General Availability of Native Plants
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Guide Alaska Trees
x5 Aá24ftL GUIDE TO ALASKA TREES %r\ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE Agriculture Handbook No. 472 GUIDE TO ALASKA TREES by Leslie A. Viereck, Principal Plant Ecologist Institute of Northern Forestry Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station ÜSDA Forest Service, Fairbanks, Alaska and Elbert L. Little, Jr., Chief Dendrologist Timber Management Research USD A Forest Service, Washington, D.C. Agriculture Handbook No. 472 Supersedes Agriculture Handbook No. 5 Pocket Guide to Alaska Trees United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Washington, D.C. December 1974 VIERECK, LESLIE A., and LITTLE, ELBERT L., JR. 1974. Guide to Alaska trees. U.S. Dep. Agrie., Agrie. Handb. 472, 98 p. Alaska's native trees, 32 species, are described in nontechnical terms and illustrated by drawings for identification. Six species of shrubs rarely reaching tree size are mentioned briefly. There are notes on occurrence and uses, also small maps showing distribution within the State. Keys are provided for both summer and winter, and the sum- mary of the vegetation has a map. This new Guide supersedes *Tocket Guide to Alaska Trees'' (1950) and is condensed and slightly revised from ''Alaska Trees and Shrubs" (1972) by the same authors. OXFORD: 174 (798). KEY WORDS: trees (Alaska) ; Alaska (trees). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number î 74—600104 Cover: Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)., the State tree and largest in Alaska, also one of the most valuable. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402—Price $1.35 Stock Number 0100-03308 11 CONTENTS Page List of species iii Introduction 1 Studies of Alaska trees 2 Plan 2 Acknowledgments [ 3 Statistical summary . -
Species of Alaska Scolytidae: Distribution, Hosts, and Historical Review
1. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 99. DECEMBER 2002 83 Species of Alaska Scolytidae: Distribution, hosts, and historical review MALCOLM M. FURNISS UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, MOSCOW, ID 83843. EDWARD H. HOLSTEN U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, FOREST HEALTH PROTECTION, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 MARK E. SCHULTZ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, FOREST HEALTH . PROTECTION, JUNEAU, AK 99508 ABSTRACT The species of Scolytidae in Alaska have not been compiled in recent times although many of them are included in earlier broader works. The authors of these works are summarized in a brief history of forest entomologists in Alaska. Fifty-four species of Alaskan Scolytidae are listed (23 species in the subfamily Hylesininae and 31 in the subfamily Scolytinae) belonging to 24 genera (II in Hylesininae and 13 in Scolytinae). Th ey in fest IS species of trees and shrubs of which 10 are conifers (host to 48 species of Scolytidae) and 5 are angiosperms (host to 6 species of Scolytidae). Fifty species are bark beetl es that inhabit phloem and four species are ambrosia beetles that live in sapwood. All are species native to Alaska. Keywords: Bark beetles, Scolytidae, conifers, angiosperms, Alaska INTRODUCTION The biographic regions of Alaska reflect the great expanse of that state, extending over a wide range of latitude, longitude, and elevation. In broad terms, these regions are characterized by a relatively mild and moist coastal climate, particularly in the southeast and coastal south-central areas; an extensive drier, colder climate in interior and northern Alaska; and numerous mountain ranges that attain the highest elevation on the continent. -
“VANCOUVER ISLAND” NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL Glaucidium Gnoma Swarthi Original Prepared by John Cooper and Suzanne M
“VANCOUVER ISLAND” NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL Glaucidium gnoma swarthi Original prepared by John Cooper and Suzanne M. Beauchesne Species Information British Columbia The Vancouver Island Northern Pygmy-Owl is Taxonomy endemic to Vancouver Island and possibly the adjacent Gulf Islands (AOU 1957; Campbell et al. Of the seven subspecies of Northern Pygmy-Owl 1990; Cannings 1998). currently recognized in North America, three breed in British Columbia including Glaucidium gnoma Forest regions and districts swarthi that is endemic to Vancouver Island and Coast: Campbell River, North Island, South Island adjacent islands (AOU 1957; Cannings 1998; Campbell et al. 1990; Holt and Petersen 2000). Ecoprovinces and ecosections Glaucidium gnoma swarthi is noticeably darker than COM: NIM, NWL, OUF, QCT, WIM other subspecies; however, there is some uncertainty GED: LIM, NAL, SGI in the validity of swarthi’s status as a subspecies (Munro and McTaggart-Cowan 1947; Godfrey Biogeoclimatic units 1986). Taxonomy of the entire G. gnoma complex CDF: mm requires further examination as there may be two or CWH: dm, mm, vh, vm, xm more species within the complex (Johnsgard 1988; MH: mm, mmp, wh Holt and Petersen 2000). Broad ecosystem units Description CD, CG, CH, CW, DA, FR, GO, HP, MF, SR The Northern Pygmy-Owl is a very small owl Elevation (~17 cm in length). It has no ear tufts and has a In British Columbia, Northern Pygmy-Owls (not relatively long tail. A pair of black patches on the G. gnoma swarthi) nests have been found between nape is a distinguishing feature. 440 and 1220 m although individuals have been Distribution recorded from sea level to 1710 m (Campbell et al. -
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae)
Systematic Botany (2008), 33(3): pp. 478–489 © Copyright 2008 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae) Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data Nathan P. Havill1,6, Christopher S. Campbell2, Thomas F. Vining2,5, Ben LePage3, Randall J. Bayer4, and Michael J. Donoghue1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 U.S.A 2School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469-5735 U.S.A. 3The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 U.S.A. 4CSIRO – Division of Plant Industry, Center for Plant Biodiversity Research, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia; present address: Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennesee 38152 U.S.A. 5Present address: Delta Institute of Natural History, 219 Dead River Road, Bowdoin, Maine 04287 U.S.A. 6Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Matt Lavin Abstract—Hemlock, Tsuga (Pinaceae), has a disjunct distribution in North America and Asia. To examine the biogeographic history of Tsuga, phylogenetic relationships among multiple accessions of all nine species were inferred using chloroplast DNA sequences and multiple cloned sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Analysis of chloroplast and ITS sequences resolve a clade that includes the two western North American species, T. heterophylla and T. mertensiana, and a clade of Asian species within which one of the eastern North American species, T. caroliniana, is nested. The other eastern North American species, T. canadensis, is sister to the Asian clade. Tsuga chinensis from Taiwan did not group with T. -
Vegetation of the Douglas-Fir Region
Vegetation Of The Douglas-Fir Region Purchased by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture J. F. Franklin, Chief Plant Ecologist, PNW Forest and Range for official use. Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon Reprinted from "Forest Soils of the Douglas-Fir Region,": a book developed by the members of the Northwest Forest Soils Council; published in 1979 by Washington State University Cooperative Extension; compiled and edited by Paul E. Heilman, Harry W. Anderson, and David M. Baum gartner. Copies of this book may be purchased from: Conference Of- fice, Cooperative Extension, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164 CHAPTER IV VEGETATION OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR REGION Jerry F. Franklin The Douglas-fir region of western Washington and array of potentially productive tree species as alternatives or Oregon and northwestern California is one of the most associates to Douglas-fir. densely forested areas of the world. It represents maximal development of the temperate coniferous forest. The region These large. long-lived species dominate dense forests is well known for the extensive areas dominated by Douglas- rather than occurring as isolated individuals. Consequently. fir, with climax forests of western hemlock and western old-growth ecosystems in this region have the greatest bio- redcedar, and coastal "rain forests" of coast redwood and mass accumulations of any plant formations in the temperate Sitka spruce. In this chapter I will attempt to outline major zone and, probably, the world. Coast redwood stands are, of compositional, structural, and successional features of these course, the star of the show with biomass accumulations of varied and productive forests. -
Western Hemlock Is an Important Corn- Mercial Softwood Species in the Western United States and Canada
-,.------. A 13.31:H 37/984 Forest An American Wood Service Western United States Department of Agriculture Hemlock FS-240 Western hemlock is an important corn- mercial softwood species in the Western United States and Canada. Thc largest stands are found in the humid coastal regions of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. The wood is used for structural lumber, molding, roof decking, veneer, and paper. 42j (_o /1)'79o5 'EQLI4Gua 9 3V . F-308993 DEP. A iThiÀ '--ìJc2'J £FRA MY ¿) '4 An American Wood Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) James M. Cahill' Distribution Western hemlock grows along the Pacific coast from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to northwestern California (fig. 1). Inland from the coast, it is found on the western slopes and upper eastern slopes of the Cascade Range of Washington and as far south in Oregon as the Siskiyou Mountains. Farther inland, western hemlock grows on the west side of the Continental Divide from just east of Prince George, British Columbia, south through north- em Idaho and northwestern Montana. About 80 percent of its distribution in the Rocky Mountains is in British Columbia. The fastest growing stands are found in &O the humid coastal regions of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, and on the lower slopes of the Cascade Range in Washington and . Oregon. In the Rocky Mountain region, dry summers limit western hemlock to primarily northerly slopes and moist creek bottoms. I o Western hemlock is usually subordinate in stands that include Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Douglas-fir o ioo 200 300 I (Pseudotsuga menziesii), but it I.! I sometimes dominates and is in III,I'i, i-,- found o zoo 400 E pure stands in coastal areas. -
Distribution and Habitat Associations of the Northern Pygmy-Owl in Oregon
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Dawn M. Sater for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Science presentedon May 21. 1999. Title: Distribution and Habitat Associations of the Northern Pygmy-owl in Oregon. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Eric D. Forsman I conducted acoustic lure surveys of northern pygmy-owls (Glaucidium gnoma)on transects that were systematically placed in forested areas throughout the state of Oregon. My objectives were to determine if pygmy-owlswere associated with particular forest types, ecoregions, or with large-diameter dominant overstory trees. I also examined temporal variation in response rates. All analyses accounted for decreases incounts of owls with increasing day of the surveyseason (P = 0.01) and with increasing time after sunrise (P = 0.06).Counts were highest in Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine and mixed conifer-hardwood forests, intermediate in mixed conifer, deciduousand high elevation forests, and lowest in western juniper (P= 0.0003). Even after accounting for forest type, numbers of owls detected variedamong ecoregions (P = 0.002). Counts of owls increased with the average diameter ranking ofdominant overstory trees (P = 0.000 1). Also, diameters of dominant treeswere greater at survey points where owls were detected than at survey points whereno owls were detected P = 0.008), and greater in the actual stands from which owls responded than around thesurvey points from which owls were detected (P = 0.0001). My data suggest that widespread decreases in large-diameter trees, or the late-successional forests in which such trees are most abundant, may reduce numbers of northern pygmy-owls. However, this finding needs to be viewed in the context that my surveys also show that the pygmy-owl is a well-distributed and fairly common forest bird in Oregon and is not limited to late-successional forest. -
Western Hemlock
western hemlock and Pinaceae mountain hemlock in mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana Brewer spruce cones (left) northwest California and mountain hemlock (right) “droopy top” hemlocks and across the West decorate the high country Bark: varies from purplish brown to reddish brown (similar to Shasta red fir) but with deep, furrowed, more continuous rounded ridges Needles: 1/2”-3/4”, dark green to blue green, bluntly rounded, commonly with stomatal bloom on both sides; spirally arranged on twig imparting a star-like appearance Cones: 2”-5”, reddish brown turning brown with maturity; larger cones similar to Brewer spruce; can remain on tree year-round Habitat: Highest elevations on north face of mountains or cool streamside glades from 4000-9000 feet, upper elevation specimens can grow on south-facing slopes Pinaceae western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla star-like needle growth and small cones are a diagnostic character of this species this “nurse-log” phenomenon is a common sight in old-growth forests of coastal northwest Caifornia Bark: thin and slightly furrowed with long linear strips, varies from grey (outer) to dark red (inner); bases of large trees often buttressedNeedles : ¼” - ¾” similar to lower redwood needles, but shorter and less uniformly flat, splaying out from Range* map for: mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) the branch at varying angles, dark green above with two white stomatal lines western hemlock ( ) below, glossy green below Cones: one inch and egg shaped with thin scales, Tsuga heterophylla scale length similar to the largest needles Habitat: cool and wet forest along * based on Little (1971),Griffin and Critchfield (1976), and Van Pelt (2001) Pacific Coast Range: North Coast; within 20 miles of the ocean with few excep- tions Michael Kauffmann | www.conifercountry.com www.conifercountry.comPlate 13 Range* map for: mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) * based on Little (1971),Griffin and Critchfield (1976), and Van Pelt (2001) Michael Kauffmann | www.conifercountry.com. -
Growth and Yield of Sitka Spruce and Western Hemlock at Cascade Head Experimental Forest, Oregon
United States Department of i Agriculture Growth and Yield of Sitka Forest Service Pacific Northwest Spruce and Western Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper Hemlock at Cascade Head PNW-325 September 1984 Experimental Forest, Oregon Stephen H. Smith, John F. Bell, Francis R. Herman, and Thomas See Authors STEPHEN H. SMITH was a graduate student, College of Forestry Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. He is now with Potlatch Corporation, Lewiston, Idaho. JOHN F. BELL is a professor, Forest Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. FRANCIS R. HERMAN is a mensurationist, retired, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fairbanks, Alaska. THOMAS SEE was a graduate student, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. He is now with Continental Systems, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Abstract Summary Smith, Stephen H.; Bell, John F.; Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Herman, Francis R.; See, Thomas. Carr.) and western hemlock (Tsuga Growth and yield of Sitka spruce heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) are the and western hemlock at Cascade principal components of the Pacific Head Experimental Forest, Oregon. Northwest coastal fog belt type (Meyer Res. Pap. PNW-325. Portland, OR: 1937) or the Picea sitchensis zone U.S. Department of Agriculture, (Franklin and Dyrness 1973) found Forest Service, Pacific Northwest along the Oregon and Washington Forest and Range Experiment Sta- coasts. The tremendous potential for tion; 1984. 30 p. rapid growth and high yield of the Sitka spruce-western hemlock type A study established in 83-year-old, ranks it among the most productive even-aged stands of Sitka spruce coniferous types in the world. -
43. MAIANTHEMUM F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14. 1780, Nom. Cons
Flora of China 24: 217–222. 2000. 43. MAIANTHEMUM F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14. 1780, nom. cons. 舞鹤草属 wu he cao shu Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi); Shoichi Kawano1 Oligobotrya Baker; Polygonastrum Moench; Smilacina Desfontaines; Tovaria Necker ex Baker (1875), not Ruiz & Pavón (1794); Vagnera Adanson. Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Stems erect, simple. Leaves alternate, sessile or petiolate, usually elliptic to ovate, sometimes basal leaf solitary and early withered. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or panicle. Flowers bisexual or sometimes unisexual (when plants dioceous), small. Perianth segments 4 or 6, in 2 whorls, free or proximally ± connate, rarely forming a long tube. Stamens 4 or 6, inserted at base of perianth segments or adnate to perianth tube; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2- or 3-loculed; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style columnar, relatively short; stigma entire or 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit a berry, globose or subglobose. Seeds 1–3, globose to ovoid. About 35 species: mainly in E Asia and North America, also in N Asia, Central America, and N Europe; 19 species (nine endemic) in China. Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that Smilacina would be better kept separate from Maianthemum on the basis of morphology and geographic distribution. 1a. Plants with a solitary, early-withered basal leaf, cauline leaves 2 or 3; perianth segments 4, in 2 whorls; stamens 4; ovary 2-loculed, ovules 2 per locule .............................................................................................................................. 1. M. bifolium 1b. Plants without basal leaf, cauline leaves more than 3; perianth segments 6; stamens 6; ovary 3-loculed, ovules 1 or 2 per locule. -
Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes
Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes Shichao Chen1., Dong-Kap Kim2., Mark W. Chase3, Joo-Hwan Kim4* 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 2 Division of Forest Resource Conservation, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Gyeonggi- do, Korea, 3 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Abstract Phylogenetic analysis aims to produce a bifurcating tree, which disregards conflicting signals and displays only those that are present in a large proportion of the data. However, any character (or tree) conflict in a dataset allows the exploration of support for various evolutionary hypotheses. Although data-display network approaches exist, biologists cannot easily and routinely use them to compute rooted phylogenetic networks on real datasets containing hundreds of taxa. Here, we constructed an original neighbour-net for a large dataset of Asparagales to highlight the aspects of the resulting network that will be important for interpreting phylogeny. The analyses were largely conducted with new data collected for the same loci as in previous studies, but from different species accessions and greater sampling in many cases than in published analyses. The network tree summarised the majority data pattern in the characters of plastid sequences before tree building, which largely confirmed the currently recognised phylogenetic relationships. Most conflicting signals are at the base of each group along the Asparagales backbone, which helps us to establish the expectancy and advance our understanding of some difficult taxa relationships and their phylogeny. -
Determining Methods of Propagation for the Investigation of Intraspecific Ariabilityv of Climate Change Responses of Appalachian Plant Species
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Scholar Student Research, Creative Works, and Honors Theses Publications 5-2016 Determining methods of propagation for the investigation of intraspecific ariabilityv of climate change responses of Appalachian plant species Gayle L. Tyree University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/honors-theses Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Tyree, Gayle L., "Determining methods of propagation for the investigation of intraspecific ariabilityv of climate change responses of Appalachian plant species" (2016). Honors Theses. This Theses is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research, Creative Works, and Publications at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Subdiscipline Symbiosis 1 Chapter 2: Carex aestivalis I. Identification 9 II. Propagation 13 III. Plant Care 15 IV. Issues and Complications 15 Chapter 3: Maianthemum canadense I. Identification 16 II. Propagation 19 III. Plant Care 22 IV. Issues and Complications 23 Chapter 4: Solidago caesia I. Identification 24 II. Propagation 27 III. Plant Care 29 IV. Issues and Complications 29 Chapter 5: Propagation Information for Manuscript Methods Sections 31 Report Bibliography 33 Appendices A. General Horticultural Information 43 B. Propagation Protocols 56 C. Treatment Options for Pests and Diseases 65 D. Dichotomous Key for Carex Section Hymenochaenae 70 E. Maianthemum spp. Temperature Chart 74 F. Prunus pensylvanica 75 G. Rhododendron periclymenoides 83 H. Glossary of Botanical Terms 90 Appendices Bibliography 93 Subdiscipline Symbiosis: Supporting climate change research by bridging a gap between ecology, taxonomy, and horticulture.