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Mississippi Mosquito Blood Meals and Haemosporidians

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Mississippi Mosquito Blood Meals and Haemosporidians Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2019 Mississippi Mosquito Blood Meals and Haemosporidians Jessica Aycock Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Aycock, Jessica, "Mississippi Mosquito Blood Meals and Haemosporidians" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 3112. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/3112 This Graduate Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Template C v3.0 (beta): Created by J. Nail 06/2015 Mississippi mosquito blood meals and haemosporidians By TITLE PAGE Jessica Aycock A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences in the Department of Biological Sciences Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2019 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Jessica Aycock 2019 Mississippi mosquito blood meals and haemosporidians By APPROVAL PAGE Jessica Aycock Approved: ____________________________________ Diana C. Outlaw (Major Professor) ____________________________________ Jerome Goddard (Minor Professor) ____________________________________ Andrea S. Varela-Stokes (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Brandon Barton (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Mark E. Welch (Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ Rick Travis Dean College of Arts & Sciences Name: Jessica Aycock ABSTRACT Date of Degree: May 3, 2019 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Biological Sciences Major Professor: Diana C. Outlaw Title of Study: Mississippi mosquito blood meals and haemosporidians Pages in Study 46 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Mosquitoes (Culicidae) transmit several parasites and pathogens including the causative agent of malaria, haemosporidians (Haemosporida). Transmission of these agents to and from the mosquito occurs during the collection of a blood meal. Because of this, it is imperative to gather data on current feeding patterns of mosquitoes. Prior to this study there were no published data on current feeding patterns of mosquitoes in Mississippi. Mosquitoes were captured with CDC light traps at eleven sites in two collection years. Engorged females were analyzed for blood meal content, and the vertebrate host was identified to species level in 72 mosquitoes. Previously published haemosporidian data were gathered to compare potential transmission of haemosporidians to and from the vertebrate and mosquito hosts identified in this study. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Amy Aycock and my fiancé, Matthew Ber. I would not have made it this far without either of them. Thank you for getting me through the tears, anxiety, and doubt during this work. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first acknowledge my major professor, Dr. Diana C. Outlaw. Without her expertise and guidance none of this would have been possible. I would also like to give a special acknowledgement to Dr. Jerome Goddard, my minor professor, committee member, and entomology mentor. If I can accomplish even half of what you have in the entomological field, I will be happy. I would like to also thank my other committee members, Dr. Andrea Varela-Stokes and Dr. Brandon Barton, for bearing through the many shifts and changes these past years. I would also like to acknowledge everyone who helped develop this project and the protocols within in it such David Larson, Joan Kenney, and Linda Kothera. I would like to give a special thank you to Haley Bodden for helping me through the toils of graduate school. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge Andrew Mahoney, Sarah Marshall, Elanie Briggs, Skyla Chanel, and Tate Johnson for their assistance in this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Mosquitoes ................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Classification and Taxonomy ..............................................................1 1.1.2 Anatomy and Life Cycle .....................................................................2 1.1.3 Feeding and Vertebrate Hosts .............................................................4 1.1.4 Indirect and Direct Disease .................................................................6 1.2 Haemosporidians .......................................................................................7 1.2.1 History and Expansion ........................................................................7 1.2.2 Life Cycle ............................................................................................8 1.2.3 Vertebrate and Dipteran Hosts ............................................................9 1.2.4 Purpose of Research ..........................................................................11 II. METHODS ..........................................................................................................14 2.1 Survey Design .........................................................................................14 2.2 Mosquito Collection ................................................................................15 2.3 Mosquito Identification and Preparation .................................................15 2.4 Blood Meal Analysis ...............................................................................16 2.5 Statistical Methods ..................................................................................17 2.6 Haemosporidian Analysis and Review ....................................................18 III. RESULTS ............................................................................................................22 3.1 Engorged Mosquitoes Captured ..............................................................22 3.2 Blood Meal Identification ........................................................................23 3.3 Haemosporidian Analysis ........................................................................23 3.4 Statistical Analyses ..................................................................................24 iv IV. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................30 4.1 Mosquito Capture Rate Effect .................................................................30 4.2 Identified Vertebrate Hosts ......................................................................30 4.3 Feeding Patterns ......................................................................................31 4.4 Haemosporidian Analysis ........................................................................32 4.5 Limitations ...............................................................................................35 4.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................36 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 39 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Haemosporidian Dipteran and Vertebrate Hosts ............................................12 Table 3.1 Blood Meals by Collection Year ....................................................................25 Table 3.2 Blood-fed Mosquitoes by Collection Year .....................................................25 Table 3.3 Initial Blood Meal Matrix for the Correspondence Analysis .........................26 Table 3.4 Final Blood Meal Matrix for the Correspondence Analysis ..........................26 Table 3.5 Blood Meal Linear Mixed Model’s p-values .................................................27 Table 4.1 Haemosporidian Transmission within Vertebrates ........................................37 Table 4.2 Haemosporidian Transmission within Mosquitoes ........................................38 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 General Haemosporidian Life Cycle ..............................................................13 Figure 2.1 Map of Collection Sites ..................................................................................20 Figure 2.2 Sella Score ......................................................................................................21 Figure 3.1 Unimodal Distribution of Data .......................................................................28 Figure 3.2 Blood Meal Correspondence Analysis Biplot ................................................29 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Mosquitoes 1.1.1 Classification and Taxonomy Mosquitoes are dipterans belonging to the family Culicidae and are separated into three subfamilies: Toxorhynchitinae, Anophelinae, and Culicinae. This study will focus on the subfamilies
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