Prodynorphin Peptide Distribution in the Forebrain of the Syrian Hamster
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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 23, 2014 • 34(30):10041–10054 • 10041 Systems/Circuits Frontal Cortical and Subcortical Projections Provide a Basis for Segmenting the Cingulum Bundle: Implications for Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Disorders Sarah R. Heilbronner and Suzanne N. Haber Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 The cingulum bundle (CB) is one of the brain’s major white matter pathways, linking regions associated with executive function, decision-making, and emotion. Neuroimaging has revealed that abnormalities in particular locations within the CB are associated with specific psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. However, the fibers using each portion of the CB remain unknown. In this study, we used anatomical tract-tracing in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta)toexaminetheorganizationofspecificcingulate,noncingulatefrontal,andsubcorticalpathwaysthroughtheCB.Thegoalswere as follows: (1) to determine connections that use the CB, (2) to establish through which parts of the CB these fibers travel, and (3) to relate the CB fiber pathways to the portions of the CB identified in humans as neurosurgical targets for amelioration of psychiatric disorders. Results indicate that cingulate, noncingulate frontal, and subcortical fibers all travel through the CB to reach both cingulate and noncin- gulate targets. However, many brain regions send projections through only part, not all, of the CB. For example, amygdala fibers are not present in the caudal portion of the dorsal CB. These results allow segmentation of the CB into four unique zones. We identify the specific connections that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders and affected by neurosurgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation and cingulotomy. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
Connection Interfaces Between Neuronal Elements and Structures Inside Greater Limbic System
Rom J Leg Med [21] 137-148 [2013] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2013.137 © 2013 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine Connection interfaces between neuronal elements and structures inside greater limbic system. Evaluation in forensic psycho-affective pathology Gheorghe S. Dragoi1, Petru Razvan Melinte2, Liviu Radu3 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The authors achieved a macroanatomic analysis on the location and relations of neuronal structures and elements inside transitional mesocortex and archicortex in order to visualize the connection interfaces of greater limbic system. The analysis was performed on human encephalon using subsystems generally homologated by neuroanatomists: lobus limbicus, hippocampal formation, prefrontal cortex, lobus insularis and subcortical structures. Equally, they performed a research of the literature on the implication of connection interfaces from paralimbic, limbic and archicortex areas, into forensic psycho-affective ortology and pathology. The study draws the attention to time and space development of terminology and homologation of some new concepts bound to multifunctional subsystems such as: medial temporal lobe memory system, prefrontal cortex and limbic midbrain area. Key Words: greater limbic system, transitional mesocortex, archicortex euroanatomy registered remarkable progress (proneocortical or paralimbic zone and periarchicortical or by the diversity of morph-functional and limbic zone); hippocampal formation (with two regions: N anatomic-clinical -
Genscript Product Catalog 2013-2014 Genscript Product Catalog
GenScript Product Catalog 2013-2014 GenScript Product Catalog www.genscript.com GenScript USA Inc. 860 Centennial Ave. Piscataway, NJ 08854USA Tel: 1-732-885-9188 / 1-732-885-9688 Toll-Free Tel: 1-877-436-7274 Fax: 1-732-210-0262 / 1-732-885-5878 Email: [email protected] Nucleic Acid Purification and Analysis Business Development Tel: 1-732-317-5088 PCR PCR and Cloning Email: [email protected] Protein Analysis Antibodies 2013-2014 Peptides Welcome to GenScript GenScript USA Incorporation, founded in 2002, is a fast-growing biotechnology company and contract research organization (CRO) specialized in custom services and consumable products for academic and pharmaceutical research. Built on our assembly-line mode, one-stop solutions, continuous improvement, and stringent IP protection, GenScript provides a comprehensive portfolio of products and services at the most competitive prices in the industry to meet your research needs every day. Over the years, GenScript’s scientists have developed many innovative technologies that allow us to maintain our position at the cutting edge of biological and medical research while offering cost-effective solutions for customers to accelerate their research. Our advanced expertise includes proprietary technology for custom gene synthesis, OptimumGeneTM codon optimization technology, CloneEZ® seamless cloning technology, FlexPeptideTM technology for custom peptide synthesis, BacPowerTM technology for protein expression and purification, T-MaxTM adjuvant and advanced nanotechnology for custom antibody production, as well as our ONE-HOUR WesternTM detection system and eStain® protein staining system. GenScript offers a broad range of reagents, optimized kits, and system solutions to help you unravel the mysteries of biology. We also provide a comprehensive portfolio of customized services that include Bio-Reagent, Bio-Assay, Lead Optimization, and Antibody Drug Development which can be effectively integrated into your value chain and your operations. -
Opioid Receptorsreceptors
OPIOIDOPIOID RECEPTORSRECEPTORS defined or “classical” types of opioid receptor µ,dk and . Alistair Corbett, Sandy McKnight and Graeme Genes encoding for these receptors have been cloned.5, Henderson 6,7,8 More recently, cDNA encoding an “orphan” receptor Dr Alistair Corbett is Lecturer in the School of was identified which has a high degree of homology to Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow the “classical” opioid receptors; on structural grounds Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, this receptor is an opioid receptor and has been named Glasgow G4 0BA, UK. ORL (opioid receptor-like).9 As would be predicted from 1 Dr Sandy McKnight is Associate Director, Parke- their known abilities to couple through pertussis toxin- Davis Neuroscience Research Centre, sensitive G-proteins, all of the cloned opioid receptors Cambridge University Forvie Site, Robinson possess the same general structure of an extracellular Way, Cambridge CB2 2QB, UK. N-terminal region, seven transmembrane domains and Professor Graeme Henderson is Professor of intracellular C-terminal tail structure. There is Pharmacology and Head of Department, pharmacological evidence for subtypes of each Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical receptor and other types of novel, less well- Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, characterised opioid receptors,eliz , , , , have also been Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. postulated. Thes -receptor, however, is no longer regarded as an opioid receptor. Introduction Receptor Subtypes Preparations of the opium poppy papaver somniferum m-Receptor subtypes have been used for many hundreds of years to relieve The MOR-1 gene, encoding for one form of them - pain. In 1803, Sertürner isolated a crystalline sample of receptor, shows approximately 50-70% homology to the main constituent alkaloid, morphine, which was later shown to be almost entirely responsible for the the genes encoding for thedk -(DOR-1), -(KOR-1) and orphan (ORL ) receptors. -
Receptor Types
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 87, pp. 3180-3184, April 1990 Pharmacology Chimeric opioid peptides: Tools for identifying opioid receptor types (dynorphin/dermorphin/deltorphin/monoclonal antibody/panning) Guo-xi XIE*t, ATSUSHI MIYAJIMA*, TAKASHI YOKOTA*, KEN-ICHI ARAI*, AND AVRAM GOLDSTEINt *Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and tDepartment of Pharmacology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Contributed by Avram Goldstein, January 23, 1990 ABSTRACT We synthesized several chimeric peptides in was assumed that the C-terminal amide group ofdermorphin, which the N-terminal nine residues of dynorphin-32, a peptide deltorphins, and DSLET and the alcohol group of DAGO selective for the K opioid receptor, were replaced by opioid could be removed without affecting opioid binding. By anal- peptides selective for other opioid receptor types. Each chi- ogy to dyn-32, which binds selectively to K opioid sites, meric peptide retained the high affminty and type selectivity DAGO-DYN and dermorphin-DYN should bind selectively characteristic of its N-terminal sequence. The common C- to p.; deltorphins-DYN and DSLET-DYN should bind selec- terminal two-thirds of the chimeric peptides served as an tively to 8. mAbs 17.M and 39 should act as nonblocking epitope recognized by the same monoclonal antibody. When antibodies to all these peptides. bound to receptors on a cell surface or membrane preparation, In the present study, we have demonstrated that the these peptides could still bind specifically to the monoclonal chimeric peptides do maintain the high affinities and type antibody. These chimeric peptides should be useful for isolating selectivities of their N-terminal sequences. -
Identification of Β-Endorphins in the Pituitary Gland and Blood Plasma Of
271 Identification of -endorphins in the pituitary gland and blood plasma of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) E H van den Burg, J R Metz, R J Arends, B Devreese1, I Vandenberghe1, J Van Beeumen1, S E Wendelaar Bonga and G Flik Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands 1Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Protein Engineering, University of Gent, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B9000 Gent, Belgium (Requests for offprints should be addressed to G Flik; Email: gertfl[email protected]) Abstract Carp -endorphin is posttranslationally modified by N-acetyl -endorphin(1–29) and these forms together N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal cleavage. These amounted to over 50% of total immunoreactivity. These processes determine the biological activity of the products were partially processed to N-acetyl - -endorphins. Forms of -endorphin were identified in endorphin(1–15) (30·8% of total immunoreactivity) and the pars intermedia and the pars distalis of the pituitary N-acetyl -endorphin(1–10) (3·1%) via two different gland of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), as well as the cleavage pathways. The acetylated carp homologues of forms released in vitro and into the blood. After separation mammalian - and -endorphin were also found. and quantitation by high performance liquid chroma- N-acetyl -endorphin(1–15) and (1–29) and/or (1–33) tography (HPLC) coupled with radioimmunoassay, the were the major products to be released in vitro, and were -endorphin immunoreactive products were identified by the only acetylated -endorphins found in blood plasma, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and peptide although never together. -
Biological Redundancy of Endogenous GPCR Ligands in the Gut and the Potential for Endogenous Functional Selectivity
REVIEW ARTICLE published: 28 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00262 Biological redundancy of endogenous GPCR ligands in the gut and the potential for endogenous functional selectivity Georgina L. Thompson1, Meritxell Canals1 and Daniel P.Poole1,2 * 1 Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia 2 Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Edited by: This review focuses on the existence and function of multiple endogenous agonists Dominique Massotte, Institut des of the somatostatin and opioid receptors with an emphasis on their expression in the Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, France gastrointestinal tract. These agonists generally arise from the proteolytic cleavage of prepropeptides during peptide maturation or from degradation of peptides by extracellular Reviewed by: Jakub Fichna, Medical University of or intracellular endopeptidases. In other examples, endogenous peptide agonists for the Lodz, Poland same G protein-coupled receptors can be products of distinct genes but contain high Pamela J. Hornby, Johnson & sequence homology. This apparent biological redundancy has recently been challenged Johnson, USA by the realization that different ligands may engender distinct receptor conformations *Correspondence: linked to different intracellular signaling profiles and, as such the existence of distinct Daniel P.Poole, Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of ligands may underlie mechanisms to finely tune physiological responses. We propose that Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal further characterization of signaling pathways activated by these endogenous ligands will Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia provide invaluable insight into the mechanisms governing biased agonism. Moreover, these e-mail: [email protected] ligands may prove useful in the design of novel therapeutic tools to target distinct signaling pathways, thereby favoring desirable effects and limiting detrimental on-target effects. -
Biased Signaling by Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Biased signaling by endogenous opioid peptides Ivone Gomesa, Salvador Sierrab,1, Lindsay Lueptowc,1, Achla Guptaa,1, Shawn Goutyd, Elyssa B. Margolise, Brian M. Coxd, and Lakshmi A. Devia,2 aDepartment of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; bDepartment of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; cSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; dDepartment of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814; and eDepartment of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 Edited by Susan G. Amara, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved April 14, 2020 (received for review January 20, 2020) Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are widely used for the possibility that endogenous opioid peptides could vary in this treatment of severe pain; however, prolonged treatment with manner as well (13). these drugs leads to the development of tolerance and can lead to For opioid receptors, studies showed that mice lacking opioid use disorder. The “Opioid Epidemic” has generated a drive β-arrestin2 exhibited enhanced and prolonged morphine-mediated for a deeper understanding of the fundamental signaling mecha- antinociception, and a reduction in side-effects, such as devel- nisms of opioid receptors. It is generally thought that the three opment of tolerance and acute constipation (15, 16). This led to types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) are activated by endogenous studies examining whether μOR agonists exhibit biased signaling peptides derived from three different precursors: Proopiomelano- (17–20), and to the identification of agonists that preferentially cortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. -
Opioid Peptides 49 Ryszard Przewlocki
Opioid Peptides 49 Ryszard Przewlocki Abbreviations ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone CCK Cholecystokinin CPA Conditioned place aversion CPP Conditioned place preference CRE cAMP response element CREB cAMP response element binding CRF Corticotrophin-releasing factor CSF Cerebrospinal fluid CTAP D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (m-opioid receptor antagonist) DA Dopamine DOP d-opioid peptide EOPs Endogenous opioid peptides ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone GnRH Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone HPA axis Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis KO Knockout KOP k-opioid peptide LH Luteinizing hormone MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MOP m-opioid peptide NOP Nociceptin opioid peptide NTS Nucleus tractus solitarii PAG Periaqueductal gray R. Przewlocki Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, PAS, Krakow, Poland Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] D.W. Pfaff (ed.), Neuroscience in the 21st Century, 1525 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1997-6_54, # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 1526 R. Przewlocki PDYN Prodynorphin PENK Proenkephalin PNOC Pronociceptin POMC Proopiomelanocortin PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder PVN Paraventricular nucleus SIA Stress-induced analgesia VTA Ventral tegmental area Brief History of Opioid Peptides and Their Receptors Man has used opium extract from poppy seeds for centuries for both pain relief and recreation. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Serturmer first isolated the active ingredient of opium and named it morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Fifty years later, morphine was introduced for the treatment of postoper- ative and chronic pain. Like opium, however, morphine was found to be an addictive drug. -
The Efferent Fibres of the Hippocampus in the Monkey by D
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1952, 15, 79. THE EFFERENT FIBRES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE MONKEY BY D. A. SIMPSON Fr-om the Department ofHuman Anatomv, University of Oxford Speculations upon the functions of the hippo- reviewed in some detail, for they appear to demon- campus have been numerous in the last few years strate significant phylogenetic variations in the and have led to some important experimental destiny of these fibres. studies. In the critical review by Brodal (1947) the obscurity surrounding the afferent connexions of the Material hippocampal complex was stressed. Since the Numerical Examination of Fornix Fibres.-As a publication of this paper, the hippocampal afferents preliminary to a detailed investigation of the destiny of from the cingulate cortex have been examined the fornix fibres, an attempt was made to estimate what experimentally in the rabbit (Adey, 1951) and in proportion of these fibres reach the mamillary body. the monkey (Adey and Meyer, 1952) by Glees' An approximate indication of this may be obtained by silver method, and Pribram, Lennox, and Dunsmore counting and comparing the number of fibres in the (1950) have presented electro-neuronographic experi- fornix before and after the departure of its precommis- ments on the connexions of the entorhinal sural component. and Selected portions of the fornix of a young, healthy prepiriform areas in the macaque. macaque were embedded in paraffin wax, cut trans- The efferent projection of the hippocampus has versely at 5[±, and stained with Bodian's protargol. Two been the subject of some recent experimental levels were examined quantitatively: the fomix beneath studies, notably those of Sprague and Meyer (1950) the corpus callosum, just behind the caudal extremity of on the rabbit, employing the Glees method, and of the septum lucidum, and the descending column of the Allen (1944, 1948) upon the dog, using both the fornix in the hypothalamus (Fig. -
The Role of Protein Convertases in Bigdynorphin and Dynorphin a Metabolic Pathway
Université de Montréal The Role of Protein Convertases in Bigdynorphin and Dynorphin A Metabolic Pathway par ALBERTO RUIZ ORDUNA Département de biomédecine vétérinaire Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences vétérinaires option pharmacologie Décembre, 2015 © Alberto Ruiz Orduna, 2015 Résumé Les dynorphines sont des neuropeptides importants avec un rôle central dans la nociception et l’atténuation de la douleur. De nombreux mécanismes régulent les concentrations de dynorphine endogènes, y compris la protéolyse. Les Proprotéines convertases (PC) sont largement exprimées dans le système nerveux central et clivent spécifiquement le C-terminale de couple acides aminés basiques, ou un résidu basique unique. Le contrôle protéolytique des concentrations endogènes de Big Dynorphine (BDyn) et dynorphine A (Dyn A) a un effet important sur la perception de la douleur et le rôle de PC reste à être déterminée. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrypter le rôle de PC1 et PC2 dans le contrôle protéolytique de BDyn et Dyn A avec l'aide de fractions cellulaires de la moelle épinière de type sauvage (WT), PC1 -/+ et PC2 -/+ de souris et par la spectrométrie de masse. Nos résultats démontrent clairement que PC1 et PC2 sont impliquées dans la protéolyse de BDyn et Dyn A avec un rôle plus significatif pour PC1. Le traitement en C-terminal de BDyn génère des fragments peptidiques spécifiques incluant dynorphine 1-19, dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7 et Dyn A génère les fragments dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7.