New Testament Texts on Martyrdom
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The Christian Martyr Movement of 850S Córdoba Has Received Considerable Scholarly Attention Over the Decades, Yet the Movement Has Often Been Seen As Anomalous
The Christian martyr movement of 850s Córdoba has received considerable scholarly attention over the decades, yet the movement has often been seen as anomalous. The martyrs’ apologists were responsible for a huge spike in evidence, but analysis of their work has shown that they likely represented a minority “rigorist” position within the Christian community and reacted against the increasing accommodation of many Mozarabic Christians to the realities of Muslim rule. This article seeks to place the apologists, and therefore the martyrs, in a longer-term perspective by demonstrating that martyr memories were cultivated in the city and surrounding region throughout late antiquity, from at least the late fourth century. The Cordoban apologists made active use of this tradition in their presentation of the events of the mid-ninth century. The article closes by suggesting that the martyr movement of the 850s drew strength from churches dedicated to earlier martyrs from the city and that the memories of the martyrs of the mid-ninth century were used to reinforce communal bonds at Córdoba and beyond in the following years. Memories and memorials of martyrdom were thus powerful means of forging connections across time and space in early medieval Iberia. Keywords Hagiography / Iberia, Martyrdom, Mozarabs – hagiography, Violence, Apologetics, Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain – martyrs, Eulogius of Córdoba, martyr, Álvaro de Córdoba, Paulo, author, Visigoths (Iberian kingdom) – hagiography In the year 549, Agila (d. 554), king of the Visigoths, took it upon himself to bring the city of Córdoba under his power. The expedition appears to have been an utter disaster and its failure was attributed by Isidore of Seville (d. -
December Saints
Saint of the Day December December 1: St. Edmund Campion, Martyr St. Edmund Campion was born in 1540 in Protestant London. An exceptionally bright child, he was given a good education. He went to Oxford in 1557, during the last year of Catholic Queen Mary’s reign. In 1566, he was given the honor of leading a debate in front of Queen Elizabeth I, who was impressed by him. He became a deacon in Church of England, but soon regretted it. He left England to enter a Catholic seminary in France and became a Jesuit in 1573. He knew then that he desired to return to England and secretly minister to Catholics there, despite the dangers. In 1580, St. Edmund went back to England disguised as a jewel merchant. He secretly preached and said Masses for one year before he was arrested, imprisoned and martyred in 1581. St. Edmund is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. December 2: St. Bibiana, Virgin and Martyr St. Bibiana was an early Christian martyr, probably living during the late 4th century in Rome. Christianity had been made legal by Constantine, but persecutions continued. Bibiana’s parents were martyred, leaving Bibiana and her sister Demetria alone in poverty. They fasted and prayed, refusing to give up their faith. Demetria died of hunger and Bibiana, after undergoing harsh questioning, died a few days later. Their home was turned into a church, and is now the site of the Basilica of Santa Bibiana. December 3: St. Francis Xavier St. Francis Xavier was born in Spain in 1506. -
The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus by Philip Schaff About ANF01
ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus by Philip Schaff About ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus by Philip Schaff Title: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: The Ante-Nicene Christian library is meant to comprise translations into English of all the extant works of the Fathers down to the date of the first General Council held at Nice in A.D. 325. The sole provisional exception is that of the more bulky writings of Origen. It is intended at present only to embrace in the scheme the Contra Celsum and the De Principiis of that voluminous author; but the whole of his works will be included should the undertaking prove successful. Publication History: Text edited by Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson and first published in Edinburgh, 1867. Additional introductionary material and notes provided for the American edition by A. Cleveland Coxe 1886. Print Basis: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, reprint 2001 Source: Logos Research Systems, Inc. Rights: Public Domain Date Created: 2002-10 Status: Proof reading, ThML markup and subject index for Version 3.0 by Timothy Lanfear General Comments: Hebrew and Greek were checked against page scans of the 1995 Hendrickson reprint by SLK; errors in the hard copy have not been corrected in this digitized text. Contributor(s): Timothy Lanfear (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; Early Church; Classic; Proofed; LC Call no: BR60 LC Subjects: Christianity Early Christian Literature. -
Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET
Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET Prepared by Marianne Dyogi Lesson Overview Lesson Details The students will create a boigraphical pamphlet Subject area(s): Religion, History of the on an early Christian martyr. Catholic Church Grade Level: High School, Middle School Lesson Materials Resource Type: Research Project Additional materials for this lesson can be accessed at https://sophiainstituteforteachers.org/curriculum/l Special Learners esson/early-christian-martyrs-pamphlet. Materials include: This resource was developed with the following special learners in mind: EARLY_CHRISTIAN_MARTYRS Traditional Classroom EARLY_CHRISTIAN_MARTYRS_- _Pamphlet_Example Advanced Placement Homeschooled Students CCD/Parish-Based Education The author of this lesson shared it with other educators within the Sophia Institute for Teachers Catholic Curriculum Exchange. Find more resources and share your own at https://www.SophiaInstituteforTeachers.org. Lesson Plan Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET Objective: To research the life of an early Christian martyr; to create a biographical pamphlet on the life of an early Christian martyr Discuss Pamplet GUIDELINES. Explain the format of the Pamphlet using the SAMPLE PAMPHLET TEMPLATE. Provide the students with a list of early Christian martyrs and have them number their top 3 choices. Martyrs will be assigned but preferences will be considered. Go over how to cite internet resources using one of the sites provided in the packet. Review the Ten Persecutions of the Romans Against the Christian Church. The author of this lesson shared it with other educators within the Sophia Institute for Teachers Catholic Curriculum Exchange. Find more resources and share your own at https://www.SophiaInstituteforTeachers.org.. -
From Christian Persecutor to Ambassador in Chains: Paul of Tarsus, Apostle to the Gentiles
FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTOR TO AMBASSADOR IN CHAINS: PAUL OF TARSUS, APOSTLE TO THE GENTILES WHO WAS PAUL? The great Evangelizer Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles, is considered by many Christians to have au- thored a majority of the 27 New Testament (1) books which form the Holy Bible (2). His epic jour- ney is the standard bearer of conversion accounts, as he was transformed from being the most wicked persecutor of first century followers of "The Way" to the unswerving "Ambassador in Chains" (Ephesians 6:19-20) who preached and taught the Good News of Jesus Christ (3) while helping nurture infant churches along the path. EARLY LIFE The Scriptures don't tell us much about Paul's heritage or early life. Acts 22:3 shares that Paul was born in Tarsus of Cicilia (ed note: circa 5 AD), then a large trade center on the Mediterranean coast in what is now south central Turkey, and that he "studied under Gamaliel and was thoroughly trained in the law of our ancestors." Born into a devout Jewish family (4), Paul referred to his lineage in Philippians 3:5 as being "circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Ben- jamin (5), a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee." He later became a leader of the Christian Church in the first century world. The "son of Paul's sister" is mentioned in Acts 23:16 and Paul shares in Acts 23:6 that he "descended from Pharisees." In 2 Timothy 1:3, Paul gives thanks to God, "whom I serve, as my ancestors did." PRESENT AT THE STONING OF STEPHEN The first mention of Paul in the Bible is in Acts 7:54-60, when he is referred to by his Jewish name of Saul. -
"Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons
Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 8-2016 Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons Matthew R. Anderson Abilene Christian University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Matthew R., "Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons" (2016). Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 35. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. ABSTRACT For decades, many scholars have been uncomfortable with the idea that some early Christians were eager to die. This led to the creation of the category “voluntary martyrdom” by which modern historians attempted to understand those martyrs who provoked their own arrest and/or death in some fashion. Scholars then connected this form of martyrdom with an early Christian movement called the New Prophecy, which came to be known as Montanism. Thus, scholars have scoured martyr accounts in an attempt to identify volunteers and, in some cases, label them Montanists. The Letter from the Churches of Vienna and Lyons and the martyrs it depicts did not escape such scrutiny. I contend that the martyrs in that account who have been accused of heresy are not only innocent of heresy but also should not be considered volunteers. This study surveys the role of the language of zeal and enthusiasm in the account of the martyrs of Lyons. -
THE DAY of the CHRISTIAN MARTYR June 29, 2019 Resource Pack “Greater Love Has No One Than This, to Lay Down One’S Life for One’S Friends
THE DAY OF THE CHRISTIAN MARTYR June 29, 2019 Resource Pack “Greater love has no one than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. You are my friends, if you do what I command... The time is coming when anyone who kills you will think they are offering a service to God. They will do such things because they have not known the Father or me. I have told you this, so that when their time comes, you will remember that I warned you about them.” (John 15:13,14; John 16:2-4, NIV) Saturday June 29 2019 is the day many churches have remembered the martyrdoms of the Apostles Peter and Paul. On this day, or later in the year, we invite you and your church to be inspired by Christian martyrs of modern times and moved to prayer, praise and greater devotion. useful. There is also a sample pack of prayer cards, and a Powerpoint presentation you can downloadThis brochure from offers our website, a selection www.releaseinternational.org of readings, sermon notes, hymns and prayers you might find A few ideas to inspire your creativity • the martyrdom of Christians, or reprint one of the prayers in this pack. Include a ‘Did you know?’ item in your church bulletin or newsletter quoting some figures about • Hold a special Martyrs’ Day service in your church using the readings, sermon notes, hymns, prayers and other resources in this pack, and the Powerpoint presentation you can download from www.releaseinternational.org • Consider using some of the readings, hymns and prayers in your regular service on June 30, or later in the year. -
Polycarpus Smyrnaeus – Epistula Ad Philippenses the Epistle Of
0070-0156 – Polycarpus Smyrnaeus – Epistula ad Philippenses The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians this file has been downloaded from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.html ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus Philip Schaff Polycarp 31 Introductory Note to the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians [a.d. 65–100–155.] The Epistle of Polycarp is usually made a sort of preface to those of Ignatius, for reasons which will be obvious to the reader. Yet he was born later, and lived to a much later period. They seem to have been friends from the days of their common pupilage under St. John; and there is nothing improbable in the conjecture of Usher, that he was the “angel of the church in Smyrna,” to whom the Master says, “Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.” His pupil Irenæus gives us one of the very few portraits of an apostolic man which are to be found in antiquity, in a few sentences which are a picture: “I could describe the very place in which the blessed Polycarp sat and taught; his going out and coming in; the whole tenor of his life; his personal appearance; how he would speak of the conversations he had held with John and with others who had seen the Lord. How did he make mention of their words and of whatever he had heard from them respecting the Lord.” Thus he unconsciously tantalizes our reverent curiosity. Alas! that such conversations were not written for our learning. -
Martyred for the Church
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2. Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC) 471 Justin Buol Martyred for the Church Memorializations of the Effective Deaths of Bishop Martyrs in the Second Century CE Mohr Siebeck Justin Buol, born 1983; 2005 BA in Biblical and Theological Studies, Bethel University; 2007 MA in New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School; 2009 MA in Classical and Near Eastern Studies, University of Minnesota; 2017 PhD in Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity, University of Notre Dame; currently an adjunct professor at Bethel University. ISBN 978-3-16-156389-8 / eISBN 978-3-16-156390-4 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-156390-4 ISSN 0340-9570 / eISSN 2568-7484 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Reihe) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to repro- ductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany. Preface This monograph represents a revised version of my doctoral dissertation. It has been updated to take into account additional scholarly literature, bring in new argumentation, and shorten some sections for relevance. -
Church “Fathers”: Polycarp
Church History and Evidences Notes: Church “Fathers”: Polycarp I.Church “fathers” and their writings: Polycarp A. Polycarp of Smyrna 1. Polycarp of Smyrna (c. 69 – c. 155) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna (now İzmir in Turkey). 2. According to Eusebius (260-340AD) supposedly quoting Irenaeus (130- 202AD), Polycrates of Ephesus (130-196AD) cited the example of Polycarp in defense of local practices during the Quartodeciman Controversy. Polycarp supposedly tried and failed to persuade Pope Anicetus to have the West celebrate Passover on the 14th of Nisan, as in the Eastern calendar. 3. Around A.D. 155, the Smyrnans of his town demanded Polycarp's execution as a Christian, and he died a martyr. The story of his martyrdom describes how the fire built around him would not burn him, and that when he was stabbed to death, so much blood issued from his body that it quenched the flames around him. Polycarp is recognized as a saint in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. 4. Both Irenaeus, who as a young man heard Polycarp speak, and Tertullian recorded that Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle. 5. There are two chief sources of information concerning the life of Polycarp: the letter of the Smyrnaeans recounting the martyrdom of Polycarp and the passages in Irenaeus' Adversus Haereses. Other sources are the epistles of Ignatius, which include one to Polycarp and another to the Smyrnaeans, and Polycarp's own letter to the Philippians. In 1999, some third to 6th-century Coptic fragments about Polycarp were also published. -
Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyons, and Cyprian of Carthage on Suffering: A
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY JUSTIN MARTYR, IRENAEUS OF LYONS, AND CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE ON SUFFERING: A COMPARATIVE AND CRITICAL STUDY OF THEIR WORKS THAT CONCERN THE APOLOGETIC USES OF SUFFERING IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE RAWLINGS SCHOOL OF DIVINITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THEOLOGY AND APOLOGETICS BY AARON GLENN KILBOURN LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA AUGUST 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Aaron Glenn Kilbourn All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL SHEET JUSTIN MARTYR, IRENAEUS OF LYONS, AND CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE ON SUFFERING: A COMPARATIVE AND CRITICAL STUDY OF THEIR WORKS THA CONCERN THE APOLOGETIC USES OF SUFFERING IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY Aaron Glenn Kilbourn Read and approved by: Chairperson: _____________________________ Reader: _____________________________ Reader: _____________________________ Date: _____________________________ iii To my wife, Michelle, my children, Aubrey and Zack, as well as the congregation of First Baptist Church of Parker, SD. I thank our God that by His grace, your love, faithfulness, and prayers have all helped sustain each of my efforts for His glory. iv CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………ix Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..1 Personal Interest………………………………………………………………………8 The Need for the Study……………………………………………………………….9 Methodological Design……………………………………………………………….10 Limitations……………………………………………………………………………12 CHAPTER 2: THE CONCEPT OF SUFFERING IN THE BIBLE AND EARLY APOLOGISTS........................................................................................................................14 -
“Characters of the Bible – Apostle Paul” Erik Luchetta
JUNE 10, 2019 “Characters of the Bible – Apostle Paul” Erik Luchetta Before Paul became the great apostle, he was known by his birth name Saul. We know he was a Pharisee and a persecutor of the church. We’re going to look at the man Saul, the pre-Christian apostle Paul. We’re going to answer - Who were the Pharisees? What did they want to see accomplished? Why did they, in the book of Acts, participate in persecuting the church? In looking at Saul as a Pharisee, there is no better place to start looking at his view of the world (who God is, what God was going to do for Israel, and where the world was headed) than Daniel 7:13-14. It is a verse that Saul as a Pharisee would have thought about, meditated on, and prayed about on a regular basis. In these verses, Daniel, the Old Testament prophet, has a vision of the heavenly courtroom. Daniel saw someone called the son of man come to be presented before God and then God giving Him a throne next to Him. The son of man was seated next to Him in order for him to rule over heaven and earth. The Jews hoped that one day God would establish a king over the whole world – a king that would be a Jew from the line of King David. It’s a picture of a courtroom where not only does the son of man receive His throne, but at the same time the courtroom also rules in favor of God’s people.