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How Fear, Power and Politics Led the United States Into Iraq, September

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How Fear, Power and Politics Led the United States Into Iraq, September AMERICA’S MISSTEPS: HOW FEAR, POWER AND POLITICS LED THE UNITED STATES INTO IRAQ September 11, 2001-March 19, 2003 A dissertAtion presented by Mary Cardaras to The DepArtment of PoliticAl Science In pArtiAl fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of InternAtionAl AffAirs & Public Policy Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts October, 2011 1 AMERICA’S MISSTEPS: HOW FEAR, POWER AND POLITICS LED THE UNITED STATES INTO IRAQ September 11, 2001-March 19, 2003 by Mary Cardaras ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Affairs and Public Policy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Northeastern University, October, 2011 2 DISSERTATION ABSTRACT The Iraq War of March 19, 2003 was an implausible war at the outset. We now understand that it could have been averted and never should have been waged. How and why did it begin? Who was responsible? This dissertation offers a new perspective on the Iraq War and explains the dynamic relationships between the George W. Bush administration, the United States Congress and the national news media. It is based on the “multiple streams model of political change” by John Kingdon, which says that if a unique combination of political, policy and problem streams collide, under the right circumstances; they can create a window of opportunity for a shift in policy. It was the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which set the stage for the emergence of three dynamic streams in the country. Fear, power and a contentious political climate converged to produce not only a dramatic new foreign policy, but also a war with Iraq, a country, which had not provoked or threatened the United States. Fear, power and a tense political climate also influenced institutional behavior and exposed the failures of: 1) The executive branch in the administration of George W. Bush, 2) The United States Congress and 3) the national news media. All are designed and are differently responsible to protect the interests of the American people. Errors in judgment have happened throughout history with other administrations, with other Congresses and with the news media. However, with regard to the Iraq War, it was a matter of degree and extent, especially for the President of the United States. Both the Congress and the news media were also experiencing colossal institutional changes, which influenced and 3 hindered their performances. However, all were culpable in helping to create the Iraq war, which today stands as one of the longest military conflicts in United States history. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my dissertation committee; a group to whom I have referred many times as “The A Team.” First and foremost, sincere gratitude to my dissertation committee chair, my teacher, and now my friend and colleague, Professor Robert E. Gilbert, for his time, efforts, expertise, support and interest in my work. There was no finer teacher, who provided such inspiration for me and all his students. His guidance, teaching and the hours spent talking about politics and current events, reviewing work accomplished and advising me on work yet to be done, were truly gifts. Governor Michael S. Dukakis has been an inspiration for years. I covered his campaign when he was the Democratic Candidate for President of the United States and he is still talking to me! His work in public life, his teaching about public service and his advocacy for effective, decent and fair public policy, has demonstrated that responsible, thoughtful government can do much good. I am honored that he agreed to serve as my second reader. I would not have enrolled in a Ph.D. program were it not for the encouragement of Dr. Leonard Ray Teel of the Center for International Media Education at Georgia State University. We met when I was a journalist at CNN in Atlanta. Together we did some wonderful work with international students and journalists at Georgia State and in the Arab world. Thank you, Dr. Teel, for your mentorship, our friendship (which has now spanned nearly 20 years), your wit and your willingness to be my third, “outside” reader. 5 To Professor John Portz and the faculty of Political Science at Northeastern University, thank you for accepting a non-traditional student into the program. Thank you, especially to Professor Christopher Bosso, for your devotion in and out of the classroom to students like me. So much thanks goes to Dr. Robyn Goodman in Communication Studies at Alfred University, who has been a great friend and colleague over many years. I have enjoyed speaking at Alfred, meeting her journalism students and learning from her as professor. Dr. Goodman was continually there for sound advice and encouragement. She saw me through some difficult times during the course of my journey, first as Ph.D. student, and later as candidate. To my dearest friend for over 40 years, Pamela Bianchi Schrode, who taught me that I could achieve beyond our working class town in northwest Indiana, the place where we grew up. I learned from her that even though I was a product of where we came from, it need not hinder who I wanted to become, and it did not. Thank you for just being there and listening to all the times I said, “Who do I think I am, attempting a doctorate?” She swatted those thoughts away at every turn. There has been no better, no more loyal a friend than you. To Professors Steven Grossman and his wife, Jennifer Tebbe-Grossman: You are friends to the end and you have been the greatest cheerleaders of all. I love you both. To the late Dr. Inabeth Miller: You were a force and a visionary who touched so many lives, including mine. You left us too soon and had so much left to do. Thank you for your mentorship and setting my compass on a new career path, which has enhanced my worldview. Thanks to Barbara Chin in the office of Political Science at Northeastern University for being there whenever I needed a boost or assistance. Thanks to Lyle Ring for answering my 6 endless questions with patience and kindness. And thanks to new friend and computer guru, Bob Richards, who actually volunteered to help me with the final phase of making the document look great! To my grandparents, Dan and Mary Drakos, who plucked me from an orphanage in Greece and gave me so much love and the gift of opportunity: I miss you every single day. To my parents, Aristotle “Ted” and Amelia Cardaras, who received me into their home and made certain I always knew how much I was wanted: I really did become yours. Thank you for teaching me that I am indeed the master of my fate and the captain of my soul. Your unconditional love has been a guiding force. Mom, you taught me the love of learning and compassion. Dad, you gave me a wonderful sense of humor and a love of people. Those qualities I carry with me every day. They have been indispensible during my studies. I wish you were here to see me graduate, Dad. You should know, I never took any wooden nickels! Finally, to my devoted life partner, Francesca Fifis, and to my two incredible sons, Nicholas and Harrison Mantas: Your patience and support has been unmatched all these years. Thank you for enduring the years I was writing, reading, in class and away from home. Thank you for understanding all the vacations on which I brought a stack of books and numerous projects that required my attention. Thank you for reminding me that nothing should stand in the way of attaining my goals and dreams. Nothing has, and I thank you for enriching my life beyond measure. I was blessed the day you came into my life. My love for you three is much too big for words. 7 Table of Contents Dissertation Title Page ……………………………………………...………….…………………. 2 Dissertation Abstract ……………………………………………...………………………..……… 3 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………...……………………….……...… 5 Introduction …………………………………………………………..…………………….…….... 9 Chapter One: The Fear Factor: How It Shaped Political Decisions and Policy …………………. 20 Chapter Two: The George W. Bush Administration: The Case for War With Iraq ..……….….... 91 Chapter Three: The United States Congress and Iraq: Checks, Balance and Oversight ……….... 192 Chapter Four: The News Media: Reporting and the Run-Up to War ………..………...…...…….. 254 Chapter Five: The Iraq War: Reflections, Repercussions and Resolutions …………...……....….. 322 8 INTRODUCTION How did the Iraq war happen? While in the midst of an aggressive assault on Taliban targets in Afghanistan directly in response to the 9/11 attacks, the Bush administration spearheaded another military offensive. This one was on Iraq. This study will offer a new perspective on the run-up to the war and will demonstrate how the confluence of several key factors led the United States to attack the sovereign nation of Iraq on March 19, 2003. The factors, all of which contributed to the run-up to the Iraq war, include the following: 1) Fear. There was a prevailing climate of fear and uncertainty in most Americans born after the attacks on September 11, 2001. A special emphasis on the news media must be highlighted because it reflected those sentiments and the overall mood of the country in their coverage. 2) The power of the executive branch. Out of necessity, the president and his administration built consent for a new foreign policy going forward after 9/11. However, they also promoted the war based on information they understood to be questionable and, in some cases, false. 3) Political factors, which influenced members of Congress. The reaction and decisions of Congress in response to the administration’s plans after the invasion of Afghanistan appeared more acquiescent than serving its role to balance and check the power of the executive branch.
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