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The Works of William Hewson, F. R. S., with an Introduction and Notes

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The Works of William Hewson, F. R. S., with an Introduction and Notes t <13 I PART II. CRITICAL ANALYSIS. Art. I.- -The Works of William Hewson, F. R. S., with an Introduction and Notes. By George Gulliver, F. K. S., Surgeon to the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards. London, 1846. 8vo. Pp. 360. Printed for the Sydenham Society. In the summer of 1741, a young Scot, at the age of 23, from the parish of Kilbride, in the Middleward of Clydesdale, went to London with the intention of finishing, in the schools of the me- tropolis, his education as a medical and midwifery practitioner. At that time, Scotland was poor, with little commerce, very imperfect agriculture, and no manufactures deserving the name; while so- ciety was in an unsettled and precarious state, partly in conse- quence of the effects of the Union not yet having been fully de- veloped, partly in consequence of the great body of the older aristocracy being rather attached to the Stewart family, and from ignorance and prejudice little disposed to look with confidence or cordiality to the Hanoverian succession. At this time, the po- pulation of Lanark, the county town, did not exceed 2000,* while that of Glasgow, the trading capital of the county, and the largest in Scotland, was only a little above 17,000.-f* Four years previously, the violence of an Edinburgh mob had proved most unequivocally the weakness and inefficiency of the municipal authorities, in setting law at defiance and taking the administra- tion of the laws into their own hands; and four years after this period, the rebellion in favour of the Stewart family had shown how unable the existing government was to protect both of these towns, and save them from the severities and exactions of an irregular, but enthusiastic and ferocious military force. In such a state of society, property was not only insecure but of little value. Neither commercial nor agricultural enterprise could be said to exist; and it was not till several years after 1745 that adventure and industry of different kinds met with any encourage.- * 2294, according to Dr Webster's census in 1755. + 17,034 in 1740. VOL. LXIX. NO. 175. F f 414 William Hunter and his School of Anatomy. ment, Among other inconveniences, no means almost of very efficient medical instruction existed in Scotland; and there were not many who could avail themselves of the means which did exist. The medical school of Edinburgh was only in its infancy ; and the Royal Infirmary of that city, which has formed so essen- tial a part of that school, was not yet completed. The following picture of anatomical teaching, as it was carried on in Edinburgh in 1740, is given by William Hunter more than twenty years afterwards. " In the course of my own studies, I attended as diligently as the generality of students do, one of the most respectable courses in Europe. There I learned a good deal by my ears, but almost nothing by my eyes; and therefore hardly anything to the pur- pose. The defect was, that the professor was obliged to demon- strate all the parts of the body, except the bones, nerves, and vessels, upon one dead body. There was a foetus for the nerves and blood-vessels; and the operations of surgery were explained, to very little purpose indeed, upon a dog."* This delineation is referred to by Mr Drewry Ottley, in the life of John Hunter, as applicable to London. This, however, is not the fact. It is the account of teaching anatomy by the first Monro, which, imperfect as it was, was the means of making many good physicians. London was in a very different position. Provided with seve- ral well-endowed hospitals, some of which had existed for two centuries and a half, the capital naturally and conveniently fur- nished the means of medical education on a much more extended scale, and in a more efficient form. Yet, even in that large and constantly-increasing community, the means which were provided were not yet turned to the most profitable account. Cheselden had previously read lectures on anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital from 1710 to 1730, after which he appears to have left this duty to be performed by Samuel Sharpe. At St George's Hospital, Dr Frank Nicholls, Fellow of the College of Physicians, who had devoted considerable attention to anatomy and physiology, was teaching that subject, and occasionally surgery, by lectures and demonstrations, it is said, with considerable reputation. Lec- tures of this description were then the sole means afforded to the student of acquiring information in the elements of medicine and surgery. The lecturer on anatomy gave short, cursory, and not very perfect demonstrations of the most important parts of the human body. He subjoined a few physiological observations and inferences of the most obvious and superficial character; and a few remarks on the most important surgical operations, as tre- * Two Introductory Lectures delivered by Dr William Hunter to his last course of Anatomical Lectures, at his Theatre in Windmill Street, &c. London, 1784. 4to, p. 88. The Works of William Hew son. 415 panning the skull, lithotomy, cataract, and amputation, delivered as opportunity suggested, completed the course, and prepared the nascent physician and surgeon for undertaking the responsible duties of his profession. If we judge from the published writings of the day, as the systems of James Keill, Dr James Drake, Che- selden, and others less known, we shall not form a very exalted estimate of the character of the instruction then given'. No dis- tinction was drawn between anatomy and physiology, which were mingled together in a manner something of the oddest; while anatomy itself was taught almost solely in subservience to surgery, or rather to mere surgical operations, especially the great opera- tions of trepanning the skull, cutting into the bladder, and lopping off the extremities in the most expeditious manner. Surgical pathology was not yet in existence, and, indeed, was the offspring of the subsequent century, at the distance of nearly three gene- rations of living men. The knowledge of the nature and causes of aneurism was meagre and imperfect, no one having written anything intelligible on the subject except Freind, several of whose doctrines were controverted by the lecturer at St George's Hospital, the same Frank Nicholls, whom we have mentioned. Of knowledge of hernia or its anatomical causes, there was none. Everything, in short, relating to the means of studying anatomy, physiology, and pathology, whether medical or surgical, was in the most meagre and rudimentary condition. Yet was this the sys- tem according to which, with a few months1 desultory attendance at one of the hospitals, at that time physicians and surgeons were qualified to enter on the duties of their respective professions. William Hunter, for he was the young adventurer from Lan- arkshire, on his arrival in London, took up his abode with William Smellie, a native of Lesmahago, in the upper ward of the same county, who had not long before come up from the town of Lan- ark to London, and who was at that time exercising the trade of an apothecary and man-midwife at Pall Mall. Smellie was not yet the great and noted man he afterwards became.* But as a * In Dr Thomson's Life of Cullen, it is stated that Mr William Smellie car- ried on in the town of Lanark the mixed occupations of cloth-merchant and prac- titioner in midwifery. This is extremely probable. For not only was the divi- sion of labour in Scottish towns at that time imperfect, but it was scarcely pos- sible for the individual to subsist on one occupation, in consequence of the poverty of the country, and the low rates at which the services of medical practitioners were remunerated, or often not remunerated at all. Smellie is said to have been awkward and unpleasing in manner ; and hence not to have risen to the elevation which he might otherwise have attained. He had been nineteen years in Lanark to his appearance in London. Smellie was nevertheless an intelligent previous " man, eager for information, and read much ; and. as Dr Thomson remarks, it is agreeable to perceive the laudable pains he was taking, in the obscure situation in which he was placed, to enlarge his general knowledge of medicine, and qualify himself to fill that station in society to which the conscious possession of talent prompted him to aspire." ? 410 William Hunter and his School of Anatomy. countryman, from the same county, and a friend of Cullen, his reception of Hunter was most serviceable to the latter. Still more momentous was another circumstance. Hunter possessed from Foulis, the printer, at Glasgow, a letter to I)r James Douglas, known at that time as an excellent accoucheur, a zealous anatomist, and the friend of Cheselden ; and this introduction, which enabted Dr Douglas to recognize in the young Scot the elements of genius and that sort of energetic mind which forms a good anatomist, procured Hunter at once a protector and useful friend. Dr Douglas having satisfied himself, on the second inter- view, of the capacity of William Hunter, invited him into his family, in order to assist in his dissections and to superintend the education of his son. This kind offer Mr Hunter, after con- sulting his father, and his former instructor William Cullen, accepted. Little doubt can be entertained, that this introduction to Dr Douglas was the foundation-stone, as it were, of the fortunes of William Hunter, and was an event pregnant with the most im- portant consequences in the history of Anatomy and Anatomical Teaching in London.
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