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November 21, 2016 $4.99

ADAM I. KLEIN THE EDITORS RAMESH PONNURU ’sRussia s TThreathreat Hillary’sHillary s CCorruptionorruption Obamacare’sObamacare s SStrugglestruggles

A Second

DAVIDChance FRENCH ON HOLDING in Iraq OUR GAINS PLUS: JORDAN CHANDLER HIRSCH on what we got wrong

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ONCE UPON A TIME THERE WERE 9 PLANETS . . . Then Pluto lost the vote.

Science is the search for truth. Biomythology is the sale of truth. Science used to sell politics is pol- itics. Science used to sell values is ideology. These essays irreverently level the playing field of skepti- cism. They do for Darwin and science what Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris have done for God and Religion.

Scientific truth rests on the faith that future“ discoveries won’t turn today’s facts into tomorrow’s fairytales.” —David Cook, Biomythology

A skeptical romp whose truths will persist long after today’s scientific stories voted most likely to succeed have been ravaged” by discovery. Clinician, author, and lecturer David Cook insists that while real science has doubled our life spans, biomythology is used to convince the court system that we lack free will and are not responsible for our choices. While real science has produced the Internet to unite the world, biomythology has fabricated the bell curve to divide it. A training manual for skeptics, Biomythology explores Darwin’s intelligent designs and over twenty rhetorical devices his disciples use to sell revisions of history, politics, and values under the name of science.

LAUGH OUT LOUD. BROWSE BIOMYTHOLOGY AT .COM.

SOFT COVER ISBN: 978-1-5246-0183-6, $21.69. KINDLE ISBN: 978-1-5246-0182-9, $7.99. TOC--READY_QXP-1127940144.qxp 11/2/2016 2:56 PM Page 1 Contents

NOVEMBER 21, 2016 | VOLUME LXVIII, NO. 21 | www.nationalreview.com

ON THE COVER Page 26 Adam I. Klein on Russian cyberattacks A Second Chance p. 33

In Iraq BOOKS, ARTS A combined force is slowly encircling & MANNERS Mosul, trapping its ISIS remnant, GRANDE DAME and attempting to drive the Islamic 39 Michael Knox Beran reviews State from its last Iraqi stronghold. Eleanor Roosevelt: The War Years and After, 1939–1962, This offensive—if executed properly— by Blanche Wiesen Cook. gives America a second chance 41 HIGH TREASON to win the Iraq War. David French David Pryce-Jones reviews Searching for Lord Haw-Haw:

COVER: AHMET IZGI/ANADOLU AGENCY/GETTY The Political Lives of William Joyce, by Colin Holmes. ARTICLES 43 MASTERING DISASTER OBAMACARE UNRAVELS, CONT’D. by Ramesh Ponnuru Alvin S. Felzenberg reviews 16 Shall We Wake the President? Premium hikes reveal the law’s design flaws. Two Centurie sDisaster of A FISCAL COLLISION COURSE by Kevin D. Williamson Management from the 17 Oval Office, by Tevi Troy. The asteroid will hit our economy in 2021. HILLARY’S SECOND AMENDMENT NONSENSE by Charles C. W. Cooke 44 THE KING’S MAN 20 Abby W. Schachter reviews Her Heller position belies her supposed belief in the individual’s right to bear arms. The Secret Chord, 22 KILLING AIDA by Jay Nordlinger by Geraldine Brooks. A mortal threat to art. 45 FILM: A MAN FOR ALL WHERE TIME WEARS THIN by Ian Tuttle SEASONS AT 50 24 Peter Tonguette celebrates the On visiting the ever changing Spiral Jetty. Best Picture of 1967.

47 FILM: A STRANGE SUPERMAN FEATURES Ross Douthat reviews The Accountant. 26 A SECOND CHANCE IN IRAQ by David French After ISIS falls, we must remain the ‘strongest tribe.’ 29 HUMILITY, CREDIBILITY, PRUDENCE by Jordan Chandler Hirsh SECTIONS How the GOP can escape the shadow of Iraq. 2 Letters to the Editor 31 MEN WITHOUT WORK by Nicholas Eberstadt 4 The Week Our quiet employment calamity. 37 Athwart ...... James Lileks 38 The Long View ...... Rob Long THE HACKING BEAR by Adam I. Klein 33 42 Poetry ...... James Matthew Wilson What can we do about Putin’s cyber-subversion? 48 Happy Warrior . . . . David Harsanyi

NATIONAL REVIEW (ISSN: 0028-0038) is published bi-weekly, except for the first issue in January, by N ATIONAL REVIEW, Inc., at 215 Lexington Avenue, , N.Y. 10016. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and additional mailing offices. © , Inc., 2016. Address all editorial mail, manuscripts, letters to the editor, etc., to Editorial Dept., N ATIONAL REVIEW, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. Address all subscription mail orders, changes of address, undeliverable copies, etc., to NATIONALREVIEW, Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 433015, Palm Coast, Fla. 32143-3015; phone, 386-246-0118, Monday–Friday, 8:00A.M . to 10:30 P.M. Eastern time. Adjustment requests should be accompanied by a current mailing label or facsimile. Direct classified advertising inquiries to: Classifieds Dept., NATIONALREVIEW, 215 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 or call 212-679- 7330. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to N ATIONAL REVIEW, Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 433015, Palm Coast, Fla. 32143-3015. Printed in the U.S.A. RATES: $59.00 a year (24 issues). Add $21.50 for Canada and other foreign subscriptions, per year. (All payments in U.S. currency.) The editors cannot be responsible for unsolicited manuscripts or artwork unless return postage or, better, a stamped, self-addressed envelope is enclosed. Opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily represent the views of the editors. letters--READY_QXP-1127940387.qxp 11/2/2016 2:58 PM Page 2 Letters

NOVEMBER 21 ISSUE; PRINTED NOVEMBER 3

EDITORINCHIEF Richard Lowry Humble Experts Senior Editors Richard Brookhiser / Jonah Goldberg / Jay Nordlinger Ramesh Ponnuru / David Pryce-Jones Managing Editor Jason Lee Steorts Literary Editor Michael Potemra The widespread connotation of “elitist” is one of arrogance and a haughtiness Vice President, Editorial Operations Christopher McEvoy Washington Editor Eliana Johnson born not of achievement in the trenches but of patrician privilege. However, I feel Executive Editor Reihan Salam certain this was not the intent that “Masters of the Game” (Kevin D. Williamson, Roving Correspondent Kevin D. Williamson National Corresponde nt John J. Miller November 7) was meant to convey. Without altering the gist of the article, a sub- Senior Political Correspondent Jim Geraghty Chief Political Correspondent Tim Alberta stitution of “elite” and “elitist” with “expert” would have made for a much more Art Director Luba Kolomytseva Deputy Managing Editors palatable read. Nicholas Frankovich / Fred Schwarz Production Editor Katie Hosmer While it can be agreed that there is a need for experts in running not only football Assistant to the Editor Rachel Ogden Research Associate Alessandra Trouwborst teams but also many aspects of our country, experts tend to suffer from tunnel Contributing Editors vision; they have neither the inclination nor the mandate to consider an enterprise Shannen Coffin / Ross Douthat / Daniel Foster Roman Genn / Arthur L. Herman / Lawrence Kudlow outside of their particular purview. General managers and elected representatives, Mark R. Levin / Yuval Levin / Rob Long Mario Loyola / Jim Manzi / Andrew C. McCarthy therefore, are vitally important to manage the experts, to stitch their expertise into Kate O’Beirne / Andrew Stuttaford / Robert VerBruggen the whole of the fabric. NATIONALREVIEWONLINE Editor Charles C. W. Cooke As for Mr. Williamson’s assertion that talk-radio listeners or football fans (most Managing Editors Katherine Connell / Edward John Craig Deputy Managing Editor Nat Brown of them average Joes) could no more do Paul Ryan’s work than Ben Roethlis - National-Affairs Columnist John Fund Staff Writer David French berger’s, it should be pointed out that these men are fallible, as we all are, and that Senior Political Reporter Alexis Levinson Reporter Katherine Timpf they also achieved their current positions through on-the-job training. Thus the Associat e Editors Molly Powell / Nick Tell Digital Director Ericka Andersen average Joe is quite capable of assuming such expert roles with time and experi- Assistant Editor Mark Antonio Wright Technical Services Russell Jenkins ence. Web Editorial Assistant Grant DeArmitt Web Developer Wendy Weihs The grousing of the average Joe is a necessary feedback mechanism in our Web Producer Scott McKim democracy and should be encouraged. It should also be noted that grousing is what EDITORS- AT- LARGE Linda Bridges / Kathryn Jean Lopez / John O’Sullivan leads many to pursue a path to expertness. NATIONALREVIEWINSTITUTE THOMASL. RHODESFELLOW Ian Tuttle Roy McCormick BUCKLEYFELLOWSINPOLITICALJOURNALISM Youngsville, N.C. Alexandra DeSanctis / Austin Yack Contributors Hadley Arkes / James Bowman / Eliot A. Cohen KEVIN D. WILLIAMSON RESPONDS: “The average Joe is quite capable of assuming Dinesh D’Souza / Chester E. Finn Jr. / Neal B. Freeman James Gardner / David Gelernter / George Gilder such expert roles with time and experience.” Along with a great deal of effort and Jeffrey Hart / Kevin A. Hassett / Charles R. Kesler David Klinghoffer / Anthony Lejeune / Michael Novak a little bit of maturity. You can see my concern. Alan Reynolds / Tracy Lee Simmons Terry Teachout / Vin Weber Chief Financial Officer James X. Kilbridge Accounting Manager Galina Ve ygman Accountant Lyudmila Bolotinskaya Corrections Business Services Alex Batey Circulation Manager Jason Ng Advertising Director Jim Fowler Advertising Manager Kevin Longstreet “Dark Loyalties” (Ronald Radosh, November 7) asserted that, “freed by the Assistant to the Publisher Brooke Rogers Director of Revenue Erik Netcher regime, [Noel] Field chose to live in Czechoslovakia and help build the PUBLISHERCHAIRMAN Jack Fowler John Hillen Communist system that had imprisoned him.” Field actually chose to live in

FOUNDER Hungary. William F. Buckley Jr.

PATRONSANDBENEFACTORS Robert Agostinelli Because of an editing error, “The Blue Wave” (Tim Alberta, November 7) cited Dale Brott Mr. and Mrs. Michael Conway two different figures for the percentage of Hispanics who voted for Mitt Romney Mark and Mary Davis in 2012. The correct figure is 27 percent. In addition, the percentage of Hispanics Virginia James Christopher M. Lantrip who voted Republican in 1984 was 37, not 34. Brian and Deborah Murdock Mr. & Mrs. Richard Spencer Mr. & Mrs. L. Stanton Towne Peter J. Travers Letters may be sub mitted by e-mail to [email protected].

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At a High School Conference at the Reagan Ranch...

Your Teenager Can Walk in President Reagan’s Footsteps and Learn Conservative Ideas You can send your teenager to visit life will expand his or her knowledge ’s California ranch of economics, American history, to learn about the 20th Century’s personal responsibility, and President greatest president. What better way Reagan’s lasting accomplishments to celebrate freedom than by walking through a series of innovative in President Reagan’s footsteps lectures, discussions, and briefings. and learning about the ideas he For dates and information, and to championed? register a student for this invaluable, At a Young America’s Foundation historical experience, please contact High School Conference at the Young America’s Foundation’s Reagan Ranch, the student in your conference director at 800-USA-1776.

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n We predict the morally dubious figure with an awful record in public life and much-remarked-upon blond hair will lose the election—and, unhappily, win it.

n To former Bill Clinton body man Doug Band we are indebt- ed for the term “Clinton Inc.” and for his careful explanation of just what Clinton Inc. entails. He did not mean to do us this favor: His e-mail about using the Clintons’ philanthropic organizations to personally enrich the Clintons was released via WikiLeaks. But it is illuminating and entertaining reading all the same. Band puts flesh on the bones of every uncharita- ble characterization of the Clinton Foundation and its work, explaining in some detail his role in making the Clintons tens of millions of dollars in speaking fees, honoraria for corporate- board sinecures, honorary chancellor ships of for-profit univer- sities, and the like. It is pretty skeevy stuff: Bill Clinton, he wrote, “is personally paid by three [Clinton Global Initiative] sponsors [and] gets many expensive gifts from them.” In exchange, donors, including corporate executives, got access to the former president and, probably more relevant, to the sitting secretary of state and future presidential candidate to See page 14. whom he was married. Firms such as Dow also enjoyed the benefit of having operatives of the Clinton-linked firm Teneo lobby overseas lawmakers, contacting them “on behalf of President Clinton” to see to business important to Dow exec- utives. For a former president, this is unseemly; for a senator and secretary of state holding office, a good deal worse. Mrs. Trump with its even deeper reflex to protect abortion from Clinton has some accounting to do. its opponents.

n “Fact-checking” has become a genre of journalism that in n Also at the third debate, Clinton said she wanted a practice serves to reinforce whatever thoughtless consensus Supreme Court that stands “on the side of the American of reporters is being examined. After the third debate, the people, not on the side of powerful corporations and the fact-checkers were out in force defending Clinton against wealthy”—a demagogue’s substitute for justice. She then Trump’s charges on abortion. Trump had said that “if you go made a list of requirements for her Court appointments, who with what Hillary is saying, in the ninth month you can take had to agree with her views on same-sex marriage, abortion, the baby and rip the baby out of the womb of the mother just campaign-finance regulation, and “the rights of people in the prior to the birth of the baby.” In her defense, reporters noted workplace.” She did not mention the Constitution once, until that she had occasionally said she favored restrictions on moderator Chris Wallace followed up by bringing up the abortion very late in pregnancy and that abortions as late as Second Amendment. She claimed that she favored it but dis- Trump discussed are essentially unheard-of. Both defenses agreed with the Court’s 2008 decision striking down gun fail, because Clinton has always suggested that any restric- laws in Washington, D.C., “because what the District of tions would have to allow exceptions when needed to protect Columbia was trying to do was to protect toddlers from a mother’s psychological health—exceptions that would guns.” What D.C. was actually trying to do was ban the pos- obviously make bans unenforceable—and because Trump session of handguns, and it did so very effectively among the was calling attention to the logic of her position, not saying non-criminal population. Neither the majority opinion nor that the scenario he described takes place frequently. Many the dissents mentioned toddlers, since the case had nothing of the fact-checkers also noted that abortions more than five to do with them. Trump was not in command of the subject: months into pregnancy are rare. The best rough guess for His first comment about the Court was to dwell on Justice the number of such abortions is around 16,000 a year, Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s criticisms of him, and most of his which is more than the annual number of gun homicides in comments on the 2008 gun decision concerned how this country. The press’s treatment of this exchange is what “angry” he thought Clinton had looked at the time it was ROMAN GENN you get when you combine its reflex to protect Clinton from announced. But unlike Clinton he did say that his justices

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THE WEEK

would “interpret the Constitution the way the Founders A stable of has-beens and wannabes, à la RT, the Russian- wanted it interpreted,” and unlike Clinton he said nothing government propaganda channel, would not cut the mustard. about the Court that was an obvious lie. Final stumbling block: audience. Trump unquestionably has a fan base. But how many of them are already served by Fox, n “The lady doth protest too which has itself largely become a Trump network? Wild much” could have been writ- card: If Trump should win, would he try to make the federal ten about Donna Brazile, who government pay for it? accused Megyn Kelly of being a “thief” and of “persecuting” n It seems possible that Nancy Pelosi may not be a commit- her when the Fox News host ted Madisonian. Commenting in October on the prospect of asked whether Brazile, as divided government, Pelosi lambasted the calls for “checks vice chairwoman of the DNC, and balances” she was hearing from down-ballot Republi - had obtained the text of a cans. “Checks and balances,” Pelosi explained darkly, are proposed question prior to a just “code word[s] for obstruction or something worse.” Democratic-primary debate That “something worse”? “Impeachment,” most likely. Back between Hillary Clinton and in 2006, however—as the Democrats approached the Bernie Sanders and fed it to midterm elections—Pelosi had nothing but good things to the Clinton campaign. Kelly say of “gridlock.” Speaking to her party’s caucus in May of Donna Brazile was following reporting by that year, she explained that the Democrats hoped to win in Politico, which obtained a order to bring “oversight and checks and balances.” The day March 12 e-mail from Brazile to a Clinton-campaign staffer after the Democrats had taken back the House, she noted that with the subject line “From time to time I get the questions divided government prevented the Congress from becoming in advance” and quoting a proposed question about the death a “rubber stamp.” And, asked whether such talk was merely penalty. E-mails released by WikiLeaks confirm the original the overture to impeachment, she vehemently rejected the allegation and show that March 12 was not the only occasion charge. Apparently nobody ever told her that her side might on which Brazile gave the Clinton campaign a pre-debate be checked and balanced. leg up. Brazile has been for ced out at CNN, but she’s still in at the DNC, which she took over as interim chairwoman n In a column, Patrick J. Buchanan defended ’s in July after Debbie Wasserman Schultz resigned—when refusal to say whether he would accept the legitimacy of the WikiLeaks revealed that Wasserman Schultz had done her election. “The populist-nationalist Right,” he wrote, “is mov- own best to put a thumb on the scales for Clinton. If we didn’t ing beyond the niceties of liberal democracy.” Around the know any better, we’d say it’s almost as if the Clintons are a world, there are many places that lack the “niceties of liberal corrupting force in our politics. democracy.” None of us wants to live there.

n Some conservatives are so dismayed by Trump’s nomi - n The Southern Poverty Law Center put out a list of writers nation, and the support for him expressed by almost all it deems “anti-Muslim extremists.” On the list were Ayaan Republican officeholders, that they are talking about starting Hirsi Ali and Maajid Nawaz. Hirsi Ali is the Somalian-born a new party. We sympathize with the dismay but find the former Dutch MP who suffered a clitoridectomy in her youth conclusion half-baked. The vast majority of Trump’s sup- and was driven from the Netherlands by Islamist death porters in the primaries were people who would have to be threats (her friend, filmmaker Theo Van Gogh, was mur- included in any center-right party with a hope of governing dered). Raised Muslim, she is now an atheist and under- the country. A new party that excluded them would be con- standably vocal in her strictures on Islamist terrorism and demned to years, even decades, as a rump. If the new party retrograde culture. Nawaz is an Egyptian-born former Islam - is to be open to them, on the other hand, it will face the same ist now living in Britain, where he has run for Parliament as challenges in keeping a center-right coalition marching for- a Liberal Democrat. A practicing Muslim, he tries to wean ward together as the Republicans have. Since there is no his coreligionists from his former ideology. By targeting (lit- ducking those challenges, we may as well deal with them in erally: Nawaz says, “They put a target on my head”) these a party that already exists—and, by the way, includes most brave voices, the SPLC shows itself to be a crackpot left- of the nation’s governors and state legislators. wing wind machine—and one with no sincere interest in standing up to real extremists. n If Trump loses, is there a TV network in his future? Son- in-law Jared Kushner has been talking with Aryeh Bourkoff, n In a tweet, , of Fox Business, warned of Evan an investment banker versed in media deals. Who might McMullin, the independent conservative candidate for pres- run such a thing? Roger Ailes, recently let go from Fox, ident: “Look Deeper, He’s nothing but a Globalist, Romney and/or Stephen Bannon, former Breitbart CEO, both now in and Mormon Mafia Tool.” You have to watch that Mormon Trump’s camp. One stumbling block: money. Launching a Mafia. They may not leave a horse head on your pillow, but GETTY / TV channel costs $200 million, which Trump simply does they might leave a plate of freshly baked cookies. not have, being both cheap and much less wealthy than he lets on. Another stumbling block: talent. It takes a lot of n A famous Punch cartoon shows a bishop asking his break- DREW ANGERER skilled and at least presentable people to fill the daily void. fast guest, a lowly curate, if he has been served a bad egg.

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DOCTOR’S MEMORY BREAKTHROUGH ADVERTISEMENT One Simple Trick to Reversing Memory Loss World’s Leading Brain Expert and Winner of the Prestigious Kennedy Award, Unveils Exciting News For the Scattered, Unfocused and Forgetful

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In contrast, the moods of the individuals of your life”. Not only do brain cells die but they When cortisol levels are too high for too long you who took the placebo (starch pill), remained become dysfunctional as if they begin to fade experience fatigue, bad moods and weakness. unaffected….no mental or mood improvement away as we age. This affects our ability to have This drug-free brain-boosting formula enters your at all. mental clarity and focus and impacts our ability bloodstream fast (in as little as thirty minutes). to remember things that were easy for us to do in My Memory Of cially Reviewed by the U.S. Food and our 20’s and 30’s. Started to Scare Me. Drug Administration: PS is the ONLY Health Scientists think the biggest cause of brain Supplement that has a “Quali ed Health Claim deterioration in older people is the decreased I would forget all kinds of things for both Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia”. and something that I just said functioning of membranes and molecules that earlier in the day would have Special Opportunity surround the brain cells. These really are the completely slipped my mind. I almost forgot my For Our Readers transmitters that connect the tissues or the brain granddaughter’s birthday and that would have We’ve made arrangements with the distributor cells to one another that help us with our sharp been horrible. I had forgotten lots of other little of this proprietary blend of PS, which combines memory, clear thinking and mental focus, even things along the way. 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I have actual recall now, which improve your mind, clarity and mood — you deterioration. is super. After about 6 weeks of taking it on a won’t pay a penny! (Except S&H). As we get older it becomes more frustrating daily basis is when I began to notice that I wasn’t But you must act fast. Your order can only be as there is little comfort when you forget forgetting things anymore. guaranteed if it comes in within the next 7-days. names… misplace your keys…or just feel “a Thanks to PS for giving me my memory After that, supplies could run out. And your order little confused”. And even though your foggy back. It’s given me a lot more self-con dence may not be ful lled until they are replenished. memory gets laughed off as just another “senior and self-esteem. I would not trust my memory without it. So don’t wait. 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THE WEEK

“Parts of it are excellent,” the curate insists. Rolling Stone wise would be. Hence, U.S. insurance companies are hemor- publisher Jann Wenner took the same tack in federal court, rhaging money on their Obamacare business, which leaves where University of Virginia dean Nicole Eramo is suing his them with two choices: Raise prices or quit the business. magazine for its depiction of her in “A Rape on Campus,” a That’s what’s happening, which is why Americans have fewer piece on the alleged gang rape of student “Jackie” at a frat insurers to choose from and are paying higher prices. Scrap it. party. Rolling Stone ran the story because, as then–managing editor Will Dana testified, campus sexual assault was “being n On one side, concerned environmentalists, American discussed a lot in media and society.” As it should be— Indian activists, and, for good measure, a bunch of Holly - when it happens. But the supposed victim’s tale was a tissue wood actors; on the other, “Big Oil.” The protests over the of fab ri cations; the Columbia Journalism Review called Dakota Access Pipeline are a news editor’s dream. The Rolling Stone’s regurgitation of it a “failure of journalism.” Standing Rock Sioux of North Dakota have sued the Army Eramo was one of the drive-by victims (the fraternity, of Corps of Engineers for permitting Dakota Access, LLC, to course, was the main one). Yet Wenner now says, “We did dig up land that the tribe says is dotted with sacred burial and everything reasonable, appropriate, up to the highest stan- prayer sites, but consultants hired by the state’s historic- dards.” Memo to Wenner: Stick to rock criticism; since it’s preservation office found nothing that fit that description. all BS, you’ll stay out of trouble. The tribe has asserted the existence of artifacts but failed to substantiate its claim. Public-service commissioners point n An Alaska lawyer has accused Supreme Court justice out that more than 500 cultural resources have already been Clarence Thomas of having grabbed her buttocks at a dinner identified and protected through reroutes and other mea- party in 1999. The woman, Moira Smith, made the claim sures. The environmentalists joining the protest say that the in a Facebook post in October, and it was picked up by a local water supply is endangered by the risk of an oil spill, As critics of the so-called Affordable Care Act have warned from the beginning, it is not just poorly executed but incompetently designed.

reporter for The National Law Journal. There are many rea- but oil is already transported over the Missouri River by sons to be skeptical of her story. There are no witnesses. It’s train, which is more likely to derail than the reinforced unlikely, as the dinner party’s host noted to the press, that pipeline is to burst. The Dakota Access Pipeline will send oil Smith would have been alone with Thomas, as she claimed, from North Dakota to Illinois. From there it will be connect- at a small event where he was a prominent guest. House - ed or shipped to refineries on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, mates of hers at the time who say she told them about helping the U.S. attain energy independence. That’s worth the supposed incident have only hazy recollections; abandoning the sacred tradition at issue here, which is that one de clined to go on record. Her now ex-husband, who of left-wing sanctimony. also says he remembers being told the story, is a former Obama-administration official. Smith herself is a committed n Forty-three years after the Tennessee Valley Authority Democratic partisan, whose current husband headed the broke ground for the Watts Bar 2 nuclear plant, TVA president Alaska Democratic party and ran unsuccessfully for Con - Bill Johnson stood in front of the project, outside Knoxville, gress. Justice Thomas has dismissed the allegation as “pre- to mark its completion, finally. “You can hear that turbine posterous”; his account seems more plausible than his rolling,” he said in a ceremony last month. “It’s a great day.” accuser’s. On its long and winding road to becoming operational, Watts Bar 2, the first new reactor in the United States in 20 years, n Obamacare premiums are expected to rise by an average of was beset by construction delays, cost overruns, a drop in the 22 percent in the coming year, a rate of inflation more familiar demand for electricity, and a series of high regulatory hurdles to residents of Buenos Aires than to those of Des Moines. The implemented after the meltdown of Three Mile Island in 1979 price increases will be much higher in some jurisdictions, and Chernobyl seven years later. But if the rush to caution was about 58 percent in Alabama, for example, and 56 percent in understandable, it now leaves the Left in an untenable posi- Minnesota. Some 33 states will have fewer insurance com - tion. The environmental lobby favors renewable sources— panies in 2017 than they did in 2016, and 20 percent of solar, wind, and hydropower—but at their current rates of Americans will have only one—one—insurance company growth, it will be 2060 before they produce as much electric- serving their local market, meaning no choice among ity as nuclear power does now. Nuclear plants are not politi- providers. As critics of the so-called Affordable Care Act have cally fashionable, but they emit no greenhouse gases and they warned from the beginning, it is not just poorly executed but get the job done now, lighting homes and offices and entire incompetently designed. Its problems are fundamental: It cities on an industrial scale. Job well done, TVA. mandates that insurers offer policies that are not especially attractive to young and healthy people, and thus guarantees n Little by little, the Internet has been insinuated into our that insurance pools will be older and sicker than they other- lives, to such an extent that we barely notice now how much

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we rely upon its services. Until things stop working, that is. politically connected industries that have long been protect- In late October, Americans on the two coasts were reminded ed from competition, and those protected cartels have a great of this fact after a possibly stateless collection of hackers deal of clout, particularly in places such as . took square aim at one of the Web’s backbones: the domain- Airbnb has sued and is in negotiations with the city. Airbnb name-services (DNS) provider Dyn. Given how widely dis- deserves to prevail, but what really is at stake here are the tributed the Internet’s core infrastructure has become, it 45,000 New York City properties listed through its service: would be difficult for any actor to cause serious damage by That’s 45,000 choices consumers either will have or will see attacking content providers directly. But, by targeting a few taken away, and 45,000 money-making opportunities for key DNS providers (think of DNS as the Web’s phone- residents of the city. Apartment buildings and co-ops can set book—the system that translates comprehensible website their own rules and police their own short-term rental prac- addresses into the numbers needed for routing traffic), a tices without Cuomo’s oversight. And the Holiday Inn over team of skilled wreckers can cause havoc. And so, briefly, on 48th Street could use the competition. one did: For a while, was down, as were Reddit, Airbnb, Netflix, and Amazon Web Services. The scale of the n Every year, the Cuban dictatorship proposes a resolution onslaught surprised even industry insiders, many of whom in the U.N. General Assembly, condemning a U.S. law: were quick to record just how vulnerable the Internet can be. the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 Alas, it seems that we are at the beginning, not the end, of (the Libertad Act). And every year, the United States votes this trend. against the resolution: except this year, when “we” ab- stained. When the Obama administration abstained. Ad - n New York Democrats made a pretty good run at shaking ministration officials were jubilant, saying the abstention down Chevron for a few billion dollars with the fraudulent was in line with their new policy of openness toward the Ecuador case, which ultimately was thrown out after a fed- Castro regime. (It is somewhat surprising that the U.S. eral court decided it was an exercise in . Now, didn’t vote for the resolution.) The very next day, the New York Democrats have turned their attention to Exxon in General Assembly voted the Cuban dictatorship onto the a case that is every bit as corrupt and flimsy. Exxon has long U.N. Human Rights Council, where, we must admit, it will been critical of proposed climate-change policies and of fit right in. some of the research underpinning them, and it has donated to like-minded groups. For this, New York attorney general n In 1988, the Euro - Eric Schneiderman hopes to hang a fraud case on Exxon, and pean Parliament es - in these endeavors he is being assisted by several other tablished the Sakharov Democratic attorneys general, from California to the U.S. Prize for Freedom of Virgin Islands. But he does not have much to go on and so Thought, named after has organized a pure fishing expedition into Exxon’s records Andrei Sakharov, the and communications with outside groups, demanding years’ great Russian physi- worth of records—millions of documents—including ex- cist and human-rights changes between Exxon and its auditor, Pricewaterhouse- advocate. The Sakha - Coopers. Exxon is based in Texas, where the law privileges rov Prize has gone to auditor–client communications in roughly the same way as many worthy recipi- attorney–client communications. No such law exists in New ents, including people York, and the state supreme court has ordered Exxon to submit who are ignored by to the fishing expedition. Exxon complains that Schneiderman other organizations. is “simply searching for a legal theory, however flimsy, that will Guillermo Fariñas, the Nadia Murad allow him to pressure ExxonMobil on the policy debate over Cuban dissident, is climate change.” This is the criminalization of political dissent, one such example. This year, the prize has gone to two and it is corrupt. young women who campaign against the sexual enslave- ment of Yazidi girls and women by the Islamic State. They n New York is a city of renters, but even those who own are Nadia Murad and Lamiya Aji Bashar, and they them- their own homes do not really own them: Governor Andrew selves escaped such slavery. Their stories are harrowing. Cuomo does. New York has passed a law imposing fines up Of the prizewinners, Martin Schulz, the president of the to $7,500 for the “crime” of advertising a short-term New European Parliament, said, “I cannot put into words the York City rental through online services such as Airbnb. Just courage and the dignity they represent.” Neither can we. But as New York’s Democrats worked to insulate the city’s over- we are grateful they exist, and that they have been acknowl- priced and consumer-hostile taxi cartel from Uber-based edged by this prize. competition, they now want to protect ’s $500-a- night hotels from Airbnb-based competition. Services such n Sixty years ago, at the height of the Cold War, a handful as Uber and Airbnb perform a very useful function: They of Hungarian intellectuals and students gathered in various GETTY

help people turn their property into capital, using their cars institutions in Budapest, and then on the streets of the city, / and their homes to make money, generating extra income to air their discontent with the Communism that Stalin without having to take on the expense—and financial risk— and the victorious Red Army had imposed on them. When of starting a business from the ground up. This threatens prominent Communist politicians, among them Prime MARK WILSON

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Minister Imre Nagy, suggested possible reform, the incipient n Jordan Peterson, a professor of psychology at the protest movement suddenly burst into open revolution. Led University of Toronto, posted a video to YouTube in which by two senior officers, Béla Kíraly and Pal Maléter, the he decries a proposed Canadian law that would criminalize Hungarian armed forces backed Nagy and revolution. It was the failure to address someone by his or her—or hir or zir, the turn of the hated Communist secret police to be persecut- etc.—preferred pronouns. U of T administrators soon began ed and sometimes lynched. Yuri Andropov, a future general sending him warnings to cease and desist. They called his secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and at that time an views “unacceptable, emotionally disturbing, and painful.” attaché in the Soviet embassy in Budapest, persuaded Nikita More than 200 faculty signed a letter denouncing his com- Khrushchev and the Politburo in Moscow to take a hard line ments, which they say violate the Ontario Human Rights and stop at nothing. Pretending to concede to the revolution- Code. The dean of U of T now says that the university will aries, the Soviets first lured Maléter into a meeting where host a debate at which Peterson and an advocate of the ever they arrested him, then invaded the country in strength. expanding table of speech rules can go at it. The drama so far Promised safe passage abroad, Imre Nagy was in fact seized, has unfolded according to the established script: Peterson in tried, and executed. Janos Kádár, an archetypal Soviet his video tells of a colleague who thought that perhaps the stooge, replaced him and term “flip chart” was unacceptable because—who knew?— was never forgiven for it. By “flip” is a derogatory term for “Filipino.” The embattled pro- the time the revolution had fessor is defending his right to freedom of speech, of course, been bloodily suppressed, but also to freedom from enforced silliness and from the some 3,000 freedom fighters legal and professional jeopardy that now attend the refusal to and about 700 Soviet sol- play along. diers were dead. At least 200,000 Hungarians fled n The Left has discovered a new type of malaise: fear of while they could, 35,000 of having sons. A New York Times writer says that upon the them to the United States. birth of his son, he dreaded having to counter “a sports and Taken by surprise, the Eis - gaming culture that exalt[s] alpha domination (and aggres- enhower administration sive male reflexes); and a tight-lipped John Wayne ethos that proved helpless in the face breeds alienation and, too often, depression. . . . All of the of Soviet perfidy. The Hun - dread and loathing I’d always felt about the limiting script of garians, however, preserved traditional masculine norms came flooding back.” And rais- their honor in a way that will ing boys isn’t just really, really hard; it’s boring, too. As resound throughout their another enlightened dad explains, “I’m much more interest- Imre Nagy history. ed in the challenge of helping a girl or young woman transcend sexist conditions.” He comes out, however, for overcoming n A survey at Yale University found what most sane this fear: “Men like me abdicate our responsibility by letting observers already knew: that the college’s atmosphere is other men—the ones who don’t always encourage the broad- anything but collegial for those who hold conservative er, deeper humanity within males—raise boys.” We fear that views. The Yale Daily News, the student paper, found that these men are not especially well suited to raising either 75 percent of respondents agreed that Yale is not a “welcom- boys or girls. ing” environment for those with conservative views. How is it that conservatives could feel intimidated at a university that literally spends millions on inclusion and diversity? n In-N-Out Burger, often rated as the nation’s best hamburger chain, has its share of avid fans, but few of n Prager University was instituted in 2009 by Dennis Prager them can be as devoted as Joshua Adkins of Arizona. He to educate Americans about U.S. history and conservative was on the run from the police, who were chasing his values through a series of free, five-minute videos. Recently, car through Phoenix in helicopters. Head for the hills? that admirable mission has been hampered by YouTube, Perhaps—but first things first: The fugitive spotted an which has “restricted” at least 15 of the PragerU videos, In-N-Out, pulled up to the drive-through window, meaning that any viewer with filtering turned on—for exam- placed his order, and coolly waited several minutes for ple, parents trying to prevent their children from stumbling it to be filled. In-N-Out officials did not disclose what upon explicit content—won’t be able to watch them. A he ordered. Soon afterwards, Ad - YouTube spokesman told the Journal that the kins ditched his car in a residen- restriction process is “based on algorithms that look at a num- tial neighborhood, took off ber of factors, including community flagging on videos,” on foot, and was quickly meaning that the videos could be taken down because liberal ap prehended. It users repeatedly flagged them for their conservative content. may be a few The censored topics include “Did Bush Lie About Iraq?” years before he “Why Did America Fight the Korean War?” and “Why Don’t GETTY / is available as a Feminists Fight for Muslim Women?” Perhaps PragerU’s APIC pitchman. : next video series should be on the value of robust debate in a NAGY free society.

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n The University of Oklahoma’s seven-time-national- champion football team has played under the nickname “Sooners” for over 100 years. What is a “Sooner”? Well, sooners were those scallywags and rascals who jumped the gun to settle Oklahoma Territory during the late-19th-century Land Runs. (“Boomers” were the settlers who waited, law- fully, for the starting-pistol shot before moving in to stake a land claim—hence the iconic OU fight song, “Boomer Sooner.”) Now, Indigenize OU, a campus student group, says the nickname should be changed, because it could make Native American students feel unwelcome at the university. Tell that to Sam Bradford, a winner of the Heisman Trophy and a Cherokee Nation citizen, or Sam Claphan, an OU All-American and a 1994 inductee into the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame, or Key Wolf, a Chickasaw, the first Indian to take the field for Oklahoma— in 1905—or any one of the dozens of Indian players who have proudly suited up for Oklahoma teams over the years. Most Okies are comfortable with, and proud of, their state’s FBI director during a meeting in the Oval Office, July 19, 2016 long and complicated association with its Native American people: Indeed, the state’s name is itself a blend of two So Comey said the FBI was “completing” its investigation Choctaw words, okla and humma, meaning “red people.” and handing the ball to the Justice Department, which— The citizens of the Sooner State, Native American or not, given that Mrs. Clinton was aspiring to serve President don’t want their history memory-holed. We doubt anyone Obama’s third term, and given that Obama had dissembled will bully them into it. Boomer Sooner. about communicating with Clinton on her private e-mail account—did nothing. n During his long Supreme Court career, Justice John Paul On the eve of Halloween, Comey told the FBI and Stevens often expressed sympathy for the downtrodden. Congress that “recently” found e-mails impelled the bureau Now, perhaps, we know why: He is a lifelong Cubs fan. In an to reopen its investigation. The new e-mails came to light in interview with Mark Walsh of Scotusblog, the retired but still the course of U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara’s investigation of active judge recalled his first visit to Wrigley Field. It was the sex-mad former congressman Anthony Weiner. Weiner’s famous 1929 World Series game against the Philadelphia A’s, computer held a staggering 650,000 e-mails by and to his in which surprise starter Howard Ehmke, who had spent the estranged wife and longtime Clinton aide Huma Abedin. previous month scouting the Cubs in person, pitched a 3–1 Comey’s prior conduct forced his own hand. He bent the victory and struck out 13 batters (“a tragedy for a young fan,” rules in July to speculate publicly on matters of prosecutorial Stevens recalls). The justice also remembers Babe Ruth’s sto- discretion: The FBI’s job is to ferret out potential perps, not ried home run off Guy Bush in the 1932 World Series, though to issue clean bills of health. But having assured the world he shows admirable judicial restraint by declining to issue a that Hillary was in the clear, he now felt compelled to say definitive decision on whether the Babe actually called his that she might not be. How would he have looked if some- shot. As we go to press, this year’s Series is headed to Game thing damning had turned up on the Weiner machine after 7. We wish Justice Stevens—who has lived long enough to the election? see both Wrigley’s outfield fence and the U.S. Supreme Comey’s desperate tacking flushed out the hypocrisy of Court get overrun by ivy—many more happy years of fol- both parties (never in short supply). Donald Trump, who in lowing the Cubs. July called Comey “very, very unfair,” now praised his “guts.” Democrats, who honored him, now want him in the dock—literally (Senator Harry Reid accused him of violat- 2016 ing the Hatch Act). Yes, She Is Guilty But neither political hypocrisy, nor Comey, nor even the seemingly unkillable Weiner is the main event here. Hillary BI director James Comey, who had already earned a Clinton is the only author of this mess. To shield the dodgy footnote in American political history by exonerating business of the Clinton Foundation, for which she continued F a presidential candidate of a serious national-security to do favors even as secretary of state, she set up her own breach, earned a second one by taking his exoneration at server. In using it, she exposed classified information to least temporarily back. hackers. When caught, she lied about it, and required her Comey announced in July that, while Hillary Clinton’s use minions to endorse her lies. of a homebrew server was “extremely careless,” “no reason- We have heard a lot about how Donald Trump, having GETTY

able prosecutor” would charge her with violating federal degraded the norms of politics, will degrade the rule of law / laws. Reading, writing, and storing tens of thousands of if elected. So he would. But Hillary Clinton has been doing e-mails, a number of them classified, in easily hackable it for years, most recently as secretary of state. Too bad there Internet space was reckless and dumb, but not intentional. is no reset for elections. MARK WILSON

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Hollywood capers. To think that the same Clinton campaign 2016 that had trouble putting away Bernie Sanders has now No, It’s Not Rigged arranged to steal an election on a continental scale defies logic—to put it mildly. T the final presidential debate, Donald Trump refused There is no doubt that the press hates Donald Trump with to commit to accepting the election results, saying, a passion, and it shows. Unfortunately, media bias is a per- A “I’ll keep you in suspense.” That pronouncement fol- sistent feature of our system. Shrewd Republican cam- lowed weeks of declaring the election “rigged” by everyone paigns don’t just complain about it, but work to make from the mainstream media to the Clinton campaign to themselves less vulnerable to it. Trump has constantly taken Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim. Trump contends, too, that the bait from the Clinton campaign and ensured, through his electoral theft is happening “at many polling places.” tweets and riffs at rallies, that damaging controversies get Those who paid attention to the Republican primaries will more coverage rather than less (although even the best-run recall this tactic. Back then, the conspiring parties were the campaign would be hard pressed to cope with multiple alle- Republican National Committee, the congressional “Estab - gations of unwanted advances and groping by the candi- lishment,” and various conservative media outlets, which date). Trump accused of trying to “steal” the party’s nomination Some of Trump’s defenders point out that irregularities in from him. This time, Trump is suggesting that the entire close elections can deserve scrutiny: Think of Al Franken’s electoral mechanism by which Americans choose their pres- win over Norm Coleman in the Minnesota Senate race of ident has become illegitimate. 2008, or the Florida recount in 2000. That’s different, how- As a factual matter, this is, of course, bunk. The electoral ever, from predicting that any Trump defeat will be the result process, from bottom to top, is managed by citizens and of . Hillary Clinton is spectacularly unfit for the governed by a dense body of election law. Vote-counting is office of president of the United States; had she a different heavily scrutinized by party officials and independent mon- last name, she would almost certainly be facing felony itors, and irregularities are subject to legal challenge. The charges for endangering state secrets. If she becomes presi- voting equipment is tested prior to Election Day and careful- dent, it is Trump who will bear most of the responsibility. ly monitored before, during, and after. None of this is to say that voter fraud does not exist, or that errors don’t occasion- EDITOR’S NOTE: This issue was published ally affect vote totals. But to “rig” an election at the national before the general election. scale would require logistical know-how seen only in BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY / DANIEL ACKER Donald Trump speaks during the third presidential debate in Las Vegas, October 19, 2016.

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Obama did not raise the possibility of increasing them in a recent speech he gave about the law. Some of these ideas have little to do with what ails Obamacare, either. The original argument for the public option was that the government could charge lower premiums because it would not have to worry about making a profit. But too much profit-taking is not a problem on the exchanges. Obamacare established 23 non-profit insurers, 16 of which have al - ready had to close. Obama nonetheless accuses Republicans of partisan irresponsibility in refusing to work with him on these alleged im - provements to Obama - care. He puts that accusation in the context of a story of continued Republican pigheadedness. They op- posed Obamacare even though it incorpo- Obamacare Unravels, rated conservative ideas, he says, and even though he tried to work with them on Cont’d. it. He argues further that it has been a Premium hikes reveal the law’s design flaws major success; all it needs are some adjustments. BY RAMESH PONNURU It’s true, as he says, that the law has led to a substantial increase in the number of Americans with insurance coverage. His HEN Congress was debating changes. Enrollment is far below the boasts that the law has reduced health- whether to enact Obama - original projections. Insurers can neither care inflation, on the other hand, are less W care, conservatives said that charge low fees nor make much money well grounded: Those rates were declin- one of the reasons it had to catering to a relatively old and sick popu- ing years before Obamacare became law. be fought was that it would make the lation—and some of them have exited the The law’s costs have come in below bud- middle class more dependent on govern - exchanges as a result. get mainly because enrollment has been ment and bind it to the Democrats. So far Democrats have suggested several lower than expected. Obama care has not confirmed this partic- ways to shore up the exchanges. President Obama’s story about the origins of ular fear. The law remains unpopular, and Obama has revived calls for a “public Obamacare misses the forest for the trees. it is a frequent source of political trouble option” that would let people buy insur- Yes, some conservatives have proposed for the Democrats. ance directly from the government. That health-care plans that included exchanges, The latest trouble comes in the form of idea was stripped from Obamacare be - tax credits, a mandate for people to buy major premium increases. The Obama cause it could not pass even in the very insurance, and a reduction in the tax administration confirmed that the average Democratic Congress of 2009–10. The preference for employer-provided health price of insurance policies on Obama- administration would also like to funnel insurance. The Heritage Foundation, care’s exchanges will be 22 percent high- tax dollars to insurers participating in the above all, promoted these policies. Other er next year. Supporters of the law point exchanges. Some liberal policy experts conservatives, however, opposed some out that most people on the exchanges have also suggested stiffer fines for peo- of these ideas. The individual mandate receive subsidies and that these subsidies ple who do not buy insurance. in particular was always controversial will increase to offset the premium in- These ideas are going nowhere if Re - among conservative health-policy ex - crease: a point that may reassure the peo- publicans retain control of the House in perts. ple on the exchanges but not taxpayers. the upcoming elections. Even a small And even Heritage’s plan did not in - The underlying reason for the premi- Democratic majority in the House and clude some of Obamacare’s crucial fea- um hikes is as troubling for the future of Senate might have trouble passing some tures. The conservative think tank would Obamacare as the premium hikes them- of them. The fines for going without not have had the federal government dis- selves are. The young and the healthy insurance are one of the least popular fea- place the states as the main regulator of have been staying away from the ex - tures of Obamacare, which may be why health insurance, and its goal was to ROMAN GENN

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ensure that all Americans had access to Republicans would loosen the regula- catastrophic insurance—that is, to insur- tion: Insurers would be forbidden to dis- ance that protects them from financial criminate against people with preexisting adversity in the event of a health crisis but conditions only if they had maintained A Fiscal may leave them to pay out of pocket for insurance coverage. Thus healthy people routine care. Conservatives tend to think would have an incentive to stay covered Collision of this financial protection as the major rather than to game the system. And point of health insurance. Obamacare is de - because of the tax credit, they would also Course signed very differently, which is the source have the means to stay covered even if The asteroid will hit our economy of some of its high-profile difficulties. their employer did not offer them insur- in 2021 Obamacare’s regulations result in in - ance. surance policies that are not attractive to Many liberals argue, as Obama did in BY KEVIN D. WILLIAMSON the young and healthy. Those regulations his speech, that insurance that covers limit how much less insurers can charge only catastrophic health-related expens- HE Vox gang has a little trouble young people than older customers. They es is not good enough. If the goal of peering into the future, but its also require all insurance policies offered health-insurance policy is to get the T members are immune to the on the exchanges to cover preventative population to share health-care costs in acquisition of humility. Matt services. The result is higher premiums. general, then the options are limited to Yglesias: “Laying down the marker— Some Obamacare policies have both high something like Obamacare, a single- Obamacare implementation’s going to premiums and high deductibles. So they payer system in which the government be great and people will love it.” Not are expensive and yet do not protect peo- provides health insurance directly, or quite. Ezra Klein: “I can’t believe the ple from major financial risk. something in between the two. Obama White House’s strategy on Syria is President Obama, in his recent speech, does not appear ever to have been will- working out this well.” Gary Johnson denied that Republicans had any seri - ing to contemplate a different kind of has been more convincing, and he can’t ous alternatives to Obamacare. But health policy, which is one reason he find Aleppo on a map. From 2015: “The while Republicans have been slow to was never going to win the support of Memphis Grizzlies will win the NBA propose their own health-care legisla- more than a handful of Republicans. championship.” Out in the first round— tion, Speaker Paul Ryan has gotten the (Indeed, he was not even willing to nobody ever sees Portland coming. “Tyri - on Lannister will narrowly escape death at Dany’s hands.” Etc. So you might Liberals remain dead set against the want to take it with a whole Salzburg’s worth of NaCl when Klein declares, kind of health policy that dominates as though it were a self-evident truth: Republican health-policy thinking. “Things that are not a problem right now: the national debt.” House Repub licans to endorse the outline offer Repub licans reforms to medical- Things that are a problem right now? of a plan to replace Obamacare—a plan malpractice law, which would have ap - “Climate change,” he insists. that addresses the law’s core problems. pealed to them without disturbing the How much would you bet on the The Republicans would scrap most of basic structure of Obamacare.) proposition that the national debt is not the Obamacare requirements that raise the Liberals remain dead set against the a problem? price of health insurance. They would kind of health policy that dominates The unpleasant fact is that we have also give people who do not have access Republican health-policy thinking. So if made a very, very large national wager to employer-provided insurance a tax Hillary Clinton is elected president, the on that, which is both foolish and dan- credit that would enable them to buy a Republican plan is not going to happen. gerous. We might end up coming out policy that provides at least catastrophic Obamacare would instead keep going for of our current fiscal mess unscathed. coverage. Young and healthy people at least another four years. Given that sit- People also do win the lottery and games might be more likely to buy policies that uation, Republicans would probably be of Russian roulette—but that does not offer relatively cheap financial protection. well advised to offer people some relief make either of those a very intelligent Republicans would also handle the from Obamacare’s burdens rather than retirement plan. problem of covering people with pre- insist on a full replacement for Obama - That the annual federal deficit and existing conditions in a different way care or nothing. They could even invite government debt have momentarily re - from Obamacare. The law forbids insur- the Democrats to make their own sugges- ceded from the forefront of our national ers to discriminate against those people. tions on solving Obamacare’s problems, politics is the result of one of those It’s a popular feature of the law, but it while noting that they will act on those Republican political successes that the means that people could wait until they suggestions only if they move away from lively and imaginative ladies and gentle- get sick to buy insurance. If a lot of people Obamacare’s regulation-heavy model. men on cable news and talk radio insist did that, insurance markets would be At the same time, though, they should do not exist. In 2008, the voters of this unstable. The fines on people who don’t continue to make the case for replacing country unwisely gave the Democratic buy insurance are there largely to prevent Obamacare, as soon as possible, with party total control of th e elected branch- this scenario. something better. es of the federal government: President

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Barack Obama, Speaker of the House same 2007 deficit of 1.1 percent of GDP to 5 percent—through 2026, the last Nancy Pelosi, and Senate Majority Lead- over and over indefinitely; that 2009 year for available projections, when the er Harry Reid had effectively uncontested deficit of 10 percent of GDP, repeated deficit is projected to hit 4.9 percent of power over all federal policy, including annually, will put six feet of dirt on top GDP. taxes and spending. As the fight over the of your economy pretty quickly. From there? Up, probably. Affordable Care Act made clear, even a Right now, deficit policy is more or less Those projections rely on assump- totally united Republican front was in - on autopilot. During her presidential cam- tions about spending and revenue that sufficient to stop the Democrats’ doing paign, Hillary Rodham Clinton claimed, probably are too optimistic. For exam- what was important to them. What was repeatedly, that her big-spending plans ple, the fiction that Obamacare will important to them was spending money would not add a dime to the national reduce the long-term debt is based in and converting health insurance into a debt. There was plenty of reason to be part on assumptions about controls on welfare benefit. skeptical about such claims—the so- health-care expenses that are unlikely to The fiscal attitude of the George W. called Affordable Care Act was deficit- materialize and, more immediately, on Bush years, with Republicans largely in neutral, too, if, like Ezra Klein et al., promises about revenue generated by charge of congressional purse strings, you foolishly took as gospel (or at least the taxes, fees, and penalties associated had hardly been austere. But even with pretended to) the ludicrous political with the Affordable Care Act. The prob- 9/11, the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars, and assumptions underpinning the associat- lem is that most Democrats, and many the large jump in the deficit (to $459 bil- ed fiscal projections. But even if we Republicans, do not wish to collect lion) that accompanied the beginning were to take Mrs. Clinton at her word, those taxes. Both Mrs. Clinton and of the 2008–09 financial crisis, annual that is far from good enough. Mrs. Clin- Senator Bernie Sanders, the Vermont budget deficits ran on average about ton was not claiming that the national socialist who vexed her throughout the Democrats like to talk about jacking up taxes on the rich, but, being elected officials, they are in reality much more eager to spend than to tax.

$250 billion a year from 2001 to 2008. debt would not increase under her fiscal primary, proposed repealing the “Ca- In 2007, the deficit was just 1.1 percent policies; she was promising ing that it dillac” tax on generous and expensive of GDP, or what technical economists w ould not increase more than it already health-care policies such as those typi- refer to as “essentially zilch.” is projected to increase under current cally enjoyed by the highly paid public- One-party Democratic rule turned policy. The Clintons have always ex - sector-union workers who make up the that around ricky-tick. Democrats like to celled at setting very low standards for Democrats’ most important constituen- talk about jacking up taxes on the rich, themselves, and Mrs. Clinton’s great cy. Anti-tax Republicans want to kill but, being elected officials, they are in boast during the 2016 campaign was that Cadillac tax, too. reality much more eager to spend than to that her economic program would, if The Cadillac tax raises money in two tax, and the significant but relatively everything worked out according to ways: straightforwardly, by putting a modest deficits of the Bush years quick- plan, simply not make things any worse levy on health-care benefits above a cer- ly ballooned: to $1.4 trillion in 2009, fiscally than they already are. tain threshold, and indirectly, by encour- $1.3 trillion in 2010, $1.3 trillion in The problem is that things are consid- aging employers to shift compensation 2011, $1 trillion in 2012. erably worse than they seem. away from untaxed medical benefits and Republicans regained control of the With all due appreciation for what into taxable ordinary income. The CBO House in the 2010 elections and of the congressional Republicans have been has been scaling back its revenue esti- Senate in the 2014 elections, and right able to accomplish—reducing the mates from the Cadillac tax consider- back down went the deficit: $680 billion deficit in real terms is a genuine victo- ably, but the levy still is estimated to be in 2013, $485 billion in 2014, and $438 ry—the tools they have used and the on track to produce $87 billion in rev- billion in 2015. In 2015, that meant a solutions they have enacted are oriented enue over a decade. Repealing it would deficit equal to about 2.4 percent of toward the short term. It is good to do put a dent in the budget about the size of GDP; in fiscal year 2016, that number short-term things; fiscal reforms put off adding an extra Commerce Department jumped up to 3.2 percent of GDP. That to the misty future have a way of failing or EPA. doesn’t sound like a very large jump, to materialize. But the real spending In the long term, deficits will be dri- but it is. Most economists calculate that problem is long-term. Under current ven by health-care programs and Social a sustainable U.S. deficit—which is Congressional Budget Office projec- Security, to the exclusion of most other to say, a deficit that remains fiscally tions, we can expect to see deficits in the spending. The combined Social Security manageable in light of the growth in range of 3.0 to 3.6 percent through 2021, retirement and disability trust funds our economy—is somewhere between and then a jump to deficits above 4 per- (OASDI) have been in decline since 2 percent and 3 percent. You can run that cent—and getting uncomfortably close expenditures began outpacing revenue

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in 2010. In 2015, OASDI benefit pay- sages to different voting groups, Clinton’s ments totaled $877 billion, but revenue answer was rather elegant. Legally speak- payments (excluding pro forma “inter- ing, however, it was arrant nonsense—the est” on trust-fund “loans” to the general Hillary’s product of either unyielding civic igno- fund) were only $786 billion. In fiscal rance or of a rank dishonesty. It is down- year 2015, Social Security payments Second right impossible to be in favor of an exceeded Social Security revenue by individual right to keep and bear arms and 9 percent; in 2040, that number will be Amendment to oppose Heller. Why? Because Heller 40 percent, the CBO estimates, and ris- does about the bare minimum that a ing. Under current projections, the dis- Nonsense precedent-setting case could do: It affirms ability trust fund goes broke in 2021 Her Heller position belies her that right as a baseline principle without and the retirement trust fund touches adumbrating the details. zero in 2030. supposed belief in the individual’s Essentially, Heller held that because What happens then? Under current right to bear arms “the right of the people to keep and bear law, benefit payments can be made only arms” means—wait for it!—“the right of out of the trust funds or Social Security BY CHARLES C. W. COOKE the people to keep and bear arms,” the revenue, which means that all of those government is not permitted to impose retirees and people on disability will— F all the pernicious words that regulations that amount to an effective best-case scenario—see their benefits punctuate the regulator’s glos- prohibition upon the exercise of that right. cut roughly in half beginning one fine O sary, none is so effective as the In particular, the Court struck down the day early in the administration of who- plucky little “but.” “I believe District of Columbia’s total ban on hand- ever wins the next presidential election. in free speech,” the censor will insist, “but guns, and deemed intolerable the city’s Remember what a little turnaround in I don’t think you should be permitted to trigger-lock rules on the grounds that they U.S. housing prices did to the world write that.” “I hold a great respect for the made self-defense impossible. But the economy a few years back. Now imag- free-market tradition,” the radical main- Court did not explicitly pronounce on, ine cutting a few dozen million U.S. tains, “but it does need a good disman- say, the constitutionality of an “assault household incomes by a third or by tling.” “Of course we must respect weapons” ban; it did not flesh out in detail half. religion,” assures the renegade, “but . . . ” which regulations were acceptable and Is that a problem “right now”? It In our postmodern age, this trick can be which were outré; and, disappointingly, it depends on how you think about time. vexingly potent. Because so many words did not even set a standard of review. Imagine that NASA’s Near-Earth Object have all but lost their meanings, only the Instead, it confirmed the painfully obvi- nerds were to report that an asteroid was most transparent of contradictions now ous—that, as elsewhere within the Bill going to hit Earth in 2021. Would that get noticed. In times past, purveyors of of Rights, “people” means “people” in be a problem “right now,” or a problem the strategic “however” would have been the Second Amendment, too—and it only in 2021? Given the difficulty of frowned upon as shameful dissemblers. removed the most egregious obstacles preparing a mission to keep that asteroid Today, they are rewarded with encomia. that had been placed in those people’s from crashing into the planet—or brac- How “reasonable” they are. How “nu - way. By claiming that she opposes Heller ing ourselves for the impact—and the anced.” How pragmatic. but supports the “individual right” to bear time it would take to make such prepa - During the third of this year’s surreal arms, Clinton is taking us deep into rations, it certainly would seem like a presidential debates, Hillary Clinton gave Wonderland, to a place where 2 + 2 = 5 right-now, shoulda-got-started-on-that- us a perfect example of this trick, and, in and the rain is not wet to the touch. Her yesterday-if-not-sooner type of prob- so doing, provided posterity with one of po sition is not quite as silly as the so- lem. the most self-contradictory answers in called collective-rights theory—namely, Reforming federal finances is not modern American history. Asked for her that George Mason and Co. demanded the very much like the plot of Deep Impact opinion of the seminal Supreme Court amendment in order to protect the right of or Armageddon or any of those other decision D.C. v. Heller, Clinton first ex - the people to join a state organization over asteroid movies. It is harder, because plained that she “disagreed with the way which the federal government enjoys nobody is getting a check from the the Court applied the Second Amendment plenary power—but it’s close. Didymos binary system. in that case,” and then—by way of our It is telling that Clinton is almost alone And there are other risks, too: The favorite all-purpose conjunction—pro- in taking the road that she has. Typically, interest rates on U.S. public debt have ceeded to advance precisely the opposite gun-controllers try a different, more polit- been at historically low rates for a long argument. “But there’s no doubt I respect ically profitable approach: to concede that while. A return to the long-term average the Second Amendment,” Clinton sub- Heller was correctly decided at root, but would be catastrophic, a $1 trillion–a– mitted, “that I also believe there’s an in - to oppose its application beyond its spe- year expenditure or more. dividual right to bear arms. That’s not cific facts. Running for office in 2008, From the fall of the Berlin Wall until in conflict with sensible, commonsense then-senator took this 9/11, we had a “holiday from history,” regulation.” option, praising Heller per se but offering they said. That ended badly. In reality, You see? Clinton both believes that— a narrow interpretation of its majority there is no holiday from history—or wait, what? opinion. “I have always believed that the from accounting, either. As an attempt to convey different mes- Second Amendment protects the right of

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CRITICAL PRAISE FOR JAY NORDLINGER’S

Hillary Clinton at the third presidential debate in Las Vegas, October 19, 2016

individuals to bear arms,” Obama said. rather than a “but,” and he makes the “The Supreme Court has now endorsed effort to explain how he squares his par- The New, Acclaimed History of the that view, and while it ruled that the D.C. ticular circle. He accepts the principle but Nobel Peace Prize, ‘the Most Famous gun ban went too far, Justice Scalia him- is haggling over the details. Hillary, by and Controversial Prize in the World’ self acknowledged that this right is not contrast, is just flailing around desperate- absolute and [is] subject to reasonable ly, never coming close to hitting anything JOHN BOLTON in The Weekly regulations.” Among the “reasonable reg- approaching a coherent point. Standard: With this “erudite and ulations” that Obama had in mind were The questions thrown up by Clinton’s insightful history,” Jay Nordlinger “has “closing the gun-show loophole and im- foolishness boggle the mind. To what written not only the go-to reference book for the prize and its laureates proving our background-check system.” exactly does she think Americans have but also an important philosophical (I shall leave those for now.) an individual right if the government can reflection on the nature of ‘peace’ in Or, put another way, Obama said, ban whole classes of commonly used modern times.” “Fine, I accept Heller, but I want this line firearms? When she says “sensible, com- of reasoning to go no further.” monsense regulation,” what precisely SCOTT JOHNSON at Power Line: Substantively, I find Obama’s cramped does she mean? What would a Clinton- “. . . a brilliant, thought-provoking, approach unpersuasive for three reasons. ized Second Amendment actually do? enraging, inspirational, fascinating, moving book.” First, the Second Amendment protects the And how would she feel if her position right ot bear “arms,” not “muskets” or were translated into binding doctrine for a MONA CHAREN in her syndicated “handguns,” and Heller both defines that right that she actually likes—if, for exam- column: “Nordlinger is an engaging term broadly and adds that weapons in ple, Donald Trump had said that he be - and wise tour guide.” “common use” are protected. Why, then, lieves in the right to a free press but that is Obama on record agitating for a ban on the government should enjoy the power to National Review, 215 Lexington Avenue, NY, NY 10016 the most popular rifle in the country? ban all newspapers and to impose some Send me ______copies of Peace, They Say. My cost is $27.99 each (shipping and handling are included!). I Second, while Heller outlined no standard restrictions on the Web? enclose total payment of $______. Send to: of review, the Bill of Rights does tend One also wonders whom Clinton be - Name to invite “strict scrutiny” from the courts. lieves she’s kidding. Is there anybody Address Why, I wonder, does Obama believe in America who is fond enough of the City State ZIP that the Second Amendment should be Second Amendment to factor it into his e-mail: an exception? And third, contrary to vote but who thinks simultaneously that phone: Obama’s frequent insinuations, Justice the draconian laws of Washington, D.C., PAYMENT METHOD: Scalia wrote that some restrictions on the were fine and dandy? Check enclosed (payable to National Review) amendment were tolerable, not that all Were the political press less reflexively Bill my MasterCard Visa rules except for those excluded in Heller hostile toward the Second Amendment, were allowed. Does Obama believe that if and were the Republican party’s presiden- Acct. No.

a right can be infringed at all, it can be tial nominee capable of articulating con- Expir. Date infringed in any manner at all? servatism as might a man speaking his Signature GETTY / Nevertheless, the president’s case is at native tongue, Clinton’s pathetic dissem- AFP / least legally literate and logically consis- bling might have yielded any one of the tent. Flawed as it might be, Obama fol- questions above. As is it, she has got away (NY State residents must add sales tax. For foreign orders, add $15, to cover additional shipping.) SAUL LOEB lows his promises of fealty with an “and” with it. For now, at least.

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(from Eugene Onegin), and Cio-Cio- of pale. In Salzburg two summers ago, San, a.k.a. Madama Butterfly. Sophie was portrayed by Golda Schultz, Now, Cio-Cio-San is a 15-year-old a soprano from South Africa. She is Killing Japanese girl. But Puccini requires a “black,” as Americans would say. (I’m powerful soprano for her music. There - not sure what South Africans would Aida fore, Cio-Cio-San is often portrayed say, with their several gradations.) The A mortal threat to art by a battle-axe. An audience member libretto did not rule casting. Baron Ochs simply suspends disbelief, as he does in in that same production was played by BY JAY NORDLINGER most operas. A different Italian com - Günther Groissböck, an Austrian bass. poser, Rossini, said that three things Groissböck is as fit as a fiddle. Ochs is HE University of Bristol, in were required in a singer: voice, voice, described, in the libretto, as fat. That England, has a musical-theater and voice. was overlooked. T society. Students in the society How about another Puccini heroine, I doubt you would want a fit Falstaff. voted to put on Aida—not the Mimì, from La Bohème? She is dying That character must be Falstaffian. So, opera by Verdi but a musical by Elton from consumption. Her sometime lover, stuff a pillow under the guy’s shirt. John and Tim Rice, which is based on Rodolfo, tends to her. In an interview a Should Otello—Verdi’s Othello—be the opera. More specifically, it is based couple of years ago, Ann Murray, the dark-skinned? Last year, the Met an - on a children’s book, telling the story of Irish mezzo-soprano, told me about a nounced that no longer would an Otello Aida. That book was written by Leon - particular production of La Bohème: on its stage wear dark makeup. This was tyne Price, the great American soprano, The Mimì was quite stout, and the Ro - too much like the despised blackface. who is one of the outstanding Aidas of dolfo carried her to bed. When he got And yet the Moor’s skin color plays a all time. her there, the audience applauded. part in the story, does it not? These ques- Aida is about an Ethiopian princess— Yet another Puccini heroine, Turandot, tions can get tricky. the title character—who is a slave in is a Chinese princess, and an icy beauty. Let me walk down Memory Lane a Egypt. She is in love with an Egyptian I can just picture her. But she, too, must bit. When I was a boy, I was taken to see officer, who loves her back. Much trou- be sung by a very rugged soprano. Chi - Purlie, a musical set in the Jim Crow ble ensues. nese princesses need not apply. There South. The cast was all-black—and that Bristol’s Aida never got off the ground, is another character, another soprano included the white oppressors. Which because of student protests. The protest- role, in that opera: Liù. The first Liù I confused me. But over the years, you ers figured that white students would be ever saw was Leona Mitchell, a black get used to “non-traditional casting,” cast in the musical. And that would be an American. though sometimes a production may go injustice to Egyptians and Ethiopians. Simon Estes is a black American out of its way to break traditions, and It would be “whitewashing.” So, the bass-baritone, and he sang Amonasro, defy sense. musical-theater society canceled the Aida’s father, alongside Price. But most A great controversy occurred in 1990. show. “We would not want to cause of - of the time he was someone else— The musical Miss Saigon was set to fense in any way,” they said. such as Wagner’s Dutchman (of The travel from London to Broadway. (This This is the kind of thing—identity Flying Dutchman). He also took part in musical is based on Madama Butterfly.) politics, capitulation in the face of igno- L’Africaine, the Meyerbeer opera. But Jonathan Pryce was cast in the role of rance and zealotry—that would kill art. he was not an africain. He was Don a Eurasian pimp. The actors’ union in And, by the way, if you’re looking for Pedro, a Portuguese villain. So what? America said, “No way.” Pryce was a fight, tell an Egyptian he isn’t white. Voce, voce, voce, said Rossini. Welsh, and that was intolerable, because Really, go ahead. I’ll just stand here and Denyce Graves is one of the leading the character had to be played by an watch. Carmens of recent years. She is not a Asian—never mind that the character In 1983, there was an American mini- Gypsy girl from Spain. She is a black was a Eurasian: half French and half series about Anwar Sadat, t he late presi- mezzo from Washington, D.C. A few Vietnamese. Besides which, doesn’t dent of Egypt. Sadat’s mother was part nights ago, I saw a William Tell at the acting include acting? Sudanese (a very touchy issue in Egypt). Metropolitan Opera in New York. (The One of the union’s points was that there In the mini-series, he was played by Lou overture is familiar.) The hero’s son, were relatively few opportunities for Gossett Jr., the black American actor. Jemmy, was portrayed by Janai Brugger, Asian actors, making it imperative that Egyptian authorities banned the mini- a black soprano from Chicago. Asian roles—even half-Asian ones—be series. For good measure, they banned A Swiss boy is a girl? And not just doled out to this segment. That is a point, all products coming from its distributor, a girl but a black girl? (Jemmy is a I think, but not a winning one. Columbia Pictures. “trouser role,” i.e., a male role taken by Miss Saigon’s producer, Cameron Back to the Ethiopian princess. Aida a female singer.) That is opera. Could Mackintosh, refused to take the show to is one of the few black characters in all the kids at the University of Bristol New York without Pryce. The union re - of opera. Leontyne Price used to joke understand? lented. Pryce went on to win a Tony. that opera companies, when they hired Sophie, in Der Rosenkavalier, is not More recently, there have been cries her, could save on makeup. (Price her- a trouser role; she is a lissome young in America against “cultural appropri - self is black.) In her career, Price sang woman from Vienna. The libretto em - ation.” What does that mean? For an dozens of roles—including Tosca, Tatiana phasizes how white she is: a tasty shade answer, I turn, as usual, to Wikipedia:

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Simon Estes as Escamillo in Bizet’s Carmen, San Francisco, January 1, 1981

“the adoption or use of elements of University of Bristol think? Should he Jupiter, Apollo, and Juno. Should mor- one culture by members of another cul- play some combination of Liszt and tals be allowed to play them? Good luck ture.” Formerly, that was thought of as Joplin, and steer clear of other music? finding gods in Bristol, or anywhere good: open-minded, world-embracing, Black opera singers popularized spir- else. liberal. ituals—slave songs—all over the world. Last month, a friend of mine sent me Last summer, Justin Timberlake, the Some white singers won’t sing them, out an article from the website of Opera pop star, was watching the BET Awards. of racial deference, or perhaps fear of Philadelphia. Its headline was “Turan - (“BET” stands for “Black Entertainment being called an appropriator. But other dot: Time to call it quits on Orientalist Television.”) He liked a speech that singers won’t be denied. Long ago, in opera?” The writer’s answer was yes. was given, and he said so in a tweet. 1963, George London recorded an Turandot and similar works were guilty Someone responded, “Does this mean album of spirituals. This was in Munich. of “outdated gender roles,” “problematic you’re going to stop appropriating our London was a bass-baritone who, as racial stereotypes,” and all the rest of it. music and culture?” Timberlake wrote George Burstein, was born to Russian The article sent a shiver down my back, “Oh, you sweet soul. The more Jews in Montreal. He knew that spiritu- spine. It was—I’m going to reach for this you realize that we are the same, the als belonged to him, as they touch every overused and abused word—Orwellian. more we can have a conversation.” Thus human heart, or at least every heart that To repeat what I said earlier, certain peo- did the pop star stand for something like is touchable. He would no more have ple will kill art, and civilization along a common American culture. denied himself these songs than he with it, if we let them. But then he was criticized. So, in the would have denied himself Schubert End on an American opera—theAmer - way of these things, he apologized. Lieder or Fauré chansons. ican opera, Porgy and Bess. The Gersh - As far as I’m concerned, American In the 2014–15 season, Jamie Barton win estate has a peculiar stipulation: In music belongs to you, me, and everyone gave a recital in Carnegie Hall. She is English-speaking countries, the opera else who likes it, wherever he lives. Do a mezzo from Rome—Georgia, not must be performed by all-black casts. you know ragtime, and Scott Joplin in Italy—and she is white. She is also irre- George Gershwin and his partners had particular? You can thank two Jewish pressible. When it came time for en - their reasons, and they are honorable Americans, frankly. cores, she busted out with “Ride On, ones. Gershwin et al. did not want black- In the early 1970s, Joshua Rifkin King Jesus.” face. They wanted authenticity. They also recorded Joplin rags for the Nonesuch Art is in conflict with identity politics, wanted to give opportunities to black label. Suddenly, Joplin, who died in for the one is pretty much universal and singers and actors. Nevertheless . . . 1917, was rediscovered. Then Marvin the other is particular. One is generous, About 15 years ago, Simon Estes— Hamlisch put his music at the center of inclusive—come one, come all—and the grandson of a onetime slave—said, a movie, The Sting. That cemented the other is meanly, crabbedly exclusive. “Music knows no color. This may Americans’ love of Scott Joplin and rag- Today, unfortunately, people are taught sound extreme, but I think it’s almost time. to worship race and ethnicity like gods. unconstitutional for Porgy and Bess to REDFERNS / André Watts, the American pianist, is Hey, now that I’ve brought up the sub- be performed only by black artists.” the son of a Hungarian woman and a ject: There are plenty of gods in opera. There is an American. And an artist. RON SCHERL black American GI. What would the Handel’s Semele, for example, includes And a man.

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flamingo who broke out of a local way—6,650 tons of mud, precipitated aviary in 1987 and, after several years salt crystals, and black basalt rock spent enjoying brine shrimp au naturel, stretching out in a long, straight finger Where Time was last seen vacationing in Idaho in from the shoreline before bending into 2005. an Archimedean spiral. The construction WearsOn visiting the everThin changing The local classic-rock station is more took eleven days: six days for Ogden- favorable to the Eagles, I’ve discovered, area builder Bob Phillips and his crew, Spiral Jetty though there’s no fast lane out here. with the assistance of two dump trucks, There are miles upon miles of gravel a tractor, and a front-end loader, to BY IAN TUTTLE roads. The 2016 Mazda6 Sport Sedan is shuffle the extensive materials into one many things: sleek, responsive, pos- configuration; two days for Smithson Somewhere in Utah sessed of a decent set of speakers. It is to muse, dissatisfied; then another three ’M about ten miles away from being not an off-road vehicle. days for Phillips and company to re - ten miles away from anything, and But, then, whoever said pilgrimages arrange the site into its final form—this I wondering whether I should turn were supposed to be easy? stovetop coil, or crozier, or giant curli - back. In the rearview mirror is the magazine once cue. Smithson called it an “immobile latest in a series of VIOLATORS WILL BE called Spiral Jetty, my destination, “the cyclone.” PROSECUTED signs, and I’m not dressed most famous work of American art that That description was, as the artist for prison—although, if we’re being almost nobody has ever seen in the acknowledged, imprecise. The nature of candid, this seems like one of those flesh.” That’s because, about two years “earthworks”—Smithson’s label for this shoot-first-invoke-the-law-later kind of after its completion in 1970, Robert and several similar projects that consti- places. I can hear Sam Elliott, deadpan: Smithson’s masterpiece disappeared. tuted some of the original entries in the “I swear, Officer, I thought he was a As high-profile thefts go, it was less To “land art” movement—is to respond to waterfowl.” Catch a Thief, more Thomas Crown, the vicissitudes of nature. Consequently, “Here,” if it helps, is 60 miles north- given that the work didn’t actually go Spiral Jetty changes. It may be mucked northwest of downtown Salt Lake City anywhere. It simply vanished—under over with algae, encrusted with salt, as the crow flies, if the crow flew here, 4.5 cubic miles of saltwater. It didn’t eroded by sand. It may be green, or which it doesn’t; it’s primarily the reemerge for three decades. white, or black. It may be invisible. No aforementioned waterfowl—plovers Built off of the northeast shore of the one sees the same Spiral Jetty twice. and pipers and other assorted types of Great Salt Lake, Spiral Jetty is a 1,500- “Every object,” wrote Smithson, “if it is shorebird, and Pink Floyd, the Chilean foot-long, 15-foot-wide earthen cause- art, is charged with the rush of time.” JPG . 2016 _ MARCH _-_ JETTY _ SPIRAL : FILE / WIKI / ORG . WIKIMEDIA . COMMONS / PHOTO BY JILL MEYER : SPIRAL JETTY

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Speaking of which: How long have I tered pilings. Smithson spotted in it “a everything is immense and clear and been driving? A half hour? An hour? world of modern prehistory.” “The exquisitely still. Longer? This road is winding through products of a Devonian industry, the In that 1972 essay (“The Spiral nowhere: plains with golden grasses remains of a Silurian technology, all the Jetty”), Smithson took as his epigraph a lilting, stretching off toward moun- machines of the Upper Carboniferous line from G. K. Chesterton that tells of tains coated in grassy pelts. The Trans - Period were lost in those expansive de - “the place where the walls of this world continental Railroad was hammered posits of sand and mud,” he wrote in of ours wear the thinnest and something finished nearby—but that seems dis- 1972, recalling his first impressions. “A beyond burns through.” This was, he tant now, by many miles, many years. I great pleasure arose from seeing all saw, such a place: a frontier, a threshold, expect something different to crest those incoherent structures.” where “no ideas, no concepts, no sys- the hills—a Shoshone chief galloping He was right. As time slides backward tems, no structures, no abstractions at the head of his band. Boys, bare- along the road, that site, heaving into could hold themselves together.” back, ride naked, / Leap on, shout view around a final bend, takes on a And this is Spiral Jetty’s centripetal “Ai-yah!” Shout, “Ai-yee!”— / In paleontological aspect: the sun-dried tug. Such things—systems and struc- unbridled glory. skeleton of some Jurassic beast. Then, a tures and the rest—are the accumula- Smithson, who died in a plane crash thousand yards on, at the end of the tions of time, lugged forward like hiking in 1973 over Amarillo, Texas, surveying road—Spiral Jetty, that great swirling packs. Time is tiring. Sometimes it his next project, no doubt noticed that rune, wayward Nazca Line. needs sloughing off. time began to unwind en route to his Down the slope to the shore I go, past Ever changing and so ever new, time- site, and no doubt appreciated the way the rabbit brush sprouted up like ante- bound but timeless, Spiral Jetty draws the quest complemented the creation. diluvian florets, over the rocks deposit- wanderers inward toward the liminal “The present,” he wrote in his 1968 ed by creeping centuries, onto the jetty, moment poised at the edge of no time essay “A Sedimentation of the Mind: step by step over sand and char-black and no place—of element s just dreamt Earth Projects,” “must go into the places basalt, whorling inward to the center. up, of first things just come to be. where remote futures meet remote The lake is out—drought season—leav- “Following the spiral steps,” Smithson pasts.” ing miles of gray mud flats stretching wrote, “we return to our origins.” And That was what he saw i n Spiral Jetty’s toward the horizon, and the sphere of there was evening, and there was morn- building site on his first visit. A mile midday sky vaults overhead, burning ing, the first day. down the shoreline are the remnants of white with sunlight, and rust-red water Then, sheared clean, I am spun out ward an old drilling project long since aban- collects in shallow pools along the jetty’s again, back into the world, “an explo sion doned: dead pumps, a rotting pier, splin- edges, and there is no one for miles, and rising into fiery prominence.”

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Iraqi forces roll south of Mosul, October 29, 2016. A Second Chance in Iraq After ISIS falls, we must remain the ‘strongest tribe’

BY DAVID FRENCH

UST as you sometimes see geese flying south even before Show him that he’s wrong, and he might actually switch sides. the weather breaks, it’s the small signs that often portend America benefited from this phenomenon during the 2007 J the larger transformations. And so it is in the Middle troop surge in Iraq, when Sunni tribes either came off the side- East. In late October, reports began to filter out from lines or switched sides en masse, backing U.S. soldiers and Mosul that young men were shaving their beards. Styles were Marines over al-Qaeda. They allied with U.S. forces not so much changing, not through the world of fashion but rather through the because they’d been convinced of the bankruptcy of jihadist the- fortunes of war. ology as because they discerned that America was the “strongest In many places, the beard is the sign of the committed jihadist. tribe” (as Bing West so memorably relates in his book of that It’s so common, in fact, that when a family describes their son’s name). The result was a messy victory based less on political descent into violence, his growing of a beard is often on the reconciliation than on brute force. checklist of symptoms. He prayed on schedule and without fail, America is on the verge of another messy victory in Iraq— he went on the hajj, he memorized vast sections of the Koran, and messier in many ways than the last. A combined force that cob- he grew his beard. Shaving the beard is the shedding of an iden- bles together American air power and American advisers with a tity, done to conceal one’s true nature—or to signal a changing fragile alliance of Iraqi-government forces, Shiite militias, and allegiance. Kurdish peshmerga is slowly encircling Mosul, trapping its ISIS Indeed, one of the keys to understanding the Middle East is remnant, and attempting to drive the Islamic State from its last discerning which of our enemies are true enemies—the commit- Iraqi stronghold. ted, believing jihadists—and which are opportunists. Or, more It’s not an overstatement to note that this offensive—if execut- accurately, survivors. When the price of losing is death, the truly ed properly—gives America a second chance to win the Iraq War. savvy learn to abandon ship at just the right moment. When I If and when ISIS is driven from Mosul, it will suffer its first truly deployed to Iraq, my commander illustrated this reality with a catastrophic military defeat—one that it cannot mitigate through GETTY /

simple question: “In a room of 100 people, what do you call the pinprick terror attacks abroad. It has been in retreat for months, AFP / man with the gun?” The leader. but until now it has securely held two significant cities, Raqqa in RUBAYE In other words, our lasting enemy was the committed jihadist, Syria and Mosul in Iraq, which allowed it to create something - the “man with the gun.” Our temporary enemy was the frightened that loosely resembled a jihadist nation-state. survivor, the man who joined the side he thought would win. Ejecting it from Iraq will reduce ISIS in many ways to being AHMAD AL

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just another Syrian militia, render its claim to govern an actual HAT’s the good news. But next comes the uncertain future. caliphate a sad joke, and possibly strain its ties with allied militias Although we are strong, we haven’t deployed a fraction in North Africa and Southwest Asia. After all, they signed on to of the force that allowed us not just to take and hold the ISIS brand when it was ascendant. If a successful Iraqi offen- Tground in Iraq in 2007 but also to impose a level of control while sive—combined with continued pressure in Syria and escalating we worked out an orderly transition of power. In other words, pressure against ISIS strongholds in Libya—sends the message we’ve deployed enough force to guarantee that our allies win, but that ISIS is in sharp decline, then expect barbers to do a brisk not necessarily enough force to exert our will. We are relying on business in Syria, the Sinai, Libya, and beyond. a collection of Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds, and Turks to work out a In the near term, the outlook is good. The Obama adminis - shaky truce or (one can dream) a temporary agreement carving tration has indicated that it has no intention of ending the fight reconquered land into new zones of influence and control. against ISIS until the group is routed in its remaining Syrian And the competing interests can be dizzying in their complex- strongholds, and that means a continued, decisive American mil- ity and sobering in their mutual hostility. For a brief time, post- itary presence. With Special Forces, artillery, and advisers on the war, post-withdrawal Iraq was drifting toward becoming a virtual ground, along with the might of the Air Force in the air, we are, Iranian client state, with talk of a new Russian, Syrian, Iraqi, and once again, the strongest tribe. Iranian axis dominating the Middle East. Despite renewed The fight for Mosul represents the culmination of one of the American influence, Iran has not given up its designs on Iraq and more curious (and quiet) military engagements in recent Amer- is—as always—playing the long game. ican history. After intervening with aerial attacks that helped save The Kurds have been our most steadfast allies, but undying both Erbil and Baghdad from the ISIS blitzkrieg in 2014, the Turkish and Arab hostility toward them means that American Obama administration has (very) slowly ramped up American support for the Kurds strains relationships not just with our military commitments largely without any meaningful congres- NATO partner Turkey but also with the same Arab governments sional—much less public—debate. and tribes that we need to maintain Iraq in at least nominal Indeed, Americans largely learn of each escalation through alliance with the United States. Leaving the Kurds defenseless a back-page story when something goes wrong. We learned is unthinkable. Granting their ultimate desires for indepen - Special Forces were engaged in direct ground combat when a dence could further destabilize the Middle East. The result is a The fight for Mosul represents the culmination of one of the more curious (and quiet) military engagements in recent American history. soldier died in an Iraqi raid. We learned we had artillery assets on continued, uneasy limbo—with Kurds enjoying a high degree of the ground when a Marine died in an ISIS rocket attack. We learn autonomy in Iraq but without the security that comes from formal of expanding air strikes when news of civilian casualties filters recognition and real alliances. into the outside world. Compounding the challenge is the dawning realization that In June 2014, Obama ordered 275 troops into Iraq to assist in national boundaries mean less than they did when strongmen the fight against ISIS. Now the number has grown to at least ruled Syria, Iraq, and Iran with iron fists. A map of influence in 4,460 as the Second Brigade Combat Team (BCT) of the 101st northern Syria and northern Iraq looks like a pizza carved by a Airborne Division has taken up its positions in support of the drunk man—with lines crossing and curving crazily across the drive to Mosul. Indeed, that number may well be higher, because pie. the Pentagon has proven resourceful in using troop-rotation In other words, the Obama administration is likely to leave schedules and other means to boost the actual number of de - its successor with a military victory and a diplomatic morass. ployed soldiers above the publicly announced numbers. Troops And since the administration has failed to outline any kind of on various short-term assignments often aren’t counted in the long-term military strategy or realistic diplomatic endgame, announced total. Americans have been left with a series of strongly held but often Senator John McCain has called these deployments a form of inconsistent ideas. They are weary of long-term deployments to “grudging incrementalism that rarely wins wars but could cer- the world’s most dysfunctional region, but they also hate ISIS tainly lose one.” In this instance, however, it looks as if incremen- with a burning passion. They recoil from large-scale humanitari- talism will soon yield a rare win—at least in Iraq. The initial, tiny an catastrophes but also from large-scale migration to the U.S. deployments were enough to stop ISIS. The larger deployments from Middle East conflict zones. are helping roll it back, and as ISIS faces battlefield pressures in The next president must understand that simply declaring vic- Syria, it simply doesn’t have the resources to counter allied gains. tory and going home (again) will likely result in history’s quickly The result should soon be a battlefield victory that leaves allied repeating itself, with allies turning on one another, jihadists forces in control of every significant Iraqi population center, with growing back their beards, and Iran and Vladimir Putin waiting American forces back on the ground in Iraq in sufficient numbers in the wings, eager to exploit emerging tactical and strategic at least to block any foreseeable counterattack. (There is not a advantages. The next administration has to remember that power single combat force in the Middle East outside the Israel vacuums are always and everywhere filled, and, given the pauci- Defense Forces that can match an American BCT with asso- ty of true friends in the Middle East, when America retreats, it is ciated air support.) almost always our enemies who advance.

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It is to the Obama administration’s credit that when it faced a catastrophe similar in scale to that faced by the Ford administra- tion and Congress when Saigon was threatened in 1975, it Humility, responded with air strikes and not evacuations. And in so doing it stopped an avoidable disaster from becoming a historic defeat. So now we stand on the verge of yet another decisive victory in Credibility, Iraq. Will our leaders fail us again? There are few things more bittersweet than reading and watch- ing news of our allies’ advance. This advance carries with it the memories of American sacrifices of the all-too-recent past. Even Prudence now, Iranian-backed Shiite militias—toting American-made weapons—are advancing toward the city of Tal Afar, taken from How the GOP can escape al-Qaeda at great cost in 2005, during one of the most intense urban the shadow of Iraq battles of the war. Iraqi special forces are preparing to enter the very sections of Mosul that elements of my own regiment, the Third Armored Cavalry Regiment, fought and bled for during the surge. BY JORDAN CHANDLER HIRSCH As each city is reconquered, Americans need to be reminded that there was a time when we held that ground, when we dictated F the GOP primaries taught us anything about policy, it’s that terms, and when we had a chance to achieve a degree of stability. the Republican party has an Iraq problem. That’s a message And while we can win the same fights a second time, there are I that a plurality of voters sent as they dismissed one candidate still many things broken beyond repair. The ISIS genocide of after another in favor of Donald Trump. Christians and other religious minorities has claimed tens of To move beyond the Iraq War, Republican foreign-policy elites thousands of lives. ISIS has been granted two years to control the must begin by overcoming their decade-long discomfort with it. education and development of Mosul’s young people, leaving Learning from the war should not mean re-litigating it or in dulg - behind an unknown number of youthful radicals who—beard ing in breast-beating self-flagellation that cheapens the sacrifices or no beard—are primed to wage war against our allies and, of thousands who deserve our gratitude. But they should accept ultimately, against us. what the war looks like to most Americans. Moreover, the Obama administration’s decision to follow up In a word, it looks like a disaster. The war, by any measure, its holding action with an agonizingly slow counterattack has proved extraordinarily costly in blood and treasure. The 2007 allowed ISIS to spread its influence far beyond its Iraqi and troop surge rescued hope for political reconciliation in Baghdad, Syrian “homeland.” Swift action could have meant that there was only for sectarianism to return and the Obama administration to no ISIS in Libya, the Sinai, and the great cities of Europe. Having squander what gains remained. By 2014, ISIS had stormed forth. granted it not just a few glorious months of victory but rather Surveying the wreckage, most Americans have consistently years of psychological dominance, Americans and their allies are considered Iraq a failure. likely to continue to reap a whirlwind of terror and instability. Debates about Iraq hardly defined the 2016 campaign. Im - The Obama administration’s overriding concern was avoiding migration and trade dominated what passed for policy debate. American combat casualties as it de-escalated the War on Terror. But Iraq festered. Its stench soured the premises of Republican Yet absent surrender, it is impossible to end a war unilaterally. internationalism, even if many couldn’t recognize or name the The enemy always has a vote, and in the Middle East, Af - source. For the last eight years, insecurity about the Iraq War’s ghanistan, and North Africa, the enemy voted to keep fighting. As legacy with the public has hamstrung Republicans on critical a result, Obama will leave office with a war that has re-escalated. issues. They denounced President Obama for failing to enforce In recent weeks, American warships have fired missiles into the “red line” he had drawn against the use of chemical weapons Yemen, Americans have died in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and in Syria’s civil war, but they also disagreed on their own re - Americans are treated to the terrible sight of terrorist Shiite mili- sponse. They attacked Obama for intervening in Libya and for tias driving American tanks in Iraq while operating in alliance leaving too soon, unsure which was worse. And they condemned with Iran. the nuclear agreement with Iran but stammered when the White The lessons are clear but painful to apply. As the Syrian civil House said the choice was between the deal and Republican-led war demonstrates, what happens in the Middle East rarely stays war. In each case, GOP foreign policy seemed trapped between confined to the Middle East. As the collapse of Iraq after the 2011 “Do nothing” and “Reinvade the Middle East.” American withdrawal demonstrates, the region is inherently It landed in this trap because foreign-policy professionals spent unstable without a stronger, guiding hand. And as terror attacks the post-Bush years mired in internecine debates over the tactical from Chattanooga to San Bernardino to Orlando demonstrate, the disputes of the conflict, or criticizing Obama for prematurely lack of combat casualties abroad does not mean that American withdrawing—fixated on whom to blame rather than on what to blood isn’t still flowing and that the war can’t come home. learn. Democrats contributed by making Iraq a partisan issue short- When Mosul falls, American troops must not come home. ly after many of them voted for the war, putting Republicans on Instead, the next administration must seize the second chance to the defensive. Weary voters beyond the Beltway awaited a frank get Iraq right. Keep a brigade on the ground. Retain the over- discussion of the war’s lessons, or at least an acknowledgment whelming air advantage. Stay the strongest tribe. That’s the only way to keep the barbers busy and the opportunists and survivors Mr. Hirsch is a former staff editor of Foreign Affairs and a visiting fellow at on our side. the Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at .

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of U.S. adversaries. Some Republicans likewise are drawing the wrong conclusions. Trump calls for radical retreat, while others support involvement abroad only to defend against dire threats. Yet Obama’s two terms of skittish engagement and dwindling moral and political leadership demonstrate the price of taking another step back from the international arena. For most Americans, regime-change interventions are beyond the pale, and full retreat a bridge too far. The real intraparty de - bate lies between these two poles, and foreign-policy leaders must forswear further Iraqs but affirm U.S. primacy in the global order. Their post-Iraq foreign policy should have three watch- words: humility, credibility, and prudence. Iraq reminded Americans that foreign policy is tragic. Knowl - A Kurdish fighter walks by a wall bearing a drawing of the Islamic State’s flag. edge is incomplete, perception misleads, and choices involve excruciating trade-offs that range from bad to worse. Republicans that, however necessary and noble the invasion, it didn’t leave shouldn’t fear discussing these limitations. Yet humility also can’t the United States better off. Instead, other than blaming Obama mean paralysis. Excessive modesty can mutate into weary self- for Iraq’s collapse, the experts largely ignored the topic. They righteousness, the kind of smug fatalism about our inability to stopped explaining why U.S. leadership is necessary and, still influence events that has been on display over the past eight years. stung by Iraq, equivocated on how to exercise it. The United States can’t slay every distant monster, but its pros - Trump filled this vacuum. While Iraq made other candidates perity and safety depend on keeping the worst of them at bay. wince, he blasted it with unprecedented force and prospered. His To mount that defense, Washington must sometimes try to candidacy revealed that coming to terms with Iraq had become shape how states act beyond their borders—and in some cases a litmus test. Although Iraq was far from the only reason Trump within them, too. Republicans should show that they recognize won the primary, it was one of many issues on which he suc- this necessity, and that coercion, including force, can improve our ceeded by appearing to call it as it is. The primary contest also position without automatically resulting in quagmire. But they showed that there was more at stake than disagreements about should also make clear that regime change requires extreme tactics or strategies. Voters eager for a stronger posture seemed caution. Policymakers know little about foreign societies and the to fear that the GOP would revert to past approaches. Others cultural patterns that flow through their political life. Wielding simply rejected the principles that had long guided conservative influence among them requires extraordinary patience and wis- internationalism. According to a recent Pew poll, 43 percent of dom. That’s why intervention should rest, as much as possible, on Americans believe that the United States should “mind its own robust support from the American public, appreciation for cultur- business internationally”—down slightly from a historic high in al and historical factors, limited and achievable goals, and means 2013, but a strong indication of pervasive wariness. The pri- consistent with the ends. maries hammered home that, for Republican voters, the Iraq Republicans should also promise to preserve American pres- problem wasn’t about policy so much as trust: about whether tige. Obama sees concern with credibility—that is, with whether they could rely on the party to steer the ship. other countries believe U.S. commitments and threats—as prim- itive chest-thumping. But he rightly says that Washington must better safeguard its resources. He also correctly argues that main- S we go to press on the eve of the general election, Trump taining credibility can ensnare us in contests of will or protracted seems more likely than not to lose. Whether or not he fights that are far worse than ignoring the initial provocation. does, any assessment of the electoral significance of for- Yet credibility remains elemental to geopolitics. Successful Aeign policy must transcend Trump himself, who merely exposed diplomacy depends on accepting risk and, sometimes, threaten- existing problems—Iraq central among them. The war is a spiri- ing force to ward off war. By frequently refusing to accept risk, tual sore, sapping voters’ faith in the establishment’s ability to or doing so begrudgingly, Obama demoralized U.S. allies and navigate a host of broader challenges: determining when to inter- encouraged challengers to probe. Bashar al-Assad mocks Wash - vene abroad, balancing values and power politics, and plotting ington by using chemical weapons; Iran browbeats it into conces- America’s proper role on the global stage. sions and harasses the Navy on the high seas. Our material power That conversation should begin by recognizing that primary means less if we show unwillingness to use it. voters distrusted sensible internationalist policies articulated by When Trump vows to shoot Iranian boats out of the water or other candidates because they distrusted the instincts behind claims he would have gone home rather than use a secondary exit them. This requires foreign-policy experts to demonstrate that to disembark Air Force One, as China forced Obama to do recent- they have learned from the U.S. ordeal in Iraq and will anchor ly, he is reacting crudely to Obama’s views on credibility. The their foreign policy in those lessons going forward. Acela class mocks Trump, but he makes hay out of these symbol- What are those lessons? We can sense what they aren’t. Obama ic moments because he knows that Americans care about whether shaped his foreign policy around “We’ll never do that again.” their country is respected. It’s precisely because they care that GETTY /

AFP Though couched in nuance, it was a simple impulse that led to they want to avoid humiliating conflicts. Worse than sending sol- / calamity. In Syria, for example, the outcomes that Obama sought diers to liberate Fallujah, for many, was expending all that blood to avoid—intractable conflict, humanitarian disaster, and prolif- just to see the black flag of ISIS flutter over the city. Republicans SAFIN HAMED erating terror—happened anyway, along with the strengthening should acknowledge Obama’s concerns about credibility, but

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they need to show that, alongside their newfound modesty, they have the confidence to defend American honor when necessary. Most crucially, Republican elites need to transcend the battle Men without between the philosophies of “realism” and “idealism.” Through - out the quarter-century saga of the United States’ involvement in Iraq, Washington often lurched between fighting for American Work values and dealing with complexities on the ground. George H. W. Bush abstained from marching on Baghdad but endorsed Our quiet employment calamity a Kurdish-Shiite revolt; Barack Obama hailed Iraq’s democratic development but sided with a Shiite strongman. The debate lies BY NICHOLAS EBERSTADT at the heart of the public’s lingering discomfort with Republican foreign-policy instincts, divides the party, and keeps Washington wobbling in strategic limbo. OR fully half a century, a quiet calamity has been unfolding in our nation, very largely unbeknownst to F and unrecognized by our talking and deciding classes. OREIGN-POLICY professionals need to reframe the conver- That calamity is the post-war collapse of work in our sation. Realism and idealism are, as Yale historian John society. The collapse of work lies close to the heart of many Gaddis has put it, not “positive and negative electrical modern American maladies: slower economic growth, widen- Fcharges—either one or the other.” Instead, they are “at the oppo- ing income and wealth disparities, growing dependence on gov- site ends of a spectrum along which we act as circumstances ernment, mounting budget deficits and public debt, fraying require.” This is not a matter of applying morality in some con- family structures, declining social mobility, weakening civil texts and pragmatism in others—they must go hand in hand. The society. And by all indications, this collapse of work is still United States has accomplished more for human freedom than under way. any nation in history. Sacrificing our belief in universal liberty Over the course of the 21st century, the work rate for adult would betray who we are and win us no reprieve from global women—more technically, the employment-to-population challenges. And moral clarity, from standing for democracy to ratio for females in the civilian non-institutional population advocating in behalf of political dissidents, gives Washington a (i.e., neither in the military nor behind bars or in other forms of strategic advantage against closed societies by exposing their institutional care) of those 20 years and older—has fallen by contradictions and strengthening our natural allies within them. nearly three percentage points. This means roughly 3 million If the spread of freedom is our goal, the question is how to fewer paid jobs for U.S. women today than if work rates in 2000 achieve it. As Abraham Lincoln says to Thaddeus Stevens in the still prevailed. But the collapse of work for men has been even film Lincoln, “A compass . . . it’ll point you true north . . . but it’s more dire: It has been under way far longer, and its magnitude got no advice about the swamps and deserts and chasms you’ll is much greater. encounter along the way.” If you simply “sink in a swamp,” Work rates for American men have been heading downward Lincoln asks, “what’s the use of knowing true north?” Our values since the mid 1960s. If the U.S. still enjoyed 1965-era male are our compass; the challenges of geopolitics are the swamps. work rates, nearly 10 million more men today would have paid Sometimes we need to skirt them, other times to wade through; work—and this reckoning takes account of both our aging pop- sometimes we double back, and other times we drain them. This ulation structure and the increase in the number of adults who is not the choppy aimlessness of splitting the difference, but are studying rather than working. Indeed, in 2015, work rates rather the steady course of prudence—inexorably advancing for American men ages 20–64 were almost three percentage toward our goal while navigating the complexities of the journey. points lower (78.4 percent vs. 81.3 percent) than in 1940, the This may sound like the kind of nuance that Trump so effec- tail end of the Depression. For men in the critical 25–54 group, tively mocked. But he capitalized less on excess complexity than the cohort conventionally described as “men of prime working on scarce confidence. Republican foreign-policy leaders must age,” work rates were two percentage points lower in 2015 than trust Americans to understand the case for American primacy. In in 1940 (84.4 percent vs. 86.4 percent)—and 1940, recall, was fact, despite Trump’s corrosive effects, a majority of GOP voters a time when the general unemployment rate exceeded 14 per- favor increased defense spending, vigorous counterterrorism cent. So, despite all the happy talk in financial and political efforts, support for our allies, and defense of Israel. GOP elites circles these days about America’s re-attaining “near-full need to move beyond their old intellectual disagreements and employment,” the plain truth is that the ongoing collapse of make foreign policy visceral again. They need to explain the work for men in the United States today ranks as a Depression- American project: indicate its themes, describe its purposes, and scale disaster. set clear, realistic goals connected to our values. Foreign policy, Future historians will no doubt be mystified by the genial, just like domestic policy, depends on popular support. This is enduring indifference that America’s best and brightest accord- especially true in a post–Cold War world, in which, despite the ed our men-without-work crisis, even as the problem festered many threats we face, our global role depends not on any obvious and worsened from one decade to the next. How could such a existential threat but on our own vision. grave social ill ever be permitted to “hide in plain sight” for Only that kind of public airing can telegraph that Republican elites are grappling with America’s legacy in the Middle East and Mr. Eberstadt, who holds the Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the plotting a course forward. They can devise new plans and criticize American Enterprise Institute, is the author of Men Without Work: Democrats, but until they reckon with Iraq, few will listen. America’s Invisible Crisis, from which this article is adapted.

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generations, much less in an information-saturated, big-data- outnumbered the un-working among prime-age men, even for driven era? a single month. Even during the darkest days of the Great Part of the answer may have to do with the growing gap sepa- Recession back in 2009, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) rating the elites (of both political parties) from the “little people” reported that more men 25–54 years of age were neither work- they preside over. Yes, American prognosticators and decision- ing nor looking for work than were out of work and seeking a makers really have been that out of touch. In part, it may be an job. (The rise of the no-work lifestyle for what would in the ill-fated collision of inconvenient facts with a world of ideas past have been described as working-age men, incidentally, increasingly poisoned by political correctness. Working-age has meant that the old-fashioned “unemployment rate,” still men, after all, are not a designated victim class. But surely one of the most widely used index of U.S. labor-market conditions, the reasons such an enormous problem could escape attention for has become a progressively less reliable index of the true em - so very long is that the men in question are for the most part ployment situation in modern America.) socially invisible. The collapse of male work has not occasioned At this writing, the BLS reports that roughly 7 million mass protests, or riots, or political convulsions. Quite the con- prime-age civilian non-institutional men are out of the labor trary: The continuing collapse of work for men has been a quiet force. Increasingly, these men are long-termers: Once out of social dislocation, insofar as the decline of male employment in the labor force, men tend to stay out for at least a full year, and modern America has mainly been a voluntary phenomenon. often much longer. Arithmetically speaking, almost all the collapse of work in But who are they? As one might expect of an army of 7 mil- adult male America over the past half century is due to the ris- lion, this un-working contingent includes som e of pretty much ing numbers of men no longer seeking jobs. Between 1965 and every demographic from all across American society. Yet cer- 2015 the work rate for U.S. men 20 and older fell by a bit over tain groups are clearly over-represented: the less educated 13 percentage points. Over those same years, labor-force- (especially high-school dropouts); the never-married and those participation rates—the proportion of those working or look- without children at home; the native-born, as opposed to im - ing for work in relation to the total population—for U.S. men migrants; and African Americans (although, interestingly 20 and over fell by more than twelve percentage points (from enough, among people of color, Hispanics have labor-force- 83.9 percent of the civilian non-institutional population to 71.5 participation rates above the national average). percent). Thus, exit from the work force—including early retirement—accounted for almost all of the drop in employ- ment levels for adult men as a whole. UCH a thumbnail sketch of the demography of the mod- ern American un-worker perforce suggests that there are powerful social influences on whether a man in the MERICA’S declining male labor-force-participation rates, Sprime of his working life will be in the work force at all. Such however, are not mainly, or even largely, a matter of a formulation, however, can also run perilously close to the population aging and early retirement: A headlong social-determinist fallacy—to assuming that human beings are A“flight from work” is also evident among men of prime working helpless objects entirely at the mercy of overarching social age. The drop in labor-force-participation rates also accounts forces, with no agency in affecting their own life outcomes. Yet for the overwhelming bulk of the work-rate decline for prime- hard facts clearly show that they are not. age men. Among men 25–54, work rates dropped by 9.8 per- Consider first the matter of race and ethnicity. Many would centage points (from 94.1 percent to 84.4 percent) be tween 1965 agree that America is not a wholly colorblind society, even if it is and 2015. Over that same half century, labor-force-participation much closer to this ideal than it was 50 years ago. The residual rates among prime-age males fell by 8.4 points (from 96.7 per- legacy of prejudice might seem to explain why prime-age male cent to 88.3 percent)—meaning that the mass departure of such work rates and labor-force-participation rates are lower today for men from the labor market accounted for fully seven-eighths of blacks than for whites. But they cannot explain why labor-force- the work-rate decline for all adult men between 1965 and 2015. participation rates for white men today are decidedly lower than Note that only a tiny minority (today, just about one in seven) of they were for black men in 1965, near the end of the Jim Crow prime-age men who have left the work force report that a lack of era. Nor can they explain why the labor-force-participation jobs is the main reason for their departure. rates of married black men 25–54 years of age are higher than Thus the past half century has witnessed a steady and indeed those of never-married white men of those same ages. relentless increase in the numbers of American men who are Consider next education. It is widely accepted today that neither working nor looking for work. These un-working men, educational attainment determines one’s work prospects in indeed, were by far the fastest-growing component of the America. But, important as the advantages of education unar- prime-age male population, increasing at over three times the guably are, we can see how behavior and choice also affect tempo of the prime-age male cohort as a whole. labor-market outcomes for men with any given level of educa- There was a time when able-bodied non-farm prime-age tion attainment. Among prime-age men with less than a high- men were expected to be either working or looking for work. school degree, for example, labor-force-participation rates today Today there is a third option: a wholesale retreat from the labor are roughly 20 percentage points higher for the married than the force, neither working nor looking to do so. Un-working never-married. So consequential are the correlates of marriage prime-age men have come to outnumber their unemployed and the factors associated with marriage that labor-force- counterpart—and vastly so. Today there are three un-working participation rates for prime-working-age men in contemporary prime-age men for each counterpart formally unemployed. It America are essentially indistinguishable between married has been nearly a quarter century since the unemployed have high-school dropouts and never-married college graduates.

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As for the question of nativity: Foreign-born prime-age men today are more likely to have a job or to be in the labor force than are their native-born counterparts. This is true for every The Hacking major ethnic group in our country. Nowadays foreign-born prime-age men exceed their native-born counterparts in labor- force-participation rates by nearly three percentage points Bear among white Americans, by over three points among Asian Americans, and by a striking ten points among black Amer - What can we do about Putin’s icans. (Note that prime-age native-born white American men are now less likely to be in the work force than are their black cyber-subversion? immigrant counterparts.) There is also a major difference— about six percentage points—between labor-force-participation BY ADAM I. KLEIN rates of prime-age males who are foreign-born and those of native-born Latinos. F***ING hate that guy. Like I’d like to kick the sh** out Further, with the perhaps curious exception of college grad- of him on twitter . . . but I know that is dumb.” “That uates, among whom the labor-force-participation rate of ‘I guy,” as every clucking tongue in Washington can now prime-age males is higher for the native-born, immigrants tell you, was liberal Harvard Law professor (and for- outperform native-born Americans today at every level of mer law clerk to Justice Antonin Scalia) Lawrence Lessig, who educational standing as far as labor-force participation is con- ran a brief, quixotic campaign for the 2016 Democratic presi- cerned. For prime men with some college, the edge for the dential nomination. foreign-born today is marginal (less than one percentage This moment of impulsive pettiness was not meant to be point). But for those with high-school diplomas but no col- public; it came in a private e-mail, between two private citizens, lege, immigrant rates were nearly eight percentage points from one Gmail account to another. Its author was Neera Tanden, higher than native rates, and for those without a high-school president of a left-leaning D.C. think tank. Its recipient was diploma, the difference is an astonishing 25 percentage points Democratic bigwig John Podesta, chairman of Hillary Clinton’s (92 percent versus 67 percent). That means these foreign high- presidential campaign. The embarrassing e-mail became public school dropouts today have workforce-participation rates when WikiLeaks posted it online in October, along with thou- very close to those of the highly advantaged cohort of native- sands of others from Podesta’s account. born male college graduates, with whom they arguably share Catty gossip about a law professor is not usually the stuff of very little save their exceedingly low odds of being out of the geopolitics. But geopolitics this was. For we now know that work force. For the most part, the foreign-born high-school Russia’s military-intelligence agency, the GRU, was behind dropouts in question are Latino. (Labor-force-participation the release. The agency apparently hacked Podesta’s e-mail rates for poorly educated Hispanic immigrants are slightly using a low-tech “spearphishing” attack; that is, it tricked him higher than for foreign-born high-school dropouts as a into entering his password into a fake Google login page. whole). Many of these men have limited English proficien- Had the operation ended there, it would have been unremark- cy—and many are illegal entrants to the United States. Even able—and we would almost certainly never have heard about it. though they may live in the shadows, on the whole they seem Countries, including the United States, routinely steal informa- to have had no difficulty in becoming part of the American tion about officials of adversary governments, by hacking and labor force. Suffice it to say that one of the critical determi- other means. They then use the information to inform their nants of being in the work force in America today is wanting foreign policy or future intelligence operations—or, if it’s an to be in it. especially compromising personal secret, to blackmail the com- Redressing the collapse of work in America promises to be promised official into becoming a spy. China, having stolen one o f the most important challenges confronting our nation in millions of security-clearance files from the U.S. Office of the years and decades ahead. Meeting that challenge will of Personnel Management, is quietly extracting from that trove a course require much more than a summary description of the bonanza of valuable information about Americans involved in social characteristics of our un-working male population. national security. We—concerned citizens—need a much better understanding What made this and other recent Russian hacks different is of the patterns of daily life for those who are not working; of that instead of hoarding the information for future use, Russia the dynamics of structural and macroeconomic changes as they published it. In Internet jargon, this modus operandi—hacking affect the demand for labor; of the role of social-welfare pro- and releasing someone’s private information—is called “dox- grams in general, and of disability programs in particular, in ing” (from “docs,” short for documents). Some of the stolen inadvertently subsidizing or financing America’s rising, alter- e-mails have been given to WikiLeaks; others have been dis- native no-work lifestyle; and of the barriers to work that face seminated through an online persona known as Guccifer 2.0; the 20 million Americans who are not currently incarcerated yet others posted on a new, mysterious WikiLeaks knockoff, but have a felony in their background—these include more DC Leaks. In 2016 alone, hackers linked to the Russian gov- than one in eight adult men today. More than anything else, ernment have stolen and released through these intermediaries though, Americans of both political parties must commit to e-mails from the Dem ocratic National Committee, the recognizing this immense and terrible problem for the afflic- Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the tion it is—for if we avert our gaze it is sure to continue, and likely to worsen. Mr. Klein is a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security.

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private e-mail accounts of Colin Powell and Philip Breedlove, critics of Russia in the West—who wants to have his embar- former commander of NATO military forces in Europe. The rassing correspondence exposed to the world? They generate DNC hack brought down Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman “evidence” of the chaos and disorder that supposedly afflict Schultz after leaked e-mails showed DNC staff favoring democratic societies, which can be repackaged and broadcast Clinton over Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primaries. on state-run media to illustrate the superiority of Putin’s These attacks use the channels and tools of cyberspace, both authoritarian model. to obtain sensitive information and to spread it, but it is wrong Most worryingly, however, they strengthen political forces to think of this as cyberwarfare or to see it principally through in the West that will advance Russian geopolitical interests, the “cyber” lens at all. Rather, it is best seen as a form of sub- and they weaken those forces and institutions that oppose version—that is, a clandestine effort to undermine an adver- them. In Europe, this means supporting anti-EU, anti-NATO sary’s political, economic, or social stability. parties whose policies would fragment the Western alliance, or authoritarian parties whose leaders naturally find common cause with Putin. USSIA’s recent campaign of embarrassing-document In the United States, in this election cycle, it means—it must dumps is only one element of a broader campaign to be said—that Russia prefers Donald Trump. The Republican deepen political discord and undermine social cohe- nominee’s utterances about Russia are friendlier than anything sionR in t he West. In Europe, Russia has forged ties with anti- Vladimir Putin would have dared to dream of four years ago, EU, anti-NATO, populist, and authoritarian political parties on when Mitt Romney declared Russia the greatest geopolitical both the far left and the far right, from threat facing the United States, or two years ago, Hungary’s neo-fascist Jobbik when the Ukraine crisis triggered bitter to Greece’s far-left Syriza. recriminations between Russia A Russian bank loaned 11 and the Obama administration. million euros to France’s To be sure, not every- anti-NATO National thing Trump says about Front. The euroskeptic Russia is necessarily Alternative for Ger ma ny wrong; detoxifying rela- is sympathetic to Rus - tions with Russia, with sian president Vladimir its thousands of nuclear Putin’s regime; its youth warheads and ability to movement openly co - play spoiler in Eastern operates with his United Europe and the Middle Rus sia party’s “Young East, would be welcome if Guard.” Western intelli- it could be done on honor- gence services fear that Rus - able terms. Trump’s proposal sia has redirected migration to collaborate with Russia flows from the Middle East and against ISIS in Syria is contro- Africa as a political weapon and may be seeding its own deep- versial, given the Assad regime’s murderous human-rights cover operatives among the migrants. record, but it at least represents a coherent realist approach to Russia has also sought to manipulate public opinion in stabilizing that chaotic land. On the other hand, his bizarre NATO member states by planting false stories in the media. moral equivalence in response to the Russian government’s For example, Russian officials and Russian-language media in murder of journalists (“Well, I think our country does plenty of Germany promoted reports, later revealed to be a fabrication, killing also”) echoes the blame-America-first rhetoric of the that migrants had kidnapped and raped a 13-year-old Russian Chomskyite Left. His evident pleasure at Putin’s flattery girl living in Germany. The story created a furor among (“Many years ago, he said something very nice about me”) is Germany’s sizable population of Russian-speaking immi- simply odd. Most important, however, his unwillingness to grants from the former Soviet Union. affirm the United States’ treaty obligation to defend NATO Why does Russia bother? It is not blind malevolence, member s under armed attack reverses 50 years of commitment although some Russian intelligence operations, such as the to the Atlantic alliance and the defense of free Europe. harassment of U.S. diplomats posted to Russia, reveal the Fracturing NATO, or even weakening other members’ faith in regime’s cynicism and petty cruelty. (Russian intelligence offi- the U.S. commitment to the alliance, would be a geopolitical cers in Moscow reportedly killed the U.S. defense attaché’s windfall for Russia. dog.) Subversion is an asymmetric tactic that an economically diminished, politically isolated Russia can use to strike back against Western sanctions and other efforts to isolate it. These NFORTUNATELY, hacking and the ensuing document operations are designed to mirror what Russia perceives as releases have proven to be a remarkably effective Western efforts to foment pro-democracy “color revolutions,” tool—far more effective than traditional propaganda such as the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Uwould be. In an open society with a free press, the marketplace Orange Revolution in Ukraine, by supporting opposition of ideas weeds out blatant fabrications. Document dumps, by movements and funding civil-society groups and independent contrast, are effective because they exploit true information. media in Soviet successor states. They intimidate individual Here, our open, intensely competitive media environment ROMAN GENN

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works against us. Media outlets, desperately competing for improve cybersecurity for the personal communications of page views, push new stories out as quickly as possible—and those who are likely to be targets. The process for issuing the more salacious the story, the more clicks it generates. In security clearances should include training on cybersecurity our system, there is no censor to filter out truthful information threats to holders’ personal accounts. Given that embarrassing in which there is no legitimate public interest. secrets stolen from a hacked e-mail or cloud-storage account Another reason these cyberattacks and document dumps are could give an adversary’s intelligence services powerful so effective is that they are so easy to execute. The private e- leverage, holders should be required to certify that they main- mail accounts of aging politicos are the ultimate soft targets. tain basic cybersecurity hygiene on private e-mail and social- If the victim has not switched on two-step verification, all it media accounts. This could include strong passwords and takes to gain access to his or her account is one cleverly password-manager software; two-step verification using designed fake security alert or one compromised attachment encryption tokens; and regular purges of old messages from that appears to come from a trusted acquaintance. This is not storage. Companies that provide webmail could help protect hard to do; even a relatively unsophisticated hacker can pull it their users by offering a simple menu of user-friendly security off. For the Russian intelligence services, which are among profiles—weak (password alone), medium (two-step verifica- the world’s most skilled, it is barely a challenge. tion using SMS), and strong (two-step verification using a There is little the U.S. can do to directly stop this type of USB encryption token). Companies should also require addi- cyber-subversion. A bar on publishing stolen private infor- tional identity verification before allowing users to download mation would offend the First Amendment, which strongly large numbers of messages from the cloud, and should offer disfavors such “prior restraints” on publication. The poten- the option to automatically purge messages older than a tial efficacy of retaliation in kind, which some have suggest- certain age. ed might deter future leaks, is limited by Russia’s closed The bigger challenge, however, is to inoculate our society political order and media environment. The U.S. intelligence against the effects of such document dumps. Ideally, we community surely has reams of embarrassing data about would have a strong patriotic norm against using the fruits of Russian leaders and their corrupt accumulation of wealth. foreign subversion for domestic political advantage. On that But independent media outlets that report news critical of front, we seem to be moving in the wrong direction: Media the regime have small audiences, and even if the information outlets across the political spectrum have published revela- did reach the population, Russia’s political system offers lit- tions from Russian hacking with barely a thought about the tle real opportunity to act on it. Finally, the idea that infor- ethics of doing so. In a ruthlessly competitive, decentralized mation about corruption would meaningfully affect Russian media environment, that is probably inevitable. Far more public opinion rests on the questionable premise that the depressing is the spectacle of Donald Trump and his acolytes Russian public today believes government officials to be defending and even praising Julian Assange. Perhaps the clean. (Leaking information that reveals disloyalty or exac- weirdest memory of this bizarre election cycle will be the erbates rivalries among the ruling clique might be more Republican nominee celebrating WikiLeaks, a cat’s-paw of effective.) Russian intelligence, and conservative talk-show hosts laud- But the best reason not to retaliate in kind is that publishing ing Assange, author of a book subtitled “The World According what the U.S. government knows about top Russian officials to US Empire.” would reveal the clandestine methods used to penetrate In Federalist 22, Alexander Hamilton noted the tendency of Russian networks. Intelligence operators would almost cer- republican forms of government, with their inherent faction- tainly prefer to keep this hard-won access hidden, to exploit alism, to “afford too easy an inlet for foreign corruption.” for clandestine intelligence gathering or, if a conflict were to Each faction has an incentive to seek foreign support in order break out, to take down enemy systems. to prevail in domestic political struggles, a tendency that Other forms of retaliation would be more effective, al - “contributed to the ruin of the ancient commonwealths.” though still far from devastating. One option is targeted sanc- Keeping faith with the Framers’ vision of American strength tions; under a 2015 executive order, the Treasury Department and sovereignty, such principled conservatives as Senator Ben can sanction “persons engaging in malicious cyber-enabled Sasse (R., Neb.) have denounced WikiLeaks and Russian activities.” The Justice Department can also seek indictments interference in American elections. Refusing to seize on the against individual Russian operators involved in the hacks, as fruits of Russian hacking carries particular weight when it it did in 2014 against Chinese hackers who stole American runs against partisan self-interest. intellectual property. While there would be little realistic Which brings us back to Lawrence Lessig and his response prospect of arresting those charged, the indictments would to being attacked in a leaked e-mail: “I can’t for the life of me carry other unpleasant consequences. (No more Christmas see the public good in a leak like this,” he blogged. “We all shopping at Harrods.) deserve privacy.” In an age in which the typical reaction to even a trivial public slight is to bray for an apology while send- ing a fundraising e-mail cashing in on the offense, this was a HE unsatisfying truth is that there is relatively little we small moment of civic heroism. Reactions such as Professor can do to deter Russian cyberattacks altogether. We Lessig’s and Senator Sasse’s, were they typical, would defang can, however, make them more difficult to execute and Russian document dumps as a political weapon. Sadly, they Tless consequential when they occur. are not. In the end, these Russian attacks, devious as they are, The first step in hardening our defenses against Russian may tell us more about the state of our civic culture than about cyberattacks and document dumps should be to immediately the state of theirs.

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Athwart BY JAMES LILEKS The Way Forward

ote to editor: Since this will run so close to who was walking through the airport in ’68 and some the election, some people might not read it hippie spit on her for wearing a waitress uniform.” ( until after it’s over. I wrote the most gener- In a nutshell, then, the town showed the fractures and N ic post-election piece of nonsense possible fissures that have been splitting the nation for years and just to cover all the bases. And, of course, don’t forget to that certainly explain why our election ended up as it did. remove this paragraph! Thnx.) People were justly angry over the effect of things on other The people have spoken, and we finally have a verdict things, and worried that the Heartland had been damaged on America’s future. But where do we go from here? Down by an out-of-touch elite whose concerns did not seem to a road marked with sign s that say WARNING! or signs that coincide with people who were in-touch, and had been say NEW OPPORTUNITIES: 3 MILES? Because we haven’t touched, and were living in fear of being touched. seen any of the latter since the town of New Opportunities, The choice, for some, was clear: Do we elect this candi- Iowa, was removed from the map. And there, perhaps, was date, who has said things, or the other candidate, whose a lesson for us all. record and speeches are also full of things? The last resident of New Opportunities died in 1997; In the end, though, it was clear whom the people decided he had been the foreman of a factory that to trust—warily, of course. Still, the ques- made aprons for lunch-counter waitress- tion before us i s harsh and stark: Can our es. The parent company, Consolidated There may new president overcome the divisions and Apron (later ApronCo) was part of the create a sense of national unity—tying, as apron-industrial complex that dominated be an ‘I’ in it were, the strings of the apron around a manufacturing in the ’50s, and it decided split-in-two body that is weary of being to move the factory to Mexico. It wasn’t America, led by consultants and elites? Let us ask as easy as it sounds; half the plant fell to but if you Phil Harshenstark of Elite Consultants: pieces when they were putting it on the “The challenge now is to find a new train, and the smokestacks were chopped rearrange the center. I mean that literally; someone up when the train went into a tunnel. burned down the building, Center Plaza, But there was more to the story. As the letters you where we had our o ffice; maybe putting old man explained in a New York Times can spell ‘Elite Consul tants’ in our name wasn’t article (“In the Heartland, Automation such a good idea. But we learned from it. Takes Its Toll on a Bunch of People Who ‘I Am Care.’ The first responders, they were tremen- Did Stuff but Don’t Anymore”), the dous. We need to do more for them. If I town represented the rise and fall of the American were the new president, I’d announce that everyone in the dream. cabinet would be firemen. And firewomen, too. They “After the war, men went right from the high-school- could have one of those calendars where they’re just wear- graduation ceremony to the hiring office at the Apron ing the suits, and no tops, and they’re all sweaty—it would factory,” the old fellow said. “Now and then a fella raise a lot of money, and it would be a sign that the new would get his gown caught in the loom. Horrible mess. administration is serious about the debt.” My best friend lost an arm that way, but they got him a It would be a start, perhaps. But we also must confront job in groundskeeping, because he could hold a watering the failure of the party that nominated the person who lost. hose with what he had left. It was like that. They took care In the end, the problem was twofold. of people. 1. The parties did not listen to the people. “Every year we’d have a parade for Apron Days,” he 2. The parties listened to the people. continued, “which went on for six weeks and ended in a Obviously, the system is broken. How to fix it? We could bonfire where we’d all sing the town song, ‘We Have No take a lesson from the now-gone town of New Opportunity Reason to Believe These Days Won’t Go On Forever, and come to terms with a post-apron society, where old Despite Changes in the Restaurant Industry.’ I tell you, it ideas are discarded in favor of moving down the road to the was good to be a citizen in New Opportunities. place that has that pig-processing plant. Or we could realize “As it turns out, the apron industry was due for a hard that the past is not past, but informs a future in which every patch. Some companies replaced their cafeterias with day is our present and our only hope is to work together. vending machines, and, just like that, a third of the wait- There may be an “I” in America, but if you rearrange the resses were out of work. A lot of places, they went to uni- letters you can spell “I Am Care.” Say it to your neighbor. forms instead of aprons. And then the damned ’60s came Say it to the friend who voted the other way. along and no one wanted to wear a uniform. I had a sister Together, We Am Caring. It’s the only way forward. Because that person we didn’t like won, and God help Mr. Lileks blogs at www.lileks.com. us all.

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The Long View BY ROB LONG

The StairMaster suddenly goes haywire, A SHADOWY FIGURE bumps into racing upward and downward, dashing Blumenthal, his hand grazing the back of Monica’s head against the rail and Blumenthal’s neck. knocking her unconscious. As the BLUMENTHAL TITLES OVER BLACK: inauguration proceeds, the machine Hey! Watch where you’re going, “Old Business” drags her body into the gears. CAMERA dumbass! PANS UP TO SCREEN AS WE: FADE IN: SHADOWY FIGURE CUT TO: Sorry, sir. EXT. CAPITOL STEPS—MORNING INT. JAMES COMEY’S OFFICE— President-Elect Clinton’s breath steams CONTINUOUS Blumenthal mutters angrily as the figure in the chilly air. Supreme Court Justice Director Comey sits in his office, watch- retreats, then he blinks several times, John Roberts leads her through the oath ing the inauguration. His eyes are red. touches the back of his neck, begins to wobble, and slips under the feet of the of office. In the background, WE SEE ROBERTS (VOICEOVER) Bill Clinton et al., looking on. surging crowd. WE SEE his foaming . . . preserve, protect, and defend . . . convulsions as the poison takes hold, but ROBERTS PRESIDENT CLINTON the crowd’s eyes are focused on: I, Hillary Rodham Clinton . . . (VOICEOVER) THE DAIS PRESIDENT CLINTON . . . preserve, protect, and defend . . . I, Hillary Rodham Clinton . . . where President Hillary Clinton stands Comey RAISES HIS SERVICE waving in triumph. Cheers wash over CUT TO: REVOLVER to his temple. PAN OVER INT. SHABBY MOTEL ROOM her. She looks, somehow, 20 years to a MENACING MAN watching him younger. WE PAN OVER TO: Anthony Weiner sits on the bed, taking impassively. The MAN has a cell phone selfies with a Samsung Galaxy 7 Note. in his hand. He holds it up, and WE BILL CLINTON On the television: HEAR a SINGLE SHOT. In the first row, smiling and applauding, ROBERTS (VOICEOVER) MENACING MAN (into phone) beaming with pride. Huma Abedin sits . . . do solemnly swear that I will It’s done. Let them go. next to him, and they exchange happy faithfully execute . . . glances. As the crowd roars: CUT TO: PRESIDENT CLINTON INT. VAN—CONTINUOUS HUMA ABEDIN (leaning over) (VOICEOVER) Several THUGS sit in the van, guarding a Would you care for a Mentos, . . . do solemnly swear that I will frightened family—wife, children, three Mr. President? faithfully execute . . . old people. On the radio, WE HEAR: BILL CLINTON Weiner’s phone suddenly EXPLODES. ROBERTS (VOICEOVER) Sure! Thanks! He is showered in molten, flaming . . . the Constitution . . . She hands him the Mentos roll, with one battery acid. As he screams in agony, Mentos already sticking out. tight on the TV screen as we PRESIDENT CLINTON (VOICEOVER) HUMA ABEDIN CUT TO: . . . the Constitution . . . Take that one, sir. EXT. CAPI TOL STEPS— CONTINUOUS A THUG puts his phone away and turns BILL CLINTON to the family. Don’t mind if I do! ROBERTS . . . the office of president of the THUG As he takes the Mentos, WE SEE United States . . . You’re free to go. President Clinton turning around to acknowledge the viewers behind her. PRESIDENT CLINTON The van door SLIDES OPEN. They’re in Her eyes catch Huma’s. . . . the office of president of the the middle of a large, empty park. The United States . . . family starts to run for freedom. There’s a barely perceptible nod. President Clinton smiles and nods back. CUT TO: CUT TO: Bill Clinton coughs a bit, then feels his INT. GYM EXT. CAPITOL HILL— left arm. He winces slightly. Monica Lewinsky is on the StairMaster, CONTINUOUS watching the inauguration on the large In the VIP area, Sidney Blumenthal President Clinton turns to the crowd, and screen above. watches the proceedings. Tears stream as they quiet down she begins: down his face as he watches in ecstasy. ROBERTS (VOICEOVER) PRESIDENT CLINTON ROBERTS . . . and will, to the best of my My fellow Americans . . . ability ...... of the United States. As we: PRESIDENT CLINTON PRESIDENT CLINTON FADE OUT. (VOICEOVER) . . . of the United States. . . . and will, to the best of my CHEERS erupt from the crowd. TITLES OVER BLACK: “Next week: ability . . . Jostling, clapping, the crowd SURGES. New Business”

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and her “profound love of people, and conflict of interest in such programs. To Grande for the world, was fortified by cherished bring about the big-enchilada reforms of friendships.” She believed in “freedom which the Mrs. Roosevelts of the world for all humanity.” have dreamt, George Orwell pointed Dame It will be gathered that Cook is not out, those in authority must boss the lit- especially alive to her subject’s con - tle people. And bossiness corrupts. MICHAEL KNOX BERAN tradictions. Mrs. Roosevelt was, Cook That Mrs. Roosevelt should have observes, a “democratic socialist,” yet overlooked the difficulty is understand- her whole life was predicated on patri- able. Trilling explained: “Some paradox cian privilege and a superior social posi- of our nature leads us, when once we tion. Had she been plain Eleanor Jones, have made our fellow men the objects of no one would have paid the least atten- our enlightened interest, to go on to tion to her program of passionate pity. It make them objects of our pity, then of was because she was Eleanor Roosevelt, our wisdom, ultimately of our coer- niece of one president, wife of another, cion.” After a visit to the Roosevelt scioness of the Anglo-Dutch cousin- White House, the writer Klaus Mann ships of primeval New York, that people marveled that Mrs. Roosevelt, though were grateful for her condescensions. possessed of “so aristocratic a back- Why the sight of a great lady caressing ground,” should have developed “so Eleanor Roosevelt: The War Years and After, the wretched for the cameras should stir democratic a heart.” Trilling would have 1939–1962, by Blanche Wiesen Cook us I am not sure, but it does, as Princess seen the predictable combination for (Viking, 688 pp., $40) Diana amply demonstrated; I suppose what it was—a highly pleasurable form that in some cryptic depth of soul we of self-aggrandizement. It is heady stuff ITTLE Anna Eleanor was a still believe the touch of the White to distribute alms to gaping plebs and troubled child. She spent much Queen will heal our assorted scrofulas. find yourself adored. Mrs. Roosevelt fed of her girlhood following her But was there not meekness in her on what her friend Joseph Lash called mother and father on their pil- stooping? Was there not self-abasement the “loving acclaim,” the “outpourings Lgrimages to European spas and Kur - in the perpetual descents to slum kitch - of affectionate homage,” sources of häuser; daddy had a drinking problem ens, shantytowns, foul tenements? When “strength, sustenance, and satisfaction.” and was to die at 34. She was ten at the that the poor have cried, Mrs. Roosevelt She loved the power and the glory of time, a “plain, insecure, lonely little girl,” hath wept. Yet here again the humility it, as most of us in her place would have “sullen and rebellious,” who was ex - was a function of the elevation, in this done, even as she denied that the love pelled from her French convent school case the woman’s conviction of her own of power is and always has been a dri - “for tantrums and lies.” moral superiority. She professed to feel ver of social reform. The extent of her She entered the Allenswood school in only a Buddha-like sorrow for those self-deception is evident in her attitude England, and became the favorite pupil who had not attained to her degree of toward the country that, in her time, of the headmistress, Marie Souvestre; in enlightenment; she “pitied” her enemies, had undertaken the most far-reaching that Sapphic atmosphere of poetry and Adlai Stevenson said, those narrow souls program of social upheaval. As late as high ideals, she throve. But her grand- who, “preoccupied with themselves” 1939, Mrs. Roosevelt looked on Soviet mother summoned her back to America, and the “self-deceptions of private suc- Russia “as a positive force in world where she made her debut and married cess,” resisted her vision. affairs.” This in spite of the purges, the cousin Franklin. Lionel Trilling said of one of Henry show trials, the engineered famines, What lay beneath the surface of the James’s characters that she “is the very the forced-labor camps. It won’t do to strange girl? We learn, in Blanche Wiesen embodiment of the modern will which say the horrors weren’t known in the Cook’s study of the last 20-odd years of masks itself in virtue, making itself West. They were known, but they were her life, that she possessed a “heart ded- appear harmless, the will that hates itself ignored—dismissed. Mrs. Roosevelt icated to profound democratic change.” and finds its manifestations guilty and is would change her mind about Soviet She was “concerned about the people— able to exist only if it operates in the Russia, but she seems never to have all people.” “As educator, journalist, and name of virtue”—in the name, that is, of come to grips with the problem that prescient activist/public citizen,” she a facile progressi vism. Mrs. Roosevelt’s that experiment in social engineering “had a profound and enduring impact,” own social program was simple: “Greed revealed. The more thorough the pro- and materialism” were to be “replaced gram of social reformation, the more Mr. Beran, a contributing editor of City Journal, is by full employment, training, and plan- coercive must be the state that oversees the author of Forge of Empires, 1861–1871: ning to ‘advance the people’s inter- it—and the more regimented and con- Three Revolutionary Statesmen and the ests.’” The more thoughtful socialists stricted the life of the people who live World They Made, among other books. have always recognized the inherent under it.

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As a study of the quandaries of the ated into what her son James called an Anna remembered thinking, “he’s going social reformer, Cook’s book leaves “armed truce.” By the time she and to blow.” No wonder, Cousin Daisy something to be desired. But as a record Franklin reached the White House, they observed, that Franklin “was easier” of events, it does not fail to be interest- were living apart with rival courts and when Eleanor was away. ing. Mrs. Roosevelt’s position obliged harems. Her seraglio was dominated by Franklin fought the war, and Eleanor her to live rather high on the hog, and journalist Lorena “Hick” Hickok and hectored him for spending too much her social calendar was crowded with private secretary Malvina “Tommy” time drinking and smoking with historic personages. Bernard Baruch, Thompson, his by secretaries Marguer - Churchill, whom she in turn hectored Queen Mary, Harry Belafonte, Clem - ite “Missy” LeHand and Grace Tully about . Then Franklin sickened entine Churchill, Admiral Halsey, King and cousins Daisy Suckley and Laura and gave up the store to Stalin to pre- George VI—scarcely a day passes when “Polly” Delano. Yet the couple, though serve the pipe dream of United Nations. she is not hobnobbing with her coevals physically estranged, had a good work- After he died, Eleanor made the U.N. in fame. One tires, it is true, of her ser- ing relationship, and in her capacity as another of her pet projects and helped to mons, her forgiving us our coarsenesses, presidential ambassadress Eleanor was secure the adoption of the Universal our failure to live up to her expectations. useful to Franklin, who exercised con- Declaration of Human Rights. No less Even her husband tired of the patho - siderable ingenuity in finding re mote a scholar than Mary Ann Glendon, in logical purity. Cousin Alice Roosevelt places to which to dispatch her. her book A World Made New, has made Longworth understood Franklin’s pre - But the peace was always precarious; much of this achievement, although dicament and encouraged his dalliance Eleanor’s incessant do-gooding wrought the skeptic may be forgiven for won - with Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd. “He de - on the president’s nerves. The barrage of dering how much the new world Mrs. served a good time ,” Alice said. “He was “phone calls and letters distracted and Roosevelt made differed from the old married to Eleanor.” upset him.” Daughter Anna remembered one it replaced. Much of it languishes The saintly woman forgave him, of how once her mother had the temerity to under tyrannical governments, and the course, and redoubled her efforts to do interrupt one of her father’s cocktail United Nations Human Rights Council, good. Yet somehow it was off-putting; hours. “Now, Franklin,” she said as she the body responsible for making Mrs. another Roosevelt cousin, Margaret came into the room with a stack of Roosevelt’s universal rights universal, “Daisy” Suckley, went so far as to sus- papers, “I want to talk to you about has itself in recent years been in the pect “a certain lack of humor” on this.” That most imperturbable of men charge of such tenderly humane regimes Eleanor’s part. Her marriage degener - found himself—perturbed. “Oh, God,” as Colonel Qaddafi’s Libya, President Putin’s Russia, and the Castro brothers’ Cuba. Cook notes that to this day the United States is not in compliance with the U.N. rights protocols, and ventures to hope that Mrs. Roosevelt’s example will inspire the country to ratify the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Covenant of the Universal Declaration. What precisely this would achieve is not clear. The citizens of such signatories to the covenant as Malawi, Cuba, Burun - di, Afghanistan, and Zimbabwe are all theoretically guaranteed the “right to an adequate standard of living,” yet most of them languish in a more or less abysmal poverty. Justice Scalia used to observe that paper rights are worthless without genuine restraints on the power of gov- ernment to coerce individuals. Eco- nomic rights are no less vacuous where utopian policies such as those Mrs. Roosevelt naïvely championed lead to

MUSEUM scarcity and suffering. & Still, she was a nice woman, well bred, who spoke excellent French, and who, when she came to be curious about Adolf Hitler, read Mein Kampf in the original German. I think she would FDR PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY forgive me the criticisms expressed in Eleanor Roosevelt at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Aiea Heights near Pearl Harbor, September 21, 1943 this article.

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of history at the University of Sheffield shone in such circles as an orator and a High and a foremost authority on British street fighter: “His politics had always Fascism. Searching for Lord Haw-Haw thrived on aggression.” A deep, disfigur- rests on long and careful research. The ing scar ran from the right corner of his Treason chapter on the errors and omissions of mouth across his cheek to his ear. He other writers, including Rebecca West, claimed that a Communist had cut him DAVID PRYCE-JONES is a wonderful example of how to be up, but it turns out that this was one of scholarly and polite. In Holmes’s view, his myths: A woman he had maltreated a literary approach to Joyce ends up was the attacker. leaving much too soft a portrait of him. The British Union of Fascists, Sir Holmes has made the case once and for Oswald Mosley’s party, almost succeed- all that Joyce is one of the most odious ed in becoming a mass movement in personalities in the history of fascism the 1930s. Mosley’s drive for power had and anti-Semitism. propelled him into and out of the main Joyce’s background is full of ambigu- political parties. He was on easy terms ity. His father was Catholic, his mother with Hitler, accepted subsidies from Protestant. Socially and financially inse- Goebbels’s ministry, and modelled the cure, they moved from Ireland to New BUF on the Nazi Party. Recognizing York. Born in in 1906, Joyce a natural fascist when he saw one, he Searching for Lord Haw-Haw: could claim American citizenship. The recruited Joyce to be his deputy: the The Political Lives of William Joyce, family then returned home to settle in “Leader” and the brawler side by side, by Colin Holmes (Routledge, Galway. His mother appears to have the one at home in chancelleries and 510 pp., $24.95) needed to spoil him and set him apart. salons, the other at home in pubs and As Irish nationalism came to a head in on platforms. ILLIAM JOYCE spent World what were known as “the Troubles,” Together, they entrenched and spread War II in Berlin, where Joyce attached himself to a British regi- anti-Semitism. Every German Nazi and he devoted his consider - ment and to the Black and Tans, a British British Fascist believed that the Jews able talents to broadcast- paramilitary unit of thugs. In the at - were engaged in a conspiracy to rule Wing Nazi propaganda to the British. mosphere of tension at home and in the the world. Moreover, they were all sup- Speaking with an idiosyncratic accent country at large, Joyce acquired “an posed to be in it together, the Jewish that made him familiar to the public as Lord Haw-Haw, he knew how to play on national anxiety and defeatism, es- William Joyce was the Goebbels of pecially in the early years of the war, when the Wehrmacht was blitzing coun- the English language, and as such try after country. His employer, Josef Goebbels, the minister of propaganda, became an object of hate unrivaled noted in his diary in March 1941 that in British history. Joyce was “the best horse in our stable.” Man and master were two of a kind. overbearing sense of self-importance,” Bolshevik in Moscow and the Jewish Both had a way with words and put it to always believing that “he knew best capitalist in New York. The fact that the service of fanaticism. Joyce was the about everything.” there was no evidence for this only Goebbels of the English language, and Already a disillusioned British patriot showed how cunningly the conspirators as such became an object of hate unri- when he quit Ireland, Joyce went to concealed what they were up to. Joyce’s valed in British history. After the war, he Birkbeck College in London to study lit- gutter hatred of Jews was all myth and was tried for treason, found guilty, and erature. Dryden was his lifelong favorite fantasy; he could inte rpret reality solely hanged. poet and he obtained first-class honors. in the light of prejudice. He had no Posterity has acquired its image of The Bolsheviks and the Red Peril, In - ex perience of Jews or Jewish life. At Joyce from Rebecca West’s book The dian nationalism, and the failure of Birkbeck, he had walked out of the Meaning of Treason, a brilliant piece of Conservative politicians to put in place dining hall whenever a Jew came in. reporting. She had attended his trial and Conservative policies were the issues Sigmund Freud arrived in London as a saw him as an oddity, a misfit as pitiful that caught Joyce’s attention and turned refugee from Nazi-occupied Vienna, as he was sinister. “He was a tiny little him int o a “politico” (Holmes’s dismis- only to be accused by Joyce of under- creature,” she wrote, “and, though not sive word). One of his ambitions was to mining society through pornography. very ugly, was exhaustively so.” His join the Foreign Office, and another, Jews ought to be hanged from lamp- extremism, it is suggested, was a form of wild to the point of absurdity, was to posts, he ranted, or machine-gunned in compensation for inadequacies. Several become viceroy of India. the street. Holmes has hit on the phrase subsequent biographies have taken much British fascists in the 1920s were “exterminatory anti-Semitism” to de - the same line. unimpressive nonentities and cranks scribe this mindset. After a dispute about Colin Holmes is an emeritus professor busy dividing into splinter groups. Joyce what degree of violence should be used

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against Jews, Joyce split from Mosley became absurd. It seems poetic justice was hardly secret; Mosley and his wife, and with a few friends launched the that the British officer who finally for instance, were described as “very National Socialist League, their own arrested Joyce, and in the process friendly” to the Nazi regime. The letter even more extreme party. wounded him, was Jewish. influenced judge and jury against Joyce. Reliable witnesses, such as the At his trial, the only words Joyce Holmes confidently identifies its hither- American journalists William Shirer spoke were “Not guilty.” He had good to unknown author as one John Mac - and H. W. Flannery, testify to the rack- reason to think he might be acquitted. At nab, Joyce’s closest friend and personal ety life Joyce and his wife, Margaret, the time, and ever since, the case has financier. In the manner of Joyce him- lived in wartime Berlin. Sometimes he been a lawyer’s delight. Nationality, cit- self, Macnab went abroad for refuge in thrashed her. They were unfaithful, they izenship, and his British passport and Franco’s Spain, where, according to were near-alcoholics, they divorced the way he had obtained it were so many Holmes, he wrote an ode to Hermann and soon remarried each other. Unlike open questions. Furthermore, if he was Goering. Goebbels, his employer at the radio not British , he could not be a traitor to Other British Nazis who were as station, Joyce never met Hitler but hero- Britain. If he was British, did broadcast- guilty of treason as Joyce received le - worshiped him, coming to the conclu- ing from Berlin qualify as treason, and nient sentences, as though the authori- sion that the German people had let were the broadcasts actually treason- ties had no idea what to do except make down their Führer. As the defeat of able? In the course of infiltrating fascist an example of the crudest and turn the Nazi Germany approached, the favor - movements, MI5, the secret service, had page as fast as possible. Joyce took a ite theme of Joyce’s broadcasts—that intercepted a coded letter sent from gamble that Germany would win the the fulfillment of British patriotism London in April 1940 via a foreign lega- war, and he lost. Many all over Europe involved emulating Nazi Germany— tion to Joyce in Berlin. Its information had made the same misjudgment. But he paid with his life for the persona he had created of Lord Haw-Haw. FIRST WORDS Egotism, self-importance, drove him to it. The explanation offered in this book is that he was a narcissist, that is to say And then I resolved that thenceforward I would choose for one so concerned with himself that he the theme of my writing only the praise of this most gra- remained indifferent to everyone else. cious being. But when I had thought exceedingly, it seemed “For years he had believed that he was to me that I had taken to myself a theme which was much being prepared for some great task” is too lofty, so that I dared not begin. one judgment that seems right, and —Dante another wraps up the lifelong wishful A pounding in his heart gave him a shove— thinking that “his ultimate destiny was More like a slap—and set his mind to writing, to act as a key agent in the triumph of Ladies who have intelligence of love. fascism.” Professor Holmes is very careful to He had not slept for nights, but stared above keep moralizing in check, but the prose Him at the ceiling till, upon its brightening, of some summary final chapters gives A pounding in his heart gave him a shove, away that he knows Joyce to be some- one whose evil still has the power to shock. The Nuremberg trials had opened As one might a small boat out from a cove when Joyce was in the condemned cell To dare the open sea however frightening. in Wandsworth prison. He could not Ladies who have intelligence of love, help knowing about Auschwitz and the reality of mass murder. He never Such words ensnared his mind but his hand moved, mentioned it. A farewell message was Scoring with strokes the page as if it were lightning. a last flourish of exterminatory anti- A pounding in his heart gave him a shove; Semitism: “I defy the Jews who caused this last war: and I defy the power of Yes, soon, he’d claim an angel or a dove Darkness which they represent.” He Had whispered such words to him without flyting— went farther in one of the last letters that Ladies who have intelligence of love— he wrote to his wife, saying that he had been an idealist and therefore would die without ever having “uttered a single But we who’ve felt love’s pain know the sort of word of apology, much less recantation.” Rough wrangling through which he had been fighting, He uses the German word “Haken - When pounding in his heart gave him a shove: kreuz” to tell her that the swastika would Ladies who have intelligence of love. one day conquer. This is a perfect cautionary tale for —JAMES MATTHEW WILSON present times.

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As Troy makes clear, no president change. Prior to that time, the first lines Mastering can, in the course of four or eight years, of defense were local and state govern- avoid the challenges of unanticipated ments. catastrophes, be they terrorist attacks, In 1887, Grover Cleveland vetoed a Disaster natural disasters, pandemics, or other congressional appropriation that would emergencies. How presidents respond to have provided funds to drought-stricken ALVIN S. FELZENBERG such events can determine the fate of counties in Texas. His rationale was that their administrations. Future presidents he could find “no warrant” for such a will not be comforted to know that their measure in the Constitution. Cleveland credibility in this area is only as good did not stop there: He maintained that as was their response to the most recent such federal aid would encourage the crisis. expectatio n that the federal government Troy cannot repeat too often that the would play an increasingly paternalistic best approach to crisis management is to role in the lives of its citizens. He also prevent the eruption of such emergen- warned that federal action of this sort cies in the first place or, barring that, to would weaken the sturdiness of the plan for them as far in advance as pos- nation’s character. sible. In this latter area, he gives Bill By the time of the 1927 Mississippi Clinton high marks for making sure that river flood, which affected several states, Y2K did not become the first crisis of more people were able to keep up with Shall We Wake the President? Two Centuries of the 21st century. The answer to the ques- unfolding events, courtesy of mass- Disaster Management from the Oval Office, tion the title of Troy’s book poses is a circulation newspapers and the burgeon- by Tevi Troy (Lyons, 264 pp., $26.95) resounding “Yes.” If presidents are to be ing medium of radio. As a result, the praised or damned for how they respond de mands for a greater federal role in VERY time I teach my class on to or anticipate crises not of their mak- providing disaster assistance increased. emergency-management ing, they should not be among the last to Calvin Coolidge, the last of the Cleveland- communications, I lament the know what might lie in store for them. style “strict constructionists,” fretted absence of a text th at applies There was a time, Troy reminds his about the precedent-setting nature of historicalE research to the study of past readers, when the public did not expect federal assistance and changed public catastrophes and disasters with an eye presidents to play a major role in disas- expectations about the federal govern- toward minimizing the effects of future ter relief. Such was the case during most ment that such aid would trigger. ones. In this outstanding new study, Tevi of American history. With the coming of Like Troy, Coolidge may have sensed Troy has solved my problem and those Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, and that the more the federal government of many people tasked with managing its major legacy, increased involvement took on, the less effective it might be - the response to disasters. It should be by the federal government in so many come in fulfilling its assigned functions. required reading for the next president aspects of American life, that began to But Coolidge was not prepared to stand and his or her transition team. Troy brings to his task the detachment of a presidential scholar and the hands- on experience of a practitioner. He held positions of responsibility under Presi- dent George W. Bush, whose adminis- tration was defined by three of the worst disasters in American history: the terror- ist attacks of September 11, 2001; the devastation Hurricane Katrina left in its wake in September 2005; and the fi - nancial meltdown of the fall of 2008. Looking back over these events as well as those that took place during the administrations of Bush’s predecessors, Troy draws up a list of useful do’s and don’ts for future presidents and those in whose name they govern. He succeeds HERBERT HOOVER PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY

at his tasks very impressively. / Mr. Felzenberg is the former spokesman for the 9/11 Commission and the author of the forthcoming book

A Man and His Presidents: The Political NATIONAL ARCHIVES Odyssey of William F. Buckley Jr. Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover, July 18, 1928

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idly by when Americans were suffering sion to the throne. Natan is not only the effects of catastrophe, especially The King’s God’s voice for David but the novel’s when he was in a position to help. He conscience, as David’s actions and sent his commerce secretary, Herbert behavior are judged through Natan’s Hoover, who had become a legend for Man moral authority. Brooks makes sure his work to feed civilian popnulations i we know her view of the importance of ABBY W. SCHACHTER war-torn Europe during the Great War, this relationship when she has one of to coordinate local, state, and private- David’s wives, Maacah, define Natan’s sector efforts under the watchful eye of importance as “the king’s conscience.” a benevolent, efficient, and frugal feder- When David takes up with Batsheva, al government. After he had completed Natan is upset. “David has his appetites, his task, Hoover returned to his previous as I have said,” Natan explains, “but this duties. And Coolidge, rather than es - kind of incontinent behavior was most tablish a new department or agencies to unlike him. He did not abuse his power confront future emergencies, pushed in this way. His bonds with his men were back against an ongoing federal role bonds of real love, of friendship and in flood control and other disaster- devotion.” Natan is a shrewd judge of response tasks. He left all of that to FDR what will strengthen soldiers’ bonds to and his imitators. their military chief. “He exercised un - Of the recent presidents, only Ronald common tact with his men, meeting The Secret Chord Reagan sought opportunities to act in the , by Geraldine Brooks them where they stood, rather than de - manner of Coolidge, whose portrait he (Viking, 320 pp., $27.95) manding that they always be the ones displayed in the Cabinet Room. When accommodating themselves,” Natan ob - several Chicago residents succumbed to HIS matter would need to serves of David’s previous connection to cyanide poisoning after in gesting Tylenol be covered up, and swift- his soldiers. And this is why his taking tablets that had been tampered with, ly,” writes the prophet Na - up with Uriah’s wife is so shocking: It Reagan found his Hoover in James Burke, tan, in Geraldine Brooks’s endangers these bonds. the chairman of Johnson & Johnson, new‘T novel, The Secret Chord. “It was But Natan is also a political animal, Tylenol’s manufacturer. Reagan checked the kind of thing that corrodes, like a who works to bring God’s dictated in on the situation regularly, allowing drop of lye fallen upon linen. You don’t choice for David’s heir—Shlomo—to the FBI and the Food and Drug Admin - see the effect at first, but in time the the throne. Most writers, historians, and istration to discharge their traditional fibers weaken and fray, a hole widens, political scientists have understandably functions, but asked for nothing new or and the garment is spoiled. Only if the focused on the story of the king, but permanent after the immediate crisis had drop is washed away directly can the Brooks seeks to understand the ruler’s subsided. damage be gainsaid.” relationship to his divine authority as it Troy’s book brings to mind Milton When it comes to describing the dam- was conveyed through a human agent: Friedman’s observation that, during age wrought by sin, especially on the the prophet. crises, the urge “not to stand there, but to part of political leaders, Brooks has a Brooks often can’t help but see the do something” can blind policymakers master’s touch. And The Secret Chord story through modern eyes, though. So to the resources already at their disposal. gives her plenty of opportunity to ex- while she imagines prophecy as some- It is particularly telling that of the nine ercise that skill, since her focus is on thing much like being taken over by a lessons Troy lists for future presidents to the life and reign of the Biblical King spirit speaking through the human learn, at least six pertain to communica- David. In Natan’s mouth, Brooks deftly vessel, thus conveying certainty, when tions. Presidents have found out the hard describes the potentially cancerous ef- Natan is left to his own devices, he way that it is not enough for them to fect of the monarch’s seduction of second-guesses himself. Brooks’s point assume command and control of emer- Batsheva, the wife of Uriah, one of his seems to be that while the outcome of gency situations. It is essential that they military officers. the prophet’s message may be a fore- also keep the public informed and up to King David’s prophet Natan is the gone conclusion, it may look less than date. novel’s narrator, and it is his lifelong perfect as it comes about. That is as it With the multiple communications attachment to the Israelites’ monarch should be—we are talking about human arteries currently available to the gov- that propels the story forward. Natan beings here—but it’s difficult for writers ernment, emergency responders, and followed David through years of exile, to square this circle of certainty in our citizens, presidents who act in the ways when he was leading what was basically age of skepticism and doubt, and Brooks Troy recommends have opportunities to a band of outlaws running from King is no exception. do more than manage crises successful- Saul rather than reigning over a joint What’s especially compelling about ly. They might be able to channel the kingdom, and through David’s succes- her choice of perspective on this story energy and enterprise of the American is her thoughts about the role of the people in pursuit of common goals that Abby W. Schachter, the author of No Child Left prophet. Brooks puts into the mouths of will take more than the work of presi- Alone: Getting the Government Out of her characters many questions she must dents to attain. Parenting, blogs at CaptainMommy.com. be asking herself about the role the

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prophet plays in relation to political when it came to the latter’s remarriage— rulers. Mikhal, one of David’s wives and Film netted six Oscars, including Best Picture, the daughter of the previous monarch, Best Director (for Zinnemann), and Best asks Natan about another prophet, A Man for Actor (for Paul Scofield, who played Shmuel: “Why did Shmuel choose my More). father [Saul] to be king? How can a The incongruity of the evening—the prophet make so vast a blunder? Can you All Seasons sight of a film considering a Catholic tell me that, Natan? Doesn’t it make you saint being lavishly honored in the rela- question yourself? When you speak in At 50 tively impious environs of Southern that way, so hard, so certain. Shmuel, the California—seems not to have been lost great seer. And yet he could not foresee PETER TONGUETTE on at least one in attendance. That night, my father’s madness.” Political leaders, it fell to Audrey Hepburn—who, coinci - even ones chosen by God, are ultimately HE Santa Monica Civic Audi - dentally, starred in Zinnemann’s daring, felled, and in Saul’s case the succession torium is not a likely place to equivocal film about a nun who forswears fight was especially bloody; his daughter look for saints. her holy vows, The Nun’s Story (1959)— is wondering how the person who was so The venue was, for eight to recite the nominees for Best Picture, certain that the leader was chosen can yearsT in the 1960s, the home base of most of which sounded like more plausi- feel about the disastrous end of his reign. the Academy Awards, which then—as ble winners than A Man for All Seasons. The theme of succession reappears now—declined to make a practice of Would the Academy fête the lugubrious toward the end of the book, when it is honoring films that took as their subjects war drama The Sand Pebbles or the pre- David’s time as king that is endi ng and a spiritual matters or religious figures. To dictably liberal Cold War comedy The complicated and bloody fight for his read a rundown of Best Picture recipients Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are replacement is under way. Natan has is to confirm this impression. Yes, there Coming? Perhaps New Hollywood arti- seen that Batsheva’s son Shlomo will is Leo McCarey’s lovely Going My Way ness, courtesy of Who’s Afraid of Virginia replace David, but he cannot speak of it, (1944), with Bing Crosby starring as a Woolf? or Alfie, would carry the day? Yet because—in Brooks’s telling—God has priest, not to mention William Wyler’s A Man for All Seasons was the pick—and, prevented the prophet from delivering ponderous Biblical epic Ben-Hur (1959). in a thoroughly charming moment, after his prophecy. And even as he teaches A case could be made, perhaps, for the opening the envelope, Hepburn paused and helps to groom Shlomo, he endures sense of the eternal present in John Ford’s and leaned her head heavenward. “The the son’s anguished waiting for his How Green Was My Valley (1941), but winner is,” she said, before raising the father’s love and attention. At one point, what else? pitch of her voice, “A Man for All Sea - Shlomo complains to th e prophet about This, despite the fact that more than a sons!” Her tone and manner suggested his father’s relations with his other sons. few great films of Hollywood’s Golden that she could not quite believe that truth “It’s as if he doesn’t see me,” Shlomo Age acknowledged the divine. A number and beauty had won out. whines. even focused on churchmen or -women, This year, A Man for All Seasons turns real or fictitious. For example, Jacques 50, and its triumph is still a little hard to He never sends for me anymore. Av - Tourneur’s Stars in My Crown (1950) fathom. This is, after all, a work that ends shalom’s the only one he wants. Ado- touchingly depicted a parson (Joel with its protagonist’s execution and that niyah is angry about it. His pride is McCrea) who promoted good with grit further submits that this outcome is evi- hurt, and he lets it show. Which is stu- and prayer, while Otto Preminger’s Saint dence of his virtue. In Bolt’s telling, More pid, I think. The king doesn’t like it and it just makes Avshalom look better by Joan (1957) was a vivid adaptation resolves that he cannot condone Henry comparison. Me, it’s not about pride. I of George Bernard Shaw’s play, bolstered VIII (Robert Shaw) in his replacement of just miss talking to my father. There’s so by the genuinely transcendent presence his wife, Catherine of Aragon, with Anne much to learn from him. But Avshalom of actress Jean Seberg as Joan of Arc. Boleyn (a cameo by Vanessa Redgrave) doesn’t seem to see that. He doesn’t Alas, the Academy ignored both. via annulment, absent approval by the even pretend to be interested in anything Yet, in the spring of 1967, the makers pope. Instead of actively protesting the David has to say. It’s all about flattery of perhaps the greatest of all religious chicanery necessary to bring Henry and with him, and empty words. films trekked, one by one, to the stage of Anne together—including devising the the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium. Church of England—More vacates his Brooks wants us to think of these That year, Fred Zinnemann’s A Man for job of lord chancellor and observes an Biblical characters as people, while All Seasons—an adaptation of Robert ethic of quietude about the matter. More’s allowing for a whole host of assump- Bolt’s play concerning Sir Thomas More mute state only incites the king and his tions that modern readers might find (1478–1535), an English lawyer and lord courtiers, who are convinced that the difficult, such as the connection of God chancellor who cast his lot with the man’s heart and mind can be won through to the selection of political rulers. In the Catholic Church over King Henry VIII time in the Tower of London and the moments of the novel dealing with fam- specter of death. Yet the Crown misjudges ily strife and the failings, especially Mr. Tonguette has written about the arts for the More, who tolerates the abuse meted out sexual ones, of our leaders, she has hit Wall Street Journal, The Weekly Standard, to him and refuses to flip-flop. on a very modern, indeed immediate, and The New Criterion. He is the editor of the As shown in the film, More occasional- issue. book Peter Bogdanovich: Interviews. ly resembles a feature of the earth—like a

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Robert Shaw (King Henry VIII) and Paul Scofield (Sir Thomas More) in A Man for All Seasons

rock or a river, constant and unchang- his soul for the whole world, but for to witness a family accept its plight as ing—rather than a mere mortal riven with Wales?”)—but many others less well More’s prospects dim. In one remarkable anxieties. In fact, Zinnemann—who, as known. After More and Henry quarrel scene, More’s daughter, Margaret (a spir- the maker of High Noon and The Member about the Catherine–Anne predicament, ited Susannah York, just three years re - of the Wedding (both 1952) and especially Alice—having eavesdropped—baldly moved from Tom Jones), cavorts merrily The Nun’s Story, had already proven him- summarizes the situation to her spouse: in the increasingly lonely, empty rooms of self a top-notch craftsman—makes the “You crossed him.” It’s a sharp, frighten- their residence. She states the facts with a comparison explicit by threading such ing line. Then, in a snippet of dialogue smile: “We’ve been cutting greens—we imagery through the film. During the indicative of his inability to prioritize use them for fuel.” Not that the film gives opening titles, as a message from Cardinal politics over ethics, More answers: “I short shrift to the burdens inflicted after Wolsey (Orson Welles) travels to More couldn’t find the other way.” Here, and More declines to back Henry and Anne’s by boat, Zinnemann focuses on the dark throughout the film, Scofield lends More matrimony. Her husband wasting away currents below and the scattering ducks a certain sad self-consciousness, as if the in the Tower of London, Alice expresses above. This sublime visual metaphor character knows that he is intractable but bafflement over More’s recalcitrance, implies that elements of nature, such as slightly regrets the fact. Scofield’s More though she doesn’t hesitate in proclaim- water and animals, will persist after the mixes certitude with humility. When it ing: “You’re the best man I’ve ever met or conflicts of a particular era—such as still seems plausible he might be right, ever likely to.” Perhaps the most cinemat- those that exercise More and Henry— More calms Alice’s fears by saying off - ically potent passage occurs when More, have evaporated. handedly yet firmly of himself: “Set your through a narrow window in his quarters Its earlier incarnation on stage notwith- mind at rest: This is not the stuff of which in the Tower of London, spots children standing, A Man for All Seasons unfolds martyrs are made.” The line suggests playing beside a tree on a sunny day; the for large sections outdoors; cinematogra- More’s innocence of his own signifi- film then dissolves to shots of the same pher Ted Moore was also an Oscar recip- cance. scene as one season turns to another. Is ient for the film. Consider, for example, In a 1982 BBC interview, Orson there a film that better depicts a prisoner’s an early scene in which More dumps a sil- Welles—who, as Cardinal Wolsey, re- sense of the world chugging along in his ver chalice given to him as an attempted sembles the round object referred to in absence? bribe into a river. Or a later scene in which the title of the classic children’s film The How easy it would have been to color a boat transporting Henry—seeking to Red Balloon—said that he considered More’s defiance with doubt or to make prevail on More to throw his weight Shakespeare’s Falstaff, around whom he Henry’s worldliness somehow sympa- behind the annulment—reaches the home built his great film Chimes at Midnight thetic. Zinnemann resists both tempta- occupied by More and his wife, Alice (1965), to be “the most unusual figure tions, instead hewing to history to render (Wendy Hiller); in a fine illustration of in fiction,” for being “almost entirely judgment on two men. At the very end, his regal impetuousness, the king leaps a good man.” This is a debatable opin- More restates the meaning behind his out of his vessel and spends a moment ion—what of such altogether admirable death: “I die His Majesty’s good servant, romping on the muddy shore. figures as Tony Last in Evelyn Waugh’s but God’s first.” As the screen dims, a Of course, much of the film’s power A Handful of Dust or Daisy Miller in Hen - narrator describes the events to follow, comes from Bolt’s Tony- and Oscar- ry James’s short novel of that title?—but including additional executions and fur- CORBIS VIA GETTY / winning words. There are, of course, the surely A Man for All Seasons answers it ther shifts in power, as well as—pointed- famous lines—such as More’s pitying definitively. The bashful righteousness ly—Henry’s demise owing to syphilis. putdown of Richard Rich (John Hurt), of Bolt’s Thomas More bests the lotus- A film commending integrity and de - whose betrayal of More results in a post eating laziness of Falstaff any day of the crying sinfulness taking home a slew of as attorney general for Wales (“Why, week. Oscars? You can just imagine Audrey JOHN SPRINGER COLLECTION Richard, it profits a man nothing to give One of the peculiar joys of the film is Hepburn’s surprise.

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his gangland enemies every time he offs ines that she and our accountant might be Film another battalion of their goons. peers and tries to chat him up about their And—right—what if our accountant shared vocation. A Strange were played by a big, buff, look-at-me- Our accountant doesn’t do chitchat, of avoiding-eye-contact-because-I-have- course. He’s terse, monotone, stone-faced. Asperger’s Ben Affleck? Affleck is a limited actor when he’s out- Superman Now admittedly, underneath all this side his mildly sleazy comfort zone, but ridiculousness, The Accountant is a pretty here at least he seems aware of those limi- ROSS DOUTHAT conventional action movie, in which the tations, declines to try anything weird or main character is constantly dispatching spastic, and simply underplays his charac- GIVE today’s Hollywood a hard 18 or so heavily armed henchmen with- ter throughout. (Admittedly, the fact that time for being formulaic, repeti- out breaking a sweat, let alone a limb. But his upper body looks like a giant slab of tive, and addicted not just to the the ridiculousness of the premise is still marble encased in clothing rather limits same recycled franchises but to the a welcome diversion, especially since the his ability to be anything save stolid.) A Isame plots in every blockbuster, so that movie is smart enough to dole out the more flexible actor might have gone for the climax of Superhero Movie X is prac- absurdity in doses, via flashbacks of all camp or deluded himself into imitating tically indistinguishable from the climax sorts, so that it takes a while before the Dustin Hoffman; Affleck just furrows his of Star Trek Reboot Z. Which means I full absurdity of our humble accountant’s brow a lot, gets off a few dry one-liners, have to give credit where credit is due: career and family drama and true inten- and gets on with the action-movie show. The Accountant, the new Ben Affleck tions is revealed in all its splendor. In case you can’t tell, I enjoyed that action vehicle, is founded on a genuinely Along the way, there are other plea- show. But a so-ludicrous-it’s-entertaining original idea. Indeed, I feel safe in ven- sures. A plot summary is beyond my respite from the predictable action-film turing that nobody, in cinema or litera- capacity, but a cast round-up can give you routine still represents a very strange use ture, has invented an action hero quite a sense of the movie’s entertainment of Affleck’s time and talents—which are like this one. That’s possibly because no scribe has ever consumed as much premium-grade hashish as Bill Dubuque, the writer of The Accountant, must have ingested in order to come up with the elevator pitch for his story. What’s your movie about, Bill? Well, you’ve seen Rain Man, right? Sure, loved it. And you’ve seen the Bourne movies, right? Oh yeah, they’re great. Well what if ...... what if there were a kid with Asperger’s, a kid who loved math and puzzles but couldn’t handle the stresses of everyday reality, and his mother wanted to let him be taught by a won- Ben Affleck and Anna Kendrick in The Accountant derful doctor, but his father, a military tough guy hopping from deployment value. We meet, at various points, Jeffrey substantial as a director, substantially less to deployment, decided that instead of Tambor as the imprisoned Mob book- so as a thespian. therapy his son needed to learn how to keeper who teaches our accountant the It’s clear that Affleck cannot let go navigate a hostile world, which meant ways of the financial dark side, J. K. of his self-image as an A-List leading finding various Asian martial artists to Simmons as the Treasury Department man, a Cruise- or Denzel-level superstar, teach him how to fight like Bourne or honcho trying to take our accountant which is why he keeps casting himself in Batman . . . down before his own retirement, John his own movies (he was the worst thing . . . and what if that kid grew up to Lithgow as the seemingly benign robot- about his Best Picture–winning Argo, and combine his math savantry with his re- ics impresario who hires our accountant I suspect he’ll be the worst thing about markable skills in hand-to-hand combat (in a rare break from underworld jobs, or his gangster epic, Live by Night, due out by working as an accountant for hire in so it seems at first) to clean up his compa- later this fall), why he donned the Batsuit the global criminal underworld, mas- ny’s books, Jon Bernthal as a lurking hit for Zack Snyder and intends to direct querading as an ordinary sort of strip-mall man whose connection to the proceed- himself as Bruce Wayne soon, and why a milquetoast CPA using aliases drawn ings seems initially so tenuous that you film like The Accountant exists. from the history of high-level mathemat- just know he’ll be linked to our accoun- Better this movie than another Bat -

. ics, assisted by a Moneypennyish Brit tant’s backstory, and—most welcome of man v Superman, definitely. But better who chats with him via phone as he all—Anna Kendrick, chirpy and geeky still if someone figur ed out a way to put speeds from gig to gig, and inspiring and awkward as Lithgow’s company’s Affleck behind a camera and just keep WARNER BROS howls of “But he’s an accountant!” from in-house numbers cruncher, who imag- him there.

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Happy Warrior BY DAVID HARSANYI Jerk Logic

M I a jerk? You may find this an odd question for traits are measured on a spectrum. I am, for instance: Intro - a person to ask himself. But when you’re in my verted, 70 percent; Intuitive, 60 percent; Thinking, 60 per- line of work—which, broadly speaking, is called cent; Prospecting, 54 percent; Assertive, 62 percent. A punditry—complete strangers on social media Role: Analyst. Strategy: Confident Individualism. have little compunction about pointing out all your disagree- As I learned more about my personality type, I began feel- able character traits. ing sorry for everyone in my almost certainly beleaguered Since these drooling halfwits have been impugning my family. While we pride ourselves on “inventiveness and cre- magnanimous disposition for years, I finally decided to ativity” and “unique perspective and vigorous intellect,” investigate the matter. Self-examination, as Socrates might Logicians can also be “insensitive,” “absent-minded,” and have said, is the hallmark of an enlightened man. “condescending.” The first step is defining your terms. A “jerk,” according to A Logician sounds like the sort of guy who would be pon- the dictionary, is a contemptibly obnoxious person. But, as dering the Julio-Claudian dynastic succession or the latest anyone smart enough to write for a political magazine can episode of Westworld while nodding and looking straight tell you, the only way to properly evaluate any moral failing into his wife’s eyes as she earnestly asked him questions is to turn to the social sciences. about the family’s upcoming Thanksgiving plans. As luck would have it, the scientific periodical Nautilus This set-up works fine until we are impelled to speak. recently featured a deep dive on the topic of jerks. Written by Family members assure me that I inadvertently insult our Eric Schwitzgebel, a professor of philosophy at the Uni - friends and neighbors quite often when my mouth does open. versity of California, it informs us that jerky characteristics So advice to fellow Logicians: Never mock the immaturity are driven by broader psychological groupings such as “nar- of middle-aged men who get tattoos before you’ve seen cissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathic personality”— everyone at the barbecue shirtless. And never belittle osten- though pinpointing the exact parameters is both complex and tatious baby names floated by guests until you’re absolutely relativistic. And isn’t that always the case? certain no one at dinner is pregnant. Schwitzgebel also contends that there’s likely no correla- Since my emotional IQ might be 10, a friend of mine help- tion between a person’s self-opinion about his obnoxiousness fully suggested that I begin affixing smiley faces and excla- and his actual “jerkitude.” In fact, if you believe everyone mation points to my correspondence as a way to telegraph around you is terrible person, “the joke may be on you.” good intentions. So these days, I write things like, “Boy, you The 2016 election, I’m afraid, has convinced me that the really embarrassed yourself on TV the other day! :) :) :)” joke is definitely on me. But after taking meticulous inven - because I’m trying to be more cognizant of people’s feelings. tory of my actions over the past year or so, I am forced to So how am I a jerk? Well, most of us live two existences. acknowledge that perhaps, on occasion, some of my behav- We can broadly divide our time into the professional and the ior might be construed as wantonly unpleasant. Long story home life. short, I am a jerk . . . with an explanation. It’s incumbent on me as a writer to be clinically unpleasant Most humans are multifaceted beings with an array of per- and prickly when focusing on self-aggrandizing do-gooders sonality traits that can be triggered by various environmental or abusers of power or those who pollute our culture with factors. In everyday life, I’m sure, most of us succumb to garbage. One can make arguments in good faith while still obnoxiousness on occasion. being downright disagreeable. So I make no apologies for Well, that’s not my problem. I face another dilemma: being disliked. There’s nothing wrong with being hated by People just don’t get me. the right people. It begins with my New York upbringing, which has en - There are, in fact, far too many journalists overly con- dowed me with an endearing coarseness that many of you cerned about being shunned. As a young critic writing his provincials find grating for some reason. When you add to that first reviews for a wire agency, I sometimes wrestled with an a dry sense of humor and a standoffish personality, my attitude existential question: “Who am I to say these horrible things can sometimes be misinterpreted as holier-than-thou—which, about people who are far more successful and powerful than I assure you, is true maybe only 80 percent of the time. I am?” Nowadays I ask myself: “How exactly can I say more Not long ago, I took one of those “freakishly accurate” horrible things about these people who shouldn’t be more Myers-Briggs Type Indicator tests to help discern how anyone successful or powerful than any of us?” could find me off-putting. As it turns out, I belong to a subset A skeptical and contrarian disposition is not only useful of humans called the “Logicians”—which, let’s face it, already if you want to be a decent pundit, but indispensable if you sounds pretty insufferable. Others who fall under this category want to be a good journalist on any beat. Does that mean I are the noted philosopher and mathematician René Descartes should be weaponizing Twitter as a means of hurling gratu- and the fresh-faced actress Ellen Page. Individual personality itous insults at civilians in 140-character projectiles? No, that’s not an appropriate way to displace your anger. And I Mr. Harsanyi is a senior editor of the Federalist. realize that now.

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