DOCSLIB.ORG

Access to Low Priced Small Fish for Livelihood Support a Case Study on Omena (Silver Cyprinid) Trade for Local and Domestic Consumption in Kenya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Access to Low Priced Small Fish for Livelihood Support a Case Study on Omena (Silver Cyprinid) Trade for Local and Domestic Consumption in Kenya Access to low priced small fish for livelihood support A case study on omena (silver cyprinid) trade for local and domestic consumption in Kenya Author: Lola van der Voort, 10539557 Supervisor: Prof. J.M. Bavinck Second reader: Dr. J. Scholtens University of Amsterdam Department of Human Geography Master’s Thesis August 30th 2019 Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Small forage fish as food and means of livelihood 5 2. Literature review 8 2.1 Systemic approach to food supply: Social-ecological systems and small- fish supply chains 8 2.1.1 Social-ecologic systems 8 2.1.2 Domestic seafood supply chains 10 2.2 Actor approach: Accessibility and adaptability 11 2.2.1 Local accessibility in a liberalized economy 11 2.2.2 Adaptive capacity 13 2.3 Hypothesis: Involution 13 2.4 Theoretic figure 15 2.5 Gap in knowledge & Research questions 16 3. Methodology 18 3.1 Research design, methods, instruments and supervision 18 3.2 Data sources and sampling 18 3.3 Data gathering procedure 19 3.4 Study area and research sites 21 3.5 Data analysis 25 3.8 Ethics 25 3.9 Limitations 26 4. Context: The social-ecological system of Lake Victoria, Kenya 28 4.1 Species invasion, eutrophication and climate change 28 4.2 Demographics and employment 30 4.2 Lake Victoria Fisheries 32 4.4 Fisheries governance in Kenya 32 5. Results 34 5.1 Systemic approach: The omena supply chain for local and domestic consumption 34 5.1.1 Environment and stocks 34 5.1.2 Harvesting patterns 35 5.1.3 Processing 37 5.1.4 Wholesale, retail and distribution 38 2 5.1.5 Consumption 42 5.1.6 The fishmeal industry 42 5.2 Actor approach 43 5.2.1 The social-economic and cultural position of the omena trader 43 5.2.2 Accessibility 46 5.2.3 Adaptability 50 5.4 Involution 52 7. Conclusion 54 8. References 59 Annex 1: List of fieldwork locations 68 Annex 2: Annex 2: List of in-depth interview respondents 69 Annex 3: List of survey respondents 70 Annex 4: Semi-structured survey 73 3 Acronyms BMU Beach Management Unit DHC Direct Human Consumption FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FMFO Fishmeal and fish oil GIS Geographical Information System LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Program LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization KMFRI Kenyan Marine Fisheries Research Institute SES Social-ecological system The image on the front-page is a painting made by Aron Vellekoop Leon. It is called “Stuck” and in the context of this research it illustrates the competition between omena traders and the lack of flexibility of the lower scale traders in comparison to larger scale newcomers. “Stuck” was used with permission of the artist and can be retrieved from: https://aronvl.com. 4 1. Introduction: Small forage fish as food and means of livelihood In its recent fisheries and aquaculture report, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) pronounced that small pelagic fresh water fish have the potential to boost Africa’s food security and people’s livelihoods. Small pelagic fish or ‘forage fish’ are small schooling species that feed on plankton and are eaten themselves by larger predators. By converting energy from lower trophic levels into food for larger fish, marine mammals and seabirds, they occupy a vital place in marine food webs (Isaacs, 2016; Cashion et al, 2017). Schools of forage fish form concentrated energy resources and migrate along shores and across oceans followed by other marine species. Besides oceans they also inhabit freshwater habitats. However, like plankton, the quantities of forage fish are variable and highly depend on climate conditions (Tacon & Metian, 2009). Therefore, scientists are concerned about the effects of climate change and marine degradation on these species. Furthermore, overfishing threats the survival of larger marine species as the availability of forage fish declines. Fish and other aquatic foods also play an important role in human nutrition. According to BeEneE et al. (2015) and Kawarazuka & BeEneE (2011) small forage fish species contain many essential micronutrients, minerals, and are high in protein. They are high in vitamin A, iron and zinc. At present more than two billion people worldwide, in particular in developing countries, are estimated to be deficient in these essential vitamins and minerals. Various authors therefore argue that forage fish could play an important role in battling malnutrition (Tacon & Metian, 2009; Kawarazuka & BeEneE, 2011; Cashion et al., 2017). Traditionally, small pelagic fish have been a key source of food for low-income consumers across the world, especially in coastal regions (Alder, et al. 2008). Besides their nutritional value, small fish offer other advantages for these consumers. Because of their size and schooling behaviour they are generally easily accessible and affordable. They can be purchased in small quantities and they can be more evenly divided among household members. Furthermore they can be processed and stored for a long period of time to meet seasonal shortages (Maljuf et al., 2017, Kawarazuka & BeEneE, 2011). In addition, the trade of fish plays an indirect but essential role in achieving food security through livelihood support (BeEneE et al., 2015; FAO, 2018: 52). Fish and small scale fisheries have important social and economic benefits in developing countries where the sector generates employment and income for many people (Maljuf et al., 2017). Kawarazuka & BeEneE (2011) estimate that 95% of people in developing countries directly or indirectly depend on small scale fishing, aqua-culture or trade for their livelihood. This is especially the case in lower income countries where many small-scale operators are engaged in fishing, processing or trade related activities (BeEneE et al., 2010). Altogether it is estimated that between 660 and 820 million 5 people worldwide depend on fish-related activities in sustaining their livelihoods (BeEneE et al. 2015; Allison et al, 2013). This embodies more than 10 % of the world population. Although the revenues for most people are not that high, it is often their main source of income, which allows them to access food (Heck et al. 2007; BeEneE et al. 2011; FAO, 2018: 52). Furthermore, trade connects producers with (distant) markets and consumers and is therefore an essential link in the global food security debate (FAO, 2018: 52). While there is a widely held perception that captured fish is moving directly to the tables of consumers, 27 % of global marine fisheries landings between 1950 and 2010 (around 20 million tons annually) were in reality destined for other uses (Cashion et al., 2017). An estimated 18 million tons of fish are annually used for reduction into fishmeal (Cashion et al., 2017). This is a commercial product generally used as fodder for farmed fish or poultry/livestock. While it is partly made from the bones and offal leftovers from processed fish used for human consumption, the biggest percentage is manufactured from wild-caught, small forage fish (Jacobs, 2017; Tacon & Metian, 2009). Because the moisture and oil of fish needs to be extracted in order to create fishmeal, the production of fish oil goes hand in hand with the fishmeal production. Moreover, the increasing global population and expanding middle classes, particularly in Asia, are consuming more and more fish. In our global economy fish is increasingly sourced in the waters of developing countries where labour is cheaper (Crona et al, 2016; Maljuf et al., 2017; Tacon & Metian, 2009; Cashion et al, 2017). As a result, small nutritious fish – either whole or processed as FMFO – have been increasingly transferred from developing countries to western markets. Developed countries imported 80% of total traded fish in 2006 and were also the highest consumers of seafood at an average of 23 kg per person a year (Tacon & Metian, 2009). In contrast, the lowest consumers on a per capita basis were the countries in Sub- Saharan Africa at 6.94 kg a year. Here the probability of death for children under the age of 5 (mostly linked to malnutrition) is at the global highest too, varying on average between 100 to 300 per 1000 children (Tacon & Metian, 2009). From a food-security perspective the growing production of FMFO and small fish export from developing countries therefore raises questions. This research focuses specifically on the small pelagic silver cyprinid. It is a zoo- planktivorous, small sardine-like schooling fish (Latin name: Rastrineobola argentea) that is found all over Lake Victoria. In Swahili it is called Dagaa and in Luo language omena. Because the latter is the term widely used around the Kenyan side of Lake Victoria – the area where the fieldwork of this research took place – it will mostly be referred in this thesis as omena (image 2). The fish is cheap, nutritious and usually sold sun-dried, either for human consumption or for reduction into fishmeal. Its nutritional value is high as the whole fish is being eaten and therefore provides more micro elements and vitamins than fish flesh only. (Legros & Luomba, 6 2011). Omena is therefore considered to be an important source of protein for many local low- and medium-income fish consumers around Lake Victoria (Medard, 2015). Moreover, it plays an important role in people’s livelihoods through trade. In Kenya alone, about 850,000 people, especially from lower classes, directly depend on the fishery of omena. And because of its lower market value, it is currently the most dominant fisheries resource sold to end consumers in local fish markets (Kronen et al., 2015). As omena offers livelihood support to many people in Kenya, this thesis focuses on the position of traders in the domestic supply chain. It examines small-scale fish trade, both in terms of how it links to resource use and consumption, and as a livelihood, by means of a case study of markets in Kenya.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of On-Farm Feed Management Practices for North African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) in Sub-Saharan Africa
    463 A review of on-farm feed management practices for North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in sub-Saharan Africa Thomas Hecht1 Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University, Grahamstown South Africa Hecht, T. 2013. A review of on-farm feed management practices for North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in sub-Saharan Africa. In M.R. Hasan and M.B. New, eds. On-farm feeding and feed management in aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 583. Rome, FAO. pp. 463–479. ABSTRACT This review considers feed management practices for North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in sub-Saharan Africa. Clariid catfish production in the subcontinent is increasing exponentially, particularly in Uganda. Semi-intensive pond culture is still the most prevalent production system, while intensive tank culture is becoming more popular in peri-urban areas in Nigeria. Total production in these two countries now exceeds 178 000 tonnes annually. Catfish are now commonly spawned and their larvae reared in hatcheries for ten to 14 days, after which they are reared in nursery ponds or in tanks. Extensive rearing of larvae, after yolk sac absorption, in ponds is now less often practiced than in the past. Where it is still practiced, successful larval rearing and satisfactory survival rates depend mainly on adequate fertilization schedules. Feed management practices in hatcheries are closely matched with the physiological and endocrinological ontogeny of the fish. For optimal survival and growth, live food (mainly Artemia) is required for the first five days after the start of exogenous feeding, after which the fish can be weaned onto a dry starter feed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Freshwater Species to Livelihoods in the Lake Victoria Basin
    Chapter 10 The importance of freshwater species to livelihoods in the Lake Victoria Basin Sayer, C.A.1, Máiz-Tomé, L.1, Akwany, L.O.2*, Kishe-Machumu, M.A.3*, Natugonza, V.4*, Whitney, C.W.5**, Omondi, R.6**, Nshutiyayesu, S.7** and Kabuye, C.S.8** 10.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................................136 10.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................................................137 10.2.1 Data collection ....................................................................................................................................................................................137 10.2.2 Taxonomic scope ...............................................................................................................................................................................137 10.2.3 Species use and livelihoods workshop ..............................................................................................................................................137 10.3 Freshwater fishes ..........................................................................................................................................................................................138 10.3.1 Summary of data ................................................................................................................................................................................138
    [Show full text]
  • Length-Weight Relationship, Condition Factor and Feeding Habit of the Silurid Catfish Bagrus Docmak (Forksskal, 1775) in Lake Victoria, Kenya
    Length-weight relationship, condition factor and feeding habit of the Silurid Catfish Bagrus docmak (Forksskal, 1775) in Lake Victoria, Kenya 1Edwine Yongo, 2Simon Agembe & Jacob 3Iteba 1Faculty of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, China 2,3Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, University of Eldoret, Kenya. Abstract Bagrus docmak is a species of the Bagrid catfishes that is indigenous to Lake Victoria, and is an important source of livelihood to communities around the lake. Fish samples were caught using gillnets of mesh sizes 50 mm and 10 mm. The length and weight of individual fish was measured in the field, while stomachs were preserved in 5% formalin and taken to the laboratory for gut content analysis. The overall sex ratio (male: female) was 1.0:1.26 which did not deviate significantly from 1:1 (p > 0.05). The length of fish ranged from 12.0-55.0 cm TL and weighed between 20.0 g and 1650.0 g, with mean length and weight of 32.7 cm TL and 351.2 g, respectively. The relative condition factor was 0.97, 1.01 and 1.00 for male, female and combined sexes, respectively. The condition factor was not significantly different in relation to sex of fish and size classes (p > .05). The slope b of the length-weight relationship was 2.94, 2.94 and 2.90 for females, males and combined sexes, respectively. Analysis of stomach fullness revealed that most of the stomachs were ¼ full (44.6%), while (29.7%) were empty. Non-empty guts had variety of food items with Caridina, insects and fish remains each contributing the highest (21%) proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish As Food Or Fodder Moenieba Isaacs*
    Isaacs Agric & Food Secur (2016) 5:27 DOI 10.1186/s40066-016-0073-5 Agriculture & Food Security RESEARCH Open Access The humble sardine (small pelagics): fish as food or fodder Moenieba Isaacs* Abstract Background: The group of small pelagic fish is the largest species group landed globally. A significant proportion of this nutrient-rich food is processed and lost to livestock feed, fish feed, fish oil, pet food and omega-rich vitamins. The nutritional importance of small pelagics as an easily digestible protein source, rich in essential lipids with fatty acids (EPA/DHA), essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins, is well known and documented. Small pelagics contain all the elements of a healthy and nutritionally optimal food source for humans and are an important contributor to the food and nutritional security of many poor, low-income households in developing countries. Findings: Large-scale and small-scale fisheries play an important role in contributing to food security and nutrition. Yet, all of the anchovy landings from large-scale fisheries are reduced to animal feed, fish oil and pet food in South Africa. The size of the species, labour costs and lack of incentives by the state are some of the challenges to redirect- ing anchovy for human consumption. This trend is also now prevalent in Tanzania, where most (84%) of the dagaa fished is reduced to fishmeal in Kenya, mainly to feed chickens. The main challenges are post-harvest handling and sanitation. Conclusions: The redirecting of small pelagics to human consumption will depend on the role of the state in Tan- zania and South Africa in investing in post-harvest processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Rastrineobola Argentea) from LAKE VICTORIA, TANZANIA
    PROCESS DEVELOPMENT, NUTRITION AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF SPICED-SMOKED AND SUN-DRIED DAGAA (Rastrineobola argentea) FROM LAKE VICTORIA, TANZANIA Peter George Bille1* and Romwalb Hamza Shemkai2 Peter George Bille 1*Corresponding author Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek Namibia. Fax: +264 61 2063013, Tel: 264 61 2063241, E-mail: [email protected] 2Nyegezi Institute of fresh water fisheries, P.O. Box 2462, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tel: +255 68 550119 1 ABSTRACT Dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea), also known as Silver cyprinid, are tiny fish (< 9 g) found mostly in Lake Victoria, Nabugabo and Kyoga, and also in the River Nile. Dagaa are very popular food around the Lake Victoria area and are used for formulating animal feeds due to their nutritional quality. Harvesting of dagaa is a demanding activity and the methods used include scoop net, seine net and catamaran or lift net. The harvesting of dagaa employs a lot of people along the lake carrying out the activities of fishing, preserving and selling. It is therefore considered to be a very important sector for job creation, income generation and food security. However, the traditional method of preserving dagaa, sun-drying dagaa (SDD) is often affected by heavy and prolonged rains in Tanzania. The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate and compare the processing of spice-smoke dagaa (SSD) and SDD as preservation methods for all-year round supply and marketing. The results showed that SSD could be produced throughout the year and had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower moisture content (SDD in brackets), than SDD 1.81 % (2.4 %).
    [Show full text]
  • REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES of the ARTISANAL DAGAA (Rastrineobola Argentea) FISHERY in LAKE VICTORIA, TANZANIA: a COST and BENEFIT ANALYSIS
    P.O. Box 1390, Skulagata 4 120 Reykjavik, Iceland Final Project 2010 REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF THE ARTISANAL DAGAA (Rastrineobola argentea) FISHERY IN LAKE VICTORIA, TANZANIA: A COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS Lilian Ibengwe Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries P.O.Box 2462 Dar es Salaam Tanzania [email protected] Supervisor Daði Már Kristófersson (PhD) Associate Professor Department of Economics University of Iceland [email protected] ABSTRACT The Lake Victoria dagaa constitutes over 38% of the total fish landings from Lake Victoria in Tanzania. The fishery supports a major artisanal fishery in the country, ranking second to the Nile perch. However, the dagaa fishery is associated with a high level of post-harvest loss (physical and quality losses) of approximately 59%. The overall objective of this study was to propose a cost effective management strategy to reduce dagaa post-harvest loss in Tanzania. To meet this objective a cost and benefit analysis was done to determine whether adopting drying dagaa on racks will reduce post-harvest loss, and hold positive public value in the future. Two categories of analysis were set, i.e. private (individual) and public (government) for a pilot district (500 fishers). The analyses were divided into five parts: 1) Assessment of all possible dagaa post-harvest losses, 2) Assessment of the cost of reducing the losses, 3) Assessment of the anticipated benefits associated with reducing the losses, 4) Evaluation of costs and benefits to determine net benefit and net present value (NPV), 5) A sensitivity analysis. From the analysis it was found that the drying racks project has positive NPV therefore it is worthwhile to be implemented in Tanzania to reduce dagaa post-harvest loss.
    [Show full text]
  • ASFIS ISSCAAP Fish List February 2007 Sorted on Scientific Name
    ASFIS ISSCAAP Fish List Sorted on Scientific Name February 2007 Scientific name English Name French name Spanish Name Code Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801) Starry triggerfish AJS Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky 1855) Chinese false gudgeon ABB Ablabys binotatus (Peters 1855) Redskinfish ABW Ablennes hians (Valenciennes 1846) Flat needlefish Orphie plate Agujón sable BAF Aborichthys elongatus Hora 1921 ABE Abralia andamanika Goodrich 1898 BLK Abralia veranyi (Rüppell 1844) Verany's enope squid Encornet de Verany Enoploluria de Verany BLJ Abraliopsis pfefferi (Verany 1837) Pfeffer's enope squid Encornet de Pfeffer Enoploluria de Pfeffer BJF Abramis brama (Linnaeus 1758) Freshwater bream Brème d'eau douce Brema común FBM Abramis spp Freshwater breams nei Brèmes d'eau douce nca Bremas nep FBR Abramites eques (Steindachner 1878) ABQ Abudefduf luridus (Cuvier 1830) Canary damsel AUU Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus 1758) Sergeant-major ABU Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen 1977 OAG Abyssocottus elochini Taliev 1955 AEZ Abythites lepidogenys (Smith & Radcliffe 1913) AHD Acanella spp Branched bamboo coral KQL Acanthacaris caeca (A. Milne Edwards 1881) Atlantic deep-sea lobster Langoustine arganelle Cigala de fondo NTK Acanthacaris tenuimana Bate 1888 Prickly deep-sea lobster Langoustine spinuleuse Cigala raspa NHI Acanthalburnus microlepis (De Filippi 1861) Blackbrow bleak AHL Acanthaphritis barbata (Okamura & Kishida 1963) NHT Acantharchus pomotis (Baird 1855) Mud sunfish AKP Acanthaxius caespitosa (Squires 1979) Deepwater mud lobster Langouste
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Organizing Committee
    Organized by Conference Organizing Committee Co-chairs: • James Njiru (Kenya) • Mohiuddin Munawar (Canada) Members: • Niklas Mattson (Malawi) • Gabriel Hakizimana (Burundi) • Christopher Mulanda Aura (Kenya) • Anthony Munyaho (Uganda) • Modesta Medard (Tanzania) Scientific Committee Local Organizing AEHMS Secretariat Committee Co-chairs: Committee (Canada) • Martin Van der Knaap • James Kairo • Lisa Elder (Ghana) • Christopher M. Aura • Jennifer Lorimer • Victor Langenberg • Jacqueline Uku (Netherlands) • Chrisphine S. Nyamweya Members: • Ken Njagi • Robert Kayanda (Uganda) • Cyprian Odoli • Peter Odhengo (Kenya) Sponsored by Pwani The United Nations University-Fisheries The Great Lakes Fishery University, Kenya Training Program (UNU-FTP) Commission https://www.pu.ac.ke/ www.unuftp.is www.glfc.org Banner Image Credit • Fish landing site on Lake Victoria where dagaa/omena/mukene is dried, Uganda. © 2017 Martin Van der Knaap. © 2019 Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society. Burlington, Ontario, Canada. aehms.org 1 Welcome to GLOW9 in beautiful Kisumu, Kenya! GLOW9 is part of an ongoing series of symposia organized by the GLOW (Great Lakes of the World) Working Group of the Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society (AEHMS). The AEHMS is a professional, scientific and non for profit organization established in Canada almost 30 years ago in 1989. The first GLOW symposium was organized more than 1996 in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Since then the AEHMS has launched a continuing series of GLOW symposia regularly in order to promote interaction and communication amongst various Great Lakes/Large lakes researchers across the world. The purpose of GLOW is to establish a global platform where ecosystem-based studies of the structure, function and performance of Great Lake ecosystems are promoted, organized and synthesized.
    [Show full text]
  • Vital but Vulnerable: Climate Change Vulnerability and Human Use of Wildlife in Africa’S Albertine Rift
    Vital but vulnerable: Climate change vulnerability and human use of wildlife in Africa’s Albertine Rift J.A. Carr, W.E. Outhwaite, G.L. Goodman, T.E.E. Oldfield and W.B. Foden Occasional Paper for the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 48 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the compilers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Carr, J.A., Outhwaite, W.E., Goodman, G.L., Oldfield, T.E.E. and Foden, W.B. 2013. Vital but vulnerable: Climate change vulnerability and human use of wildlife in Africa’s Albertine Rift. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 48. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xii + 224pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1591-9 Front cover: A Burundian fisherman makes a good catch. © R. Allgayer and A. Sapoli. Back cover: © T. Knowles Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0020 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications Also available at http://www.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/SSC-OP-048.pdf About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Etc Capture Production by Species
    472 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc Capture production by species items Africa - Inland waters C-01 Poissons, crustacés, mollusques, etc Captures par catégories d'espèces Afrique - Eaux continentales (a) Peces, crustáceos, moluscos, etc Capturas por categorías de especies África - Aguas continentales English name Scientific name Species group Nom anglais Nom scientifique Groupe d'espèces 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Nombre inglés Nombre científico Grupo de especies t t t t t t t Common carp Cyprinus carpio 11 2 401 3 166 3 578 3 665 3 414 3 364 821 Crucian carp Carassius carassius 11 32 442 266 257 280 325 19 Rhinofishes nei Labeo spp 11 1 192 1 159 1 469 2 482 2 156 1 717 1 037 Grass carp(=White amur) Ctenopharyngodon idellus 11 15 094 16 886 15 416 15 371 15 043 13 400 14 040 Silver cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea 11 241 122 271 350 353 242 287 217 267 364 278 113 268 145 Lake Malawi sardine Engraulicypris sardella 11 86 082 76 840 71 969 99 370 109 387 110 135 156 717 African scraping feeder Varicorhinus beso 11 96 55 96 - - ... ... Cyprinids nei Cyprinidae 11 118 333 120 478 112 462 106 126 121 654 126 746 145 178 Giant cichlid Boulengerochromis microlepis 12 107 55 36 108 38 28 58 Lake Malawi utaka Copadichromis virginalis 12 13 816 9 570 11 734 12 805 12 929 35 571 19 136 Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus 12 168 210 176 900 176 387 181 674 170 003 173 040 184 789 Tilapia shiranus Oreochromis shiranus 12 2 253 311 220 2 572 1 968 1 097 1 367 Tilapias nei Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp 12 234 775 224 455 232 686 204 408 223 828
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Effect of the Closed Seasons on Abundance of the Silver Cyprinid, Rastrineobola Argentea, in Lake Victoria
    ununftp.is Final Project 2012 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF THE CLOSED SEASONS ON ABUNDANCE OF THE SILVER CYPRINID, RASTRINEOBOLA ARGENTEA, IN LAKE VICTORIA Robert Wanyama Ministry of Fisheries Development Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Supervisors: Hreidar Thor Valtysson [email protected] Hlynur Ármannsson [email protected] ABSTRACT Lake Victoria is currently dominated by the introduced Nile perch, (Lates niloticus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the endemic cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea. R. argentea is second only to Nile perch in terms of commercial importance. With the recent declining trends in the catches of Nile perch and most other fish species in the lake, interest has gradually been shifting to the exploitation of R. argentea. From time to time Lake Victoria partner states have been implementing management measures aimed at ensuring sustainable utilization of the fisheries. One such measure was to implement a yearly closed season for fishing of R. argentea for four months period, starting in 2001. However this ban was only implemented by Kenya. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of the closed seasons in the Kenyan part of the lake on the abundance of R. argentea. Catch, CPUE and biomass data were analysed to establish trends between 1999 and 2011, for the Kenyan and Ugandan portions as well as the entire lake. The results indicated an increased biomass not only on the Kenyan side, where closed seasons are implemented, but also in the entire lake. This indicates that factors other than fishing, such as environmental and ecological changes play a crucial role in the fluctuations of R.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Aspects of Schilbe Intermedius (Ruppell, 1832) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya
    Received: 4 September 2019 | Revised: 25 December 2019 | Accepted: 7 January 2020 DOI: 10.1111/lre.12304 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Biological aspects of Schilbe intermedius (Ruppell, 1832) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya Eunice Mutethya1 | Sharon Okoth1 | Edwine Yongo2 1Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Abstract Kenya Silver butter catfish (Schilbe intermedius) is an indigenous fish species in Lake Victoria. 2 Faculty of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, It has a good economic value because of the quality and freshness of its flesh, in- Hainan University, Haikou, China creasing its demand for consumption. It is potamodromous, with its stock in the lake Correspondence declining because of overexploitation by the use of illegal fishing gears at the river Eunice Mutethya, Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, University of Eldoret, mouths on their way to spawning areas. Fish samples (321) were obtained from com- 1125-30100 Eldoret, Kenya. mercial gill net (1.5–3 in.) fishers within Nyanza gulf. The fish samples were weighed Email: [email protected] (g) and measured (cm), dissected and sex determined by visual inspection of the go- nads. Ovaries for mature female fish specimens were preserved for analysis of fe- cundity. Fecundity was determined by the gravimetric technique. The mean (±SE) length and weight for all fish were 18.2 ± 0.2 cm TL and 51.9 ± 1.9 g, respectively. The female fish (20.0 ± 0.2 cm) were significantly (F = 199.80, p < .05) larger than the males (15.9 ± 0.1 cm). Similarly, the females (68.8 ± 2.6 g) were significantly (F = 152.61, p < .05) heavier than the males (30.93 ± 1.02 g).
    [Show full text]