 8 25 2 15 100 _ 14 8 23 5 26 2 22 100 -- 12 8 30 4 24 2 30 100

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 281 NGO ATTITUDE towards GOVERNMENT FUNDING

Suggested Guidelines on the Acceptance of Government Funds for NGO Programmes (*)

Introduction sector: others are impressed by NGOs' flexibility, effectiveness, and grassroot links with the poorest communities of the world. These guidelines have been developed by the International Coun- NGO programmes are sometimes given government support in si- cil of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) and are based on the experiences tuations where, for political reasons, the governments do not act of ICVA membre agencies. They are intended to help NGOs assess directly. Governments also use NGOs as sub-contractors for their the implications of accepting government funds for their pro- own programmes (1). grammes and they include proposed procedures to avoid the pot- Generally, governments see. to a greater or lesser extent, their de- ential dangers. The guidelines should also assist in the develop- velopment aid programmes as part of their foreign policy interests. ment of collective NGO positions vis-à-vis government funding, al- This might be stated explicitly, as in the case of USAID : AID. as the though it is recognized that the actual negotiations will usually be official arm of the U.S. Government responsible for economic develop- carried out on a bilateral basis. ment support to Third World countries, is an instrument of our total for- eign policy (2). Other governments, for example in the Netherlands Although this paper is specifically concerned with government funds, most of the principles also apply to grants from intergovern- and In the Federal Republic of Germany, give the NGOs consider- mental organizations. It should also be noted that there are many able freedom in the selection of programmes for government fund- donor governments in the South, although the largest government ing. funding comes from the North. NGOs have recently reported a distinct trend towards a closer id- The term NGO is used in its widest sense to cover international entification of development aid with their government's foreign pol- NGOs. donor NGOs, local (or indigenous) NGOs and community or- icy and economic interests. This has resulted in more stringent ganizations. conditions for. and government control of. co-financing pro- grammes.

At the same time, there seems to have been a greater interest by Context governments in either contributing to NGO programmes or in in- itiating programmes which they ask NGOs to execute. Donor gov- Many NGOs receive some form of government funding for their pro- ernments are giving their embassies a more important role in est- grammes. This support comes in various forms : financial grants. ablishing contacts with local NGOs, including the right to give reimbursement of transport costs, food aid, tools and equipment. grants to local projects. As the funds become more substantial, and technical assistance. host governments may wish to control these activities. Governments contribute to NGO programmes for a variety of mo- NGO attitudes towards government funding vary considerably. tives. Some choose to support the private rather than the public Some refuse any government grants whatsoever. They argue that acceptance inevitably leads to a loss of independence and nega- tive consequences for the organization and for its programmes. (*) Approved by the Governing Board of the International Council of Voluntary Agencies Others believe, on the contrary, that government funds can be (ICVA) at its Eighty-Second Session on 15 MARCH 1985 beneficial, if handled correctly.

282 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Advantages of Government Funding come, or they refuse to accept funds for their administrative costs It is widely agreed that government funding has enabled NGOs to Of the following five principles, the first three are international guidelines for NGO acceptance of government funds and possible expand significantly their programmes to the benefit of poor and procedures to avoid the potential dangers. The fourth and fifth principles are essentially points for discussion with government donors. Acceptance of government grants has also led to closer relation- ships between NGOs and their governments. This has sometimes provided NGOs with additional possibilities of being involved in the ( 1 ) NGO and local community integrity, autonomy, flexibility, and planning process and of influencing government policy. Moreover, effectiveness should be maintained. some NGOs have reported that government funding is easier to ob- (2) Consultations with NGO partners and programme beneficia- tain and more secure, than fund-raising from the general public. ries must precede requests for government funding. (3) Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collec- tive NGO positions vis-à-vis government funding. Implications of Government Funding (4) Financial audits and evaluation should be mutually agreed. From many years of experience, the NGO community has identified a number of disadvantages of accepting government funds. The (5) Broadly designated or block grants are preferable. following are particularly relevant for those NGOs that receive sub- stantial government grants for their programmes. ( 1 ) NGO and local community integrity, autonomy, flexibility and effectiveness should be maintained. Government policy may differ from the NGO's objectives and/or the beneficiaries' interests, which may lead to a conflict of interest. The crucial issue common to many of the potential dangers listed The availability of substantial government grants may tempt NGOs above is the NGO's ability to maintain its independence in the face or the programme beneficiaries to become involved in programmes of the volume of government funding and certain government pres- inconsistent with their own objectives and capacities. sures and practices.

The sheer size of government grants and certain government The following internal procedures could be established as prior re- grant restrictions (specific countries, certain social groups, special quirements to any request for government funds, forms of assistance, etc.) may lead to an imbalance in the NGO's programmes. These restrictions may be due to foreign policy inter- 1 . 1 . The relevant constitutional body of the NGO should approve the ests, economic reasons (e.g. dumping food surpluses) or develop- application before it is submitted to the government. This decision, ment aid priorities (e.g. only to countries below $500 per capita which should be monitored and periodically reassessed, should be GNP). based on specific situations, taking into account the various factors discussed below. In order to obtain, or retain, government funding. NGOs may change their priorities, style or working habits to fit the govern- 1.2 The NGO may establish an internal regulation to the effect that ment's requirements. Matching requirements, or an agency's own non-governmental sources must account for a fixed maximum propor- contribution, may be waived or substantially reduced if the NGO tion of each project budget or of the NGO's overall annual budget. agrees to the government's priorities. Some NGOs have, more or less, become contractors to governments, particularly if they do not 1.3 Long-term plans should be developed for securing sufficient funds have other programmes or funding sources. to cover (a) the parts of the project not funded by the government, and (b) the completion of the project, should government support be NGOs may become unwilling to criticize government publicly withdrawn. or 1.4 The NGO should carry out an assessment of the effects of govern- even by implication in their development education programmes. ment funds on the internal organization and personnel of both the NGO NGOs may soften their advocacy work and/or human rights cam- and the beneficiary community, and measures should be developed to paigns. ensure that they can cope with the impact of the acceptance of gov- ernment funds and the possibility of either delay or loss of funding be- The acceptance of sizeable government grants often puts the fore project completion. NGO and the local communities under stress. This may be due to the complex, and often disproportionate, accounting procedures 1.5 The NGO should develop measures to ensure that its priorities re- required by the donor government or to the need to hire temporary main in balance should the government grant be restricted by geogra- project staff. Withdrawal of a government grant can lead to a se- phical area or by sectoral priority. rious financial and personnel crisis for the beneficiaries and for the NGO. ( 2 ) Consultations with NGO partners and programme beneficia- Delays in funding decisions by governments may result in the ries must precede government funding collapse of the project. Governments may cancel long-term com- mitments if the political situation in the recipient country should Programme recipients may object, for political or pratical reasons, change significantly. to receiving funds from a particular government, and NGOs may lose credibility if they channel funds under such conditions. Gov- ernment accounting requirements may place the beneficiaries un- As government funding may be comparatively easy to obtain, der too much strain and links with government funding may threat- there is the risk of the NGO ignoring or downgrading their tradition- en the general security of the local beneficiaries, particularly hu- al sources of private funding and traditional relationships with their man rights organizations. In certain situations, however, the bene- constituencies. ficiaries may not wish to be consulted on the source of the funds.

2.1 Prior discussions on the proposed application for government funds should be held with the potential NGO partners and programme Basic Principles beneficiaries. Listing the potential disadvantages of government funding does not imply a negative position towards the acceptance of govern- 2.2 An assessment should be made of the government's overall for- ment funding. Some of ICVA's members receive a substantial pro- eign policy and its relations with the recipient government to ensure portion of their income from government donors; some do not ac- that this context does not jeopardize the NGO, the project and the cept any government grants on principle; and others limit govern- beneficiaries. ment income to a small percentage (10 % - 15 %) of their overall in-

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 283 (3) Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collec- 4.1. Governments and NGOs should agree in advance on the precise tive positions vis-à-vis government funding auditing and evaluation requirements, which should be designed to Improved dialogue among NGOs on the issues of government fund- minimize the administrative burden on the local project holders. ing is essential. Such a dialogue should include (a) the exchange 4.2 Where possible, the NGOs own audited accounts and evaluations of information, (b) constant monitoring and periodic reassessment should be accepted, and international NGOs should be encouraged to of existing government co-financing programmes, (c) the develop- establish for their national affiliates accounting and evaluation stand- ment of collective positions vis-à-vis government funding, and (d) ards, which would be internationally acceptable. the promotion of debate on the issues involved, including not only funding but also NGO advocacy and lobbying on government policy 4.3 If this is not possible, and if additional financial audits or evalua- and planning issues. tions are considered to be necessary, these should be carried out by an independent, mutually approved, auditor/evatuator whose ex- Other activities might include training programmes for NGO per- penses would be covered by the government. sonnel on how to handle government grants, and an exchange of evaluation experts among NGOs. 4.4 If a government insists on carrying out its own audit/evaluation, and if this is accepted by the NGO. the government and the NGO should 3.1. Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collective mutually agree on the mechanisms and criteria. positions vis-à-vis government funding. 4.5 Governments and NGOs should jointly develop, on a national ba- 3.2. NGO consortia programmes using government funds should be sis, standardized and streamlined procedures for requesting, report- encouraged. ing, monitoring and evaluation.

(4) Financial audits and evaluations should be mutually agreed (5) Broadly designated or block grants are preferable NGOs fully understand the need to accound clearly and properly Block grants are usually easier for both donors and recipient NGOs for all funds used. A major concern of NGOs with respect to gov- to administer and they give greater flexibility to adjust to changing ernment funding is the excessively complex and time-consuming needs and problems. Block grants should especially be encou- accounting requirements which affect both NGOs and the benefi- raged for NGOs that have clearly established an effective track re- ciaries. cord in administering, and reporting on, programmes (3).

Governments should not insist on the full rigours of the government 5.1 When a NGO has proven effectiveness, governments should con- accountancy procedures since : sider making broadly designated or block grants to its programmes, lasting at least three years.

NGOs lack the administrative resources to implement them; Conclusion

The main aims behind the five principles are firstly, to provide guidelines on how to avoid the potential disadvantages of accept- ing government funds and, secondly, to enhance the dialogue be- tween governments and NGOs by eliminating some areas of con- cern. governments use NGOs because they are effective, rapid, unbu- reaucratic and close to the grassroot; most of these objectives would be lost if NGOs had to develop bureaucratic procedures in ( 1 ) The issue of NGOs as sub-contractors is outside the scope of order to comply with the vast and detailed government accounting this paper, which focuses on government contributions to NGO system; programmes. (2) AID Policy Paper Private and Voluntary Organizations, Sep- the sums involved are usually very small compared to other tember 1982. gov- ernment aid programmes, hence a sense of proportion should be (3) Some international NGOs receive block grants from several kept. donors for a specific programme. In these cases, recipient NGOs would not be identified with one particular foreign government. Governments and NGOs often use very different programme aval- uation criteria. NGOs. for example, emphasize the need to assess the impact on the lives of the beneficiaries and/or local community, which is sometimes called a social audit

In addition, some governments demand the right to evaluate direct- ly the projects in the field, which might cause political and admin- istrative difficulties for the NGO's international and national ne- tworks and for the project beneficiaries.

284 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 NGOs AND THE WORLD FOOD COUNCIL

The statement hereafter was made by a number of non-governmental organisations on issues facing the eleventh ministerial session of the World Food Council, 1 0 - 1 3 June 1985.

The non-governmental organizations imately §200 million, which represents sources, which are often excluded as re- (NGOs) present at the eleventh session of slightly more than half the food assistance sult of unfair competition. the World Council are fully aware of the of the Commission of the European Com- dramatic food situation in many countries, munities during the same period. But over In this respect, the NGOs have for a long particularly in Africa. This situation is not and above this quantitative contribution, time been asking themselves and asking only due to the drought or so-called « nat- our experience at the village level has national governments and intergovern- ural » causes, as some would have public clearly revealed to us a number of require- mental organizations about the agro-in- opinion believe - with the effect of demob- ments relating to agricultural develop- dustries' domination of the food systems ilizing public opinion. Several of the ess- ment. We wish to draw attention to a few of the Third World. They request the ential causes of the famine are also attri- essential features of these requirements Council to include this question in its work butable to man. They include internal in this note. programme and finally to engage in global causes, environmental deterioration, agri- debate on agro-food firms and their dom- cultural policies contrary to farmers' inter- inant role in the agricultural policies and ests, lack of storage, credit and marketing development of the world as a whole. 1. Regional trade areas must be facilities, lack of means of communication, promoted schools and sanitary installations, in- adequacy of applied research, and exter- The first requirement for agricultural de- 2. Peasant-based strategies must nal causes : wars, the particularly heavy velopment oriented towards food self-suf- be strengthened indebtedness of the food-deficit coun- ficiency is a policy of remunerative prices The success of food strategies depends tries, dislocation of the monetary system, for food production. This policy can on farmers' capacity to increase and di- deterioration of the terms of trade, and succeed only if the local and regional mar- versify local production. In this area of protectionism by the countries of the kets are protected against invasion by decisive importance for the Third World as North. These causes have been cited by low-cost food imports. Since such protec- a whole, states have an outstanding role many of the people involved : we are tion is essential, it necessarily has an ef- to play in promoting the emergence of or- merely drawing attention to them again to fect on the disposa! of the agricultural sur- ganized and independent farmers who wit! show that action is possible, and that pluses of the industrial countries, and be the motor for development. It is essen- drought and famine must not lead to fata- consequently must lead to reorganization tial to construct development models con- lism. The NGOs know that it is not for them of the agricultural policies pursued by sistent with the social, economic and pol- to set themselves up as saviours of the these countries, within the context of the itical conditions of each society, and Third World, because they can provide already existing regional markets. which take full advantage of the work of only modest assistance, as a supplement each of its members. Within the context of a continuing dialogue with the state, farm- modest but significant assistance. By way Market protection involves the establish- ers' organization must be a fully-fledged of example, during the past six months, ment of viable economic zones at the partner, having a voice in the definition of the NGOs of the European Community, country level or at the level of groups of agricultural policies. thought their own efforts and their ap- countries. Consumption, production and savings must advance together, through peals for special assistance to the African However, it is not sufficient merely to allow peoples, have collected a total of approx- the broad development of national fac- tors : manpower, land, skills, natural re- farmers to have their say: the develop-

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 285 ment work undertaken by farmers' organ- Agricultural development is also linked to velopment, precisely because of its man- izations must be supplemented by putting job creation in urban areas, and conse- date, is of particular importance the necessary tools at their disposal : quently to access to purchasing power by the mass of people unemployed today- 4. Full advantage must be taken of - legal tools : right of association, ap- All food assistance and every develop- the role of the NGOs both in the propriate legislation for the protection ment project must be linked to the partici- South and in the North of farming activity (land problems, or- pation of the population through its recog- In the industrial countries, the NGOs re- ganization of markets, etc.); nized leaders. present a dynamic sector of the popula- tion which plays a considerable part in in- - financial tools : investment policy, ap- In other words, social activity and asso- forming and educating public opinion, and propriate credit, price support, etc.; ciations must be promoted, together with hence in supporting policies conducive to the organizational capacity of the popula- international co-operation and solidarity. - technical tools : mobilization and pro- tion, by giving it maximum responsibility. In order to perform this essential task tection of local means of production With specific regard to emergency assist- they wish to be assisted in their access to (seeds, soils, irrigation, appropriate ance, which must go first of all to refugees, the various information media. technology), advisory services, voca- displaced persons, women and children, it While maintaining their independence of tional training, etc. is essential that it should be given a cer- action, they consider it necessary to be tain priority : in particular, rapide warning consulted during the formulation of deci- systems must be improved by associating sions concerning development assist- the NGOs: free-passage zones must be ance policies and, to the extent of their established to guarantee the right of every competence, to be associated with the 3. Food assistance must be closely people to food; closer co-ordination must execution of these policies. linked to development assistance be established between the various don- Project co-financing, through official con- A significant proportion of food assistance ors. Like any other form of assistance, tributions by the various governments or should be devoted to re-invigorating de- emergency assistance must promote self- the EEC, has enabled the NGOs to broad- organization by the beneficiary population velopment (e.g. through the supply of en their activity, to the satisfaction of the and the assumption by that population of seeds, small agricultural implements, various partners. Through consultation responsibility for its means of livelihood young cattle, etc.). Similarly, food assist- with the partners, co-financing proce- (food, education, sanitary conditions, ance must give priority support to devel- dures can be further improved and ex- roads). opment programmes (road systems and tended, in appropriate forms, to other in- maintenance, water resources) and be in- Lastly, development assistance also ter-governmental organizations. cluded within food strategies as defined means that financial resources should be In the countries of the South, the farmers' by governments. released in larger quantities. The NGOs organizations, village communities, popu- request the governments of the industrial lar associations and NGOs are the recog- Assistance must also go towards global countries to set. as some have already nized partners of the NGOs in the North. rural development, so as to improve life in done, a time limit by which, not later than The latter earnestly hope that this the villages and curb the rural exodus. the end of the decade, official develop- » grass-roots » association will be encou- Among other things, it is necessary to pro- ment assistance will reach at least 0,7 per raged since it constitutes one of the ess- mote all forms of food production, educa- cent of their GNP. They also request that ential elements of a country's social fabric tion, vocational training, primary health a substantial proportion of this assistance and the best guarantee of its vitality. care, rural handicrafts, cottage industry should be allocated to multilateral co- upstream and downstream from agricul- operation; the adequate replenishment of ture, and cheap renewable sources of en- the International Fund for Agricultural De- ergy.

286 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Liste des Associations Internationales auxquelles la personnalité civile a été accordée par application de la loi belge du 25 octobre 19 19 , modifiée par la loi du 6 décembre 1954.

(1re partie : 1919-1976)

Avec l'aimable autorisation du Ministère belge de la Justice, on trouvera ci-dessous, par ordre chronologique, la liste officielle des associations internatio- nales auxquelles la loi belge, depuis sa promulgation, a accordé la personnalité civile. Cette loi est la seule au monde qui octroie aux associations internationales un véritable statut juridique. Sous la colonne 1 se trouve la référence à la notice descriptive de l'association dans le » Yearbook of International Organizations» 22ème édition.

Yearbook Dénomination - siège Arrêté royal Date mention au Moniteur Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile belge Publication statuts Modification statuts Publication modifi- cations statuts

F 3352 Union des Associations Internationales 2.7.1920 8.7.1920 8.7.1920 Nouv.stat. 30.3.1956 8.4.1956 28.4.1956 Nouv. stat. 26.8.1965 8.9.1965 30.9.1965 D2602 Institut international d'études des classes moyennes 2.7.1920 13.8.1920 15.8.1920 Nouv. stat. 4.8.1967 26.8.1967 19.10.1967 H 2 1 4 2 Institut international du commerce 21.6.1922 28.6.1922 28.6.1922 D3299 Société d'études et d'expansion 24.11.1922 22.12.1922 22.12.1922 B 3 1 1 1 Association internationale permanente des congrès de Navigation 23.3.1923 6.4.1923 6.4.1923 - Association belgo-portugaise (Casa Portugueza) 1 2 . 1 1 . 1 9 2 3 23.11.1923 23.11.1923 H 21 44 Institut colonial international 4 . 1 1 .1 9 2 7 20.11.1927 20.11.1927 Nouvelle dénomination : Institut international des Sciences politiques et sociales appliquées aux pays de civilisations différentes 22.4.1949 1,2,3.5.1949 4.6.1949 Nouvelle dénomination : Institut international des Civilisations différentes (Incidi) 19.2.1954 28.2.1954 13.3.1954 C 1 3 0 1 Union internationale des Avocats 20.1.1930 23.1.1930 A.R. nouv. stat. 14.12.1965 20.1.1966 B 1 3 1 4 Société internationale de Microbiologie 3.6.1931 14.6.1931 20.6.1931

B2736 Union internationale des villes et pouvoirs locaux 1 7 . 1 2 . 1 9 3 1 7.1 .19 32 9.1.1932

C2294 Office international des fabricants de chocolat et de cacao 29.12.1931 16.1.1932 23 1.1932 Nouvelle dénomination : Office international du cacao et du chocolat 27.11.1934 12 .1 2.19 34 1 5.12 .1 93 4 B2138 Institut international des Sciences administratives 20.1.1932 30.1.1932 6.2.1932 Nouv. stat. A.R. 20.5.1948 24,25.5.1948 26.6.1948 Nouv. stat. A.R. 1 6 . 1 1. 1 9 5 3 5.12.1953 1 2.12 .1 95 3 - Cercle Hispano-belge 24.1.1933 13. 14.2.1933 18.2.1933

H 409 Office international pour la Protection de la Nature 7.7.1934 16.17.7.1934 18.8.1934 - Institut économique international 22 1 2.193 4 24, 25.12.1934 29.12.1934

C 2 1 3 1 Institut international d'étude et de documentation en matière de concurrence commerciale 23.11.1937 8.12.1937 18.12.1937 B2571 Société Internationale de Chirurgie 19.12.1938 31.12.1938 28.1.1939

B2765 Union internationale de tramways, de chemins de fer. d'intérêt local et de transports publics automobiles 10.5.1938 23, 24.5.1938 4.6.1938 Nouvelle dénomination : Union internationale des transports publics 2.9.1939 23.9.1939 7.10.1939

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 287 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statue Modification statuts belge Publication modifi- cations statuts.

B1826 Fédération internationale de l'Habitation et de l'Urbanisme 10.5.1938 23,24.5.1938 11.6.1938 Nouvelle dénomination : Fédération internationale pour l'Habitation, l'Urbanisme et l'Aménagement des Territoires 27.6.1960 B2395 Association internationale du Congrès des chemins de 23.11.1939 2.12.1939 16.12.1939 fer C2391 Organisation internationale de Radiodiffusion 6.11 .1 9 4 6 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 9 4 6 28.12 1946 C2239 Comité international Radio-Maritime 25.2-1947 3,4.3.1947 29.3.1947 D796 Ligue européenne de Coopération économique 1 0. 1 1. 1 94 8 1 2, 1 3 . 1 1 . 1 9 4 8 20.11.1948 A 2654 Union internationale pour la Protection de la Nature 15.5.1949 6,7.8.6.1949 16.7.1949 Nouvelle dénomination : 14.9.1957 19.10.1957 Union internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature et de ses ressources Transfert siège 21.12.1961. Suisse no 471 9 B2561 Société internationale de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de 13.12.1949 22.12.1949 21.1.1950 Traumatologie

A 431 Conseil pour la Coordination des Congrès 30.3.1950 5.4.1950 22.4.1950 internationaux de Sciences médicales Nouvelle dénomination : Conseil des Organisations internationales des 4.8.1952 14.8.1952 6.9.1952 Sciences médicales A.R. nouv. stat. 20.3.1964 28.3.1964 23.4.1964 D0598 Union européenne de Radiodiffusion Appl art. 8 - I. du 2 5.1 0 .1 91 9 C0222 Union Catholique internationale de service social 4.11.1950 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 9 5 0 25.11.1950 A 1752 Conseil international des Unions Scientifiques 23.10.1951 3 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 5 1 5.1.1952 C 1 2 9 3 Association internationale de Gérontologie 24.1.1952 30.1.1952 15.3.1952

- Association européenne contre la Poliomyélite et autres maladies a virus 24.1.1952 30.1.1952 16.2.1952 Mod. stat. Denomi. { 22.1.1974 16.5.1974 17.12.1973 B 1 4 5 4 Organisation catholique internationale du Cinéma (O.C.I.C.) 14.5.1952 23,24.5.1952 14.6.1952 Nouv. stat. 3.10.1973 16.10.1973 2 2 .1 1 .1 9 7 3 H 1387 International Automotive Institute 27.7.1953 1.8.1953

E 17 53 Bureau des Résumés Analytiques du C.I.U.S. (Conseil 3.11.1953 9,10.11.1953 28.11 1953 international des Unions scientifiques) Nouv. stat. 30.6.1970 16.7.1970 24.9.1970 D2187 Fédération internationale latine des Juristes et Avocats 25.1.1955 30.1.1955 12.3.1955 C2679 Union Académique internationale 14.7.1955 25,26.7.1955 6.8.1955

C 1784 Fédération internationale de Laiterie 5.11.1955 1 0 . 11 . 1 9 5 5 2 6 .1 1 .1 9 5 5 Nouv. stat. 27.7.1979 14.8.1979 4.10.1979 B 1 1 7 4 Association internationale pour les Mathématiques et 10.2.1956 2.3.1956 17.3.1956 les Calculateurs en Simulation (International Association for Mathematics and Nouv. stat. { 27. 2. 1979 13.3.1979 19.4.1979. Computers in Simulation) Dén. no 50 no 4371 - Centre de Formation en Aérodynamique expérimentale 6.2.1957 16.2.1957 23.2.1957 A 1788 Fédération dentaire internationale 17.7.1948 28.7.1948 11.9.1948 A.R. nouv. stat. 19.9.1952 28.9.1952 18.10.1952 A.R. nouv. stat. 14.7.1959 - 13.8.1959 H 1 2 1 4 Groupement international pour la Coordination de la 29.12.1952 1 .1. 19 53 17.1.1953 Psychiatrie et des Méthodes psychologiques D0033 L'Aide aux Personnes déplacées et ses Villages 2.9.1957 8.9.1957 21.9.1957 européens

E1483 Centre international du Film pour l'Enfance et la 29.7.1957 11. 8. 19 57 14.9.1957 Jeunesse (Cinéma et Télévision) Nouv. stat. Den. { 27. 10.3.1967 2. 1967

288 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modification statuts belge Publication modifications statuts H 1840 Fédération internationale pour la Protection des 24.6.1957 30.6.1957 10.8.1957 Populations

D0884 Union scientifique continentale du Verre 16.5.1950 25.5.1950 10.6.1950

C 2771 Union internationale des services médicaux des 1 6 . 1 1 . 1 9 5 1 24.11.1951 5.1.1952 Chemins de Fer Nouv.stat. 16.7.1956 3.8.1956 11.8.1956 Nouv.stat. 5.6.1978 23.6.1978 - C1502 Union internationale chrétienne des Dirigeants 1 6.7.1959 25.7.1959 20.8.1959 d'Entreprises D3429 Comité d'études des producteurs de charbons 2.6-1958 11.6.1958 28.6.1958 - Conférence sur la Communauté Atlantique 9.9.1958 15,16.9.1958 1 1 .1 0 .1 95 8 Dissoute annexes du 15.6.1961, no 3 D4394 Commission européenne de Tourisme 3.Monite 11. 19ur: 58 8.11.1958257 21.3.1959

C2677 Union internationale pour la Science, la Technique et 7.8.1959 20.8.1959 17.9.1959 les Applications du Vide B 1 8 2 3 Fédération internationale de Documentation 29.8.1959 7.9.1959 _ A.R. nouv. stat. 18.1.1967 3 1.1. 19 67 13.4.1967 A.R. nouv. stat. 8.9.1971 28.9.1971 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 1 F 0260 Fondation Charles Darwin pour les Galapagos 23.7.1959 1.8.1959 20.8.1959 Nouv. stat. 5.1.1978 24.1.1978 D 1 4 6 6 Centre international de Recherches et d'Information 27.7.1961 4.8.1961 sur l'Economie publique, sociale et coopérative (CIRIEC) Nouv.stat. Den. { 26. 9. 9.10.1974 1974 D 0 8 1 4 Mouvement européen 28.9.1959 3.10.1959 1 9 . 1 1 .1 9 5 9 Nouv. stat. 30.11 . 1 967 9.12.1967 D0398 Conférence des Régions de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest 6.6.1959 16.6.1959 1 1 .7 .19 59

H 0966 Jeunesse universelle 5.10.1959 13.10.1959 11 . 11 . 19 5 9

F0570 Association européenne des Centres de 30.9.1960 21.10.1960 9.2.1961 Perfectionnement dans la Direction des Entreprises D0692 Confédération européenne du Commerce de la 5.3.1960 1 1 . 3. 1 9 60 20.10.1960 Chaussure en Gros H 5534 Bureau européen du Café 5.10.1959 13.10.1959 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 5 9

D0892 Union européenne des constructeurs de Logements 1 1. 4 .1 9 60 25.4.1960 16.6.1960 (secteur privé) C 1 1 2 6 Académie internationale de Médecine aéronautique 18.11 .1 9 5 9 26.11.1959 24.12.1959 Transfert siège à Paris D0675 Communauté européenne des organisations de 2.2.1961 20.2.1961 3.8.1961 Publicitaires D4379 Société Bénéluxienne de Phlèbologie 2.2.1961 20.2.1961 9.3.1961

U0448 Action internationale de Développement coopératif 2.2.1962 22.2.1962

C18 2 8 Fédération Internationale pour le traitement de 5.11.1962 1 5 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 2 l'Information Transfert siège en Suisse. H 0578 Association européenne des Editeurs de Publications 25.3.1961 4,5.4.1961 20.4.1961 pour la Jeunesse - Europressjunior C 2680 1 1 . 9 . 1 9 6 1 27.9.1961 26.10.1961 A.R. transf. siège : 5.10.1978 26.10.1978 4.1.1979 E0959 Fédération des Ingénieurs des Télé-communications 4.4.1962 13.4.1962 14.6.1962 de la Communauté Européenne

H 5532 Centre international de Documentation économique et 31.5 .1 961 14.6.1961 29,6.1961 sociale africaine U0552 Centre international d'étude ethnographique de la 25.3.1961 3.4.1961 18.5.1961 Maison dans le Monde F 7939 Chœurs des Communautés Européennes 1 1 . 9 . 1 9 6 1 4.10.1961 23.11 . 1 9 6 1

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 289 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrêté royal Data mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modification statuts belge Publication modifi- cations statuts

F 2437 Cinémathèque scientifique internationale 28.9.1961 14.10.1961 1.1 1.19 6 1

D0846 Association scientifique européenne d'économie 30.6.1961 14 .7 .1 9 6 1 3.8.1961 appliquée « ASEPELT « Nouv.stat. { 16.1.1976 28.1.1976 1.4.1976. Dén. no 2816 D0752 Feropa - Fédération européenne des Fabricants de Application article 8 de la loi 2 5. 1 0 . 1 9 1 9 panneaux de fibres (association internationale de droit du français qui jouit de la personnalité civile en Belgique) H 8217 Commission internationale d'Etudes de Normalisation et de Coordination comptable économique » C.I.E.N.C.E. » 4.4.1962 10.4.1962 3.5.1962 U 1727 Bureau pour l'Etude des Marchés touristiques 18 .12 .19 61 13.1.1962 22.3.1962 internationaux _ Amitiés Belgo-Colombiennes 9.5.1962 23.5.1962 14.6.1962

D16 56 Confédération internationale des Négociants en 12.3.1963 21.3.1963 18.4.1963. Œuvres d'Art no 1834 Transfert siège : (durée est de 25 ans et peut être prorogée) 13.9.1979, no 9867 D 0 7 1 4 Fédération européenne de Médecine physique et 29.3.1063 4.4.1963 25.4.1963 Réadaptation - Centre international des Etudiants Etrangers 31.7.1963 13.8.1963 5.9.1963

G 6778 Groupement des Laboratoires Internationaux de 28.11.1963 1 2 .1 2 .1 9 6 3 1 6 .1 . 1 9 6 4 Recherche et d'Industrie du Médicament (L.I.M.) D0584 L'Association européenne de l'Industrie 18.1.1964 6.2.1964 5.3.1964 Photographique dissolution 11.09.1969, no 5495 U3893 Association internationale des Etudiants Journalistes Européens, Africains et Malgaches 16.9.1963 26.9.1963 31.10.1963 G 5552 Fonds de Solidarité internationale 31.7.1963 13.8.1963 5.9.1963 H 3675 Association Européenne des Editeurs de la presse périodique d'information féminine ou familiale « Europressfamilia » 10.12.1963 7.1.1964 9.4.1964 U3858 Fonds des Publications des Ecoles Européennes 31.7.1963 13.8.1963 26.9.1963 U 1 6 5 5 Association internationale pour la Promotion des techniques Modernes d'Enseignement (A.T.M.E.) 16.9.1963 26.9.1963 10.10.1963 D0700 Conseil Européen de l'Enseignement par 23.9.1963 27.9.1963 10.10.1963 correspondance (C.E.C.) A.R. nouv. stat. 26.3.1071 17 .4 .197 1 27.5.1971 A 1434 Bureau international du Tourisme social (B.I.T.S.) 17.3.1969 31.3.1969 G 7109 Foyer catholique européen 6.1.1964 25.1.1964 26.3.1964 C 1 4 1 6 Bureau international du Béton manufacturé (B.I.B.M.) 9.2.1965 19.2.1 965 11.9.1969 Dissolution - Nouv. pers. civile A.R. 2 6. 1 1 . 1 98 1 22.12.1981 25.03.1982 D0691 Confédération Européenne de l'Industrie des Pâtes, 8.2.1964 28.2.1964 23.4.1964 des Papiers et Cartons (C.E.P.A.C.) U1000 Glass Industry Club 3.5.1963 11.5.1 963 6,6.1963 C137 5 Association internationale des Magistrats de la 16.9.1963 25.9.1963 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 3 Jeunesse et de la Famille Nouv. stat. A.R. 20.2.1979 6.3.1979 12.4.1979 D0856 Société Européenne de Radiobiologie 17.6.1964 25.6.1964 30.7.1964 C1463 Organisation internationale de recherche sur la cellule 2.12.1964 10.12.1964 28.1.1965 D1825 Fédération internationale pour le droit européen 24.12.1963 17.1.1964 5.3.1964 Nouv. stat. A.R. 19. 2.1981 10.3.1981 2.7.1981 E0489 Commission de l'Industrie des jus de fruits et de légumes de la communauté économique économique 18.6.1963 25.6.1963 25.7.1963 D0822 Groupe européen de chimiothérapie anticancéreuse 18.6.1963 25.6.1963 1 1 .7 .1 9 6 3 D3970 Association Européenne des Spécialités Grand Public Application art. 8 - loi du 2 5 . 1 0 . 1 9 1 9 Paris

290 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrêté royal Data mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modifications statuts belge Publication modifications statuts U 1293 Plant Location International 10.6.1964 17.6. 1964 27.8.1964 Dissoute : Annexes Moniteur 24.1.1966, no 863 U6339 Union Canine Internationale 25.5.1965 12.6,965 15.7.1965 C21 32 Institut International de Recherches betteravières (I.I.R.B.) 11.7 .1 963 19.7,963 5.9.1963 A.R. nouv.stat. 6.12.1977 24,2,977 - Société Européenne de Cardiologie Pèdiatrique 23.6.1964 1.7,964 29.10 1964 A.R. nouv. stat. 16.9.1966 5,0,966 C4465 La Chaîne Bleue Mondiale 15.7.1964 25.7,964 27.8,964

C1370 Association Internationale des Journalistes de la 17.6.1964 25.6.1964 6.8,964 Presse Féminine et Familiale D0909 « Eurotest « 6.10.1964 15,0,964 1 1 . 1 . 1 9 6 4

D0550 Association Européenne pour la Coopération 15.9.1964 3,0,964 29,0,964

H 0891 Union Européenne des Coupeurs de Poil pour Chapellerie et Filature 13.10.1964 24,0,964 19 , 1,9 64 B 1 2 3 4 Association Internationale de Recherche et de 18.2.1965 2.3,965 17.6.1966 Diffusion des Méthodes Audio-Visuelles et Structuro- Globales Internationale Vereniging voor Onderzoek en Verspreiding van de Audio-Visuele en Structureel- Globale Méthodes Nederl. tekst statuten 17.5.1971 E 3 1 4 4 Pro Mundi Vita 18.12.1964 29.12. 1964 14.1,965

U 2 1 7 8 Centre d'Entr'aide Intellectuelle Africaine 25.1.1966 3.2.1966 3.3,966

D0726 Fédération européenne des Fabricants d'Aliments 18.12.1964 25,2.1964 14.1,965 composés pour Animaux (F.E.F.A.C.) Nouv. stat. A.R. 31 .8.1973 25.9.2973 25.10,973 H 5570 Centre Européen de Documentation et d'Etudes 27.10.1964 6,1,964 3,2,964 gérontologiques

H 1288 Association Internationale des Anesthésistes- 3.2.1965 11.2. 1965 4.3,965 Rèanimateurs d'Expression Française D0030 Institut Européen du Jouet 4.1.1965 7.1,965

D 1954 Confédération internationale de la Boucherie et de la 23.5.1966 17.6. 1966 18.8.1966 Charcuterie » C.I.B.C. » Dissoute Annexes du Moniteur : 6.12.1973 H 1760 Conseil International des Architectes de Monuments 5.4.1966 12.5,966 Historiques « E.C.A.R.M.O. » D3638 Association internationale des Documentaristes 18.6.1965 8.7.1965 12.8.1965 (A.I.D.)

D0749 Confédération Européenne des Relations Publiques 22.1.1965 29.1.1965 1.4.1965 » C.E.R.P. » Nouv. stat. Den. 4.3,980 { 13.12.1980 U 1785 Centre international de documentations Antonio 12.5.1965 25.5,965 157,965 Vivaldi E2525 Association Oecuménique pour Eglise et Société 17.3,965 31.3.1965 20.5,965 A.R. nouv. dên. 27.7.1981 13.8,981 11.2,982 D0864 Société Européenne de Pathologie 9.2,970 19.2,970 19.3,970 D2470 Fédération Internationale du Tourisme social 3.2,966 17.2,966 10.3,966

D0770 Association de Fabricants Européens d'Appareils de 12.7,966 26.7,966 8.9,966 Contrôle Mod.dèn. 7.10.1977 28,0.1977 - Association Auxiliaire du Centre Européen de 10.6.1965 25.6,965 15.7,965 l'Entreprise Publique F 0133 Association des Anciens Etudiants du Collège 14.12,965 21,2,985 10.2,966 d'Europe E0608 Centre Européen du Carbon Black 1.3,966 10.3.1966 2.6,966

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 291 Denomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Year Modification statuts belge Publication modifications book statuts noD0731 Fédération Européenne des Associations des Instituts 22.8.1968 de Crédit

D0778 Groupement Européen des Maisons d'alimentation et 26.8.1965 8.9.1965 23.9.1965 d'approvisionnement à succursales « G.E.M.A.S. » H 8216 Académie Internationale de Comptabilité 24.12.1965 20.1.1966 17.2.1966

B2274 Mouvement International de la Jeunesse agricole et 27.1.1966 8.2.1966 17.3.1966 rurale Catholique U 1232 Les Amis des Universités de Paix 22.11.1965 3.12.1965 C2826 Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne Internationale 9.5.1968 18.5.1968 20.6.1968

E6405 Federation of European American Organisations 11.8.1966 2.9.1966 22.9.1966

H 0679 Communauté Européenne des Etudiants en Sciences 24.3.1967 29.4.1967 Economiques « C.E.E.S.E. » D0159 Union des Groupements d'Achat de l'Alimentation 8.3.1966 19.3.1966 21.4.1966 « U.G.A.L. » A.R. nouv. stat. 25.5.1978 23.6.1978 D0573 Association Européenne des Centres Nationaux de 1 4 . 1 1 .1 9 6 6 24.11.1966 29.12.1966 Productivité A.R. nouv. stat. 13.9.1976 23.9.1976 - Centre d'Etude des Supports de l'Information 5.4.1966 16.4.1966 14.7.1966

- Communauté Catholique de Langue Allemande 15.3.1966 6.4.1966 28.4.1966

E4316 Association internationale des Amis de Robert 14.6.1966 21.7.1966 Schuman (Bruxelles-Belgique) D0875 Association Européenne de Thanatologie 20.10.1966 1 9 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 6 1 5 .1 2 .1 9 66

- Village des Jeunes Européens « Le Pouget » 15.6.1966 28.6.1966 14.7.1966

D2287 Bureau International d'Audiophonologie 24.3.1967 20.4.1967 H 3928 « Pro Electron » 7.12.1966 19.12.1966 26.1.1967 Dissolution Annexes du Moniteur 03.03.1983 et 08.09.1983 D5569 Association Européenne des Industries de Produits de 22.12.1967 1 1 . 1 . 1 9 6 8 8.2.1968 marque

D1003 Groupement des Utilisateurs de Matériaux 20.7.1967 15.8.1967 21.9.1967 Réfractaires (G.U.M.R.) D0577 Association Européenne des Centres de Lutte contre 26.10.1966 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 9 6 6 15.12.1966 les poisons - Ecole Supérieure du Verre 7.3.1968 11.4.1968

D 1 1 8 4 Association Internationale des Métiers et 9.12.1966 21.1 2.1 966 9.2.1967 Enseignements d'Art B 1 7 1 4 Comité International de Coordination pour l'Initiation à la Science et le Développement des Activités Scientifiques Extra-Scolaires 9.2.1967 23.3.1967 27.4.1967 Transfert siège: Annexes du Moniteur 14.2.1980 H 5568 Association Européenne des Réserves Naturelles 13.10.1967 20.10.1967 1 4 .1 2 .1 96 7 Libres U0798 Centre International d'Etudes des Techniques 26.4.1967 23.5.1967 29.2.1968 Modernes d'Information et d'Education

C 1 2 1 7 Association Internationale pour l'Evaluation du 30.5.1967 21.9.1967 Rendement Scolaire C1560 Commission Internationale du Verre 11.4.1968 25.7.1968 A. R. nouv. stat. 5. 11 .1974 1 9 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 4 6.2.1975 E0511 Groupement des Caisses d'Epargnes de la 25.5.1967 13.6.1967 6.7.1967 Communauté Economique Européenne A.R. nouv. stat. 9.5.1973 23.5.1973 9.8.1973 U5266 Le Confluent des deux Mers 11.12.1967 19.12.1967 8.2.1968 C2090 Groupement International des Associations Nationales 5.3.1968 14.3.1968 4.4.1968 de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques A.R. nouv. stat. 7.4.1975 22.4.1975 19,6.1975 A.R. nouv. stat. 26.5.1976 9.6.1976 28.10.1976 A.R. nouv. stat. 29.2.1980 14.3.1980

292 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modification statuts belge Publication modifications statuts C1708 » Populorum Progessio » 18.7.1967 29.7.1968 Coopération Internationale pour le Développement Socio-Economique » C.I.D.S.E. » C2 1 7 4 International Iron and Steel Institute « I.I.S.I. » 27.9.1967 5.10.1967 19.10.1967 E0159 Association des Anciens Stagiaires de la Communauté 4.8.1967 268.1967 Economique Européenne U1453 Roger de La Pasture - Rogier Van Der Weyden 4.9.1967 26.91967 22.2.1969 F 3796 Les Amis de l'Association internationale des 11.8.1969 28.8.1969 25.9.1969 Journalistes de la Presse Féminine et Familiale C1260 Internationale Bouworde 12.1 .1 968 23.1.1968 29.2.1968 K.B. nieuwe stat. 4.7.1975 19.7.1975 U3057 Institut International du Tapis 22.8.1968 10.10.1968 J7951 Association Internationale du Personnel de 22.8.1968 24.10.1968 l'Organisation Européenne pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne Durée jusqu'au 31.8.1983 - la durée peut être prolongée C1 9 4 0 Fédération Cynologique Internationale « F.C.I. » 5.3.1968 27.6.1968 E0785 Institut Européen des Industries de la Pectine 12.8.1968 19.9.1968 - Association pour le Développement du Basket-Bail 28.3.1968 9.4.1968 6.6.1968 (ADBB-U.L.B.) Mod. den. but. 07.04.1981 24.4.1981 - Centre Islamique et Culturel 7.5.1968 16.5.1968 20.6.1968 D0539 Association Europe/Tiers Monde 13.6.1968 28.6.1968 25.7.1968 Mod. den. but. 07.04.1981 22.04.1981 G 4806 Foyers de l'Unité 29.8.1968 31.10.1968

C3559 Mouvement mondial des travaileurs chrétiens 22.8.1968 D4671 The European Petrochemical Association 27.12.1968 21. 1.1 96 9 13.2.1969

- I.I.T. Research Institute (I.I.R.I.) Appl. article 7 du traité d'amitié - Annexes Moniteur 28. du 5. 1970

D2330 International Organization of the Flavour Industry 11.8.1969 29.8.1969 « I.O.F.I. » Dissolution - Annexes du Moniteur no 3176 7.3.1980.

E0801 Comité de Liaison Européen des Commissionnaires et 3.4.1970 15.4.1970 23.7.1970 Auxiliaires de Transports du Marché Commun - C.L.E.C.A.T. - U6590 Association Internationale du Mérite de l'Europe 26.5.1970 6.6.1970 30.7.1970

F 0105 Comité International de Recherche et d'Etude de 9.7.1969 19.7.1969 28.8.1969 Facteurs de l'Ambiance « C.I.F.A. »

D0569 Association Européenne de Médecine Interne 9.2.1970 19.2.1970 19.3.1970 d'ensemble - Mixed Hockey Club » Oranje » 6.2.1970 17.2.1970 19.3.1970

E3897 Association Internationale des Anciens des 3.4.1970 15.4.1970 2.7.1970 Communautés Européennes D4521 Urbanisme et Commerce 16.9.1969 26.9.1969 6.11.1969

H 5313 Organisation Internationale pour le Développement 10.10.1969 18.10.1969 27.11.1969 Rural - Association pour la Promotion Technico-Culturelle 3.4.1970 15.4.1970 29.10.1970 Belge Latino-américaine D2138 Groupe Européen des Radiothérapeutes 3.4.1970 15.4.1970 21.5.1970

- Association internationale pour la Documentation 3.4.1970 15.4.1970 25.6.1970 juridique H 5509 Conférence internationale pour la Recherche et 3.4.1970 21.4.1970 21.5.1970 l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire en Relations publiques E1290 Mudra International « Centre de Perfectionnement et 30.4.1970 16.5.1970 2.7.1970 de Recherche des Interprètes du Spectacle Nouv. dèn. 2.12.1981 13.1.1982 10.06.1982

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 293 Yearbook no Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modification statuts belge Publication modifications statuts

H 3894 Association Internationale Europe 2000 30.6.1970 16.7.1970 3.9.1970

H 2813 Centre International du Commerce de gros intérieur et 26.4.1968 21.5.1968 extérieur D54 16 Fédération Européenne des Indépendants et des 29.12.1969 13.1.1970 12.2.1970 Cadres (Eurincad)

D1 597 Union Européenne des Praticiens en Médecine 5.1 1.1 97 4 19.12.1974 Dentaire D2316 Association Internationale pour l'avancement de la 27.10.1970 1 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 0 24.12.1970 recherche et de la Technologie aux Hautes Pressions D3942 European Bitumen Association 15.4.1970 1.5.1970 9.7.1970 A.R. nouv. stat. 10.9.1975 25.9.1975 1 3 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 5 A.R. nouv.stat. 13.9.1976 23.9.1976 D 1930 Union Internationale des Groupements professionnels 1 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 7 1 27.10.1971 des importateurs et distributeurs grossistes en alimentation

E 44 10 Institut Européen Interuniversitaire de l'Action sociale 27.10.1970 1 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 0 24.12.1970 A.R. Siège 3.12. 1973 8.1.1974 D 2423 Table ronde internationale pour le développement de 13 .4.1 97 1 7.5.1971 19.8.1971 l'orientation G 3182 Centre International de Documentation » C.I.D. » 23.4.1971 7.5.1971 1 . 7. 1 97 1 Conseil de la Toison d'Or D9209 Groupement européen des producteurs de verre plat 19 .7.1 97 1 13.8.1971 23.9.1971 Nouv. stat. Den. { 26. 15.8.1978 C2403 Bureaux Internationaux de la Récupération 7.3.5.1971 1978 12.5.1971 29.7.1971 Nouv. stat. A.R. 18.10.1973 31.10.1973 6.12.1973 C4231 Fédération Internationale des Centres d'Entraînement 2.4.1971 7.5.1971 23.9.1971 aux Méthodes d'éducation active G 0436 Atlantic Visitors Association 9.9.1970 22.9.1970 29.10.1970

E2961 Fédération Hypothécaire auprès de (a Communauté 5.11 . 1 9 7 1 2 5 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 1 23 .1 2.19 71 Economique Européenne F 3945 Institut Européen de Recherches et d'Etudes 13 .4 .1 971 7.5.1971 10.6.1971 Supérieures en Management C3355 Union Internationale Motonautique 4.9.1972 26.9.1972 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 2 C 4 3 1 3 Association Internationale du droit nucléaire 12.8.1971 27.8.1971 7 .10 .19 71 A.R nouv. stat. Den { 6. 28.12.1972 12. 1972 G 0769 Association Internationale d'Etudes Industrielles 12 .8 .1 971 27.8.1971 7.10.1971

- Inter-Université 12 .8 .1 971 27.8.1971

D 0 6 1 5 Conseil Européen des Fédérations de l'Industrie Chimique - European Council of Chemical Manufacturers' Federations 5.1.1973 1 8 .1 . 1 9 7 3 1.3.1973 H 4 1 1 9 Groupe international d'étude du Dépistage et de la 1. 7 . 19 7 1 30.71971 2.9.1971 Prévention du Cancer A.R. nouv. stat. 1 .12. 1976 11 .1 2 . 1 9 76 U3058 Centre International de Documentation de la F.I.J.E.T. 12.8.1971 27.8.1971 2.12.1971 D3943 Bureau Européen de Coordination des Organisations 13 .10 .1 9 7 1 27.10.1971 internationales de Jeunesse D3964 European Disposables Nonwovens Association 27.8.1971 28.9.1971 28.10.1971 A.R. nouv. dèn. 18. 10. 1973 9 . 1 1. 1 9 7 3 F 0570 Fondation Européenne pour le Management 1 1 . 1 0 . 1 9 7 1 27.10.1971 1 6 . 1 2 1 9 7 1 Stichting voor Management Development H 2378 Groupement International d'étude pour l'exploitation 20.3.1972 5.4.1972 18.5.1972 des voitures-lits en Europe Dissolution 2 1 .1 .1 9 8 2 D1978 Institut Européen des Industries de la Gomme de 14.2.1972 26.2.1972 4.5.1972 Caroube D5377 Internationale Vereniging voor Nederlandistiek Toep. van artikel 8 van de wet van 25 oktober 1 9 1 9

294 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Date mention Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile au Moniteur Publication statuts Modification statuts belge Publication modifications statuts - Amitiés Européennes 25.11.1971 1 1 . 1 2 . 1 9 7 1 27.1.1972

- Euro-Malaysion Cooperation Society 1 0 .1 2 . 1 9 7 1 5.1.1972 10.2.1972 D3847 Association Européenne des Editeurs d'Annuaires 12.9.1973 2.10.1973 8.11 .1 973 D4051 Institut Européen de recherche pour l'Aménagement 10.4.1972 6.5.1972 22.6,1972 régional et urbain

D2943 Association Européenne des Promoteurs de Centres 12.9.1972 26.9.1972 23.11.1972 commerciaux D0690 Confédération européenne des Syndicats nationaux. 9.8.1972 13.9.1972 19.1 0. 1972 Associations et Sections professionnelles de Pédiatres D0449 Conseil européen des Comités nationaux de Jeunesse 20.3.1972 5.4.1972 4.5.1972

D4398 European Late effects project group 31.7.1972 11.8.1972 21.9.1972 D2388 Comité Européen des Bureaux d'Ingénierie 4.9.1972 26.9.1972 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 2

- Tilapia International Association 12.9.1972 26.9.1972 26.10.1972 D3941 European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Association 29.6.1972 14.7.1972 31.8.1972 Durée : 25 ans E2609 Centre international de Documentation des 14.8.1972 5.9.1972 5.10.1972 Producteurs de Scories Thomas B3456 Assemblée Mondiale de la Jeunesse 19.8.1972 13.9.1972 1 7 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 2

D2932 Orgalime 12.7.1974 23.7.1974 28.1 1. 1974

G 8586 Montfaucon Research Center 15.10.1972 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 2 14.1 2. 1972 D9086 Association Européenne d'Informatique Théorique 4.9.1972 26.9.1972 28.12.1972 Nouv. stat. 13.10.1980 25.10.1980 1 9 . 1 1 . 1 9 8 1 B 1 3 4 9 Association internationale des Etudiants en sciences 4.9.1972 26.9.1972 26,10.1972 économiques et commerciales - Europe scientifique 1 6 .1 1 . 1 9 7 2 2.12.1972 25.1.1973

J 8442 Réalités et perspectives eur-africaines 1 6 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 2 2.12.1972 1 4 . 12 . 1 9 7 2

U 4 9 1 9 Pro. Duct 11,4.1973 1.5.1973 21.6.1973 D0938 Federation of European Industrial Editors Associations 25.1.1973 13.2.1973 12.4.1973

U0934 Comité de Liaison des Fruits Tropicaux et Légumes de contre-Saison originaires des Etats Africains et Malgache Associés 20.9.1973 1 8. 1 0. 1 97 3 1 3 . 12 . 1 9 7 3 H 2943 Humanité 2000 5.4.1973 21.4.1973 30.8.1973

D2379 Comité Audio-visuel européen 25.1.1973 10.2.1973 22.3.1973

D4565 Fédération européenne des Associations des 1.3.1973 27.3,1973 Etablissements de crédit-bail Europese Federatie van Verenigingen van Leasingondernemingen D4224 Société Européenne pour la formation des ingénieurs 4.5.1973 23.5.1973 26.7.1973 A.R. nouv. stat. 30.4.1979 16.5.1979 D4409 Association internationale pour le Droit de 8.10.1973 27.10.1973 24.1.1974 l'Alimentation D3466 Confederation of Importers and Marketing organizations in Europe of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables 30.10.1973 1 7 .1 1 . 1 9 7 3 20.12.1973 Mod.dén. 6.2.1980 21.2.1980 24.4.1980 A.R. nouv. stat. 28. 1. 1981 1 1 . 2 . 1 9 8 1 28.5.1981 G 2391 Information et Développement 14.5.1973 29.5.1973 19.7.1973 Voorlichting en Ontwikkeling - International Marketing Development 30.10.1973 1 7 . 1 1. 197 3 24.1.1974

D1640 Association internationale des Professeurs de 1 1 . 6 .1 9 7 4 25.6.1974 7 .1 1 .1 9 74 philisophie - Fédération des Chambres de Commerce belge à 5.1 1.1 97 4 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 4 l'Etranger Verbond der Belgische Kamers van Koophandel in het Buitenland D0538 Europa Nostra 31.8.1973 25.9.1973

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 295 Yearbook Dénomination - siege Arrête royal Annexes Moniteur no Personnalité civile Date mention Publication statuts Modification statuts Publication au Moniteur modifications statuts belge D0538 Europa Nostra 31.8.1973 25.9.1973

G 0661 International Press Club Bruxelles-Brussel 29. 11.1973 20.12.1973 21.3.1974 G 3776 The Irish Farmers' Association international 29.11.1973 21.12.1973 28.2.1974

H 0075 Organisation Internationale pour la construction des 31.8.1973 13.10.1973 2 2.11 .1 97 3 programmes scolaires Dissoute : Annexes du Moniteur : 17. 11.1977 D4561 Institute of Sociology of Law for Europe 1 7 .1 .1 9 7 4 30.1.1974 7.3.1974 D 2 7 1 8 European Coil Coating Association 17.6.1974 29.6.1974 12.9.1974 C4571 Centre international d'étude des producteurs de 6-8.1974 21.8.1974 24.10.1974 Tantale D9663 Tantalum Producers International Study Center 26.4.1974 9.5.1974 4.7.1974 Société Internationale de Thérapie Psychomotrice G 8550 Union Eur'Audit 1 1.6.19 74 25.6.1974 19.9.1974 - Association culturelle artistique et scientifique 26.4.1974 9.5.1974 Belgique-Philippines D8960 Centre International d'Etudes du Lindane 23.4.1974 8.5.1974 29.8.1974 _ Internationaal Centrum voor Arbeidsvorming 23.9.1974 8.10 .19 74 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 9 7 4 F 3506 International Health Foundation 6.8.1974 21.8.1974 1 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 4 D6941 International Child Neurology Association 14.8.1974 3.9.1974 1 9.12 .1 97 4 - Banque de la Fraternité universelle 6.8.1974 21.8.1974 1 9 . 12 . 19 7 4 - Comité Artistique du Festival International de la Danse 8.10.1974 17 . 10 . 19 7 4 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 9 7 4 à Venise D7360 Association Européenne des Assurés de l'Industrie 1 2 . 1 2 . 19 74 24.12.1974 20.3.1975 Transfert siège 20.3.1975 A.R. Mod. but: 18. 1 1 . 1977 6.12.1977 Transfert siège 20.3.1980 D9729 International Fragance Association 5.11.1974 2 3. 11 .1 97 4 20.3.1975 Dissolution 27.3.1980, no 3 1 4 1 G 4345 Centre Gandhi - Association internationale au Service 7.4.1975 10.5.1975 31.7.1975 de l'Homme et de la Vie G 0233 Banque des Arts 27.12.1974 24.1.1975 24.4.1975 - Conseil général des Etudiants Etrangers en Belgique 4.2.1975 26.2.1975 5.6.1975 E7745 Les Anciens des Ecoles Européennes 7.4.1975 7.5.1975 10.7.1975 E 51 48 Europe-China Association 20.5.1975 12.6.1975 14.8.1975 A.R. mod.dén but { 6. 1 1 . 1 . 1 9 7 8 12. 1977 Erratum 1 7.1. 19 78 H 4 4 1 1 Association Internationale de Technologie des 4.7.1975 24.7.1975. n° 1 4 1 Conférences C18 45 Fédération Internationale des Mouvements d'Adultes 10.7.1975 5.8.1975 25.9.1975, Ruraux catholiques n o 7 6 1 7 - Fondation du Conseil International du Sport Militaire 13.8.1975 27.8.1975, no 164 16.10,1975. no 8235 G 2723 Centra Studi ed Informazione sulle Communità Europee (Centre d'Etudes et d'Information sur les 25.8.1975 3.9.1975, no 169 16.10-1975, Communautés Européennes) no 3789 D9551 Bureau International Technique du Spathfluor 25.8.1975 11 .9 .19 75, no 175 6.11.1975, no's 8833-8834 - Fonds d'Entr' Aide A.F.I. 13.8.1975 26.8.1975. no 163 23-10.1975, no 8306 D0631 Comité Européen de Normalisation 24.10.1975 5.11 .19 75. no 2 1 4 29.1-1976, no 604 D5414 Bureau Européen de l'Environnement 9.12.1975 19.12.1975. no 15.4.1976, 245 European Environmental Bureau no 3277 - Centre Européen d'Etude et d'Information sur les Sociétés Multinationales 9.12.1975 31.12.1975, no 26.2. 1976, 251 no 1433 Dissolution 15 .10 ,19 81

296 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Yearbook no Dénomination - allège Arrête royal Date mention au Moniteur Annexes Moniteur Personnalité civile belge Publication statuts Publication modifi- cations statuts

D 4 1 1 0 European Federation for Intercultural Learning 9.12.1975 19 .1 2. 1975, no 11.3.1976, 245 no 1984 A.R. mod. den. 20.12.1979 16.1.1980, no 11 27.3.1980. no 3220 G 1283 Youth For Understanding 6.1.1976 20.1.1976 1.4.1976, no 2844 D 6948 International Carpet Classification Organisation 16.1.1976 28.1.1976, no 19 11.3.1976, no 2 16 7 B 3370 United Bible Societies Appl article 8 de la loi du 25 .1 0.1 919 - publ. Ann. Mon. 15.4.1976 D 5426 Association Européenne du Transport et Convoyage 31.3.1976 22.4.1976, no 79 24.6.1976, de Valeurs no s 5582-5583 D 0052 Association des Producteurs de Matières Plastiques 1 1 . 6 .1 9 7 6 26.6.1976. no 1 2 4 30.9.1977, en Europe no 8 1 7 1 H 7578 Association de Fabricants et d'Importateurs de 21.4.1976 1.5.1976, no 86 23.3.1978 Tronçonneuses opérant en Europe _ Pro Natura 21.4.1976 29.4.1976, no 84 8.7.1976, no 5855 D 5832 Fédération mondiale des Dirigeants des Instituts de 26.5.1976 9.6.1976, no 1 1 1 16.9.1976. Beauté et de l'Esthétique no 7605 Wereldfederatie der Leiders van de Schoonheidsinstituten en van Esthetiek H 7227 Association des Fabricants Européens de Pièces 21.6.1976 7.7.1976, n° 1 3 1 4.8.1977, Automobiles (A.F.E.P.A.) no 6871 D 0 1 1 5 Fédération Mondiale des Amis de Musées 4.5.1976 14.5.1976, no 95 24.6.1976, World Federation of Friends of Museums no 5530 C 1 9 1 2 Fédération internationale des Archives du Film Application article 8 1 8 .11 .1 97 6 , (F.I.A.F.) de la loi du 25.10.1919 no 9411 Mod. siège 28.2.1980, no 1839 D 5301 Fédération Européenne de l'Industrie des Aliments 1.7.1976 15.7.1976, no 2.12.1976, pour Animaux Familiers 137 no 9803 G 2360 Amicale des Algériens en Belgique 2.9.1976 15.9.1976, no 180 11.11.1976, no s 9170-9180 - Union des Editeurs de Langue Française 13.9.1976 23.9.1976, no 186 2.12.1976, no 9759 _ Fondation pour l'Organisation Européenne de Recherche sur le Traitement du Cancer 13.9.1976 9.12.1976, no 10022 D 8705 Association pour la Formation des Enseignants en 1 1 . 10 . 1 9 7 6 21.10.1976, no 23.12.1976, Europe 206 no 10433 D 6714 Association Internationale des Coordinateurs pour l'Environnement 28.12.1976 13.1. 1977, no 9 14.4.1977, no 2880 F 5152 Fonds Européen de Coopération 1 2. 1 .1 9 77 22.1.1977, no 16 31.3.1977,

Europees Fonds voor Samenwerking no 2316 D 0148 Institut Européen des Armes de Chasse et de Sport 1 2. 1 .1 9 77 20.1.1977, no 14 7.4.1977

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 297 Bibliographie

Future Forces : An Association Executive's Guide to a Décade of Change and Choice, by David Pearce Snyder and Gregg Edwards, The Foundation of the American Society of Asso- ciation Executives, Washington, 1984.

important opportunity to play a central cretary, executive director, executive vice role in ushering that country into the « in- president and president. formation age ». The authors stress that The association with the largest number its citizens will have to invent the new in- of employees is the Insurance Service Of- stitutions, organizations, and rules of the fice, with a staff of 4,000, according to the information economy and the information A.S.A.E. Most associations have several society in the next ten years. departments, such as convention plan- The Foundation of the American Society ning, education services, financial ser- of Association Executives (ASAE) pu- The American association community in- vices, government relations, marketing, blished last year the results of its latest cludes 16,519 national trade associations membership and public relations. study. and professional societies - three times In their closing chapter, the authors call as many as there were in the mid-1950's, for an adaptive society based on informa- Written by futurists D. P. Snyder and G. Counting regional, state and local organ- tion as an agent for change and on increa- Edwards, Future Forces paints a detailed izations, the number jumps to 40.000. sing literacy: more informed consumers, picture of what the operating environment More than 495,000 people are employed more knowledgeable voters and more so- of associations will be like the next 10 or by national associations, with a total pay- phisticated workers. United States is 15 years. Although the authors have tried roll of S 9.8 billion, says the A.S.A.E., and seen as a future » information society », to conduct a comprehensive survey, inter- there are at leal a half-million more em- even though one third of American adults national associations seem to have been ployees in the other associations. will be left behind with no functional com- completely forgotten, and some hight- petency, like handling simple shopping tech sectors in industry, trade and profes- Professional societies comprise profes- arithmetic or filling in a job application sions have been strongly emphasized, in sionals in fields such as law or medicine. form. In response to such formidable chal- contrast with others like health, environ- For example, the American Medical Asso- lenges, the authors believe that associa- ment or labour relations which have re- ciation, which has more than 235,000 tions could create the instrumental inno- ceived poor treatment. members. The A.M.A., like other profes- vation of the post-industrial age by mobi- sional societies, lobbies and supports pol- The study contains four main sections as- lizing their information resources to guide itical-action committees across the na- sessing the impact on associations of cur- public and private sector policies and in- tion, helps its members keep up to date on rent long-term demographic, economic, vestments. The association community is medical practices by means of continu- technological and socio-political forces presented as the only viable alternative to ing-education courses and accreditation for change. The whole work is the culmin- » centralized planning that exploits both the of educational programmes, and pu- ation of the first initiative launched by the productive potential of information technolo- blishes medical journals. Foundation in response to recommenda- gy and the economic power of information it- tions gathered from North-American as- self » , and to decision-making » dictated by Trade associations and professional so- sociations through a survey, the second ideology and political power ». cieties engage in exchange of ideas initiative being an ongoing programme of The book contains useful tables on dem- among members and establish profes- in-depth analyses into specific future ographic trends, job entry screening tech- sional standards. Staffs publish newslett- trends and developments that will be cru- niques, components of U.S. workforce ters and organize meetings and conven- cial to the association management pro- from 1860 to 1983. criteria for location of tions. fession. high-tech companies, factors that influ- ence individual initiatives and compo- The A.S.A.E., says that associations - al- nents of the-quality of life. As a whole, it Future Forces describes how associations most all of which stage conventions - should be considered more as an explor- will have to deal with : spend more than $ 16 billion each year ation of current social trends and future • A 25% decline in the number of new and account for more than two-thirds of issues which assocation executives are workers entering the labor force over the the total convention market. confronted with, than an inquiry into actu- next ten years. Because associations vigorously promote al association policies. Although the book their causes in government circles, most is not always free of ideological biases - in • A jump in the number of working mo- of them are based in Washington, and this case an unshakable belief in the vir- thers from 40 % in 1979 to 66 % by 1990. more of them are moving to there. After tues of technological progress-which the government and tourism, associations re- authors otherwise firmly dismiss, it pro- • Frustrations and discontent on the part present the third-largest industry in of Baby Boomers caught in « mid-career vides its readers with an accurate and Washington, with 75.000 employees compaction ». The number of aspirants for lively description of future issues affecting working for 3,100 national associations, management promotions will more than associations and thoughtful indications with an annual payroll exceeding $ 2 bil- triple by 1995. as how these can lead its members and lion. society at large through the transition into • The potential resurgence of union ac- the twenty-first century. The A.S.A.E. says that the average asso- tivism in the information sector. Paul Ghils ciation employs a staff of 24. but pays staff • The creation of a new class of « infor- could range from one to several hundred. mation have-nots ». As United States A typical association employs 6 to 10 peo- continues to move into the « information ple headed by a secretary, executive se- age », potentially one-third of the popu- lace will be left behind, creating new im- peratives for society.

The most important assertion made in Fu- ture Forces is that associations have an

298 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 Organisation of cooperative technical assistance in Canada, Sweden and the U.S.A. : lessons for other movements, by S.K. Saxena, S.K. Saxena and Associates, 56 Raymerville Drive, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3P4J5. Price : $ 5.00.

The deficiencies of the » trickle-down » NRECA. VDC and WOCCU/CUNA. The ity support is monetized and used for coo- approach to technical assistance are by OCDC has actively lobbied the US author- perative development overseas. There is, now well-known. As a consequence, the ities for increased resources for helping he notes, an absence of systematic infor- role of non-governmental organisations is movements in the Third World. mation interchange on the subject of as- being increasingly emphasized. Several sistance. Cooperative Movements have set up their All these organisations depend upon Gov- own technical assistance bodies. Dr. ernment help from CIDA. SDA and the The study was written at the request of. Saxena examines the evolution and expe- USAID; this does not exonerate the move- and supported by, the Swedish Coopera- riences of three such organisations esta- ments from raising funds from their mem- tive Centre, Stockholm, and the Commit- blished by the Canadian, Swedish and the port and to indicate the seriousness of tee for the Promotion of Aid to Coopera- US movements and draws lessons which tives, Rome; neither of the organisations their own intentions. The author empha- may be useful for others. He outlines the is. however, responsible for the views ex- sizes the need for efficient feed-back to work of the Cooperative Development pressed. In addition to Canada, Sweden members in order to help them conceptu- Foundation (including a brief reference to and the United States, the author held dis- the Quebec based SDID), the Swedish alize the problems of the developing world cussions with leaders of cooperative Cooperative Centre which in some ways as well as to report on the ways members' movements in Italy, Austria, the UK, the has been a pioneer organisation and the contributions are being used. He outlines Netherlands and Denmark. To the field in- US Overseas Committee on Development some innovative approaches adopted by vestigations, Dr. Saxena adds his own un- Cooperation which includes, among the US and, latterly, by the Canadian coo- rivalled knowledge of the international others, the ACDI, CARE, CHF, CLUSA peratives by which government commod- Cooperative Movement.

Cooperatives and peace, by S.K. Saxena, S.K. Saxena and Associates, 56 Raymerville Drive, Markahm,Ontario, Canada L3P4J5. Price : $ 4.00.

Dr. Saxena discusses in this publication not partial. Peace should be introduced in ment's concerns need to be widened. This the role which Cooperatives can play in the syllabi of cooperative schools and col- will require time; the induction of women promoting the cause of World Peace. The leges and the relationship between coo- and youth will, to some extent, help in sen- Movement at the international level has peration in its specific and generic senses sitizing the cooperative movement to is- done precious little apart from adopting should be studied and researched closely; sues of Peace which have so far been re- numerous Resolutions which are repeti- experiences of recently set up Peace garded by it as extraneous. tive and devoid of practical significance. Academies and Conflict Resolution Insti- He analyses the reasons for these empty tutes will be of help and Cooperative Col- For the first time we have here concrete gestures and describes the contribution leges must establish active contacts with suggestions about the role of coopera- of one national movement. The move- them. tives in the promotion of Peace. ments at the national level are fragmented and Dr. Saxena suggests some concept- The paper is a slightly modified version of ual and practical ways of building a coor- But if the cooperative movement is to ac- a lecture Dr. Saxena delivered at the Co- dinated initiative on Peace so that coo- tively pursue its new role, its leaders must op Institute at the Loyola University, Chi- perative support to this vital issue is total. be sensitized to this issue; the move- cago. Illinois.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 299 ECHOS DE LA VlE ASSOCIATIVE NEWS ON ASSOCIATIVE AFFAIRS

Adult education l'Europe des consommateurs élaborés sur la base de rapports préparés au sein de groupes de travail. En juin 1985 s'est tenue en Suède la pre- Depuis la mise en place de la nouvelle mière conférence de l'« International Lea- Commission européenne, les commissai- La Commission a d'ailleurs eu l'occasion gue for Social Commitment in Adult Edu- res Clinton Davies et Andriessen se sont de modifier le texte de certaines de ses cation ». Fondée un an plus tôt par un entretenus personnellement avec les propositions pour tenir compte des avis groupe d'éducateurs aux Etats-Unis, la représentants des organisations euro- du CCC. Ligue s'est assigné comme objectif la péennes de consommateurs afin d'asso- » défense de l'égalité et de la justice cier davantage le Comité consultatif des Le CCC se réunit cinq fois par an en sociales et des droits des collectivités et consommateurs (CCC) aux travaux Comité plènier et le Bureau se réunit dix des individus ». Informations : Robert Hog- entrepris dans les services de la Commis- fois par an. Par conséquent, dans le cadre hielm, Stockholm Institute of Education, sion, dans tous les domaines de la politi- du CCC, l'organisation de consomma- Department of Educational Research, Box que communautaire, lorsque les intérêts teurs a de nombreuses occasions d'être 34103. S-100 26 Stockholm, Suéde). des consommateurs sont en cause de consultée sur les propositions de la Com- manière significative. mission et de faire connaître son point de vue. Nouvel ordre économique Le CCC a été créé en 1973 par la Com- mission. Il compte 33 membres et Il convient de rappeler, en outre, que les Un ensemble d'organisations caritatives regroupe quatre organisations : organisations de consommateurs bénéfi- se sont groupées pour organiser à cient de subventions au titre du poste l'Unesco, à Paris, une conférence interna- - Bureau européen des unions de 6671 pour leur permettre une participa- tionale qui avait pour thème: « un seul consommateurs (BEUC): tion active et une meilleure coordination monde pour un nouvel ordre économique de leurs travaux. international ». Cette conférence tenue - Confédération des organisations fami- les 1er et 2 avril 1985 s'inscrit dans le liales de la Communauté européenne Enfin, en vue de mieux faire connaître les cadre du dialogue Nord-Sud et a abouti à (COFACE); avis préparés par le Comité, ceux-ci font la création d'une association internatio- l'objet de communiques de presse de la nale qui s'appellera « Un seul monde ». - Communauté européenne des coopé- Commission qui sont, en outre, systéma- Ses objectifs sont de concrétiser des ratives de consommation (EURO COOP): tiquement transmis au Parlement Euro- actions concertées de développement et péen, au Comité Economique et Social, - Confédération européenne des syndi- de solidarité. Parmi les organisations qui aux administrations nationales concer- cats (CES). soutiennent le projet citons le Conseil nées et sont, éventuellement, aussi œcuménique des églises, la Ligue islami- Le CCC est consulté par la Commission envoyés en réponse à des demandes que mondiale, le mouvement bouddhiste spécifiques. Soka Gakkai (Japon), le Comité catholi- sur toutes les propositions de celle-ci que contre la faim et pour le développe- pouvant concerner les consommateurs et ment (Paris). Misereor (Allemagne Fédé- donne des avis sur ces propositions. Il rale). CIDSE (Belgique). Le siège de » Un peut aussi donner des avis d'initiative, Archimède et Léonard seul monde - est établi 24 avenue de Saxe c'est-à-dire se saisir lui-même de problè- F-75007 Paris. mes qu'il estime importants pour les L'Association internationale des techni- consommateurs. Les différents avis sont ciens, experts et chercheurs (AITEC), qui

300 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 se donne pour mission de » mettre en œuvre, pratiquement et professionnelle- ment, un refus des diktats techniques » et PID de » redonner au débat politique toute son INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME OF INFORMATION ON importance », public la première livraison DEVELOPMENT de sa revue ARCHIMÈDE ET LEONARD. Au sommaire, un dossier programmati- Exchange of Information on Development, Brussels, March 1986 que : » Le FMI ou comment s'en débarras- ser ». Information Note to Non Governmental Organisations The operation « Exchange of Infor- mation on Development » is centered on the project of Information System on the local communities (SICOB) whose characteristics are described below. It is therefore important to organise a coherent approach to the collection and administration of information on development. The steps adopted will lead to an or- ganisational framework intended to facilitating the recourse to shared re- sources. The project aims at sup- porting Third-World NGOs for the collection of data on the milieu, the promotion of North-South and South- South information and how to favour the application of development ac- tions. We suggest that you participate in this project in line with your activi- ties, and according to your working instruments. We will study the applicability of the project with you in the country that is most suitable for your programme, and we could identify together part- ner NGOs.

Personalia

Sabroso (Pérou) a été élu président et • Lors de sa session du 27 au 30 mars à Mario lantorno (Argentine) secrétaire Louvain (Belgique), le Conseil du général. Bureau international catholique de • Au 15 e congrès de l'Union internatio- l'enfance (BICE) a accepté la démission nale des architectes, tenue au Caire au du chanoine J. Moerman de ses fonc- début de cette année. M. Nils Carlson a tions de secrétaire général du BICE. été élu secrétaire général en remplace- Au cours de cette même session, le ment de M. Michel Lanthonie. Conseil a désigné Monsieur François • The Vlth All-Christian Peace Assembly Ruegg, de nationalité suisse et ancien held in Prague, July 1985. reelected représentant du BICE auprès des insti- Bishop Dr Karoly Toht of the Hungarian tutions internationales a Vienne, Reformed Church as President of the comme nouveau secrétaire général. Christian Peace Conference and Rev Dr A cette même occasion, le Conseil a Lubomier Mirejovsky of the Evangelical désigné Monsieur Stefan Vanistendael Church of Czech Brethren as Secretary comme secrétaire général adjoint du general. BICE. • M. André J. Jacobs. Secretaire general • La deuxième assemblée générale de de l'Union internationale des transports l'Association œcuménique des théolo- publics, a pris sa retraite à l'issue du giens africains, tenue en décembre 46e congrès international de I'UITP tenu 1984 à Nairobi, a élu à la présidence de à Bruxelles du 19 au 24 mai 1985. C'est l'association le Rev. Max Ranfransoa, M. Pierre Laconte qui a été choisi pour secrétaire général du Conseil des égli- le remplacer. ses de toute l'Afrique. • Le 17 juin 1985. Patrick D. Gardon a • Un nouveau bureau directeur de la pris ses fonctions de secrétaire génér- Confédération interaméricaine de al du Conseil international des musées l'éducation catholique a été élu à (ICOM) à Paris. Mexico en février 1985. Au cours de • On 20th February 1985, the Executive l'assemblée des présidents des confé- Director of Christian Democratic Inter- dérations membres César Blondet (No 1, semestriel, 40 FF - AITEC. 14, place de Rungis. 75013 Paris).

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 301 Poètes alpinistes A la suite de l'assemblée générale à Séoul en 1984 de l'Union internationale des associations d'alpinisme, l'idée avait été lancée de présenter des poètes qui chantent les montagnes du monde. C'est ainsi que vient de sortir le premier cahier de cette série. Il est consacré au poète épique Yi Un Sang qui est aussi président du club alpin coréen. Les poèmes sont présentés en français par J.F. Pierrier et en anglais par Jenifer Payne.

Hydroponics

» Soilless culture » is a new periodical which covers all aspects of soilless culture and hydroponics like research and practical applications concerning : the nutrient solution, fluid or solid substrates, plant breeding for soilless culture, instal- lations, automatization and mechaniza- tion. The no 1 vol 1 appeared 12 August 1985 and is published by the internatio- nal Society for Soilless Culture (PO Box 52, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands). Out of Coast forest réseau mation LES A precise contract of co-operation the and the three (choisi par dans les TELEC will then be established in order to Philippi times the lui) : il boîtes ONFEREN woods size of guarantee the execution of the en- nes adresse du aux CES The newly Switzerlan gagements. decided courrier lettres TEXTUELL launched d We are at your disposal for any furth- to back dans ainsi ES er details you would need. Internatio is being the pact les boîtes choisies Ce 3ème A co-ordinated approach to the pro- nal lost every as year, and des . gram will have a multi-beneficiary Tropical stade n'est recently that 95 utilisateurs Ex. A 2 character on the one hand, so that Timber possible as percent of connus je jours du the exploitation of available res- Agreemen qu'après le March. the lui. départ, sources, their follow-up and their t is the regroupe Even world's C'est le maintenance will be organised within very une ment then, forests stade de a framework of international co- model of Compag d'acteurs, it took a are either l'utilisation nie de operation. the un- appartena late pour les Charter, On the other hand, it will have a multi- modem managed nt and signatur besoins présent donor character. The contribution of or souvent à modest e by INTERNE e sur le a donor could help in preserving an exploited des sous- commodit Egypt S Réseau, autonomous management, to contri- with little réseaux bute to the organization of a global y treaty, to bring or no re- classiques dispose différents, network of information on develop- lacking the gard for d'un de ment. Partners with limited means any of the treaty the ensemble places autour could contribute together in the real- regulatory into environm d'acteurs sur un d'une ization of the SICOB modulus. powers of force ent. gèographi vol action F. Gbossa, Secretary General, CIN- more on quement Paris- précise. TERAD. traditional schedul If the ITTA éloignés et Dakar. Les Bd. General Jacques 186, pacts. e on 1 can tackle en relation La télécon- the threat 1050 Bruxelles But the April. étroite sélectio férences to the TEL : 2/649.95.49 ITTA has (SOUS- n des textuelles world's TELEX : 63205 ONG/ACP. only just The RESEAU), organis (TT) sont vital made it - ITTA's ex. de timber mes de des lieux de- main message : resources, la électroniqu spite areas of avis il may région es de almost 20 interest d'assembl also parisien rencontre, years of will be ée succeed ne (ou publics ou preparator market générale in striking plus privés, au y talks intellige avec ordre a blow for large) national. Dr Vincenzo Japicca, left the and its nce; du choix. the cause jour. s'étant general secretariat on completion of inclusion reforest Une of signalés his period of service. From that date his in ation Lettres de téléconfér internation comme functions have been taken over by Dr Unctad's and for- liaison ence peut al menant Enzo Montanari, who has long and fruit- integrated est Informatio s'étaler sur manage cooperatio des ful experience in various sectors of commodit n plu- ment; n on actions Christian democratic activities. y urgente... sieurs the commodi- sur le programm jours ou » The 30th World Scout Conference held expansi ties. terrain e since 2. semaines : in Munich, 1 5 - 1 9 July 1985. elected six on of Nick en men to the World Scout Committee : H. 1976. L'USAG chacun y pro- Terdre Afrique Morrey Cross (Canada), Hartmunt Such E rentre cessing (South, est Keyler (Germany) Houssein Makke leading PROSP lorsqu'il a in the August immédia (Lebanon), Eugene F. Reid (USA). Ber- producers ECTIF le temps, produci 85). te. Un til Tunje (Sweden) and Ko Yoshida (Ja- as Brazil, DE LA lit les Ivory ng MES- messag pan). The committee elected Norman messages, countrie SAGERI e Johnson (Australia) as its new Chair- y s; and E - leur est man and John Beresford (UK) and researc répond, L'ANNU envoyé Dominique Benard (France) as vice- h and vote et AIRE annonça chairmen. develop envoie ses nt des ment. On sort du propres • Rev Carl Mau is the outgoing general prix « secretary of the Lutheran World Feder- Unctad' SOUS- mes- sou- ation, an organization of 99 churches s Ulricht RESEAU sages. pour tien au with over 54 million members. Carl Nau Cording Les TT says an chercher dévelop has served as genera! secretary for the permettent past 11 years. He turned over his post area of des pement partenaire » sur ce l'organisati to his successor, Norwegian Dean on Gunnar Staalsatt at the LWF's annual s vol... d'actions executive committee meeting in Gene- potentiels. Ex. : Un d'urgence, va on August 30, 1985. L'annuaire film électroniqu d'actuali rendent e de Feed- té possible Back doit traitant la être dédié le pro- tâche de au blème groupes MESSAGERIE développe des de travail ment femmes gèographi- ASSOCIATIVE (Annuaire au quement - voir Pérou éclatés et annexe est n'ayant 1 ) . pas les L 'association française Plein Champ a élabore produit. Un mêmes un projet de » messagerie télématique Il annuaire disponibilit associative pour le développement ». Celle-ci dispose permet de és est constituée environ sélectionn horaires, en réseau par l'intermédiaire d'un serveur qui d'un an er (ou la gestion supprime presque tout problème de pour d'être de compatibilité entre matériels et logiciels jouer sélectionn bourses différents. Chaque cor- son é par) ses de projets- respondant outre sa boite électronique privée rôle de partenaire Remarque pour la simple messagerie peut constituer un sensibili s : de même sous-réseau de correspondants en y amenant sation potentiels que l'on « les siens afin de autant passe » à et en prospectant l'ensemble des partenaires faire que l'image, du réseau, enfin, la possibilité de parvenir pour on « téléconférence textuelle semble une infor- être passe » à particulièrement adaptée à la pré- amorti la radio et paration d'assemblée et au fonctionnement de financièr l'on groupes de travail, au moins pour la ement. « passe » communication écrite sous forme condensée. Il La plus ou n'est plus néces- sélectio moins à saire que plusieurs individus soient disponibles n l'écrit. Ces en même temps et en un même endroit. immédia Le ons abordée te des boîtes projet ainsi ensuite. que la aux «feed- coordi- I. lettres back»; nation L'UTILITE des uti- mode dans ce lisateurs d'empl secteur. 1. potentiel s du film oi Pour L'UTILI plus de SATION permet « Feed clarté on SIMPLE de les Back » est distingu D'UNE en un era 3 MES- informer système sta- SAGERI (avec de commu- des E prix, séances nication à progres Chaque de l'usage du sifs participant vision- développe d'utilisati dispose nage...) ment : son on de la d'une boite but, messa- aux lettres favoriser gerie. (électroniq 3. la La ue) et y L'USAG production question reçoit son E et la des courrier SYNER dissémi- coûts libellé à GETIQU nation sera son nom de E - d'informati modes de et THOMSO 2. coût du coût tionale (ag ment REPRESE réceptio N); d'utilisati dével d'utilis du ri- vos tarif NTATION n sans imprimante on : oppe ation cul axes France sont diffé- mémoire en plus, Dans le ment interna tur de cas d'une (40 F rents. = temps faculta- de - de e, reche utilisation La » de tive. pouv l'Heure sa rche simple bande commun oir se ). nté plurid En France, (cas passante ication retro ....) iscipli on peut 1) . la » de l'écrit long, u- - L'accès ou naire utiliser le messageri peut coût ver à un MODEM e est tra s. serveur paraître plus sur ns - du même commu étroite élevé UN ect Donn MINITEL compétitiv n pour qu'avec LIEU ori ez qui peut e efface certains. un COM ell être - avec le les enfin, D'un point micro- MUN e adres inversé - courrier problè de vue ordina- classique DE (fe se, (moyen- mes de technico- teur. (annexe 1 REN- m télép nant compta commerci ), CON bilité me hone, 1.1.2. al, c'est bricolage) Dans le TRE entre s, télex Acheter son et émettre cas 2, elle : leur les éc ... un êtroitesse à la même engage cohé différe olo - Le code micro- qui justifie vitesse les coûts sion nts gie d'accès ordinate SON BAS qu'à la de s'en matéri ,...) d'une ur: els PRIX. réception communic trouv banque Avan- inform - (120 ation (40 era de don- atiques pré tage : la caract./se F en renfo choisis cis nées II. LES mémoir France à rcée conde). ez centrali e du 60 FF. par et chacun sées micro de les INVESTI 1.2. On leurs pour dont permet l'heure) régi dispose actio son vous d'émet- gui sont ons SSEMEN déjà d'un ns usage êtes largement du tre et micro- plus interne. compensé mo co- recevoir effica .. TS : ordina- s nde product à la ces (systè teur: par les sur eurs. vitesse (FOR mes 1. S'assurer plus les - Votre de 120 UM d'exploi qu'on values tation que nom carac- PER MATERIEL dispose du réalisées. pos- lles Réseau tères MAN logiciel de Dans le sibles vou sur une par ENT 1 . 1 . On transmissi 3ème cas, PROD s autre seconde du ne dispose on (carte les coûts OS- por mes- par dével pas d'un RS 232. sont les MS.DO tez sagerie. l'intermé oppe S- micro coût mêmes, plu diaire - ordina- mais UNIX - s d'un 1.200 FF). ment CPM). teur, on il est plus par logiciel On peut ). peut : difficile ticu et d'un utiliser le d'appréhe - Un liè- matériel MODEM nder ANNEXE 1 .1 . 1 . En acha re de du l'impact 1 - France, t me transmis MINITEL économiq utiliser un glob L'ANNUA nt sion ou ue direct MINITEL al IRE vos (MODE achter un et indirect d'he (Abonnem L'annuaire eff M). d'une ures ent gratuit MODEM permet de ort télé- de ou 85 Coût: à (coût entre donner s conférenc conn FF/mois). partir de 1.500 FF (Afr e. ectio autant de Inconvénie 4.000 et iqu n, force aux nt : 4.000 FF FF (le 3. peut communic e, émission suivant la TO 7 de L'énergie faire ations Asi qualité). e... humaine : chut horizontal Tout ) er es participant les ou qu'aux 302 ASSOCIATIONS a la prix le flux TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 messageri du car e tiers, verticaux act s'engage voire d'informati ère (moralem de on. inte ent) a une moiti L'annuair r- participati é. e est le rég on de 1 à - Il est pivot ion 2 envis al heures d'une de par agea messager vos semaine ble ie, acti (soit un de il doit être déve on coût mini- APPROP lopp s mum de RIE à ses 160 FF er un (vill utilisateurs par mois). systè es, me . for 4. La de APPROP êts formation : coop RIEZ- ,...) Une érati VOUS - journée ves l'annuaire situ de d'ac FEED- ez- formation hats, BACK: vou par type s de SI vous d'utili- pro maté ouvrez sation de riel fes la une boîte infor sio messager aux lettres mati nn ie est - Donnez- que elle nécessair lui votre pour me e à nom de le nt sa bonne réseau dével (do utilisation et ver- op- cu . rouillez- pem me la en ent, nta lecture selo tion avec un n le , mot de mêm for III. passe POURQU e ma (modifia OI UN princ tion ble). REGROU ipe. , PEMENT - En - Des acti INTE choisiss finan ons RNAT ant sur IONA cem chaque le L ents fois terr inter dans - Le ain, natio une dévelo pro naux liste ppeme duc (CEE d'une nt est teu ) quinzai un r devi ne de problè enne mots au me nt clés, dio internat envis décrive - ional. agea z-vous : vis - Il est uel bles. - selon avanta s...) .. ce votre geux et qui activit pour éve ramè é tous les ntu nerai secto acteurs elle t le rielle Remarque commu reste aux 1 : tes nication envi- caractérist à son rons de iques de « 3,50. alors cha- crénea que la que u » messageri participant concern e sont ant taxera modifiable l'expédi 2.50 F à tion 3,50 F. s a tout d'un sur moment, courrier l'Europe par leur à un et de créateur groupe 3,50 F à UNIQUEM de 4,50 F. ENT, person sur le Remarque nes, reste du 2 : Feed- c'est monde. Back avec la Remarquo son messag ns enfin annuaire, erie qui que est un offre te l'utilisation outil de meilleur du COMMUN rapport minitel ICA- temps/c oblige à TION, il ne oût. une rentre pas (Ceci concision en même du compétitio avec message n mais débit de (500 complète 30 caractères les caractè ) afin de Banques res/s ne pas alors passer de que l'on trop de données peut temps en centrali- attendr ligne sées qui e pendant la sont des 120c/s frappe, outils et donc ce qui d'INFORM des n'est pas ATION coûts 4 le cas fois avec un moin- micro-ordi- dres). nateur. ANNEXE 2 - Au Contact ; ETUDE niveau Claude COMPA internati Combes, RATIVE - onal, L'UTILI Projet UTILISA SATION Feed-back, TION SIMPLE Associatio SIMPLE (voir 1 ) n Plein D'UNE d'une champ, 12 MES- messag avenue de SAGERI erie se la E (voir 1) jus- Sœur L'unité de tifie Rosalie, 75013 mesure moins est une facileme Paris, France. page de nt par le 55 gain de ou: Maîtrise lignes de temps 70 réalisé. locale du développe caractères En effet, ment, à faire toujours INSEE. parvenir à pour la bur. 424, n même 18 bd personnes lettre à Adolphe sur le 100 Pinard territoire personn 75675 national. es, le Paris Chaque courrier outil de Cedex 14. Télex

Téléphone (la page dictée)

Télécopieur

Courrier

Messagerie coûts d'envois ...... coûts à la réception ......

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985 303 New... Creations... Plans... New... Creations... Plans

Promotion de l'ONUDI will extend the activities of the Pacific As an attempt to answer this need, a World Science Association (PSA). It has as one Federation of Catholic Therapeutic Commu- L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour le of its mandates to enhance the work of nities has been created. It proposes to aid développement industriel (ONUDI) PSA Scientific Committees and to make already established programs to spread deviendra, au 1er janvier 1986, la seizième possible greater liaison among them, for to other parishes, to provide feasibility agence indépendante des Nations Unies. example in the field of technology trans- studies and evaluation services of propo- La Conférence générale sur la transfor- fer, urbanization, ocean resources. sed programs, supply an exchange of mation de l'ONUDI a élu au cours de sa. Through the PSA Scientific Committees, human and material resources between première session qui a lieu du 12 au 15 the Institute is well placed to promote communities, and carry out any other acti- août à Vienne, les 53 membres du Conseil small interdisciplinary symposia and vity which may foster the creation of d'administration ainsi que les 27 mem- workshops between PSA congresses. It grassroots therapeutic communities for bres du Comité du programme et du bud- will also be active in international and the treatment of social ills related to subs- get de l'ONUDI. regional interdisciplinary information tance abuse. The main office is located in La Conférence générale de l'ONUDI a élu exchange. Puerto Rico (Calle Italia 2022, Ocean Park. par acclamation, le 17 août dernier, sur Through the cooperation and legally codi- Santurce, Puerto Rico 00911) headed by Dr recommandation du Conseil du dévelop- fied accord with the Institute, the Pacific Efren Ramirez. pement industriel. M. Domingo L Siazon (Philippines) au poste de directeur géné- Science Association has assumed a ral de l'ONUDI Pour un mandat de quatre legally separated status for the first time ans. since it began in 1920. Up until now it was legally an appendage of Bishop Museum Research libraries (Honolulu), a status that had the potential A workshop held in November 1984 in of creating serious liability problems for Luxembourg was a joint effort of four inter- Le Ciric à Paris itself and the Museum. Incorporation of national organizations : the NATO Scien- Le Centre international de reportages et the Institute and its amalgamation with tific Affairs Division, the Directorate Gene- d'information culturelle (Ciric) s'est ins- the Secretariat of the Association promi- ral for Information Market and Innovation tallé à Paris. Outre une importante photo- ses to facilitate endeavors in the coordi- of the European Commission, the Council thèque, il va chercher l'information » hors nation of science and technology activi- of Europe, the European Cultural Founda- des sentiers battus par les grands canaux ties and in the cooperative treatment of tion. There was decided the creation of an sous les feux de l'actualité ». Il souhaite science problems in the region. European Council for Research Libraries fournir aux médias des pays industrialisés The Institute's Director, President and (ECRL). Now the establishment of the une information de qualité sur les efforts Secretary is : De John E. Bardach, Research board of this Council is well advanced with de développement et servir la presse du Associate, Resource Systems Institute, the following high-level personalities tiers monde. East-West Center, Honolulu. The address of having consented to take part : Mr Ciric: 6, rue Jean Lantier, 75001 Paris. the Institute is: P O Box 17 8 0 1 , Honolulu, George-André Chevallaz, Conseiller fédé- Hawaii 96817, USA. ral honoraire. Honorary President of the Swiss Confederation. Lausanne; Sir Harry Hookway. Deputy Chairman and Chief Documentation Tiers-Monde Executive of the British Library and Chair- man of the Board of Publishers Data En septembre 1985, est née la fédération Historiens d'Afrique Bases Ltd, London; Professor Wemer française des associations de centres de Un colloque international regroupant des Knopp, President of the Stiftung Preussis- documentation ties monde. 39 centres historiens venus du Burundi, de France, ches Kulturbesitz. Berlin; Mr Herman Lie- répartis dans 32 départements et coor- du Gabon, de Tanzanie, du Zaïre, de Zam- baers, Commissioner General of Europa- donnés les uns aux autres sont actuelle- bie et du Rwanda s'est tenu à Kigali, à lia. Belgium; Mr André Miquel. Director of ment à pied-d'œuvre pour informer ensei- l'initiative de l'Université nationale du the Bibliothèque Nationale. France and gnants, étudiants, lycéens et le public en Rwanda. « Les réactions africaines à la Professor at the Collège de France; Mr général sur le mal-développement et ses colonisation en Afrique centrale » tel était llya Prigogine, Nobel Prize Chemistry, causes. le thème de ce colloque. Au cours de la Professor at the Université Libre de Ils sont aussi un lieu d'échanges entre les réunion, les participants ont émis le sou- Bruxelles; Mr. Adriaan J. van der Staay. militants des associations tiers monde et hait de créer une association des historiens Director of the Social and Cultural Plan- les autres mouvements (associations, de l'Afrique centrale; le Département d'his- ning Office, Netherlands: and Mr Gaston syndicats, partis politiques. Eglises, etc.). toire de l'Université du Rwanda a été Thorn, former President of the Commis- Ils constituent un point de départ pour des chargé de préparer les statuts de l'asso- sion of the European Communities. animations et des actions, faites avec les ciation projetée. militants du centre ou d'autres associa- tions, dans la ville ou la région. Ils mettent enfin a la disposition du public des ouvra- Europe ges; des journaux et des revues spéciali- With Mr Max Konstamm as its Secretary sés; des dossiers; des supports audiovi- Substance abuse General, an Action Committee for Europe suels. To follow activities already being carried was established in Bonn on 6-7 June out by the Catholic Church at various 1985 with the purpose of encouraging levels for the prevention, treatment and Europeans to avoid the political tendency rehabilitation of victims of substance of looking inward, and get on with esta- Pacific Science abuse, a need appears for a link among blishing strong European community. The catholic workers. In many cases they are Committee includes more than represen- The Pacific Science Institute, founded in struggling in relative isolation, or at least, tatives of labour, business and politic who 1985 as a non profit corporation with the with little knowledge of and contact with will use their influence to move govern- approval of the Pacific Science Council, other catholics facing the same problems. ments.

304 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985 Politiques scientifiques The Corporation will begin operations nar, to propose the setting up of an Inter- Réunis à Dakar en juillet dernier, les direc- when the agreement is signed by coun- national Network of Associated Libraries, teurs et hauts fonctionnaires des organis- tries representing two-thirds of the initial with at least one of these libraries in each mes responsables de la politique scienti- capital. The agreement will not become Member State, to the twenty-third session of the General Conference. The network fique et technologique de vingt et un Etats effective until signed by the largest single will serve to promote the spirit of interna- africains membres de l'Unesco ont adopté shareholder, the United States, and is contingent on Latin American and Carib- tional understanding and intercultural une recommandation qui va être soumise development. à la prochaine Conférence générale de bean participation being greater than that (Unesco News 29 July 1985) l'Unesco. Cette recommandation préco- of non-Latin American/Caribbean coun- nise la création d'un mécanisme suivi de tries. réunions périodiques à haut niveau African Rehabilitation d'experts gouvernementaux africains sur Institute la politique scientifique et technologique. Libraries and international La conférence permanente ainsi créée understanding An international meeting on the develop- aurait également pour objectifs de garder ment of an African Rehabilitation Institute constamment à l'étude les problèmes An international seminar on the theme took place January 22-24. 1985 in d'intérêt commun concernant l'élabora- Arusha. United Republic of Tanzania. The « The libray as a place propitious to inter- tion des politiques nationales de la meeting was being organized by the national understanding : the role of books science et de la technologie et d'encoura- Organization of African Unity, in co-opera- ger une coopération régionale plus étroite and reading », was organized from 9 to 13 tion with the International Labor Organi- entre les dits Etats membres pour le déve- June in Salamanca (Spain) by the German zation, and with the support of the United loppement et l'application de la science et Sânchez Ruipèrez Foundation, in co-ope- Nations Center for Social Development de la technologie. ration with Unesco, the International and Humanitarian Affairs. Federation of Library Associations and The establishment of an African Rehabili- Institutions (IFLA) and the World Federa- tation Institute (ARI) was recommended tion of Unesco Associations and CLubs by the OAU and by a 1980 African regional (WFUAC). The meeting drew 80 partici- Small private enterprises conference on the International Year of pants, including representatives of public Disabled Persons. Since then, many Afri- and private libraries and delegates from can countries have indicated support, Brazil became in July 1985 the fifteenth Unesco clubs, who came from the follo- particularly as part of efforts on behalf of nation to sign an agreement establishing wing 13 countries : Austria, Belgium, the UN Decade of Disabled Persons the Inter-American Investment Corpora- France, Federal Republic of Germany, (1983-1992). tion (IIC), the newest affiliate of the Inter- Hungary, Israel, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, The ARI is envisaged not as a physical American Development Bank (IDB). Portugal. Spain, Sweden, United King- institute per se, but more as a coordina- The Agreement was opened for signature dom. Two consultants from Tunisia and ting mechanism to promote use of training late last year. Barbados was the first IDB the Caribbean also took part. and research institutions rehabilitation member to adhere to the pact. Nine coun- Discussions dealt with such topics as centers throughout Africa which can host tries signed the agreement during the young people and libraries, and libraries regional, subregional and/or national pro- annual meeting of the IDB's Board of and Unesco clubs as partners in intercul- grams in disability prevention and rehabi- Governors in Vienna, in March 1985. tural dialogue. litation. The new corporation will provide financing for the establishment, expansion and In a resolution adopted unanimously, the The purpose of the meeting were to ; (a) modernization of small and medium-sized participants highlighted the essential role enlist support of international governmen- private entreprises. Companies partially of libraries as indispensable tools for trai- tal and non-governmental organizations, owned by governments or other public ning and public information in all fields, (b) determine priorities and proposals and entities, whose activities strenghten the and especially those relating to interna- roles the various agencies could play, (c) private sector, will also be eligible for IIC tional understanding and knowledge of establish an ARI Task Force or Advisory financing. the Universal Declaration of Human Board, and (d) consider funding possibili- Rights. They also hoped for increased ties. The Corporation will have an initial capital public dissemination capacities regarding of $200 million, divided into 20,000 sha- Invited participants included 17 African information which is likely to encourage governments and organizations, nine res of $10.000 each. The regional develo- people to be more open to the world ping countries in Latin America and the international UN agencies, 19 internatio- around them (publications, documents, nal non-governmental organizations. 23 Caribbean will hold 55 per cent of the sha- photographs, posters, exhibitions, films, res. The United States will have 25.5 per other organizations involved in African slides, records, video cassettes, tape projects and six national development cent, and non-hemisphere member coun- recordings). tries of the TDB will be allotted 19.5 per agencies. Details: OAU, P.O. Box 3243. In this regard, the participants asked cent. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Spain, the country which hosted the semi-

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/ 1985 305 over the last five years. For the same pe- Barcelona hosted the riod. 1.906 internationally accredited or- world Congress on youth ganizations held reportable events in AACVB member countries. From the 8th until the 15th of July, Barce- lona hosted the first World Congress on In line with AACVB's aim to professional- Youth which has been organised by the ize the convention industry in Asia, var- UNESCO, being the most relevant event The Asian Association of Convention and ious training seminars were endorsed and of the International Youth Year. Visitor Bureaus (AACVB) held its Second pinpointed for members' participation, Annual General Meeting (AGM) and The only event of similar importance took such as the Strategic Management for Board of Directors Meeting in Bangkok. place in Grenoble in 1964 with the cele- Travel Agents' Seminar in Manila on 6-9 Thailand last 2-5 April. 1985. bration of the International Conference on August 1985 and a proposed Conference Youth. A document entitled « From Gren- Management Program in Hongkong. Forty-one (41 ) participants from eight (8) oble to Barcelona, elements for a study of AACVB member countries attended the 1986 promises another fruitful and more the situation and future development » said event which consisted of business exciting AGM when the AACVB Holds has been read at the opening session of and technical sessions. The AGM was their 3rd AGM in Seoul. Korea under the the Barcelona Congress. culminated by the Board of Directors auspices of Mr, Ha Dae Don. President of Meeting. The event took place with the representa- the Korea National Tourism Corporation. tion of 105 countries. Col. Somchai Hiranyakit set the tone and The future of AACVB and Asia's conven- direction for this year's AGM in his open- tion industry looks very bright. All member ing speech, to quote : « As Asia's vital role countries and organizations have pledged in the international economic, social and their commitment to develop the region political orders become more broadly re- further by marketing it collectively and ag- cognized and accepted, the convention gressively in Europe, Australia, Japan and market-particularly the convention market in the U.S. to our region-will grow. Numerical growth is not our problem. What should now pri- Associazione italiana re- marily concern us - and that, in the long run. is the single most fundamental lazioni internazionali con- mission to which AACVB should dedicate gressuaIi itself - is that growth be directed towards a balanced development at all times, and Fully aware that to ensure the successful that whatever development or progress is outcome of de congress : professional achieved through the convention industry, competence, qualified services and ade- it redounds to the welfare of all. not just quate, reliable facilities are of equal im- the members of our industry, but the vast IACVB elects officers portance, Italcongressi. the representa- masses of Asia's ever expanding popula- CHAMPAIGN, IL - A record 577 delegates tive association of the congress industry tion... and guests attended the 72nd annual in Italy, has published on brochure provid- meeting of the International Association ing a description of the entire range of ser- Preliminary statistics collated by the of Convention and Visitor Bureaus vices supplied by its members in order to AACVB through its Information Exchange (IACVB). July 26-30. 1985. in San Fran- guarantee congress promoters highly qu- Program and Data Bank reveal that total cisco. CA. George D. Kirkland, president. alified assistance. of 1,330 convention events were held in San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bu- the AACVB member countries in 1983 and Brochure available free of charge from : reau, was elected president of the asso- another 1,782 m 1984. An overall upward Italcongresi. Piazza dellaliberta 21, 00192 ciation for the coming year. trend was registered from 1980 to 1984 Rome, reflecting an average growth rate of 20 %

306 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 Hong Kong International Exhibition Centre Hong Kong's conference and exhibition business will be boosted during the com- ing years following the government's ap- proval of the development of the Hong Kong International Exhibition Centre.

The site for the complex in Harbour Road, Wanchai, covers about 2.96 hectares. The project allows for the building of two floors of exhibition halls; a conference hall with seating capacity for 3,000 people; and au- ditorium for 800 people; and supporting facilities such as meeting rooms and res- Model of the Hong Kong International Conference and Exhibition Centre taurants.

Surrounding and connected to the exhib- au 7 jhuillet. lors du congrès monstre de ition/conference centre will be the two Montréal, placé sous le thème « En toute hotels (one with 960 rooms and the other gratitude », a rassemblé quelque 60.000 with 750), a 33-storey office and trade participants venus de 47 pays. mart as well as 970 service apartments. The cost of the development - HKS1.5 bil- Les participants étaient à 70 % améri- lion - will be met by the New World Devel- cains, mais on a fait le voyage de Taïwan. opment Co., Ltd. de France, de Belgique, d'Australie même, Et ces gens d'origine et de culture si dif- férentes ont échangé leurs expériences AIPC Construction is scheduled to begin in the spontanément sur un terrain d'intimité middle of 1985 with the completion of the Lors de la 27e assemblée générale de que de nombreux observateurs durent en- exhibition/conference centre planned for l'Association Internationale des palais de vier. the middle of 1988. The first hotel and the congrès qui s'est déroulée à Genève à la trade mart will be available by the end of fin du moins de mai 1985, M. Matthias that year and completion of the other com- Fuchs, du Centre International de Con- grès de Berlin a été élu à l'unanimité en mercial building will follow soon after- wards. Meetings and study tours The number of meetings of the UN Econ- Over the years the international confer- omie commission for Europe (expressed ence and exhibition business in Hong in half days serviced) held under the au- Kong has grown from a mere 15 events in spices of the Commission in 1983 was 1976 to 499 in 1984. In the next five years 696 in Geneva and 1 8 1 outside Geneva. alone, some 200 international events Comparable figures since 1965 are as fol- have been confirmed to take place in lows : Hong Kong, with an expected attendance of 150.000 overseas participants. Geneva Outside Total Geneva 1965 633 55 688 1970 686 224 910 1975 835 230 1056 Congrès monstre à Mon- 1976 833 222 1055 1977 852 199 1051 tréal pour les 50 ans des 1978 918 209 1127 A.A. 1979 848 270 1118 1980 719 302 1021 Les A.A. (« Alcooliques Anonymes ») : 50 1981 811 239 1050 tant que Président de l'association ans d'existence, 58.000 associations lo- 1982 746 186 932 succédant ainsi au Hollandais M. Bernard cales implantées dans 1 1 4 pays, plus 1983 696 181 877 van der Staaij dont le mandat, non renou- d'un million de membres. Un demi-siècle velable, était arrive à échéance. passé à aider des malades alcooliques à vider leur dernière bouteille dans l'évier L'AIPC fondée en 1958 regroupe à pour recommencer a vivre, s'est fêté, du 4 l'heure actuelle 70 palais de Congrès dans 50 pays.

TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985 307 Details of expenditure by at all. In 1984 this group spent a daily total Of the 376 international and regional con- of DM 227.-, representing an increase in ventions held in Singapore last year, more out-of-town participants expenditure of only DM 1.-. Foreign (i.e. than 87 % were held in hotels. and organizers at con- non-German) congress participants spent DM 258.- per day, while those from About 30% of these meetings were or gresses in the ICC Berlin Germany only spent DM 214.-. Men spent commerce and economics. Science, tech- The results of a new investigation into the DM 230.- whereas expenditure by women nical and engineering meetings was sec- spending habits of out-of-town congress amounted to only DM 192.- per day. ond, constituting 27 % of the total. participants and organizers have just Expenditure was distributed as follows: These were followed by the distribution of been published. This study was commis- approximately 44 per cent was accounted international and regional meetings by the sioned by AMK Berlin and carried out by a for by accommodation (1980: 37 per country of origin, 54 % of the total meet- Berlin-based trade research organization, cent), expenditure on meals remained un- ings were organised by Singapore-based the Forschungsstelle fur den handel (FfH) changed from 1980 at 25 per cent, while organisations. American-affiliated organi- e.V. Unlike the investigations in 1978 and the 12 per cent on purchases indicates a sations. American-affiliated organisations 1980. this particular report was restricted 4 per cent drop compared with 1980. ranked second with 17 % while the Euro- to congresses held in the International pean-affiliated associations was third Congress Center (ICC Berlin). Events tak- The level of expenditure on congress wird a 1 3 % contribution. The good sup- ing place at other congress venues in Ber- events and the different ways in which this port from the locally-based organisations lin were not taken into account. money was spent depended on the type of may be an indication of the success of the event and its duration, as well as on the The main aim of this investigation, in SCB's « Rapport With Associations » pro- number of participants per event. The fi- which a poll of congress participants and gramme. Launched in 1982. its aims are to gure arrived at for average expenditure organizers was conducted, was to obtain foster closer ties with Singapore associa- per out-of-town participant is DM 110,-. details about the amounts spent, their dis- tions and to encourage them to bid for and Directly ana indirectly, a total of 1,750 tribution, and the determining factors for to host international and regional meet- jobs in Berlin depend on congresses and such expenditure. The studies conducted ings in Singapore. Local associations meetings held in the ICC Berlin. A total of by FfH serve above all to record immediate have a very important role to play towards 74,391 people from outside the city - and indirect effects resulting from con- the development of Singapore's conven- 13,000 more than in 1980 - took part in gresses held in the ICC Berlin. tion industry. events at this venue. Daily expenditure by congress partici- 50% of all overseas delegates to meet- pants amounts to DM 227.- ings were from the Asean/Japan region. On average out-of-town congress partici- International/Regional Australia/New Zealand region, generated pants attend congresses three times a meetings in Singapore, 16 % and Europe accounted for 11 % of year. The most popular method of trans- the total number of overseas delegates. port for travel to Berlin is by air : according 1984 April was the most « favoured » month for to the survey 75 per cent flew to Berlin, The Singapore Convention Bureau (SCB) compared with only 58 per cent in 1980. meetings. This was followed by the has completed its survey on the conven- months of May, March, February and No- There has been a corresponding decline tion industry in Singapore for 1984. vember in that order. in the number of congress participants coming by car, from 28 per cent to 18 per cent. In this case there is a direct correla- tion with the number of accompanying persons travelling to Berlin. In 1980, 38 per cent of participants were accompan- ied by another person on their journey to Berlin, but by 1984 this figure had fallen to only 26 per cent. The average number of accompanying persons has remained un- changed at 1.3.

The average length of stay by congress participants in Berlin has also declined : in 1984 they stayed in Berlin on average for 4.4 days, with an average of 3.7 over- nights. Compared with 1980, there has been an average decline of 0.3 days and 0.5 overnights. Participants stayed 2.2 days following the end of the event (1980 : 2.4 days). One interesting feature is that the type of accommodation chosen has remained unchanged since 1980: 62% hotels chose in the upper price category (DM 85.- and upwards), while 28 per cent stayed in other types of hotel and paying accommodation, and 10 per cent of out- of-town congress participants stayed with friends or relatives. Compared with 1980 the number of congress participants stay- ing in hotels in the upper price range rose by about one third, and this can be attri- buted mainly to the higher proportion of foreigners registered in the ICC Berlin.

The level of expenditure by out-of-town congress participants has hardly changed Participants at the seminar arranged by the European Federation of Conference Towns (EFCT) on 13 May 1985 at the Palais de Congres of Brussels.

308 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985 UAI PUBLICATIONS 1983-1985

253 Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München, goals, processes and indicators of development project of the New York. London. Paris : Saur, 19-. 20th ed. 1983/84.30 cm. United Nations University /A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984 ISBN 3-598-21855-9. ISSN 0084-3814: DM 980.00. 282 p., 29 cm. ISBN 92-834-1263-8 : FB 500. vol. 1 : Organization descriptions and index. 909 p. Index non pagine. ISBN 3-598-2156-7 : DM 428.00. 264. African international organizations directory (and African parti- cipation in other international organizations)/ed. by UAI. 254. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München, Munchen. New York, London. Paris : Saur, 1984. (Guides to New York. London. Paris: Saur. 19-, 20th ed.: 1983/84. international organizations 1 ). 30cm. ISBN 3-598-21855-9, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00. 265. Arab and Islamic international organizations directory (and Arab Vol. 2 : Country directory of secretariats and membership and Islamic participation in other international organizations / ed. (geographic volume). S P. ISBN 3-598-21857-5 : DM 428.00. by UAI. München. New York, London, Paris: Saur. 1984, (Guides to international organizations 2). 255. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München. New York. London, Paris: Saur. 19-. 20th ed : 1983/84. 266. Yearbook of international organizations led. by UAI. München 30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21858-3 : DM 980.00. New York. London, Paris: Saur, 19-. 21st ed. 1984/85 Vol. 3 : Global action network : classified directory by subject 30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00. and region (subject volume). XXI, 755 p.. ISBN 3-598-21858 : Vol. 3 : Global action network : classified directory by subject Dm 248.00. and region (subject volume). 2nd ed. 1984/85. ISBN 3-598- 21862-1 : DM 248.00. 256. Networking alternation: an alternational network of 384 path- ways of organizational transformation interpreted for networks in 267. International organization abbreviations and addresses /ed. by the light of the Chinese « Book of changes ». UAL München, New York, London, Paris : Saur, 1985. (Guides Text reprinted from •< Transnational associations », 35, to international organizations 4). 1983/A.J.N, Judge. Bruxelles: UAI, 1983. 24 p., 30cm. ISBN 268. Intergovernmental organization directory/ed. by UAI. München, 92-834-1256-3: $ 2.50. New York. London, Paris : Saur. 1985. (Guides to internation- 256 bis. Development through alternation ? Augmented version of a al organizations 3|. paper originally prepared for Integrative working group B of the 269. The geographical distribution of meetings throughout the world. goals, processes and indicators of development (GPID) project Text reprinted from « Transnational Associations ». 36, of the Human and social development programme of the United 1984/Gian Carlo Fighiera. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984. 18 p.. 30 cm. Nations University, Colombo 25 July-2 August 1982 / A J N ISBN 92-834-1269-5 : FB 200. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI. s.d. 173 p.. 21 cm : FB 500. 270. Policy alternation for development : papers arising from work 257. International congress calendar /ed. by UAI. München : Saur, in connection with the Goal, processors and indicators of de- 19-. 24th ed. 1984. ISSN 0538-6349 : DM 280.00. velopment project of the United Nations University (1978- Vol. 1 : 187 p. - ISBN 3-598-00679-9 : DM 90.00. 1982) /A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984. -230 p.. 29 cm. - Vol. 2 : 296 p. - ISBN 3-598-00680-2 : DM 90.00. Vol. 3 : 324 p. - ISBN 3-598-00681-0 : DM 90.00. ISBN 92-834-1270-9. (AS). Vol. 4 : 281 p. - ISBN 3-598-00682-9 : DM 90.00. 271. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. - München, New York, London, Paris : Saur. 19-. -22nd ed. 1985/86. 258. Transformative conferencing : problems and possibilities on the new frontier of high-risk gatherings concerning social develop- ment/A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles: UAI. 1984. 160 p., 30cm. (In- -30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X. ISSN 0084-3814: ternational congress science series 12). Col. of papers from DM1200.00. « Transnational associations » in the light of experience in Vol. 1 : Organization descriptions and index.. - 16 1 6 p. -Index the goals, processes and indicators of development project non paginé Sections H, G, T uniquement indexées. Section M of UNU (1978-82) and as contributions to future intercultural. réduite aux IGO. - ISBN 3-598-21865-6: DM 498.00. (AS) interdisciplinary initiatives of that kind. ISBN 92-8234-1258- 272. Yearbook of international organizations /ed, by UAI. X : FB 500. -München, New York. London, Paris : Saur. 19 .. 22nd ed. 1985/86. 259. Patterns of conceptual integration : collection of papers present- - 30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 1200. ed at meetings of the goals, processes and indicators of devel- Vol. 2 : Geographic volume : international organization parti- opment project of the United Nations University (1978- cipation country directory of secretariats and membership. - 1982)/A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles: UAI. 1984. 296 p., 29 cm. ISBN 3-598-21866-4 : DM 498.00. ISBN 92-834-1259-8 : FB 500. 273. Yearbook of international organizations/ed. by UAI. - München. 260. Yearbook of international organizations/ed. by UAI. München. New York, London, Paris : Saur, 19-, -22nd ed. 1985/86. New York. London. Paris: Saur, 19-. 2 1 s t ed. 1984/85. 30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00. - 30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 1200. Vol 1 : Organization descriptions and index. 1640 p. Index non Vol. 3 : Global action network : classified directory by subject paginé. ISBN 3-598-21860-5 (Saur - München), ISBN 0- and region (subject volume). 86291-280-6 (Saur-London) : DM 428.00. 274. International congress calendar/ed. by UAI, - München, 19 -, 261. Forms of presentation and the future of comprehension : collec- - 25th ed. 1985. - ISSN 0538-6349 : DM 280.00 tion of papers mainly presented to the forms of presentation sub- vol. 1 : 252 p. project of the goals, processes and indicators of development vol. 2 : 316 p. project of the United Nations University / A.J.N. Judge. Brux- vol. 3: 322 p. elles : UAI. 1984. 232 p.. 30 cm. ISBN 92-834-1261-?: vol. 4 : ca 300 p. FB 500. 275. Survey of African international organizations and participa- 262. Yearbook of international organizations / ed. by UAI. München, tion of African countries in international organizations/A.J.N. New York, London. Paris: Saur. 19-. 2 1 s t ed. 1984/85. Judge, 30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00. - Bruxelles : UAI 1984. - 79 p., 30 cm. Vol. 2 : Country directory of secretariats and membership - Presented to the Colloquium « The identity of associations (geographic volume). 2nd ed. 1456 p. ISBN 3-498-21861-3 and the participation of INGOs in Africa in the context of a (Saur - Munchen), ISBN 0-86291 -281-4 (Saur-London) : new world order » (Brussels, October 1984). DM 428.00 Prepared from information derived from the African interna- 263. From networking to tensegrity organization : Collection of papers tional organization directory (1984) and from International prepared to the concerns of the networks sub-project of the organization participation (1984) produced by UAL 276 World problems and human potential./ ed by UAI - München. New-York. London, Paris : Saur. 19-2nd ed. - 1500 p. - ISBN 3-598-21864-8 : DM 428.000.

Union of international associations Rue Washington 40 - B - 1050 Bruxelles. Belgium,