Corticopallidal Connectome of the Globus Pallidus Externus in Humans: an Exploratory Study of Structural Connectivity Using Probabilistic Diffusion Tractography
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The Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy and the Motor
The Neuroscience Graduate Program presents: SHIONA BISWAS ADVISOR: LIN GAN IN A PHD THESIS DEFENSE WEDNESDAY, 28 SEPTEMBER 2016 10:00AM IN WHIPPLE AUDITORIUM (2-6424) The transcription regulator Lmo3 is required for correct cell fate specification in the external globus pallidus. The external globus pallidus (GPe), a core component of the basal ganglia, can powerfully influence the processing of motor information due to its widespread projections to almost all basal ganglia nuclei. Aberrant activity of GPe neurons has been linked to motor symptoms of a variety of movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s disease and dystonia. While several decades of work had suggested the existence of heterogeneity within GPe GABAergic projection neurons, it is not until recent years that multiple molecular markers have been established to unambiguously define and distinguish between two main GPe neuronal subtypes: the prototypic and arkypallidal neurons. This demarcation is also based on their unique projection patterns, membrane properties and ion channel expression, and consequently, distinct electrophysiological profiles, in both healthy and diseased (Parkinsonian) states. As a result of this, we now have an improved understanding of how these neurons function and encode motor behavior in both healthy and diseased states. A few studies have established some of the basic aspects of GPe development- such as the parts of the developing forebrain from which GPe neurons originate and the embryonic time points during which they are born. However, specific molecular factors required for the development of GPe neurons remain unexplored. For my thesis project, I studied the role of the transcription regulator, Lmo3, in the specification of subsets of external globus pallidus neurons. -
Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides. -
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism. -
Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects on Dopamine Uptake in Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2016 Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells Nafisa Ferdous Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Ferdous, Nafisa, "Chronic Amphetamine Exposure Causes Long Term Effects On Dopamine Uptake In Cultured Cells" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2016. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2016 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRONIC AMPHETAMINE EXPOSURE CAUSES LONG TERM EFFECTS ON DOPAMINE UPTAKE IN CULTURED CELLS By Nafisa Ferdous Bachelor of Science, North South University, Bangladesh 2012 A Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2016 ii PERMISSION Title Chronic amphetamine exposure causes long term effects on dopamine uptake in cultured cells Department Biomedical Sciences Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. -
Opiate Influences on Nucleus Accumbens Neuronal Electrophysiology: Dopamine and Non-Dopamine Mechanisms
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1969, 9(10): 35363546 Opiate Influences on Nucleus Accumbens Neuronal Electrophysiology: Dopamine and Non-Dopamine Mechanisms Ft. L. Hakan and S. J. Henriksen Department of Neuropharmacology, Research Institute of the Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037 Single-unit recordings of nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) abuse potential for humans such as the opiate alkaloids (Goeders neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats revealed that mi- et al., 1984; Vaccarino et al., 1985; Corrigal and Vaccarino, croinfusions of morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) 1988; Koob and Goeders, 1989). Although there is controversy primarily inhibited spontaneously active NAS units. These regarding the precise neuropharmacological mechanism(s) un- inhibitory effects were reversed by alpha-flupenthixol (s.c.), derlying opiate actions on the NAS and on NAS-related brain suggesting a role for dopamine (DA) in the observed opiate- circuitry (e.g., see Wise, 1987), behavioral research has indicated induced effect. VTA opiate microinfusions also inhibited the that these drugs may exert pharmacological influence over NAS evoked (driven) responses of silent cells (spontaneously function via dopamine (DA)-dependent and DA-independent inactive) in the NAS elicited by stimulation of hippocampal projections from the DA containing cell bodies of the midbrain afferents to the NAS. In addition, this inhibition of driven ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Bozarth and Wise, 198 l), the response was reversed by naloxone (s.c.) but not by alpha- cellular origin of the DA-ergic input to the NAS (see Kelly et flupenthixol, implying a VTA-mediated non-DA mechanism. al., 1980; Stinus et al., 1980; Kalivas et al., 1983; Pettit et al., Morphine applied iontophoretically to cells within the NAS 1984; Amahic and Koob, 1985; Vaccarino et al., 1986; Wise, inhibited spontaneous activity but not fimbria-driven cellular 1987; Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988; Koob and Goeders, 1989). -
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V
Distribution of Dopamine D3 Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Human Forebrain: Comparison with D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons Eugenia V. Gurevich, Ph.D., and Jeffrey N. Joyce, Ph.D. The dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are members of the D2 important difference from the rat is that D3 receptors were subfamily that includes the D2, D3 and D4 receptor. In the virtually absent in the ventral tegmental area. D3 receptor rat, the D3 receptor exhibits a distribution restricted to and D3 mRNA positive neurons were observed in sensory, mesolimbic regions with little overlap with the D2 receptor. hormonal, and association regions such as the nucleus Receptor binding and nonisotopic in situ hybridization basalis, anteroventral, mediodorsal, and geniculate nuclei of were used to study the distribution of the D3 receptors and the thalamus, mammillary nuclei, the basolateral, neurons positive for D3 mRNA in comparison to the D2 basomedial, and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. As revealed receptor/mRNA in subcortical regions of the human brain. by simultaneous labeling for D3 and D2 mRNA, D3 mRNA D2 binding sites were detected in all brain areas studied, was often expressed in D2 mRNA positive neurons. with the highest concentration found in the striatum Neurons that solely expressed D2 mRNA were numerous followed by the nucleus accumbens, external segment of the and regionally widespread, whereas only occasional D3- globus pallidus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental positive-D2-negative cells were observed. The regions of area, medial preoptic area and tuberomammillary nucleus relatively higher expression of the D3 receptor and its of the hypothalamus. In most areas the presence of D2 mRNA appeared linked through functional circuits, but receptor sites coincided with the presence of neurons co-expression of D2 and D3 mRNA suggests a functional positive for its mRNA. -
The Claustrum: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction, Photorealistic Imaging, and Stereotactic Approach
Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 228–234 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The claustrum: three-dimensional reconstruction, photorealistic imaging, and stereotactic approach S. Kapakin Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey [Received 7 July 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] The purpose of this study was to reveal the computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) appearance, the dimensions, and neighbourly relations of the claustrum and make a stereotactic approach to it by using serial sections taken from the brain of a human cadaver. The Snake technique was used to carry out 3D reconstructions of the claustra and surrounding structures. The photorealistic imaging and stereo- tactic approach were rendered by using the Advanced Render Module in Cinema 4D software. The claustrum takes the form of the concavity of the insular cortex and the convexity of the putamen. The inferior border of the claustrum is at about the same level as the bottom edge of the insular cortex and the putamen, but the superior border of the claustrum is at a lower level than the upper edge of the insular cortex and the putamen. The volume of the right claustrum, in the dimen- sions of 35.5710 mm ¥ 1.0912 mm ¥ 16.0000 mm, was 828.8346 mm3, and the volume of the left claustrum, in the dimensions of 32.9558 mm ¥ 0.8321 mm ¥ ¥ 19.0000 mm, was 705.8160 mm3. The surface areas of the right and left claustra were calculated to be 1551.149697 mm2 and 1439.156450 mm2 by using Surf- driver software. -
A Hierarchical Interpretation of the Functional Organization of the Basal Ganglia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY ARTICLE published: 11 March 2011 SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00013 The arbitration–extension hypothesis: a hierarchical interpretation of the functional organization of the basal ganglia Iman Kamali Sarvestani1,2*, Mikael Lindahl1,2, Jeanette Hellgren-Kotaleski1,2,3 and Örjan Ekeberg1,2 1 Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Stockholm Brain Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Edited by: Based on known anatomy and physiology, we present a hypothesis where the basal ganglia Federico Bermudez-Rattoni, motor loop is hierarchically organized in two main subsystems: the arbitration system and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico the extension system. The arbitration system, comprised of the subthalamic nucleus, globus Reviewed by: pallidus, and pedunculopontine nucleus, serves the role of selecting one out of several candidate Federico Bermudez-Rattoni, actions as they are ascending from various brain stem motor regions and aggregated in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de centromedian thalamus or descending from the extension system or from the cerebral cortex. México, Mexico This system is an action-input/action-output system whose winner-take-all mechanism finds Jose Bargas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico the strongest response among several candidates to execute. This decision is communicated *Correspondence: back to the brain stem by facilitating the desired action via cholinergic/glutamatergic projections Iman Kamali Sarvestani, Department and suppressing conflicting alternatives via GABAergic connections. -
6950.Full.Pdf
6950 • The Journal of Neuroscience, July 2, 2008 • 28(27):6950–6959 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Interaction between the Hippocampus and Nucleus Accumbens Shell Is Necessary for the Acquisition of Appetitive Spatial Context Conditioning Rutsuko Ito,1,3 Trevor W. Robbins,1 Cyriel M. Pennartz,2 and Barry J. Everitt1 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom, 2Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and 3Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in a variety of associative processes that are dependent on the integrity of the amygdala and hippocampus (HPC). However, the extent to which the two subregions of the NAc, the core and shell, form differentiated circuits within the amygdala- and hippocampal-ventral striatal circuitry remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens shell or core subregion on appetitive elemental cue and context conditioning, shown previously to be dependent on the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Rats were trained sequentially to acquire discrete conditioned stimulus–sucrose conditioning, followed by spatial context–sucrose conditioning in a place preference apparatus characterized by three topographically identical chambers, the chambers being discriminable only on the basis of path integration. NAc shell lesions selectively impaired the acquisition of conditioned place preference and the use of spatial information to retrieve informa- tion about a discrete cue, whereas, as expected, NAc core lesions attenuated the acquisition of cue conditioning compared with sham rats. -
Motor Systems Basal Ganglia
Motor systems 409 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need “help” from other brain circuits in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. One of these circuits involves a group of structures deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. While their exact motor function is still debated, the basal ganglia clearly regulate movement. Without information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and related movement disorders become apparent. Let’s start with the anatomy of the basal ganglia. The important “players” are identified in the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor cortical areas. Notice that the caudate (L. tail) appears twice in many frontal brain sections. This is because the caudate curves around with the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate is most anterior. It gives rise to a body whose “tail” extends with the ventricle into the temporal lobe (the “ball” at the end of the tail is the amygdala, whose limbic functions you will learn about later). Medial to the putamen is the globus pallidus (GP). -
Npas1+-Nkx2.1+ Neurons Are an Integral Part of the Cortico-Pallido-Cortical Loop
Research Articles: Cellular/Molecular Npas1+-Nkx2.1+ Neurons Are an Integral Part of the Cortico-pallido-cortical Loop https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1199-19.2019 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2019; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1199-19.2019 Received: 22 May 2019 Revised: 21 November 2019 Accepted: 26 November 2019 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2019 the authors 1 + + 2 Npas1 -Nkx2.1 Neurons Are an Integral Part of the Cortico-pallido-cortical 3 Loop 4 5 Zachary A. Abecassis1*, Brianna L. Berceau1*, Phyo H. Win1, Daniela Garcia1, Harry S. Xenias1, Qiaoling Cui1, 6 Arin Pamukcu1, Suraj Cherian1, Vivian M. Hernández1, Uree Chon2, Byung Kook Lim3, Yongsoo Kim2 , 7 Nicholas J. Justice4,5, Raj Awatramani6, Bryan M. Hooks7, Charles R. Gerfen8, Simina M. Boca9, C. Savio 8 Chan1 9 10 1 Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA 11 2 Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 12 USA 13 3 Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 14 4 Center for Metabolic and degenerative disease, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, -
Understanding the Role of Cholinergic Tone in the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-22-2014 12:00 AM Understanding the role of cholinergic tone in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus Kaie Rosborough The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Vania Prado The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anatomy and Cell Biology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Kaie Rosborough 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Behavioral Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Rosborough, Kaie, "Understanding the role of cholinergic tone in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2388. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2388 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF CHOLINERGIC TONE IN THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS Thesis format: Monograph Article by Kaie Rosborough Graduate Program in Anatomy and Cell Biology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Kaie Rosborough 2014 ! Abstract To better understand the role of cholinergic signaling in specific regions of the brain, several genetically modified mice targeting the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene have been generated (Prado et al., 2006; Guzman et al., 2011; de Castro et al., 2009). VAChT stores acetylcholine (ACh) in synaptic vesicles, and changes in this transporter expression directly interferes with ACh release.