(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0189384 A1 Penny Et Al

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0189384 A1 Penny Et Al US 201701. 89384A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0189384 A1 Penny et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 6, 2017 (54) REVERSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION (60) Provisional application No. 61/526,574, filed on Aug. BY INHIBITING RETNOIC ACID 23, 2011. METABOLISM Publication Classification (71) Applicant: THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNOR (51) Int. Cl. UNIVERSITY, STANFORD, CA (US) A6II 3/428 (2006.01) A6IR 9/00 (2006.01) (72) Inventors: Hweixian Leong Penny, Singapore A63L/484 (2006.01) (SG); Edgar George Engleman, (52) U.S. Cl. Atherton, CA (US); Nupur CPC ........ A6 IK3I/428 (2013.01); A61K 31/4184 Bhattacharya, Palo Alto, CA (US) (2013.01); A61K 9/0053 (2013.01) (21) Appl. No.: 15/464,010 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Mar. 20, 2017 An agent that increases local concentration of retinoic acid (RA) in the intestine through modifying enzymatic pathways Related U.S. Application Data involved in RA metabolism is administered in a dose effec (63) Continuation of application No. 14/962.782, filed on tive to inhibit or reverse production of inflammatory media Dec. 8, 2015, now Pat. No. 9,623,013, which is a tors by intestinal dendritic cells and thereby reduce intestinal continuation of application No. 13/592,180, filed on inflammation and tumor growth associated with intestinal Aug. 22, 2012, now Pat. No. 9.248,120. inflammation. Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 1 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Sigure : Figure C Figure 3. A Figure i8 8 Af -- W ApcMira' ApCyli?t -or CC: CO3 gure D SP. N. m S : & 3. : c Sl-246 a; Figure E Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 3 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Figure 3A figure 3B Rida Raid fai s s & g k 0.000 1.0 s 2. 2. 0.0005 8.5 s 5: 0.000 s'w *SS *S. s'* k s * s'* 0.0.s' s . Sir . S. S. BC sal C Epithelia: Ce:s Reich fa2 Raidia2 s is 0.08 ; : s: s s as2 y g S S. s 0.02 ags. S$ s -SY - 3. S-P sp: C. Epiteia: cells Raiff as Raidi fa3 .334 is 63 c : 3 3. 0.00 0.2 4. 4. a 0.4 0.80; s s f so - S- S- * S. s S- f s s'8s s r & - s e & s S S-3 spi C Epithetia ceils t Cibot Figure 3C .4 Cibp1 s (028 5 8 (.830 a 0.63 s sx g O. 6. g 0.02 0830 S. is {005 : good R- o,00- St S. s k S. s 3. s a. 3. S. 8. s s NXs S & S SC spidC Epiheia ces Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 4 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Normal Colon FAR Pt FAP p2 Figure kA a Figure 4:3 Figure 4E. Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 5 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Figure 5A Figure 5. % Body Wt A over time Survival curves --a 1. ...; is 50 - S 3G •"; : 60 | &. 40 g 4 o is go 3. s O r { 8 2 3 4 5 - ? 8 S 22 22 3. weeks S -38 Figare 5C Figure 5: 8. hieratocrit over tire 5 A cover tire -- X & 3. is 33 3. -8 35 & ARS - Base 350 - x A2C8* - &osigliazone 30 S.ar 3 :x AC*.A Wita&etees: deficist i:33: *: ":- Wy - EaseKosigitazo,8 O 8 :* - Ciscox:8. O *X: i -- y - $8,388 858 to 1; 13 is a 5 is 17 is 1920.23%weeks: is gig weeks Figure 58 Figure 5 % Boey it & over time seaso over tire Figure 56 Agye inse afaese arosexie a i.arcised: 4 3. s 30 e 40 g s e; Or 10 1 2 --- 3 4. 8 -3 *:: Week s: 8 x8:3-M, s “x. f : 8 S ; ; 2 3 4: 15 S-23 “x. i sisteks as &:-----& :: S-888: 88s. 3 -3 re-reelerate &: 888,828 Polyp count 028 9 to 1 12 3 4 5 &-40 liarzai 25 Figure 5: eas Figure 5- Xy Wa Retiroic acid {} . as 2. 8 i &:*:8:3& 8 * 8.* É 15 8::::::::::s d 60is x- ss ... 40 i. 8."t : . 2. & O 2. & K & 2 SS. &; y: 3' o see yes s& S$ & -S $*sy Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 6 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Figure 6 Proposed Model widtype-steady-state APC - Adenoma progression 8 Rierarce Chronic infantation Sinai intestine Polyp. lumen : E888 Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 7 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 s Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 8 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Figure 8A Figure 8B SP mN/PP S-P 2OOM uM 5uM WT S-LPDC : eyo : C X o: l APCMin'+ S-LPDC CFSE --------> & CFSE OOM ISO MSCR 10M SC CD4+ sorted CD25 Agdose Day 0 CFSE-labeled W S-POC APCMini+ S-LPDC CFSE Figure 8C Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 9 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 Figure 9A Figure 98 AC 2. Af s wf 3. 4.5 AFC* 3.aa . & s a. 8 g a. : 3. 8.5 . s , s * &s is 3. s S& s S. s s Eithetia ceilis 3. SC . - if (8 S. i S. yar 2: Exck: AR- 8 A:s & 604 S: g 0.92 s: s & . ne s S.& * s s S- C spx 3C ::iteia: ce:s Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 10 of 16 US 2017/0189384 A1 Figure (A Figure 38 Retiny Esters Retic SE 2. g s aa l :- s:: Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 11 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 ??eun61-) Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 12 of 16 US 2017/0189384 A1 Figure 12 % Body Wt A over time 83 S3 <- W - Base 8 <- W - Rosiglitazone 8- W - Celecoxii. 33 x W - Wit A deficient . -23 3. Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 13 of 16 US 2017/0189384 A1 Figure 13 Cox2 O.2O O. 5 O. 10 O.05 Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 14 of 16 US 2017/O189384 A1 88: igire 4C gue 48 Figure 4D ? Sisks 8 3. 8.3:...: 3 & figure 4E W + Liarozole CD4 Figure E4F Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 15 of 16 US 2017/0189384 A1 Figure 15 & Patent Application Publication Jul. 6, 2017. Sheet 16 of 16 US 2017/0189384 A1 US 2017/O 189384 A1 Jul. 6, 2017 REVERSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION differentiation. In addition to its ability to support the BY INHIBITING RETNOIC ACID development of T17 cells, IL-23 induces the secretion of METABOLISM IL-17 by non-T-cells in an inflammatory environment, and both T cells and monocytes serve as sources of increased CROSS REFERENCE expression in the mucosa of IBD patients. 0001. This application claims benefit and is a Continua 0007 An understanding and manipulation of inflamma tion of application Ser. No. 14/962,782 filed Dec. 8, 2015, tory cells in the gut is of great interest. The present invention which claims the benefit and is a Continuation of application addresses this issue. Ser. No. 13/592,180, filed Aug. 22, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,248,120, issued Feb. 2, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Provisional Patent Application No. 61/526,574, filed Aug. 0008 Methods are provided for reducing intestinal 23, 2011, which applications are incorporated herein by inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation, and tumor reference in their entirety. growth precipitated by intestinal inflammation. In the meth ods of the invention, an effective dose of an agent is FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND provided to the individual, where the agent increases local DEVELOPMENT concentration of retinoic acid (RA) in the intestine through 0002 This invention was made with Government support modifying enzymatic pathways involved in RA metabolism. under contract CA141468 awarded by the National Institutes 0009. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of CYP26A1 is of Health. The Government has certain rights in the inven administered in a dose effective form to neutralize a pre tion. existing inflammatory environment, prevent the develop ment of inflammation, or maintain the tolerogenic functions BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION of intestinal dendritic cells that maintain intestinal tolerance by inducing Treg formation. Alternatively, an agent that 0003 Pathological inflammation is emerging as an under increases activity of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase or retinol lying mechanism for numerous diseases. For example, the dehydrogenase may be administered in a dose effective to major forms of idiopathic IBD, ulcerative colitis and neutralize or prevent inflammation in the intestine. The Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory disorders of the appropriate dose may be determined by evaluating the effect gastrointestinal tract. Animal studies have shown that of the agent on functions of intestinal dendritic cells, for chronic intestinal inflammation precipitates as well as propa example by monitoring synthesis of cytokines such as IL-23 gates tumor growth. and IL-17, or by overall analysis of intestinal inflammation. 0004. A number of sentinel cell populations in the intes The methods of the invention exclude administration of tinal mucosa continuously monitor luminal microbes and retinoic acid directly. other antigens. Among the Subsets of antigen-presenting 0010 Dendritic cells are shown to be reprogrammed due cells, myeloid-derived dendritic cells are a dominant sub to local loss of the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), type in the intestinal lamina propria and show considerable which occurs as a result of insufficient retinaldehyde dehy functional plasticity depending on the location, state of drogenase and an overabundance of the transcriptional co maturation, and stage of inflammation.
Recommended publications
  • Detailed Review Paper on Retinoid Pathway Signalling
    1 1 Detailed Review Paper on Retinoid Pathway Signalling 2 December 2020 3 2 4 Foreword 5 1. Project 4.97 to develop a Detailed Review Paper (DRP) on the Retinoid System 6 was added to the Test Guidelines Programme work plan in 2015. The project was 7 originally proposed by Sweden and the European Commission later joined the project as 8 a co-lead. In 2019, the OECD Secretariat was added to coordinate input from expert 9 consultants. The initial objectives of the project were to: 10 draft a review of the biology of retinoid signalling pathway, 11 describe retinoid-mediated effects on various organ systems, 12 identify relevant retinoid in vitro and ex vivo assays that measure mechanistic 13 effects of chemicals for development, and 14 Identify in vivo endpoints that could be added to existing test guidelines to 15 identify chemical effects on retinoid pathway signalling. 16 2. This DRP is intended to expand the recommendations for the retinoid pathway 17 included in the OECD Detailed Review Paper on the State of the Science on Novel In 18 vitro and In vivo Screening and Testing Methods and Endpoints for Evaluating 19 Endocrine Disruptors (DRP No 178). The retinoid signalling pathway was one of seven 20 endocrine pathways considered to be susceptible to environmental endocrine disruption 21 and for which relevant endpoints could be measured in new or existing OECD Test 22 Guidelines for evaluating endocrine disruption. Due to the complexity of retinoid 23 signalling across multiple organ systems, this effort was foreseen as a multi-step process.
    [Show full text]
  • © Copyright 2018 Faith M. Stevison
    © Copyright 2018 Faith M. Stevison In Vitro to In Vivo Translation of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Retinoic Acid Faith M. Stevison A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Nina Isoherranen, Chair Kenneth E. Thummel Yvonne S. Lin Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Pharmaceutics University of Washington Abstract In Vitro to In Vivo Translation of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Retinoic Acid Faith M. Stevison Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor and Vice Chair, Nina Isoherranen Pharmaceutics all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a ligand for several nuclear receptors and acts as a critical regulator of many physiological processes. The cytochrome P450 26 (CYP26) enzymes are responsible for atRA clearance and are potential drug targets to increase concentrations of endogenous atRA in a tissue-specific manner. The first project of this thesis aimed to establish the relationship between CYP26 inhibition, by the potent CYP26A1 and B1 inhibitor talarozole, and altered atRA concentrations in tissues, and to quantify the increase in endogenous atRA concentrations necessary to alter atRA signaling in target organs. The second part of this thesis focused on evaluating exogenous atRA and retinoid dosing on gene regulation. Several in vitro and preclinical studies have suggested that atRA down-regulates CYP2D6 expression and activity. Both atRA and its stereoisomer 13-cis retinoic acid (13cisRA) are used clinically, and steady state exposures of atRA are similar after dosing with atRA or 13cisRA. The second aim of this thesis was to determine whether 13-cis retinoic acid (13cisRA) or its active metabolites, atRA and 4-oxo-13cisRA, cause a drug-drug interaction (DDI) with CYP2D6, decreasing the clearance of the CYP2D6 probe dextromethorphan.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Foti to Cite This Version
    Characterization of xenobiotic substrates and inhibitors of CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 using computational modeling and in vitro analyses Robert Foti To cite this version: Robert Foti. Characterization of xenobiotic substrates and inhibitors of CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 using computational modeling and in vitro analyses. Agricultural sciences. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2016. English. NNT : 2016NICE4033. tel-01376678 HAL Id: tel-01376678 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01376678 Submitted on 5 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Thèse pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Spécialité : Interactions Moléculaires et Cellulaires Ecole Doctorale : Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (SVS) Caractérisation des substrats xénobiotiques et des inhibiteurs des cytochromes CYP26A1, CYP26B1 et CYP26C1 par modélisation moléculaire et études in vitro présentée et soutenue publiquement par Robert S. Foti Le 4 Juillet 2016 Membres du jury Dr. Danièle Werck-Reichhart Rapporteur Dr. Philippe Roche Rapporteur Pr. Serge Antonczak Examinateur Dr. Philippe Breton Examinateur Pr. Philippe Diaz Examinateur Dr. Dominique Douguet Directrice de thèse 1 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring Retinoic Acid Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in APC Min/+ Mice
    Published OnlineFirst September 16, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-15-0038 Research Article Cancer Immunology Research Restoring Retinoic Acid Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in APCMin/þ Mice Hweixian Leong Penny1, Tyler R. Prestwood1, Nupur Bhattacharya1, Fionna Sun1, Justin A. Kenkel1, Matthew G. Davidson1, Lei Shen1, Luis A. Zuniga2, E. Scott Seeley1, Reetesh Pai3, Okmi Choi1, Lorna Tolentino1, Jinshan Wang4, Joseph L. Napoli4, and Edgar G. Engleman1 Abstract Chronic intestinal inflammation accompanies familial adeno- exhibited further reductions in intestinal RA with concomitant matous polyposis (FAP) and is a major risk factor for colorectal increases in inflammation and tumor burden. Conversely, resto- cancer in patients with this disease, but the cause of such inflam- ration of RA by pharmacologic blockade of the RA-catabolizing mation is unknown. Because retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role enzyme CYP26A1 attenuated inflammation and diminished in maintaining immune homeostasis in the intestine, we hypoth- tumor burden. To investigate the effect of RA deficiency on the esized that altered RA metabolism contributes to inflammation gut immune system, we studied lamina propria dendritic cells and tumorigenesis in FAP. To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed (LPDC) because these cells play a central role in promoting þ RA metabolism in the intestines of patients with FAP as well as tolerance. APCMin/ LPDCs preferentially induced Th17 cells, but þ APCMin/ mice, a model that recapitulates FAP in most respects. reverted to inducing Tregs following restoration of intestinal RA We also investigated the impact of intestinal RA repletion and in vivo or direct treatment of LPDCs with RA in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Datasheet Inhibitors / Agonists / Screening Libraries a DRUG SCREENING EXPERT
    Datasheet Inhibitors / Agonists / Screening Libraries A DRUG SCREENING EXPERT Product Name : Talarozole R enantiomer Catalog Number : T13422L CAS Number : 870093-23-5 Molecular Formula : C21H23N5S Molecular Weight : 377.51 Description: Talarozole R enantiomer is a potent and selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 26-mediated breakdown of endogenous all-trans retinoic acid. Storage: 2 years -80°C in solvent; 3 years -20°C powder; DMSO 51 mg/mL (135.10 mM) Solubility ( < 1 mg/ml refers to the product slightly soluble or insoluble ) Receptor (IC50) Others In vitro Activity Talarozole R enantiomer treatment increased the mRNA expression of CRABP2, KRT4, CYP26A1, and CYP26B1 dose- dependently, and decreased the expression of KRT2 and IL-1alpha compared with vehicle-treated skin. No mRNA change in retinol-metabolizing enzymes was obtained. There was no induction of epidermal thickness or overt skin inflammation in talarozole-treated skin. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the upregulation of KRT4 protein, but no upregulation of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 expression was detected [1] [2]. In vivo Activity Talarozole R enantiomer slightly diffused into the skin only when dissolved in propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate, or ethanol. Although only 0.1% of the dose applied was found in the skin itself after 12-24 h, this was sufficient to achieve local concentrations well above the half-maximal inhibitory concentration value for talarozole. The distribution of talarozole within the skin was investigated: 80% was located in the epidermis, while the remaining 20% was found in the dermis [3]. Reference 1. Pavez Loriè E, Cools M, Borgers M, Topical treatment with CYP26 inhibitor talarozole (R115866) dose dependently alters the expression of retinoid-regulated genes in normal human epidermis.
    [Show full text]
  • Atra) Hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 Results in Dynamic, Tissue-Specific Changes in Endogenous Atra Signaling
    1521-009X/45/7/846–854$25.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.075341 DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION Drug Metab Dispos 45:846–854, July 2017 Copyright ª 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Inhibition of the all-trans Retinoic Acid (atRA) Hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 Results in Dynamic, Tissue-Specific Changes in Endogenous atRA Signaling Faith Stevison, Cathryn Hogarth, Sasmita Tripathy, Travis Kent, and Nina Isoherranen Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (F.S., S.T., N.I.); and School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.H., T.K.) Received February 1, 2017; accepted April 18, 2017 ABSTRACT All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a atRA concentrations in tissues. Following a single 2.5-mg/kg dose of Downloaded from ligand for several nuclear receptors and acts as a critical regulator of talarozole to mice, atRA concentrations increased up to 5.7-, 2.7-, and many physiologic processes. The cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) 2.5-fold in serum, liver, and testis, respectively, resulting in induction enzymes are responsible for atRA clearance, and are potential drug of Cyp26a1 in the liver and testis and Rar b and Pgc 1b in liver. The targets to increase concentrations of endogenous atRA in a tissue- increase in atRA concentrations was well predicted from talarozole specific manner. Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of CYP26A1 and pharmacokinetics and in vitro data of CYP26 inhibition. After multiple CYP26B1, and has shown some success in clinical trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Stembook 2018.Pdf
    The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytochrome P450 Cyps
    Cytochrome P450 CYPs Cytochrome p450 comprises a superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins named for the spectral absorbance peak of their carbon-monoxide-bound species at 450 nm. Having been found in every class of organism, including Archaea, the p450 superfamily is believed to have originated from an ancestral gene that existed over 3 billion years ago. Repeated gene duplications have subsequently given rise to one of the largest of multigene families. These enzymes are notable both for the diversity of reactions that they catalyze and the range of chemically dissimilar substrates upon which they act. Cytochrome p450s support the oxidative, peroxidative and reductive metabolism of such endogenous and xenobiotic substrates as environmental pollutants, agrochemicals, plant allelochemicals, steroids, prostaglandins and fatty acids. In humans, Cytochrome p450s are best known for their central role in phase I drug metabolism where they are of critical importance to two of the most significant problems in clinical pharmacology: drug interactions and interindividual variability in drug metabolism. www.MedChemExpress.com 1 Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors, Activators & Modulators (+)-Ketoconazole (3S,5S)-Atorvastatin ((+)-Ketoconazol; (+)-R 41400) Cat. No.: HY-B0105A Cat. No.: HY-B0589C (+)-Ketoconazole ((+)-R 41400) is an imidazole (3S,5S)-Atorvastatin is a inactive enantiomer of anti-fungal agent, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Atorvastatin. (3S,5S)-Atorvastatin can activate pregnane X receptor (PXR). Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Purity: 99.51% Purity: ≥95.0% Clinical Data: Launched Clinical Data: No Development Reported Size: 10 mM × 1 mL, 10 mg, 50 mg Size: 10 mM × 1 mL, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg (Rac)-Brassinazole 1-Aminobenzotriazole Cat.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytochrome P450 Cyps
    Cytochrome P450 CYPs Cytochrome p450 comprises a superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins named for the spectral absorbance peak of their carbon-monoxide-bound species at 450 nm. Having been found in every class of organism, including Archaea, the p450 superfamily is believed to have originated from an ancestral gene that existed over 3 billion years ago. Repeated gene duplications have subsequently given rise to one of the largest of multigene families. These enzymes are notable both for the diversity of reactions that they catalyze and the range of chemically dissimilar substrates upon which they act. Cytochrome p450s support the oxidative, peroxidative and reductive metabolism of such endogenous and xenobiotic substrates as environmental pollutants, agrochemicals, plant allelochemicals, steroids, prostaglandins and fatty acids. In humans, Cytochrome p450s are best known for their central role in phase I drug metabolism where they are of critical importance to two of the most significant problems in clinical pharmacology: drug interactions and interindividual variability in drug metabolism. www.MedChemExpress.com 1 Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors & Modulators (+)-Ketoconazole (-)-Cephaeline dihydrochloride Cat. No.: HY-B0105A (NSC 32944) Cat. No.: HY-N2260 Bioactivity: (+)-Ketoconazole is an imidazole anti-fungal agent, a CYP3A4 Bioactivity: (-)-Cephaeline dihydrochloride is an enantiomer of Cephaeline inhibitor. Target: CYP3A4 (+)-Ketoconazole, an imidazole dihydrochloride. Cephaeline dihydrochloride is a selective anti-fungal agent, has often produced features of androgen CYP2D6 inhibtor with IC50 of 121 μM. deficiency including decreased libido, gynecomastia, impotence, oligospermia, and decreased testosterone levels, in… Purity: 99.51% Purity: >98% Clinical Data: Launched Clinical Data: No Development Reported Size: 10mM x 1mL in DMSO, Size: 2 mg, 5 mg 10 mg, 50 mg 1-Aminobenzotriazole 1-Ethynylnaphthalene (ABT; 3-Aminobenzotriazole) Cat.
    [Show full text]
  • Alterations in Endogenous Retinoids with Acute UVB Exposure and in the Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
    Alterations in Endogenous Retinoids with Acute UVB Exposure and in the Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Katherine Gressel Graduate Program in Human Nutrition The Ohio State University 2015 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Helen Everts, Advisor Dr. Earl Harrison Dr. Tatiana Oberyszyn Copyrighted by Katherine Gressel 2015 Abstract Exposure to UVB light is the largest risk factor for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), one of the most common cancers in the United States. UVB exposure causes many changes to occur in the skin such as epidermal thickening, hyperproliferation, and alterations to epidermal differentiation. Retinoids regulate the differentiation and proliferation of the epidermis. The purpose of this study is to examine how the expression of retinoid metabolism proteins in the epidermis is altered with acute UVB exposure and in the progression of cSCC. There is limited knowledge of how UVB exposure may affect this pathway; our results will allow us to gain a more complete understanding of changes in the entire retinoid metabolism pathway. We examined the expression of key retinoic acid metabolism proteins in the epidermis and hair follicle remnants 48 hours after UVB exposure in SKH-1 mice using immunohistochemistry. UVB exposure increased the expression of retinoid synthesis, degradation, and binding proteins. These changes in expression suggest that acute UVB exposure increases the synthesis of retinoic acid in the epidermis. Many of these proteins changed their localization in the epidermis, concentrating in the more differentiated cells of the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.
    [Show full text]
  • Improved Homology Model of the Human All-Trans Retinoic Acid Metabolizing Enzyme CYP26A1
    molecules Article Improved Homology Model of the Human all-trans Retinoic Acid Metabolizing Enzyme CYP26A1 Mohamed K. A. Awadalla 1, Thamir M. Alshammari 2, Leif A. Eriksson 3,* and Patricia Saenz-Méndez 4 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P. O. Box 2440, 81451 Hail, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P. O. Box 2440, 81451 Hail, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden 4 Computational Chemistry and Biology Group, Facultad de Química, UdelaR, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-031-786-9117 Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 17 February 2016 ; Accepted: 9 March 2016 ; Published: 15 March 2016 Abstract: A new CYP26A1 homology model was built based on the crystal structure of cyanobacterial CYP120A1. The model quality was examined for stereochemical accuracy, folding reliability, and absolute quality using a variety of different bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the docking capabilities of the model were assessed by docking of the natural substrate all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), and a group of known azole- and tetralone-based CYP26A1 inhibitors. The preferred binding pose of atRA suggests the (4S)-OH-atRA metabolite production, in agreement with recently available experimental data. The distances between the ligands and the heme group iron of the enzyme are in agreement with corresponding distances obtained for substrates and azole inhibitors for other cytochrome systems. The calculated theoretical binding energies agree with recently reported experimental data and show that the model is capable of discriminating between natural substrate, strong inhibitors (R116010 and R115866), and weak inhibitors (liarozole, fluconazole, tetralone derivatives).
    [Show full text]
  • ( 12 ) United States Patent
    US009963439B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,963 , 439 B2 Diaz et al. ( 45 ) Date of Patent: May 8 , 2018 ( 54 ) SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF CYTOCHROME FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS P450 26 RETINOIC ACID HYDROXYLASE CN 102503857 6 / 2012 (71 ) Applicants : University of Washington Through its EP 0722928 A1 7 /1996 Center for Commercialization , Seattle, (Continued ) WA (US ) ; UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA , Missoula , MT (US ) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (72 ) Inventors : Philippe Diaz , Missoula , MT (US ); Ohta (Biorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters ; 23 , 2013 , 81 -84 ; Nina Isoherranen , Seattle , WA (US ) ; available online Nov. 15 , 2012 ). * Brian Buttrick , Seattle , WA (US ) ; (Continued ) Nicolas Guilloteau , Missoula , MT ( US ) Primary Examiner — Pancham Bakshi ( 73 ) Assignees: University of Washington Through Its (74 ) Attorney , Agent, or Firm — McDonnell Boehnen Center For Commercialization , Hulbert & Berghoff LLP Seattle , WA (US ) ; University of ( 57 ) ABSTRACT Montana , Missoula , MT (US ) The present disclosure is generally directed to compositions ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this and methods for treating diseases that are ameliorated by the inhibition ofCYP26 mediated retinoic acid metabolism . The patent is extended or adjusted under 35 compositions comprise compounds of formula ( I ) . A rep U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 0 days . days . reid50000060307390 IB /345 nullsents aryl optionally sub stituted with one , two, three , or four groups that are each ( 21) Appl . No. : 14 /912 , 479 independently halogen , cyano , nitro , C1- 6 alkyl , C1- 6 haloalkyl, - NH2, — NH ( C . - C . alkyl) , - N ( C / - C alkyl) 2 , (22 ) PCT Filed : Aug. 20 , 2014 OH , C , - Cô alkoxy , and C . - C6 haloalkoxy ; X is a bond , CH , CHR — - C = CHR NR4 — , ( 86 ) PCT No.
    [Show full text]