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Sir Thomas Gresham in the Sixteenth Century and the Mercers’ School Memorial Professorship of Commerce

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Sir Thomas Gresham in the Sixteenth Century and the Mercers’ School Memorial Professorship of Commerce Free Public Lectures 2017–2018 Message from the Provost Professor Sir Richard Evans FBA I am delighted to present our programme of free public lectures for the academic year 2017-18. At the core of the programme are the series of six lectures delivered in the subjects represented by the original seven professorships established by Sir Thomas Gresham in the sixteenth century and the Mercers’ School Memorial Professorship of Commerce. Alongside these, we also have series of lectures given by the holders of our sponsored chairs, by our visiting professors, and by the many leading scholars and scientists who will be presenting lectures on a huge variety of topics. Our lectures are delivered by distinguished scholars, many of them leaders in their field. Many of them teach and research at Britain's leading universities. They are appointed and selected not only for their subject expertise but also for their ability to engage with the general public. Our lectures are famous for addressing a very wide audience, both specialists and non-specialists alike, and are accessible to those who attend in person in London and to anyone who wants to access lectures world- wide via the internet. The College does not have any registered students, it does not set any examinations or assesments and it does not award any degrees. What it does offer is the opportunity to acquire learning straight from some of the world's leading experts, entirely free of charge. Founded in 1597, Gresham College was the first and for a long time the only Higher Education Institution in London. As well as our continuing Gresham Professors of Astronomy, Divinity, Geometry, Law, Music, Physic, and Commerce, we are delighted to welcome Sir Jonathan Bate, FBA as the new Professor of Rhetoric. A leading authority on Shakespeare and on Romanticism, he is Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford. We are most grateful to the Frank Jackson Foundation for their continued funding of Carolyn Roberts as Professor of the Environment, and to the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists for again sponsoring Martyn Thomas as Professor of IT. A number of Visiting Professors continue their appointments since last year, and some new appointments in humanities subjects have also been made for 2017-18. At a time when open-access learning is continuing to gain in popularity, Sir Thomas Gresham's original approach shows him to have been far ahead of his time. We are very grateful to our sponsors, the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers for their continuing support, and to the many other individuals and institutions whose backing continues to be crucial to the College's success. Sir Thomas Gresham’s heraldic device of a ‘golden grasshopper’, pictured above, was and still is well-known in the City of London. Contents Preface Inside front cover The Gresham Lectures 2 Sir Thomas Gresham and his Will 3 Gresham College 4 The College Today 5 Gresham Online 6 Additional Lectures and Events 7 Programme of Events 8 The Gresham Professors 53 Visiting Professors 63 Lecture Series 70 Our People 71 How to Find Us 72 Maps Fold-over cover Index of Events Inside back cover 2 The Gresham Lectures ̥ are available free and open to all, either to attend in London in person or online at www.gresham.ac.uk. The lecture theatre will open approximately 30 minutes before each lecture begins. ̥ last for one hour including questions, except for special events such as symposia. ̥ are available on a ‘first come first served’ basis, unless the need for reservations is specified. ̥ are sometimes ticketed (via Eventbrite). To ensure a full house, we issue more tickets than spaces. Ticket-holders must be seated ten minutes prior to the start time or seats will be released to those without tickets. ̥ are recorded and made available without charge on our website in video, audio and transcript formats. Attendees accept that they may appear in a video as an audience member. There are over 2000 lectures on our website, dating back to 1984. Please note that it is not possible to save seats for friends or colleagues when the venue is full. We cannot guarantee admission to latecomers, since this may disturb those already seated. Please contact the College if you need information, wish to make a reservation or would like to receive our newsletter: Gresham College Barnard’s Inn Hall Holborn, EC1N 2HH 020 7831 0575 [email protected] 3 Sir Thomas Gresham Gresham College is named after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519- 1579), an English merchant and financier who worked for Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth I. Descended from a prominent, old Norfolk family, Thomas Gresham studied at Cambridge before being apprenticed as a merchant, and admitted to the Mercers’ Company in 1542. Based in the Low Countries, he operated as a merchant and acted in financial matters on behalf of the Tudor Monarchs. Married to Anne Ferneley in 1544, he spent much of his life in Antwerp, where he succeeded as a merchant and became a principal adviser to the crown. He was so successful as agent of the crown - negotiating loans and procuring funds, goods and munitions to defend the realm - that his advice was continually sought on financial issues and in diplomatic missions. From 1566, Gresham built the Royal Exchange at his own expense, modelled on the Antwerp Bourse. The Exchange was of immense benefit to the merchants of London, and also to Sir Thomas personally since he received the rentals from the shops. Gresham also acted as ambassador (in Spain), and was well rewarded for all his work with money, lands and a knighthood, becoming one of the richest men in England. The Will of Sir Thomas Gresham Sadly, Sir Thomas’ only son and legitimate heir died in 1564. As a result, apart from some sums left to various charities, in his Will of 1575 Gresham bequeathed his estate to his widow, specifying that, after her death, his house in Bishopsgate Street and the rents from the Royal Exchange should be vested in the Corporation of London and the Mercers’ Company, in order to found a College in London. Seven Professors were appointed to read lectures daily - in Divinity, Astronomy, Music, Geometry, Law, Physic and Rhetoric. (The permanent Chair of Commerce, sponsored by the Mercers’ School Memorial Trust, was added in 1985; The Frank Jackson Foundation Chair of The Environment was added in 2014; and the IT Livery Company Chair in Information Technology in 2015.) 4 Gresham College Sir Thomas’s mansion in Bishopsgate was the first home of Gresham College, until 1768, and saw the appointment of many distinguished Professors, a tradition that has continued up to the present day. Lectures were later given in various locations until a new College opened in Gresham Street in 1842. It was at Gresham College that the Royal Society was founded in 1660 by a group of Gresham Professors, amongst them Sir Christopher Wren. Barnard’s Inn Hall The College has been based at Barnard’s Inn Hall since 1991. Barnard’s Inn, built on land recorded from 1252, was established as an Inn of Chancery associated with Gray’s Inn in 1542. It is described by Charles Dickens in Great Expectations (1861). In 1892 it was bought by the Mercers’ Company and housed the Mercers’ School until 1959. The Hall itself dates from the late 14th-century, and was described as ‘new’ in 1439. The linenfold panelling was added in 1525 and further restoration took place in the 1930s. The chalk and tile foundation that is preserved in the wall of the Council Chamber below the Hall is much older, probably dating from the late Saxon or early medieval period. 5 The College Today Gresham College, established as the first institution of higher education in London, provides free education in accordance with its mission and objectives: ̥ To continue to provide free public lectures of the highest possible standard, focussed on the maintaining of Gresham Professorships in an extensive range of academic disciplines, in accordance with the Vision of Sir Thomas Gresham as expressed in his Will of 1575 ̥ To provide free and open access to new learning of contemporary relevance and interest in the widest possible international sense ̥ To contribute to society through the provision of stimulating free education, learning and debate, linked to the core values of freedom of thought and expression. The College receives no government funding. It continues to expand, supported through the legacy of Sir Thomas Gresham, administered by its sponsors: the Worshipful Company of Mercers and the City of London Corporation. Further information about Sir Thomas Gresham and Gresham College is available on the Gresham College website www.gresham.ac.uk and in the following publications: Chartres, Richard and Vermont, David (1998) A Brief History of Gresham College 1597–1997, Edmundsbury Press. Shrimplin, Valerie (2017) Sir Thomas Gresham and His Vision for Gresham College, Pitkin Publishing. 6 Videos and Recordings Gresham College lectures are recorded and made available on the College website, www.gresham.ac.uk. Over 2000 Gresham College lectures can be watched and downloaded, as well as an increasing number of shorter talks and extracts. Live Streaming During 2017-18, we will begin broadcasting a live-stream of our lectures on the internet. This will make them even more accessible to a wide audience. Links to the live-stream will be available on the Gresham website and on social media. Monthly Newsletter You can sign up to the monthly newsletter on the Gresham College website. Social Media The latest updates news, facts, quotes, illustrations and videos are also accessible via social media: Website: www.gresham.ac.uk Twitter: www.twitter.com/GreshamCollege Facebook: www.facebook.com/GreshamCollege YouTube: www.youtube.com/GreshamCollege Plans for 2019 The year 2019 will mark 500 years since the birth of Sir Thomas Gresham (in 1519).
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