Specific Epithet-A Denomination of Geographical Region, Particular Place of Growth, Spread Or Origin of the Plants

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Review Article

ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 Specific Epithet-A Denomination of Geographical Region, Particular Place of Growth, Spread or Origin of the Plants

Iliana Ilieva* University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria *Corresponding author:

Iliana Ilieva, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria

ARTICLE INFO Abstract

Received: Published: January 13, 2020 The present article is a part of the larger research “Linguistic structure of binomial January 24, 2020 botanical denominations– specific epithet”, based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian Citation: vascular flora”, fourth revised and updated edition, Sofia, 2012. The article is focused on the specific epithets indicating different geographical objects relating to spreading Iliana Ilieva. Specific Epithet-A or origin of the plants. According to the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Denomination of Geographical Region, Nomenclature) “The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet in the form of an adjective, a noun in Particular Place of Growth, Spread or the genitive, or a word in apposition, or several words, but not a phrase name of one or Origin of the Plants. Biomed J Sci & Tech more descriptive nouns and associated adjectives in the ablative” (Chapter III, Section Res 24(5)-2020. BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 4, Article 23.1).

Introduction

and the like. Often, they are related to where the species was The specific epithets indicating a geographical object could be first collected. Most of the binomial names, signifying Balkan or representedi. Epithet in the following groups: Accepted name Bulgarian endemics, do not have English common names – they are Unclear name status – An adjective agreed with the generic name by noted as and a literal meaning is added; some still Taraxacum silvicolum gender,ii. number,Epithet case, have unclear status and are labelled as , subject Unresolved name Poa aitosensis). iii. Epithet – Another noun in the Nominative (apposition), to further refinement ( ); others at the time of this study are ( The good knowledge iv. Epithet – A noun in the Genitive, of Classic languages by the earlier taxonomists condition the often adrianopolitanus, colchicus, hellesponticus, lutecianus, – Composite name consisting of two hyphenated use of Ancient Latin and Greek names of geographical localities and phrygius, trojanus brutius, words settlements ( Epithet – An Adjective Agreed with The Generic Name dacicus, etruscus, sabinus, santonicus, siculus, tauricus, taurinus etc.) as well as of historical tribes ( by Gender, Number, Case jumrukczalicus etc.). Some obsolete denominations could be also found ( The plant habitat has provided the opportunity of forming – the present Mount Botev in Stara planina etc.) [1-10]. orbelicus Orbelic a wide range of specific names indicating the area of spread or There exist also two cases of polysemantic specific epithets: the origin of the species thus these names form one of the most – (Orbelus – an ancient name of a mountain on nicaeensis numerous groups of epithets. Within this group there are several the Balkan Peninsula; may refer to Belasitsa, Pirin, Rila, Osogovo or subgroupsa. according to the meaning Slavyanka Mountain); – from Nice (Nicaea – an ancient

Adjectives derived from the names of different name of the present Nice in Southern France or the present town geographical sites – cities, countries, mountains, rivers, valleys, of Iznik in Turkey).

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 7) agrestis, calcareus, collinus, fontanus, montanus, paludosus, saxatilis, b. Adjectives, meaning the natural habitat of the plant – 8) Orientalis, e (19); umbrosus etc. 9) Thracicus, a, um (17); c. australis, borealis, meridionalis, orientalis, septentrionalis. Rhodopaeus, a, um (15); rhodopeius, a, um (7); Adjectives, meaning geographic direction - rhodopensis,10) e (2);

11) Sylvaticus, a, um (15); sylvester, tris, tre (13); According to the morphemic content following types of adjectivesa. could be distinguished: 12) Austriacus, a, um (14); afer, apulus, bavarus chius, cous, Primary adjectives: Twelve of them mean geographical 13) Pratensis, e (13); sardous, siculus, thasius, zacinthus areas ( etc.); six – names of islands ( dorius, etruscus Rumelicus, a, um (12); rumeliacus, a, um (1); rumelianus, ); two epithets are formed from borovezus barbarus a, um14) (1); ethnonyms ( ), one – from the name of a locality ( b. ) as well as in meaning “alien, foreign”. 15) Graecus, a, um (12);

Derivative adjectives: the most numerous subgroup 16) Europaeus, a, um (11); ic- iac- containing more than 300 adjectives, including two participles. 17) Creticus, a, um (11); The most common suffixes are - , - belonging to, from lsaticus, bulgaricus, hellesponticus, italicus, pirinicus, syriacus, (predominantly in the names of geographic objects and countries: 18) Aquaticus, a, um (10); ucranicus ens- 19) Balcanicus, a, um (10); burgasensis, deborensis, etc.); - denoting origin (most commonly in the januensis, kamciensis, nebrodensis, rhodopensis, varnensis an- 20) Campester, tris, tre (10); names of cities, rivers and mountains: etc.); - 21) Pannonicus, a, um (10); adrianopolitanus, americanus, connection, relating to (in the names formed by the denominations diospolitanus, neapolitanus, ottomanus, romanus, salonitanus 22) Saxatilis, e (10). of cities, countries and peoples: eus etc.). Pirinicus, a, um (7); perinicus, a, um (1); perinensis, e (1); Less frequently used are the suffixes - belonging to, pertaining pirinensis, e (1). , aegeus, epigeius, europaeus, mediterraneus, petraeus to (mostly in the names that mean geographic regions or place of al- ar- Some epithets, deriving from animal names, point to the habitat distribution: i.e. australis, muralis, orientalis, rivalis, stagnalis typical for the particular species: bufonius (pertaining to toads, etc.); - , - pertaining to (to indicate the direction or area of . in- hospitable for toads, growing in wet places); capreus (relating to distribution: etc.); appenninus, palaestinus, subalpinus, taurinus os- goats);c) Compound ursinus (from Adjectives localities inhabited by bears) - relating to, from (in the names of geographic sites, countries, ester limosus, or cities: etc.); - – 8 epithets. In two genera, specific nemorosus, umbrosus, campester, rupester, silvester abundance and - place of growth and distribution ( epithets, expressed by derivative and compound adjectives, are atil- ). There are found to highlight specific features of the species: alpinopilosus and aquatilis, fluviatilis, saxatilis ari- arenarius, also single adjectives formed through suffix - place of growth pilosus (Luzula), fontanosquameus and fontanus (Taraxacum). Two riparius, salinarius id- aridus en- damascenus ( ), - pertaining to ( other epithets contain the word formative element -formis meaning itim- maritimus Festuca ), - ( ), - originated from ( ), “distribution area”: paludosiformis and turfosiformis. - belonging to ( ) [11-24]. In the genus there Festuca pirinensis Festuca Among the epithets, indicating area of spread or origin, there are two separate species whose specific epithets are formed from arenarius – arenaster – arenosus; monspeliacus pirinica are several groups of synonyms formed through different word- one root but with different suffixes: and – monspeliensis – monspessulanus; nemoralis – nemorensis – species. formative methods: – evidently to distinguish in lexical level two closely related nemorosus; paludosus – paluster – paludosiformis; rumelicus – The highest frequency of use have the following specific rumeliacus – rumelianus; rhodopaeus – rhodopeius – rhodopensis; epithets:1) silvaticus – silvester – silvicolus etc.

2) Arvensis, e (35);

Alpinus, a, um (34); alpestris, e (8); Another fact to be noted is the presence of doublet variants 3) drymeius drymejus δρῦς for the same name, due to different transcriptions of names of epigaeus epigeios (ἐπίγαιος – ground, on the Palustris, e (27); paludosus, a, um (3); paludisiformis, e foreign origin – and ( – tree, especially ground); pirinicus, perinensis pirinensis (1);4) oak); and Strandzha 5) Montanus, a, um (25); perinicus and and (from mountain ucranicus and ucrainicus Pirin mountain); strandjensis and stranjensis (from 6) Bulgaricus, a, um (22); volgensis and ); (Ukrainian); halepensis and wolgensis Maritimus, a, um (19); marinus, a, um (5); aleppicus (from Aleppo – a city in Northern Syria);

Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. (from Volga river). 18686 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 Spelling Note: silvester • Astracantha Astracantha arnacantha subsp. aitosensis the adjective , tris, tre (silva – forest) (synonym of silvaticus Calystegia silvatica is misspelt sylvester; the same mistake is found in the derivative • ; Bulgarian endemic) (except ), while the compound Taraxacum silvicolum, Poa (Unresolved name; Bulgarian endemic) The record adjectives silvicolus and semisilvaticus, containing the same Hieracium semisilvaticum derives from Tropicos which does not establish this name either morpheme silv- are correctly spelt ( as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 25525461) with 1. acarnanicus, a,). um original12. publication albanicus, details: a, um 1983– – from Acarnania (Acarnania – a Albanian, originally from Albania, in region• of west-central Greece). the broadest sense of the term, also used for species from Bulgaria, Polygala (Accepted name; literally: Milkwort from Macedonia,• Greece, Montenegro up to Slovenia. Acarnania)2. adrianopolitanus, a, um 13. albanus,Lilium (Albanian a, um lily) – Adrianopolitan (Adrianopolis – the term derives from the ancient – an old name for the city of Edirne, Turkey; literally: the city of Albanian doors (Pylae Albaniae), in the Russian Dagestan but is Hadrian).• generally used for species of the Russian Caucasus or Georgian or Verbascum (Accepted name; literally: Adssrianopolitan Persian• or of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cappadocia etc. mullein;3. Balkanaegaeus, endemic) a, um 14. aleppicus,Thymus (synonym a, um of Thymus praecox – Mother of thyme) – Aegean, from the archipelagos of the – from Aleppo (in Northwestern Syria Aegean• Sea. near• the Mediterranean Sea). Galium (Accepted name; literally: Aegean bedstraw; 15. alexandrinus,Euphorbia (Aleppo a, um spurge) Balkan• endemic) • – from Alexandria, Egypt. Lotus (Accepted name; literally: Aegean bird’s-foot- trefoil)4. aegyptiacus, a, um 16. alpester,Trifolium ris,(Egyptian re clover, Berseem clover)

• – Egyptian. • – alpine.

• Helianthemum (Egyptian rockrose) • Caltha (synonym of Caltha palustris – Marsh-marigold)

5. aetnensis,Orobanche e(Egyptian broomrape) • Epilobium (Whorled-leaved willowherb)

– from Mount Etna (Etna – active volcano on Lathyrus (Accepted name; literally: Alpine vetchling; the east• coast of Sicily, Italy). Balkan• endemic)

6. aetolicus,Sedum (Accepted a, um –name; literally: Etna stonecrop) • Myosotis (Alpine forget-me-not)

from Aetolia (Aetolia – mountainous • Polygala (Alpine milkwort) • region in West Greece). • Rhodax (synonym of Helianthemum cinereum)

7. afer,Viola afra,(Accepted arum name; literally: Aetolica violet) • Sedum (Alpine stonecrop) • – from Africa, African. 17. alpinus,Trifolium a, (Owl-head um clover, Purple-globe clover)

Plantago (Psyllium-plantain, Glandular plantain, Black • – alpine, growing at high mountains. psyllium)• • Acinos (Rock thyme, Alpine rock-thyme) 8. africanus,Ptilostemon a, (Grecian um thistle) • Arabis (Alpine rockcress) • – from Africa, African. • Armeria (Alpine thrift) 9. agrarius,Malcolmia a, (African um mustard) • Arum (Mountain arum) • – of fields, relating to the cultivated plants. • Aster (Alpine aster) 10. agrestis,Euphorbia e (Urban spurge) • Bartsia (Alpine bartsia, Velvetbells) – of or belonging to fields, relating to the uncultivated• plants. • Cachrys (Accepted name)

11. aitosensis,Rosa (Small-leaved е sweet-briar, Field briar) • Campanula (Alpine bellflower)

– from Aitos (Aitos – a city in South-East • Cerastium (Alpine mouse-ear, Alpine chickweed) Bulgaria).Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. Cicerbita (Alpine sow-thistle, Alpine blue-sow-thistle)18687 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • •

Circaea (Alpine enchanter’s nightshade, Small enchanter’s Persicaria (Water smartweed, Longroot smartweed, nightshade)• Amphibious• bistort)

• Clematis (Alpine clematis) 22. anatolicus,Rorippa (Great a, um yellowcress)

• Cystopteris (Alpine bladder-fern) – of or from the Pontus (also called North Anatolian)• Mountains,Accepted Turkey. name • Danthonia (Accepted name; literally: Alpine oat-grass) • Genista ( ; literally: Anatolian broom) • Diphasiastrum (Alpine clubmoss) • MinuartiaAccepted (Anatolian name sandwort) • Erigeron (Alpine fleabane) 23. ap(p)enninus,Polygala ( a, um ; literally: Anatolian milkwort) • Homogyne (Alpine coltsfoot, Purple colt’s-foot) – of or from the Apennines (The Juncus (synonym of Juncus alpinoarticulatus – Northern Apennines,• Apennine mountains – a mountain range in Italy). green• rush) • Anemone (BlueAccepted anemone) name • Leontopodium (Edelweiss) • Potentilla ( Accepted name; literally: Apennine cinquefoil) • Linum (Alpine flax) 24. apulus,Taraxacum a, um ( ; literally: Apennine dandelion) • Petrorhagia (Accepted name) – from Apulia (Apulia, today Puglia – a region Phleum (Alpine cat’s-tail, Alpine timothy, Mountain in Southern• Italy). timothy)• • NeatostemaAccepted (Yellow name gromwell) • Poa (Alpine meadow-grass, Alpine bluegrass) • Papaver ( ; literally: Apulian poppy) • Potamogeton (Alpine pondweed, Red pondweed) 25. aquaticus,Tordylium a, (Mediterranean um hartwort) • Pritzelago (Chamois cress) • Accepted – growing name in or close to the water. • Rhamnus (Alpine buckthorn) • Asteriscus ( ; “Golden star”) • Rhinanthus (Alpine yellow rattle) • Catabrosa (Water whorlgrass) • Ribes (Mountain currant, Alpine currant) • Limosella (Water mudwort) • Rumex (Monk’s-rhubarb, Alpine dock, Mountain-rhubarb) • Mentha (Water mint) • Scutellaria (Alpine skullcap) • Myosoton (Giant chickweed) • Silene (Unclear name status; literally: Alpine catchfly) Oenanthe (Fineleaf water dropwort, Fine-leaved water • Stachys (Limestone woundwort) dropwort)• • Thesium (Alpine bastard-toadflax) • Phalaris (Bulbous canary-grass, Harding grass) 18. alpino-pilosus,Veronica (Alpine a, umspeedwell) • Rumex (Scottish dock) • – alpine and hairy. • Senecio (Water ragwort) 19. alsaticus,Luzula (Alpine a, um woodrush) 26. aquatilisSubularia, e (Water awlwort) – of Alsace, Alsatian (Alsace – a historical • – growing in water. region• in Eastern France, on the west bank of upper Rhine). Ranunculus (Common water-crowfoot, White water- • Orobanche (AlsaceAccepted broomrape name , Duose broomrape) crowfoot,27. arabicus, White water a, um buttercup)

20. americanus,Peucedanum a, ( um ) • Accepted – of or from name Arabia.

– of the Americas (Northern, Central or • Aethionema ( ; literally: Arabic stonecress) Southern),• American. • Fumana (Arabian cistus) • Fraxinus (White ash, American ash) Medicago (Spotted medick, Spotted burclover, Heart 21. amphibius,Phytolacca a,(American um pokeweed, Pokeweed) clover) – growing both in and out of water. Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18688 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 28. ardanus, a, um •

– from Ardana (probably the epithet derives • Cirsium (Creeping thistle, Field thistle) from• ArdanaS – aUnresolved village in Northern name Cyprus). • Convolvulus (Field bindweed) alix ( ) The record derives from WCSP • Equisetumsynonym (Field of horsetail, Common horsetail) (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym Gagea ( Gagea minima; literally: Field star-of- 2006. with original publication details: Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 75: 148 Bethlehem)• 29. arenarius, a, um – • Knautia (Field scabious) • sandy (a reference to the sandy habitat). • Linaria (Corn toadflax)

Ammophila (European marram grass, European • Logfia (Field cottonrose) beachgrass)• Accepted name • Lycopsis (Small bugloss, Annual bugloss) • Centaurea ( Accepted name; literally: Sandy knapweed) • Melampyrum (Field cow-wheat) • Ceratocarpus ( ) • Mentha (Corn mint, Field mint, Wild mint) • Helichrysum (Dwarf everlast, Immortelle) • Myosotis (Field forget-me-not) • OnobrychisAccepted (Hungarian name sainfoin) • Nigella (Field fennelflower) • Onosma ( ) • Ononis (Field restharrow) • Orobanche (WormwoodAccepted name broomrape) • Polycnemum (Field needleleaf, Soft needleleaf) 30. arenastеr,Peucedanum stra, ( strum ) • Ranunculus (Corn buttercup) • – sandy (with negative hue). • Rosa (Field rose) 31. arenosus,Polygonum a, um(Equal-leaved knotgrass, Common knotweed) • Sherardia (Field madder) • – very sandy. • Sinapis (Wild mustard, Charlock, Field mustard) 32. aridus,Cardaminopsis a, um (Sand rock-cress) . Sonchus (Field milk thistle, Field sowthistle, Corn sow – dry, parched (probably referring to the thistle)• growth• environment)synonym of • Spergula (Corn spurry) 33. armeniacus,Dianthus ( a, um Dianthus pallidiflorus) • Thesium (Field bastard-toadflax) – Armenian (Armenia – a country in the South• Caucasus region of Eurasia). , G • Thlaspi (Field penny-cress)

Muscari (Armenian grape hyacinth arden grape- Torilis (Spreading hedge parsley, Tall sock-destroyer, hyacinth)34. arvensis, e Common• hedge parsley)

• – of farmed or cultivated land, field. Trifolium (Hare‘s-foot clover, Rabbitfoot clover, Oldfield clover)• • Acinos (Basil thyme) S Veronica (Wall speedwell, Corn speedwell, Common Anagallis (Blue-scarlet pimpernel, Red chickweed, speedwell)35. asenovgradensis, e Poorman‘s• barometer, hepherd‘s weather glass) – from Asenovgrad (Asenovgrad – a • Anthemis (Corn chamomile, Mayweed, Field chamomile) town• in South Bulgaria).Accepted name • Aphanes (Parsley-piert) Hieracium ( ; literally: Hawkweed from • Asperula (Blue woodruff) Asenovgrad)36. astracanicus, a, um

• Bromus (Field brome, Schrader‘s brome) – of the Astrakhan region, near the Caspian• Sea. Buglossoides (Field gromwell, Corn gromwell, Bastard alkanet)• 37. atticus,Potentilla a, um (Astracan cinquefoil)

• Calendula (Field marigold) – from Attica (the classical name for the area surrounding the city of Athens). Cerastium (Field mouse-ear, Field chickweed) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18689 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126

• 42. baeoticus, a, um

• Erigeron (Greeksynonym fleabane) of – from Boeotia (a regional unit of Greece, northwest• of Athens).Accepted name Merendera ( Colchicum atticum; Balkan endemic)• synonym of subsp 43. balcanicus,Triticum ( a, um ; literally: Wheat from Boeotia)

Minuartia ( Minuartia verna . attica; – from the Balkan region (Balkan – literally:• Attic sandwort)Accepted name mountain• range of the Balkan peninsula).

38. australis,Thymus (e ; literally: Greek thyme) • Acanthus (BalkanAccepted bear’s name breeches; Balkan endemic)

• – of the south, southern. Delphinium ( ; literally: Balkan larkspur; Balkan• endemic) Accepted name • Astragalus (Indian milkvetch) • Festuca ( Unresolved; literally: name Balkan fescue) Celtis (European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, Lote• tree) Haplophyllum ( ; Balkan endemic) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03- • Hierochloë (Southern sweet-grass) 23) which reports it as an unplaced name with original publication • Phragmites (Common reed) details:• Magyar Bot. Lapok 4: 264 1905.

• Scandix (Southern shepherd’s-needle) • PinguiculaAccepted (Balkanian name butterwort; Balkan endemic) )

• Tulipa (Southern tulip) • ScabiosaAccepted ( name ; literally: Balkan pincushion

39. austriacus,Utricularia a,(Yellow um bladderwort) • Silene synonym( of ; literally: Balkan campion)

– Austrian (the Republic of Austria – a • Stipa ( Accepted Stipa name pennata – European feather grass) country• in Central Europe). • TragopogonAccepted ( name ; literally: Balkan goatsbeard) • Anthemis (Austrian chamomile) Viola ( ; literally: Balkan violet; Bulgarian • Artemisia (Austrian wormwood) endemic)44. balcanus, a, um see balcanicus

• Astragalus (Austriansynonym milkvetch) of • – Balkan ( ).

• Chamaecytisus ( Cytisus austriacus) baldensis,Barbarea e (Balkan yellow rocket)

• Conringia (Austrian hare‘s ear mustard) – from Monte Baldo, overlooking Lake Garda on • • Doronicum (Austrian leopard‘s bane) the Verona side.

• Linum (Asian flax) 45. banaticus,Bupleurum a,(Small um hare’s ear)

• Peucedanum (GiantAccepted hog fennel, name Milk parsley) – from Banat (Banat – geographical and historical region in Central Europe, currently divided among • Pleurospermum ( ) Romania,• Serbia and Hungary).Accepted name

• Rorippa (Austrian fieldcress) Cerastium ( ; literally: Banat mouse-ear • Salvia (AustrianAccepted sage) name chickweed)• synonym of subsp.

Scorzonera ( ; literally: Austrian viper’s- Chamaecytisus ( Cytisus austriacus grass)• heuffelii)•

• Sorbus (Austrian whitebeam) • Echinops (BlueAccepted globe-thistle) name

Veronica (Broadleaf speedwell, Austrian speedwell, Large • Oenanthe ( Accepted name; literally: Banat dropwort) speedwell)40. avellanus, a, um 46. bandericensisVerbascum ( , е ; literally: Banat mullein)

– from Abella (Avella Vecchia, a town in – from Banderitsa (Banderitsa – a river Campania• north of Nola, formerly renowned for its hazelnuts). in South• Bulgaria). Accepted name

41. badensis,Corylus (Common e hazel) Alchemilla ( ; literally: Banderitsa lady’s • – from Baden (Lower Austria). mantle;47. barbarus,Balkan endemic) a, um

Poa (Baden’s bluegrass) – foreign.

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • 56. borovezus, a, um

Lycium (Chinese wolfberry, Chinese boxthorn, Himalayan – from Borovets (Borovets – popular goji,48. Barbary barcensis, matrimony e vine) mountain resort situated on the northern slopes of Rila mountain, Bulgaria).• Accepted name – from Bárcaság (a historic and ethnographic region• in Southeasternsynonym Transylvania, of Romania). Taraxacum ( ; literally: Dandelion from Borovets)57. borysthenicus, a, um 49. bavarus,Bromus ( a, um Bromus riparius – Meadow brome) – from the Greek Βορυσθένης – Bavarian (Bavaria – federal state of Borysthenes river (today Dnieper or Dnepr in the territory of Southeastern• Germany).Accepted name Russia, Belarus and Ukraine; the same name was also given to the 50. Thesiumbelogradcensis, ( e ) Greek colony of Olbia built on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the • Accepted name – from Belogradchik (Belogradchik – a Dnieper). town• in NorthwesternAccepted Bulgaria). name • MiddendorfiaAccepted ( name )

Hieracium ( ; literally: Hawkweed from • Silene synonym( of ; literally: Borysthenic catchfly) Belogradchik51. bessarabicus,; Bulgarian endemic) a, um 58. bosniacus,Stipa ( a, um Stipa pennata – European feather grass) – Bessarabian (Bessarabia – a – Bosnian (Bosnia – a country of the historical region in Eastern Europe, between the Dniester river and Western• Balkans). the Prut• river). Accepted name 59. britannicus,Minuartia (Bosnian e sandwort) Taraxacum ( ; literally: Bessarabian dandelion)52. bihariensis, e • – Britannic (of Britain or the British empire).

– from Bihar county (Bihar – a historical Inula (British yellowhead, Meadow fleabane) region located in Northwestern Romania and a small part in Eastern NB! Dioscorides and Pliny have used the name βρεττανική for Hungary).• Accepted name this 60.plant, brutius, but it has a, never um found on the territory of Great Britain 53. bithynicus,Melampyrum a, (um ; literally: Bihar cow-wheat) – Calabrian (by the name of an ancient – from Bithynia (Bithynia – a historical people• inhabiting the region Calabria in Italy). region of Asia Minor on the Sea of Marmara and on the Black Sea • Callitriche (Pedunculate water-starwort) with• capital Nicomedia,Accepted today name Izmit). • Geranium (Mediterranean crane‘s-bill) • Crepis ( ; literally: Bithynia hawksbeard) 61. bufonius,Pinus (Turkish a, um pine, Calabrian pine, Brutia pine) • Scilla (TurkishAccepted squill) name places. – pertaining to toads; growing in wet 54. bohemicus,Taraxacum ( a, um ; literally: Bithynia dandelion) • a – Bohemian (Bohemia – a historical Juncus (Toad rush: probable reference to the habitat of region• in the present-day Czech Republic). this 62.plant bulgaricus, that is hospitable a, um for the toads) • Fallopia (Bohemian knotweed) – Bulgarian (Bulgaria – a country in • Gagea (Early star-of-Bethlehem, Radnor lily) Southeast• Europe).

54. bon(n)ariensisGeranium (Hardy, e geranium) Bonaria • Alchemilla (Bulgariansynonym of lady’s mantle) . – from the modern Latin Betonica ( Stachys officinalis – Common (Buenos• Aires): from Buenos Aires (Argentina) hedgenettle,• Betony; Bulgarian endemic) var

bononiensis,Conyza (Hairy e fleabane) Carex (= Carex sempervirens . bulgarica; literally: Bulgarian• sedge) Accepted name – from Bononia, today Bologna (Bologna – a city • in Northern Italy).Accepted name Gentianella ( ; literally: Bulgarian dwarf gentian)• synonym of 55. borealis,Campanula e ( ; literally: Bononia bellflower) Cerastium ( Cerastium gracile – Slender – the adjective derives from the Greek βορέας chickweed)• Accepted name (Boreas• – Greek god of the north wind), thence: north, northern. Cirsium ( ; literally: Bulgarian thistle) Galium (Northern bedstraw)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • synonym of 65. calcareus, a, um

• Cleistogenessynonym ( of Cleistogenes serotina) • –Accepted growing name on limestone soils.

• Cnicus ( synonym Centaurea of benedicta – Blessed thistle) 66. cambricus,Chamaecytisus a, um ( )

Eranthis ( Eranthis hyemalis; literally: – from Wales, Welsh (Cambria – Latin Bulgarian• winter aconite;(Accepted Balkan name endemic) form• of the Welsh Cymru, i.e. Wales).

• Erysimum ; literally: Bulgarian wallflower) 67.campester,Polypodium tris, (Southern tre polypody, Welsh polypody)

• Geum (BulgarianAccepted avens)name – growing uncultivated in the plains, fields.• • Jasione (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian sheep’s-bit) • Acer (Fieldsynonym maple) of • Jurinea ( Unresolved) name Alyssum ( Alyssum alyssoides – Pale madwort, Limonium ( ; literally: Bulgarian sea- Yellow• alyssum) lavender; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not Artemisia (Field wormwood, Field sagewort, Field establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym mugwort)• with original publication details: in Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 8: 483 • Cuscuta (Field dodder, Golden dodder) 1982.• Accepted name • Eryngium synonym(Field eryngo) of ) Minuartia ( ; literally: Bulgarian sandwort; Bulgarian• endemic) Unresolved name • Ferulago ( Ferulago galbanifer

Oenothera ( ; literally: Bulgarian evening- • Lepidium (Field pepperwort, Field pepperweed) primrose) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data • Luzula (Field wood-rush, Good Fridayy grass) supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication • Oxytropis (Field locoweed, Yellow ox tropis) details:• Thaiszia Accepted8: 122 1998. name 68. canadensis,Trifolium (Hop e trefoil, Field clover, Low hop clover)

Pyrus ( ; literally: Bulgarian pear; Bulgarian • – from Canada and also North America.f endemic)• Unresolved name Conyza (Canadian horseweed, Canadian leabane, Scrophularia ( ; literally: Bulgarian • on Marestail) or figwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied in 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as an Elodea (Canadian American waterweed, Canadian • accepted name or as a synonym with original publication details: pondweed) Fl. Nar.• Republ. Bulgariya 10: 106 1995. • Populus (Canadian poplar, Carolina poplar)

• SerratulaAccepted (Bulgarian name saw-wort; Balkan endemic) 69. canariensisSolidago (Canada, е goldenrod, Canadian goldenrod)

• Seseli ( Accepted name; Balkan endemic) • – from the Canary Isles.

• Taraxacum (Accepted name; literally: Bulgarian dandelion) 70. cantabricus,Phalaris (Canary a, um grass)

burgasensis,Thymelaea e ( ; Bulgarian endemic) – from Cantabria (a region in Northern • – from Burgas (Burgas – a city in Southeast Spain to the Pyrenees). Bulgaria,• on the Blacksynonym Sea coast). of Convolvulus (Cantabrican morning glory)

63. bythinicus,Dianthus ( a, um see Dianthusbithynicus moesiacus). NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the • – adjective – it should be cantabricus because the noun convolvulus is masculine71.capreus, gender. a, um 64. byzantinus,Vicia (Bithynian a, vetch) um • – pertaining to goats. – Byzantine, from Byzantium (Constantinople,• today Istanbul, Turkey). Salix (Goat willow, Great sallow: the specific epithet probably72. caricus, is related a, toum the habitat of this species) • Avena (Algerian oat)Accepted name Ficus – from Karya (an area in Asia Minor, from • ChaerophyllumAccepted ( name ) which the plant originates). Knautia ( ) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18692 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • 83. chius, a, um

73. carinthiacus,Ficus (Common a, um fig) – from Chios (a Greek island in the Aegean Sea).• – Carinthian (Carinthia – southernmost Austrian• land). 84. cilianensis,Ranunculus e (Eastern buttercup)

• Ranunculus (CarinthianAccepted name buttercup) – originated from Cigliano (a municipality in Piedmont,• Northern Italy). 74. Taraxacumcarniolicus, ( a, um – ; literally: Carinthian dandelion) 85. colchicus,Eragrostis a, (Stinkgrass, um Gray lovegras) from Carniola (ancient province of the Austro-Hungarian• Empire,Accepted today name Slovenia). – from Colchis (an ancient region on the southeast• coast of the Black Sea, known for its poisons). • Eleocharissynonym ( of Polygala; literally: nicaeensis Carniolic subsp spike-rush) 86. collinus,Ilex (Colchic a, um holly, Black Sea holly) Polygala ( . carniolica; literally:75. carolinianus, Carniolic milkwort) a, um • Accepted – hilly; name growing on hills.

– from Carolina (North and South, both • Achillea ( ; literally: Hilly yarrow) states• of the USA.) • Arabis (RosyAccepted cress) name carnation • Azolla (Eastern mosquito fern) • Dianthus ( Hill ; literally: Hilly ) 76. carpaticus,Modiola (Carolina a, um bristle-mallow) • Epilobium ( synonym willowherb) of – from the Carpathians (a mountain • Goniolimon ( synonym Goniolimon of incanum) subsp. range• in Central and Eastern Europe, in Moldavia and Transylvania). Scleranthus ( Scleranthus annuus • Anthemis (Snow carpet) verticillatus87. cornubiensis, – German knotgrass) e • Saxifraga (Carpathian saxifrage) – from Cornubia (the old name of the 77. carstiensisTozzia (Carpathian, е tozzia) English• Cornwall), Cornish.

– from karst region (Karst – a limestone cous,Physospermum a, um (Cornish bladderseed) plateau• in Slovenia).Accepted name – from Kos (a Greek island in the Southeastern 78.cassubicus,Medicago ( a, um ; literally: Karst medick) Aegean• Sea).

– relating to the Kassubi, Slavic 88. cretensis,Cyclamen e (Eastern sowbread) population of Northern Poland (Kashubia or Cassubia – the region – Cretan, from Crete (Crete – a Greek island in around• Gdansk). the Mediterranean• Sea).Accepted name ca • Ranunculus (Kashubian buttercup) 89. creticus,Hypochaeris a, um ( ; literally: Cretan t’s ear) 79.castellanus,Vicia (Kashubian a, um vetch) • – from Crete island, Cretan. – Castilian (Castile – a historical region • Anthemis (Mountain dog-daisy) of Spain).• • Arenaria (Cretan sandwort) 80. caucasicus,Agrostis (Highland a, um bent) • Bryonia (Cretan bryony) – Caucasian (Caucasus – a mountain range between the Black and Caspian Seas, giving its name to the • Cirsium (Cretansynonym thistle) of • synonym of historical and geographic area of the Caucasus). Coronilla ( Securigera cretica – Cretan Matricaria ( Matricaria breviradiata; literally: crownvetch)• Caucasian81. cenisius, chamomile a, um) • Cressa (Crete alkaliweed)

– from Mont Cenis (alpine pass in the • Cynoglossum (Blue hound‘s tongue) Cottian• Alps, betweenAccepted France name and Italy). • Eryngium (Cretan eryngo) 82. chalepensisPoa ( , e see aleppicus; literally: .Mont Cenis meadow-grass) • Hedypnois (Crete weed) • – • Silene (Cretan catchfly) Linaria (Mediterranean toadflax) Stachys (Cretan hedgenettle) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18693 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126

90. cumanus, a, um • Unclear name status

– from Cuma (an ancient town of Campania, Centaurea ( ; literally: Knapweed from Italy).• Yambol)99. dobrogensis, e –

91. dacicus,Orobanche a, (Sunflower um broomrape) from Dobrudja (a historical and geographic region in Eastern Europe, located on the territory of – from Dacia (ancient Roman province present• Bulgaria andAccepted Romania). name mostly• on the territorysynonym of modern of Romania).subsp 100. dolopicus,Dianthus ( a, um ; literally: Pink from Dobrudja) Carex ( Carex nigra . dacica; literally: Dacia• sedge) Accepted name – from Dolopia (a mountainous region of Greece,• located north ofsynonym Aetolia). of subsp. 92. dalmaticus,Viola ( a, um ; literally: Dacia violet) Hieracium ( Hieracium bosniacum – Dalmatian, from Dalmatia (historical dolopicum101. domesticus,) a, um region• of Croatia on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula). • – of or from the house, domesticated. • Festuca (DalmatianAccepted fescue) name • Prunus (European plum) • Goniolimon ( ) 102.domingensis,Sorbus (Service e tree, Sorb tree) Linaria (Balkan toadflax, Broadleaf toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax)• synonym of – from Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo• – the state capital). • Micromeriasynonym ( of Clinopodium dalmaticumsubsp ) 103. dorius, a,Typha um (Southern cattail, Cumbungi) Vicia ( Vicia tenuifolia . dalmatica; literally:• Dalmatian vetch) – Doric, from the Dorida (Dorida – a region in Central• Greece inhabited by the Dorians). 93. damascenus,Trifolium (Balkan a, um clover) Senecio (Golden ragwort) – from Damascus (the capital of the Syrian• Arab Republic). NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the adjective – it should104. drymeius, be dorius becausea, um or the drymejus, noun senecio a, um is masculine gender! 94. damianicensis,Nigella (Love-in-a-mist, e Ragged lady, Devil in the bush) – of the oak woods – relating to Demyanitsa (Demyanitsa – a (a reference• to the habitat favouredAccepted by name the species). river• in the Pirin Mountains,Accepted Bulgaria). name • Festuca drymeja ( ) Alchemilla ( ; literally: Demyanitsa lady’s mantle)95. danubialis, е 105. emersus,Knautia drymeia a, um (Hungarian widow flower)

– growing near to the Danube (the second- • – going to the surface, emerging. longest• navigable river in Europe).synonym of 106. Sparganium engadinensis, (European e bur-reed, Unbranched bur-reed) 96. deborensisChamaecytisus, е ( Cytisus austriacus) – from the Engadine valley in the – from Debar (Debar – a town in the western Rhaetian• Alps in Switzerland.Accepted name part• of the Republic ofUnresolved North Macedonia). name Gentianella ( ; literally: Engadine dwarf Sambucus ( ; Balkan endemic) The record gentian)107. epigaeus, a, um or epigeios derives from Tropicos which does not establish this name either as • – growing on the land. an accepted97. dinaricus, name or a, as um a synonym (record 6000020) • Calamagrostis epigeiossynonym (Wood of small-reed, Bushgrass)subsp. – relating to Monte Dinara (a mountain massif in the Dinaric Alps on the border between Croatia and Campanula epigaea ( Campanula patula Bosnia• and Herzegovina);Accepted Albanian. name epigaea)108. etruscus, a, um

• Hesperis Accepted( name ) – Etruscan (Etruria – an ancient region on the territory• of today Tuscany, Italy). 98. diospolitanus,Knautia ( a, um ; literally: Albanian widow flower) 109. euboeus,Lonicera (Etruscan a, um honeysuckle) – from Yambol (Diospolis, literally “the city of Zeus”, is one of the ancient names of the town of Yambol, – from Euboea (Euboea – a Greek island in in Southeastern Bulgaria). the Western Aegean Sea).

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126

• Accepted name •

110. europaeus,Bupleurum (a, um ) Montia (Water blinks, Water chickweed, Annual water miner‘s• lettuce) synonym of • – from Europe, European. Oxalis ( Oxalis stricta – Yellow wood sorrel, Asarum (European wild ginger, Asarabacca, Hazelwort, Common• yellow oxalis,Accepted Lemon clover) name Wild• spikenard) • Ranunculus (Accepted name ; literally: Spring buttercup) • Cuscuta (Greater dodder, European dodder) 115. frigidus,Taraxacum a, (um ; literally: Spring dandelion) • Evonymus (European spindle, Common spindle) • – loving the cold, typical of cold regions. • Heliotropium (European heliotrope, European turn-sole) 116. gallicus,Gentiana a,(Styrian um gentian) • Hordelymus (Wood-barley) – from France, French (Gallia – the Roman • Loranthus (European loranth) name of a vast area in Western Europe, in the territory of present Lycopus (Gypsywort, European bugleweed, European France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, parts of Germany and water• horehound) the Netherlands).•

• Plumbago (Common leadwort) • Logfia (Narrowleaf cottonrose, Daggerleaf cottonrose)

• Salicornia (Common glasswort, Glasswort) • Rosa (Gallic rose, French rose, Rose of Provins) ,

• Sanicula (Wood sanicle, Sanicle) Silene (Common catchfly, Small-flowered catchfly Windmill pink) 111. euxinus,Trollius (European a, um globeflower, Globe flower) 117. garganicus, a, um

– relating to the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus – from Gargano (a historical and • – the• Latin name of theUnresolved Black Sea). name geographical region in Northern Puglia, Italy).

Campanula ( ; literally: Pontic bellflower; 118. genevensis,Lamium (Monte e Gargano dead-nettle) Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from Tropicos (data – from Geneva (the second most populous supplied on 2012-04-18) which does not establish this name either city • of Switzerland). as an• accepted name Acceptedor as a synonym name (record 5504005). Ajuga (Upright bugle, Geneva bugleweed, Blue • Centaureasynonym ( of ; literally: Ponticsubsp knapweed) bugleweed)119. germanicus, a, um

Silene ( Silene dichotoma . euxina – • – German, Germanic. Forked• catchfly) synonym of • Cynoglossum (Greensynonym hound‘s of tongue) 112. fluitans,Veronica -antis( Veronica spicata – Spiked speedwell) subsp Dorycnium ( Dorycnium pentaphyllum • – floating.s , • . germanicum)

fluviatilis,Glyceria e (Floating weet-grass Water mannagrass. ) • Genista (German greenweed)

• – riverine, growing along riverbanks • Gentianella (Chiltern gentian)

Equisetum (Water horsetail, River horsetail, Swamp • Inula (German inula) horsetail)113. fontanosquameus, a, um • Mespilus (Common medlar) Taraxacum fontanum fontanus squama – with scales of the flower like • Myricaria (German tamarisk) those of the ( fontal, spring + scale).• Accepted name 120. Stachysgoesingensis, (Downy e woundwort, German hedge-nettle)

Taraxacum ( ; literally: Spring-scaly – from Gösingen (a region in Northern dandelion)114. fontanus, a, um Austria).• synonym of fontal. – growing in running water, of a spring, Thlaspi ( Noccaea goesingensis – Tiny wild • mustard)121. graecus, a, um

Cerastium (Common mouse-ear chickweed, Common • – Greek. mouse-ear, Starweed) Alkanna (Greek alkanet)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126

• 129. hercynicus, a, um Hercynia silva • CardamineAccepted (Southern name bitter cress) – Hercynian (from Latin : the ancient name of an area of forested mountains in central • Carum ( Accepted name; literally: Greek caraway) Germany).• Accepted name • Crucianella (Accepted name; literally: Greek crosswort) 130. hispanicus,Rubus ( a, um ; literally: Hercynian blackberry) • Dorycniumsynonym ( of ) subsp • – Spanish, from Spain. Lupinus ( Lupinus albus . graecus – White • Consolidasynonym (Eastern of larkspur, Oriental larkspur) lupin)• Accepted name • Queria ( Minuartia hamata) Moenchia ( ; literally: Greek upright chickweed)• • Scolymus (Common golden thistle, Spanish oyster thistle)

• Periploca synonym(Silkvine) of Scorzonera (Black salsify, Spanish salsify, Black oyster plant,• Serpent root, Viper‘s grass) Phleum ( Phleum exaratum; literally: Greek timothy• ) synonym of subsp • Sedum (Spanish stonecrop)

Saxifraga ( Saxifraga carpetana . graeca; 131. hortensis,Vaccaria (Cowherb, e Cow cockle, Cow basil, Cow soapwort) literally:• Greek saxifrage)Accepted name • – of gardens, commonly cultivated in pots. Silene ( ; literally: Greek catchfly; Balkan Atriplex (Garden orache, Red orache, Orache, Mountain endemic)• spinach)132. hungaricus, a, um 122. Sorbus grinensis (Greek, е whitebeam) • – Hungarian. – relating to Grigna (a mountain range in 133. Doronicum hyrcanus, a,(Hungarian um leopard’s-bane) Northern• Italy). synonym of subsp. – from Hyrcania (an ancient Persian Centaurea ( Centaurea scabiosa region• near present-day Iran). grinensis)123. halepensis, e see aleppicus. 134. ibericus,Acer (Balkan a, um maple) • – – Iberian (from the Pyrenees Peninsula – 124. heleonastes,Sorghum (Johnson -is grass) Spain• and Portugal). • – growing in the swamps. 135. idaeus,Centaurea a, (Iberianum from knapweed, Iberian star-thistle) name of 125. Carexhellesponticus, (Hudson bay a, sedge)um – Mount Ida (Ida – the two – relating to the Hellespont (the sacred mountains in Greek mythology: Mount Ida on the island ancient name for the Dardanelles strait, connecting the Sea of of Crete and Mount Ida in the ancient Troad region of Western Marmara• with the AegeanAccepted and name Mediterranean Seas). Anatolia,• in modern-day Turkey).

126. helveticus,Consolida ( a, um ; literally: Hellespont larkspur) 136. illyricus,Rubus (Red a, umraspberry, European raspberry)

• – Swiss. – Illyrian, from Illyria (an ancient region in the western• part of theUnresolved Balkan Peninsula). name • Selaginella (SwissAccepted alpine name spikemoss) Euphrasia ( ; literally: Illyrian eyebright) 127. Taraxacum hemschinicus, ( a, um ; literally: Swiss dandelion) The record derives from Tropicos (data supplied on 2012-04-18) – from Hemshin (a region of the which does not establish this name either as an accepted name eastern coast of the Black Sea on the territory of present-day or as a synonym (record 100335535) with original publication Turkey).• synonym of details:• Oesterr. Bot.Accepted Z. 43: 131 name 1893.

128. hercegovinicus,Campanula ( a, um Campanula olympica) • Festuca ( ; literally: Illyrian fescue)

– from Herzegovina (Herzegovina • Gladiolus (Wild gladiolus) – a historical and geographic area in the western part of the Balkan • Onopordum (IllyrianAccepted thistle, name Illyrian cottonthistle) Peninsula).• Accepted name • Petrorhagia (Accepted name) Festuca ( ; literally: Herzegovina fescue; Balkan endemic) Ranunculus ( ; literally: Illyrian buttercup)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 137. indicus, a, um

• – Indian, from India. which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym (record DC8D1D2B-6AF9-431B-A7F5-CC333D5120B7) • Duchesnea (Mock strawberry, Indian strawberry) with145. original korabensis publication, е details: 151 1968. • Eleusine (Indian goosegrass, Yard-grass, Goosegrass) – from Korab Mountain, located between Melilotus (Indian sweet-clover, Annual yellow North• Macedonia Acceptedand Albania. name sweetclover)• Draba ( ; literally: Korab Whitlow-grass; 138. inundatus,Sporobolus a,(Smut um grass) Balkan• endemic) Accepted name

– flooded (referring to the plant’s ability 146. koritnicensis,Sesleria ( e ) for growing• in boggy or flood-prone areas). – from Koritnik (Koritnik – a limestone Lycopodiella (Marsh clubmoss, Inundated club moss, mountain,• located Acceptedin Northeastern name Albania and Southwest Kosovo). Northern139. italicus, bog club a, moss) um 147. Festuca lacmonicus, ( a, um ; fliterally: Koritnik fescue) • – Italian. . – rom Lacmon (an area on the • Arum (ItalianAccepted arum, name Italian lords-and-ladies) northern• slopes of Pindussynonym Mountain, of Greece)

• Cirsium ( ; literally: Italian plume thistle) Bromus ( Bromus sclerophyllus; literally: • Echium (Italian viper‘s bugloss, Pale bugloss) Lacmon148. brome lacuster,) tris, tre • Gladiolus (Italian gladiolus, Wild gladiolus, Common – growing in or around the lakes. sword-lily,• Cornfieldsynonym gladiolus) of subsp. italica • Isoetes (Lake quillwort, Merlin‘s grass)

Luzula ( Luzula spicata ; literally: 149. latinus,Shoenoplectus a, um (Lakeshore bulrush, Common club-rush) Italian• wood-rush) – Latin, from Latium (Latium – a region in • Setaria (Foxtail millet) Central• Western ItalyAccepted where the name city of Rome was founded).

• Silene (Italian catchfly) 150. lerchianus,Trifolium ( a, um ; literally: settlementLatin clover)

140. januensisXanthium ,(Italian е cocklebur) – from Lerchi (a in Umbria, • Accepted name – Genoese, from Genoa (Genoa – the capital Central Italy). of the• region Liguria, Italy). 151. Artemisia liburnicus, ( a, um ; literally: Lerchi wormwood)

141. japonicus,Genista (Genoa a, um broom) – from Liburnia (an ancient region • • – Japanese, from Japan. between Istria and Dalmatia, currently in Croatia). • Accepted name • Bromus (Japanese brome) Asphodeline (Jacob’s rod)

• Fallopia (Asian knotweed, Japanese knotweed) 152. limosus,Euphrasia a, ( um ; literally: Liburnia eyebright) • Torilis (Erect hedgeparsley, Upright hedge-parsley, – growing in marshy, boggy places. Japanese142. julianus,hedge parsley) a, um • Carex (Bog-sedge,synonym Mud ofsedge) Micromeria – from Monte San Giuliano (another name Puccinellia ( Puccinellia distans – Weeping of Monte• Pisano), whereAccepted name was initially collected. alkali153. grass) lit(t)oralis, e

143. jumrukczalicus,Micromeria ( a, um ) – of the seashore, littoral: for species • – from Mount Yumrukchal (an old growing on sand dunes, salt marshes or riverbanks. name• of Mount Botev –Accepted the highest name peak in Stara Planina, Bulgaria). • Aeluropus (IndianAccepted walnut) name mantle Alchemilla ( ; literally: Jumrukchal lady’s • Astrodaucus ( ) 144.; Bulgarian kamciensis, endemic) e • Centaurium (Seaside centaury) – from Kamchia river (Kamchia – river in • CorrigiolaAccepted (Strapwort) name Northeastern• Bulgaria).Unresolved name • Juncus ( ; literally: Littoral rush) Centaurea ( ; Bulgarian endemic) The record derives from TICA (data supplied on 2012-02-11) Medicago (Shore medick) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18697 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • Accepted name • Accepted name or Schoenoplectus ( ; literally: Littoral club- 161. malowitzus,Festuca ( a, um – ; literally: Maleschevska fescue) rush153. bulrush) lovcensis, e relating to Malyovitsa (a peak in the – from Lovech (Lovech – a town in Central northwestern• part ofAccepted Rila Mountain, name Bulgaria). Northern• Bulgaria).Accepted name 162.Taraxacum manticus, ( a, um ; literally: Malyovitsa dandelion) 154. Galium lusitanicus, ( a, um – ; literally: Bedstraw from Lovech) – relating to Bosco di Mantico near Portuguese (Lusitania or Hispania Verona,• Italy. Accepted name Lusitana – an ancient Iberian Roman province on the territory of 163. marinus,Moenchia a,( um ) modern• Portugal and part of Western Spain). • – marine, growing by the sea. 155. lutecianus,Parietaria (Mediterranean a, um lutetianus, pellitory-of-the-wall) a, um • Hordeum (Sea barley, Mediterranean barley) ( ) – Parisian (Lutetia – an• ancient name for Paris). • Medicago (Sea medick)

156. lydius,Circaea a,(Enchanter‘s-nightshade) um Najas (Spiny water nymph, Holly-leaved naiad, Spiny naiad)• – referring to Lydia (an ancient kingdom of Western• Asia Minor, in modern Turkey). • Spergularia (Lesser sea-spurrey, Salt sandspurry)

• GenistaAccepted (Lydian broom) name 164. maritimus,Zostera (Common a, um eelgrass)

157. Silene macedonicus, ( a, um; literally: Lydian catchfly) • Accepted – maritime, name sea, seaside.

– Macedonian (Macedonia – a • Asparagus ( ) , historical and geographical region on the Balkan peninsula, now Bolboschoenus (Sea clubrush, Cosmopolitan bulrush, • synonym of divided between Greece, Bulgaria and North Macedonia). Alkali• bulrush Bayonet grass) • Accepted name Anchusa ( Gastrocotyle macedonica) • Cakile (European searocket)

Anthemis ( ; literally: Macedonian • Centaurium (Yellow centaury) chamomile)• Accepted name • Crambe (Sea kale, Sea cole, Sea colewort) • Festuca (Accepted name ; literally: Macedonian fescue) • Crithmum (Rock samphire, Sea fennel) • Galium ( ; literally: Macedonian bedstraw) • Eryngium (Sea holly, Seaside eryngo) • Knautiasynonym (Macedonian of scabious) • Juncus (Sea rush) • Poa ( Accepted Poa name alpina – Alpine meadow-grass) • Otanthus (Cotton weed plant) • Seneciosynonym ( of ; literally: Macedoniansubsp ragwort) • Pancratium (Sea daffodil) Viola ( Viola tricolour . macedonica – Heartsease)158. madritensis, е • Plantago (Sea plantain, Seaside plantain, Goose tongue)

• – from Madrid (the capital of Spain). • Polygonum (Sea knotgrass)

magellanicus,Bromus (Compact a, um brome) • Rumex (Golden dock, Bristle dock, Seashore dock)

– from the Straits of Magellan area Ruppia (Beaked tasselweed, Widgeon grass, Ditch-grass, (Southern• Chili). Tassel• pondweed)

159 magellensis,Carex (Boreal e bog sedge) • Sagina (SeaAccepted pearlwort) name

– from Majella (a mountainous massif in • Stachys ( ; literally: Sea hedgenettle) the central• part ofAccepted the Apennines). name • Suaeda (Herbaceoussynonym seepweed, of Annual sea-blite)

160. Sedum maleschevicus, ( a, um; literally: Majella stonecrop) Tetragonolobus ( Lotus maritimus – Dragon‘s – relating to the Maleshevska teeth)• Mountain (a mountain range in Southwest Bulgaria and Northern Triglochin (Seaside arrowgrass, Common arrow-grass, Macedonia). Shore arrowgrass)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 165. mattmarkensis, e 174. moldavicus, a, um

– relating to Mattmarksee (a lake in the – Moldavian (Moldavia – a historical Saas• Valley, Switzerland).Accepted name region in Central and Eastern Europe, between the Eastern Carpathians• and Acceptedthe Dniester name River). Taraxacum ( ; literally: Mattmarksee dandelion)166. mediterraneus, a, um 175. monspeliacus,Silene ( a, um ; literally: Moldavian catchfly)

• – Mediterranean. – from Montpellier, a French city in the south• of France. • Minuartia (MediterraneanUnresolved name sandwort) • Camphorosma (Stinkingr ground-pine) Polygala ( ; literally: Mediterranean milkwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data • Polygala (Meditersynonymanean of milkwort) supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either Trigonella ( Medicago monspeliaca – Star- as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication fruited176. fenugreek monspeliensis,) e details:167. Fl. meridionalis Tirol 6(2): 763, е 1909. meridies – from Montpellier, a French city in the – southern or of midday ( – noon, south• of France. midday:• due to the floweringAccepted when name the sun is high). Polypogon (Annual beard-grass, Annual rabbit’s-foot 168. mesembricus,Globularia ( a, um ; literally: South globe daisy) grass)177. monspessulanus, a, um – from Mesembria (an ancient Greek – from Montpellier, a French city city • in Thrace, on the Blacksynonym Sea coast of of Bulgaria, today Nessebar).subsp. in the• south of France (derived from the Latinized city name). Polygonum ( Polugonum oxyspermum • Acer (Montpellier maple) raii;169. literally: mesogitanus, Mesembric a, knotgrass) um 178. Astragalus montanus, (Montpellier a, um milk-vetch) • Accepted name– Asian. – mountain, upland, growing in 170. Minuartia mestensis (, е ) mountains.• synonym of – relating to Mesta river in Bulgaria Allium ( Allium lusitanicum; literally: Mountain separating• both thesynonym Pirin and of Rhodopi Mountains.subsp garlic)• Quercus ( Quercus robur . pedunculiflora; • Alyssum (Mountain gold) literally:171. Mestamidzorensis, oak) e • Anthyllis (Mountain kidney vetch) – from Midzhur (Midzhur – a peak in the Western• Balkan Mountains,Accepted nameBulgaria). o Arnica (Wolf‘s bane, Leopard‘s bane, Mountain tobacco, Mountain• arnica) 172. missouriensis,Knautia ( e ; literally: Midzhur wid w flower) • Carex (Soft-leaved sedge) – from Missouri (a river and state in the USA).• • Cynoglossum (Mountain hound‘s-tongue)

173. moesiacus,Chenopodium a, um(Missouri goosefoot) • Epilobium (Broad-leavedUnresolved willowherb) name

– from Moesia (an ancient region in the Euphrasia ( ; literally: Mountain synonym Balkans, now on the territory of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo eyebright) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data and • North Macedonia).Accepted name supplied on 2012-03-23) which reports it as a with original publication details: Mém. Acad. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 1: 344 • Bromus ( Accepted name; literally: Moesia brome) 1851.• • Campanula synonym( of ; literally: Moesiasubsp bellflower) • Geum (Alpine avens) • Centaurea Accepted( name Cetaurea phrygia . moesiaca) • Jasione (Sheep‘s bit scabious) • Dianthus ( Accepted name; literally: Moesia pink) • Minuartia (Mountain sandwort) • Erysimum ( synonym of ; literally: Moesia wallflower)subsp. • Onobrychis (Mountain sainfoin) Pedicularis ( Pedicularis brachyodonta • OrnithogalumAccepted (Mountain name star-of-Bethlehem) moesiaca)• synonym of • Phleum ( ; literally: Mountain timothy) Thymus ( Thymus longicaulis – Mediterranean creeping thyme) Pulsatilla (Mountain Pasque flower) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18699 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • 184. nebrodensis, е

• Ranunculus (Mountain buttercup) – from the Nebrodi (a mountain range in Sicily).• • Satureja (Mountain savory) 185. nemoralis,Cotoneaster e (Brickberry cotoneaster) • Secale (Mountain rye) • Accepted– of woods name or groves. • Sideritis (Mountain ironwort) • Glyceria ( ; literally: Wood sweet grass) Sisyrinchium (American blue-eyed-grass, Strict blue-eyed grass)• 186. nemorensisPoa (Wood meadow-grass,, е Wood bluegrass)

• Teucrium (Mountain germander) • Accepted – growing name in the woods.

• Trifolium (Mountain clover) 187. nemorosus,Senecio ( a, um ; literally: Wood ragwort)

• Valeriana (Mountain valerian) • – of the woods, growing in the woods.

• VeronicaAccepted (Mountain name speedwell) Anemone (Wood anemone, Windflower, Thimbleweed, Smell• fox) Accepted name 179. montenegrinus,Viola ( a, um; literally: Mountain violet) • Anthriscus ( ; literally: Wood chervil) – from Montenegro (a country in Southeastern• Europe onAccepted the Adriatic name Sea). • Arctium (WoodAccepted burdock) name

Potentilla ( ; literally: Montenegrin • Myosotis ( ; literally: Wood forget-me-not) cinquefoil180. muralis,; Balkan endemice ) • Ranunculus (Wood buttercup) • – growing on the walls. 188. Salvia nicaeensis (Woodland, е sage, Balkan clary) Nicaea Maritima • Alyssum (Yellowtuft) – from Nice (formerly Nicaea • Chenopodium (Nettle-leaved goosefoot) in Southern France), or from the present town of Iznik in Turkey (formerly• ). Cymbalaria (Ivy-leaved toadflax, Kenilworth ivy, Coliseum ivy, Pennywort)• • Crepis (French hawk‘s-beard, Turkish hawksbeard)

• Diplotaxis (Annual wall-rocket) • Euphorbia (Nice spurge)

• Draba (Wall whitlow grass) 189. Malva norvegicus, (Bull mallow, a, um French mallow)

Gypsophila (Annual gypsophila, Cushion baby‘s-breath, – Norwegian (Norway – a Nordic Low• baby‘s-breath) country• in Northwestern Europe).

• Mycelis Accepted(Wall lettuce) name Omalotheca (Norwegian arctic cudweed, Highland cudweed190. ) olympicus, a, um 181. Vulpiamurinus, ( a, um ; literally: Wall fescue)murus mus – Olympic (Mount Olympus – the – growing on the walls ( wall). , i.e. highest• mountain in AcceptedGreece). name Another interpretation of this epithet is “relating to mice” ( mouse): for the greyish colour of the flower or the entire plant • Herniaria ( Accepted name; literally: Olympic rupturewort) the epithet• could be placed also in the subgroup “Colouration”. • Hieracium ( ; literally: Olympic hawkweed) 182. Hordeum narbonensis, (Wall e barley, False barley) • HypericumAccepted (Mount Olympus name St. John‘s wort) – from Narbonne (French city near the Myosotis ( ; literally: Olympic forget-me- Mediterranean• coast). not)191. orbelicus, a, um Ornithogalum (Narbonne star-of-Bethlehem, Pyramidal – Orbelic (ambiguous interpretation: star-of-Bethlehem,• Southern star-of-Bethlehem) Orbelos – an ancient name of a mountain on the Balkan Peninsula; 183. neapolitanus,Vicia (Narbon vetch) a, um may• refer to Belasitsa,Accepted Pirin, Rila,name Osogovo or Slavyanka Mountain).

– Neapolitan (Naples – the main city • Alyssum ( ; literally: Orbelic subsp. alyssum) of Campania,• Italy). Anthemis (Anthemis macedonica orbelica; • Melilotus (NeapolitanAccepted melilot) name Bulgarian• endemic)synonym of

Ranunculus ( ; literally: Neapolitan Bromus ( Bromus riparius; literally: Orbelic buttercup)Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. brome) 18700 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126

• (synonym of 196. paludosiformis, e

Centaurea Cyanus orbelicus; literally: Orbelic – similar to a bog (a probable reference knapweed)• synonym of to the• plant habitat). Accepted name

Myosotis ( Myosotis nemorosa; literally: 197. paludosus,Taraxacum (a, um ; literally: Boggy dandelion) Orbelic• forget-me-notAccepted) name • – swampy, marshy. • VeronicaAccepted ( name ; literally: Orbelic speedwell) • Crepis (Marsh hawk‘s-beard) 192. orientalis,Viola ( e – ; literally: Orbelic violet) Hammarbya (Bog orchid, Bog adder‘s-mouth, Bog adder‘s- • from the Orient, eastern. orientale mouth• orchid) synonym of

• Arum (Oriental arum, Arum lily ) 198. paluster,Senecio ( tris, tre palustris, Jacobaea e paludosa – Fen ragwort)

Bunias (Turkish warty-cabbage, Warty-cabbage, Turkish ( ) – marshy, boggy; growing rocket)• in swampy• places.

• Carpinus (Oriental hornbeam, Eastern hornbeam) Callitriche (Vernal water-starwort, Narrow-fruited water- starwort,• Spiny water starwort) • Centaurea (Caucasian knapweed) • Caltha (Marsh-marigold, Kingcup) • Conringia (Hare‘s ear mustard) Eleocharis (Common spike-rush, Creeping spike-rush, • Crataegus (Oriental hawthorn) Marsh• spike-rush) • Doronicum (Leopard‘s bane) • Epilobium (Marsh willowherb) • Fagus (OrientalAccepted beech) name • Epipactis (Marsh helleborine) • Ferula ( ) • Equisetum (Marsh horsetail) • FritillariaAccepted (Slender name fritillary) • Euphorbia (Marsh spurge) • Knautia ( ; literally: Oriental widow flower) • Galium (Common marsh bedstraw, Marsh-bedstraw) • Nigella (Yellow fennel flower) • Geranium (Marsh cranesbill) • Platanus (Old World sycamore, Oriental plane) • Gladiolus (Marsh gladiolus,, Sword lily) • Scutellaria (Yellow-flowered skullcap) • Hottonia (Water violet Featherfoil) • Sisymbrium (Indian hedge mustard) • Lathyrus (Marsh pea, Marsh vetchling) • Symphytum (Soft comfrey) Ludwigia (Marsh seedbox, Hampshire-purslane, Water • Trachystemon (Abraham-Isaac-Jacob, Oriental borage) purslane)•

• Tragopogon (Oriental salsify) Parnassia (Marsh grass of Parnassus, Northern grass-of- Parnassus,• Bog-star) 193. ossaeus,Verbascum a, (Orientalum celsia) • – from Ossa (a mountain in Northeastern Pedicularis (Marsh lousewort) Thessaly,• Greece). Accepted name • Peucedanum (Milk-parsley, Marsh hog‘s fennel)

194 ottomanus,Hieracium ( a, um ; literally: Ossa hawkweed) Poa (Fowl bluegrass, Fowl meadowgrass, Swamp • – Ottoman (relating to the Turkish meadowgrass, Woodland bluegrass) dynasty• of Osman I orAccepted Othman name I). • Potentilla (Marsh cinquefoil, Purple marshlocks)

195.Symphytum palaestinus, ( a, um ; literally: Ottoman comfrey) Rorippa (Bog marshcress, Marsh yellow-cress, Yellow watercress)• – from Palestine (a geographical and historical• region in the MiddleAccepted East). name • Rumex (Marsh dock)

Arrhenatherum ( ; literally: Palestine • Sonchus (Marsh sowthistle) oatgrass)• • Stachys (Marsh woundwort, Marsh hedgenettle) Tremastelma (Palestine pincushion flower) Stellaria (Marsh stitchwort, Meadow starwort) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18701 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

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• 206. paschalis, e . • Taraxacum (Marsh dandelion) – pertaining to Easter or Passover (a reference to the• origin of theAccepted plant from name Easter Island) • Triglochin (Marsh arrow-grass) 207. Galium pedemontanus, ( a, um; literally: Easter bedstraw) • Viola (Marsh violet, Alpine marsh violet) – from Piedmont (a region in 199. panalpinus,Zannichellia (Horneda, um pondweed) Northwest• Italy). • Accepted –name pan-Alpine, typical for highlands. • Artemisia (Dwarf wormwood) 200.Taraxacum pannonicus, ( a, um ) • Cruciata (Piedmont bedstraw) – from Pannonia (a historical region 208. pennsylvanicus,Saxifraga (Piedmont a, um saxifrage) involving• parts of Hungary,synonym Austria, of Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia). • – from Pennsylvania, USA. Achillea ( Achillea seidlii; literally: Pannonic yarrow• ) synonym of 209. peregrinus,Fraxinus (Green a, um ash, Red ash)

• Acorellus ( Accepted name Cyperus pannonicus) c – foreign, exotic or even in the sense of wandering,• found here and there, without a preferential location. • Centaurea ( ; literally: Pannoni knapweed) • Delphinium (Violet larkspur) • Cirsium (Pannonic thistle) • Marrubium (Horehound) • Crepis (Pasture hawksbeard) • Paeonia (Romanian natural peony) • Lathyrus (FeltedAccepted vetch) name • Pimpinella (Southern burnet saxifrage) • Pholiurus ( ) Veronica (Neckweed, American speedwell, Purslane • Thymus (Hungarian thyme, Eurasian thyme) speedwell,• Hairy purslane speedwell) • Trifolium (Hungarian clover) 210. perinensis,Vicia (Slender-leaved е – vetch) 201. panormitanus,Vicia (Hungarian a, vetch) um from Pirin Mountain (Pirin – a mountain – from Panormus (an ancient name in Southwest• Bulgaria).Accepted name of the• current Palermo,Accepted Sicily). name Viola ( ; literally: Pirin violet; Balkan 202. paraliasElymus ( ; literally: Palermo wheatgrass) endemic)211. perinicus, a, um

– located near the sea (a reference to the plant – from Pirin Mountain (Pirin – a habitat).• mountain• in SouthwestAccepted Bulgaria). name

203. parilicus,Euphorbia a, (Sea um spurge) Thymus ( ; literally: Pirin thyme; Balkan – relating to Parilian saddle (between the endemic)212. peristereus, a, um Pirin• and Slavyankasynonym mountains, of Southwest Bulgaria). – may refer to Peristera (Peristera – an Bromus ( Bromus sclerophyllus; Bulgarian ancient fortress north of the town of Peshtera, South Bulgaria), or endemic• ) Accepted name to Mt. Peristeri (North Macedonia), or to the Greek island Aspro in the Sporades.• Accepted name Centaurea ( ; literally: Parilian knapweed; Festuca ( ; literally: Peristera fescue) Balkan204. endemic) parisiensis, e 213. persicus, a, um • Accepted name • – Parisian (Paris – the capital of France). – Persian, from Persia (now Iran). • Cheilanthes ( Unresolved ; literally: name Persian lip fern) 205. parnassicus,Galium (Wall bedstraw)a, um – Convolvulus ( ; literally: Persian from Mount Parnassus (Parnassus on – the mountain, considered from Greek mythology sacred to Apollo bindweed) The record derives from Tropicos (data supplied and • seat of the Muses).Accepted name 2012-04-18) which does not establish this name either as an accepted• name or as a synonym (record 8502220). • Anthemis ( Accepted ; nameliterally: Parnassus chamomile) • Epipactis (Persian helleborine) Herniaria ( ; literally: Parnassus rupturewort) Morina (Prickly whorlflower)

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• 221. pirotensis, е

Veronica (Persian speedwell, Common field-speedwell, – from Pirot (Pirot – a city in Southeastern Birdeye214. speedwell) petraeus, a, um Serbia).• synonym of Potentilla astracanica subsp.

• Accepted – growing name on the rocks. Potentilla ( pirotensis)222. plovdivensis, e • Dianthus ( Accepted name; literally: Rock pink) – from Plovdiv (Plovdiv – a city in South • Gypsophila (Accepted name ; literally: Rock baby‘s-breath) Bulgaria).• Accepted name • Hornungia ( ) 223.Taraxacum pomeranicus, ( a, um ; literally: Plovdiv dandelion) Quercus (Sessile oak, Cornish oak, Durmast oak, Welsh – Pomeranian (Pomerania – a oak)• historical and geographic region between Poland and Germany, 215. Ribesphoeniceus, (Rock red a, currant)um–a) located• on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea).

a reference to Phoenicia (ancient 224. ponticus,Galium (Pomeranian a, um bedstraw) b Semitic-speaking Mediterranean civilization that originated in – Pontic (Pontus – historical territory that the Levant), now the Syrian-Palestinian coastal strip; ) scarlet includes the Black Sea and the lands that surround it, in modern- colour.• day • Turkey). 216. phrygius,Verbascum a, (Purple um mullein, Temptress purple) • Artemisia (RomanAccepted wormwood) name – Phrygian, Trojan (Phrygia – a historical • Astragalus ( ; literally: Pontic milkvetch) area• in the central partAccepted of Asia Minor, name modern-day Turkey). • Daphne (Pontic daphne, Twin-flowered daphne) • Campanula ( ; literally: Phrygian bellflower) • Epipactis (Pontic helleborine) 217. phthioticus,Centaurea (Wig a, um knapweed) • Fritillaria (Europeansynonym fritillaria)of – from Phthia (in Greek mythology – a city in ancient Thessaly, the home of the Myrmidons, led by Achilles Hypecoum ( Hypecoum procumbens – Sickle- in the Trojan War); other possible interpretation is “devastating, fruited• hypecoum; Balkan endemic) destructive”• (φθίωAccepted – destroy). name Rhododendron (Common rhododendron, Pontic 218. pindicus,Allium ( a, um ; literally: Phthia onion) rhododendron)• Accepted name

– from Pindus (Pindus – a mountain range • Stipa ( Accepted; literally:name Pontic needle-grass) in Northern• Greece and synonymSouthern of Albania). subsp. 225. Valerianella posoniensis, ( e ; literally: Pontic cornsalad) Dactylorhiza ( Dactylorhiza cordigersa – relating to Posonium (Posonium – pindica)• Accepted name Roman trade and military point on the territory of the present-day 219. pirinensis,Luzula ( e see perinensis; literally:. Pindus woodrush) city • of Bratislava,Accepted the capital name of Slovakia).

• synonym – of 226. pratensis,Rubus ( e ; literally: Posonium bramble)

220. pirinicus,Festuca ( a, um see Festuca perinicus bosniaca). • – referring to meadows, growing on meadows.

• Accepted – name • Alopecurus (Meadow foxtail, Field meadow foxtail)

• AlchemillaAccepted ( name ; literally: Pirin lady’s mantle) • Festuca (Meadow fescue)

• Alyssum (synonym of ; Bulgarian endemic) • Gagea (Meadow gagea)

Arenaria ( Arenaria cretica – Cretan sandwort; • Geranium (Meadow crane‘s-bill) Bulgarian• endemic) Accepted name pea Lathyrus (Meadow vetchling, Meadow pea-vine, Yellow • ErysimumAccepted ( name ; literally: Pirin wallflower) )•

• FestucaAccepted ( name ; literally: Pirin fescue) • Melampyrum (Common cow-wheat)

• Poa ( Unclear name; literally: status Pirin meadow-grass) • Phleum (Timothy-grass)

Tulipa ( ; literally: Pirin tulip; Poa (Kentucky bluegrass, Smooth meadow-grass, Bulgarian endemic) Common meadow-grass)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • • Accepted name

• Pulsatilla (Small pasque flower) 235. Hieracium rhaeticus, ( a, um – ; literally: Retezat hawkweed)

• Salvia (Meadow clary, Meadow sage) relating to the Rhaetian Alps (a mountain• range of theAccepted Eastern name Alps). • Succisa (Devil‘s-bit scabious) 236.Taraxacum rhodop(a)eus, ( a, um; literally: Rhaetian dandelion) Tragopogon (Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, Meadow salsify, Meadow• goat‘s-beard) – from Rhodope Mountains (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the 227. Trifolium provinciali (Reds, eclover) Rila-Rhodope• massif). Accepted name – relating to a province, in particular Aethionema ( ; literally: Rhodope to Provence – a geographical region and historical province in stonecress)• Accepted name Southeastern• France. • Allium ( synonym of ; literally: Rhodope onion) 228. prutenicus,Orchis (Provence a, um orchid) – Arenaria ( Arenaria filicaulis subsp. graeca; Prussian (Prussia – a historical region literally:• Rhodope sandwort)synonym of on the• territory of modern Germany). Colchicum ( Colchicum autumnale – Autumn 229. Laserpitium pyrenaicus, (Prussian a, um sermountain) crocus,• Meadow saffron)Accepted name – Pyrenean (Pyrenees – a mountain • Galium ( ; literally: Rhodope bedstraw) range• in Southwest EuropeAccepted between name Spain and France). • Geum (Rhodope avens) Alchemilla ( ; literally: Pyrenean lady’s mantle)• • Lathraea (Rhodope toothwort)

• Carex (Pyrenean sedge) • Lilium (Rhodope lily; Balkan endemic) synonym of subsp • Gentiana (Pyrenean gentian) Minuartia ( Minuartia glomerata . macedonica; literally: • Geranium (Hedgerow crane’s-bill) Rhodope• sandwort) Accepted name Ornithogalum (Bath asparagus, Prussian asparagus, • Parietariasynonym ( of ; literally: Rhodope pellitory) Pyrenees• star of Bethlehem,Accepted nameSpiked star of Bethlehem) rye Secale ( Secale anatolicum; literally: Rhodope • RorippaAccepted ( name ; literally: Pyrenean yellowcress) ; • Bulgarian endemic)Accepted name 230. Viola ranarius, ( a, um ; literally: Pyrenean violet) Seseli ( ; literally: Rhodope seseli; Bulgarian rana – relating to toads (a reference to the endemic)• humid• areal of the growth of the plant; frog). • Sesleria (literally:(Accepted Rhodope name moor grass) 231. Juncusratisbonensis, (Clustered e toad rush) • SoldanellaAccepted name ; literally: Rhodope snowbell) – relating to Regensburg (a city in the 237. Veronica rhodope(i)us, ( a, um ; literally: Rhodope speedwell) central• part of Bavaria in Southeasternsynonym of Germany). – from Rhodope Mountains 232. Chamaecytisus remotus, a, um ( Cytisus ratisbonensis) (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the places. – far, remoted, scattered, of distant Rila-Rhodope• massif).Accepted name isolated• Medicago ( ; literally: Rhodope medick; • Carex (Remote sedge) Bulgarian• endemic) synonym of

233.Lolium reophilus, (Flaxfield a, um rye-grass) Myosotis ( Myosotis minutiflora; literally: • Accepted name – loving the streams (a reference to the Rhodope forget-me-not) favourite• environmentAccepted of growth name of this species). Onosma ( ; literally: Rhodope onosma; • (synonym of subsp Taraxacum ( ; literally: Loving streams Balkan endemic) i dandelion)234. retyezatensis, e Polygala Polygala supina . rhodopea; • Accepted name – from Retezat Mountains (a mountain literally: Rhodope m lkwort) range in Romania, part of the Southern Carpathians). Rhamnus ( ; literally: Rhodope buckthorn)

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• 245. rumeliacus, a, um see rumelicus

• Tulipa (RhodopeUnresolved tulip) name • Accepted – Rumelian name ( ).

Viola ( ; literally: Rhodope violet) The Hypericum ( ; literally: Rumelian Saint record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012- John‘s246. wort) rumelianus, a, um see rumelicus 03-26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted • synonym – Rumelian of ( ). name or as a synonym with original publication details: Beih. Bot. Centralbl.238. rhodopensis, 26(2): 334 1910. e Trachelium ( Campanula rumeliana; literally: Rumelian247. rumelicus,throatwort) a, um – from Rhodope Mountains (Rhodopes – a mountain range in the Balkan Peninsula, part of the Rila-Rhodope – Rumelian (Rumelia – a historical massif).• region in Southeast Europe, including the provinces of Thrace, Macedonia• and Moesia, today’s Bulgaria and Turkish Thrace). Haberlea (Orpheus flower, Resurrection plant; Balkan endemic)• Accepted name • Allium (literally:Accepted Rumelian name onion)

239. Scabiosa rilaensis, ( e ; literally: Rhodope scabious) Anthemis ( ; literally: Rumelian chamomile; Bulgarian• endemic)synonym of var – from Rila Mountain (in Southwestern• Bulgaria).synonym of Armeria ( Armeria cariensis . rumelica; literally:• RumelianAccepted lady‘s cushion) name Leontodon ( Scorzoneroides rilaensis; literally: Rila 240.hawkbit) riloensis, е see rilaensis. • Asperula ( ; literally: Rumelian woodruff)

• –synonym of • Camelina (RomanianAccepted gold-of-pleasure) name

Alopecurus ( Alopecurus himalaicus Hook.f.; Centaurea ( ; literally: Rumelian knapweed; literally:• Rila foxtailAccepted grass) name Balkan• endemic)

• Carex ( Accepted name; literally: Rila sedge) • Genista (RumelianUnresolved green name weed)

241. Festuca riparius, ( a, um ; literally: Rila fescue) Minuartia ( ; literally: Rumelian sandwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012- – of riverbanks (growing near the 03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted riverbanks).• name or as a synonym with original publication details: Dokl. Bulg. • Bromus (Meadow brome) Akad.• Nauk 26: 1059Unresolved 1973. name

rivalis,Carex e (Greater pond sedge) Papaver ( ; literally: Rumelian poppy) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03- • – growingAccepted near name the brooks. 23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name • Galium ( ; literally: Stream bedstraw) or as a synonym with original publication details: Sitzungsber. • Accepted name • Geum (WaterAccepted avens) name Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math-Naturwiss. Cl. 1889(2): 39 1890. • Ranunculus (Accepted name; literally: Rumelian buttercup) 242. rivularis,Taraxacum e ( ; literally: Stream dandelion) • Accepted name • – growingsynonym beside of brooks. subsp. Rhinanthus ( ; literally: Rumelian rattle)

Cardamine ( Cardamine pratensis 248.Satureja rupester, ( tris, tre rupestris,; literally: e Rumelian savory) rivularis;• literally: Brook bittercress) • Accepted name ( ) – growing on the rocks.

• CirsiumAccepted (Brook thistle) name • Agrostis ( ; literally: Rock bentgrass)

243. romanus,Rubus ( a, um ; literally: Brook bramble) • Carex (RockAccepted sedge) name

• – Roman, from Rome. • Frangula ( ; literally: Rock buckthorn)

244.Dactylorhiza ruderalis, e (Roman dactylorhiza, Roman orchid) • Potentilla (Rock cinquefoil)

– ruderal: growing on waste ground or among • Senecio (Rock ragwort) the refuse.• • Umbilicus (Navelwort,Accepted name Penny-pies, Wall pennywort) Lepidium (Narrow-leaf pepperwort, Roadside Verbascum ( ; literally: Rock mullein; Balkan pepperweed) endemic)

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•

249.Viola rurivagus, (Teesdale a, umviolet) NB! A probable mistake in the grammatical form of the adjective areas. – it should be santonica because the noun artemisia is feminine – which is found here and there in rural gender.260. sardous, a, um • – Sardinian (Sardinia – Italian island in the 250.Polygonum russicus, (Cornfielda, um knotgrass) Mediterranean• sea). • – Russian, from Russia. 261. sarmaticus,Ranunculus (Hairya, um buttercup) 251.Echium rusticanus, (Red-flowered a, um viper‘s grass) – Sarmatic, from Sarmatia (a name that • – rustic, from the countryside. the Romans attributed to a geographical area of Eastern Europe and Western• Asia betweensynonym the Black of Sea and the Don and Volga rivers). 252.Armoracia ruthenicus, (Horseradish) a, um

– from Ruthenia (Ruthenia – medieval 262. saxatilis,Bellevalia e( Bellevalia speciosa) Latin designation of Russia, later used to indicate also some • – growing among rocks. territories• of Hungary and Galicia). • AethionemaAccepted (Burnt name candytuft) • Anthemis (EasternAccepted chamomile) name • Allium ( ; literally: Rock onion) • Peucedanumsynonym ( of ) subsp Aurinia (Basket of gold, Goldentuft alyssum, Golden Salsola ( Salsola kali . ruthenica – Russian alison,• Golden-tuftsynonym madwort) of thistle)253. saasensis, e Gagea ( Gagea bohemica – Early star-of- – from Saas (Saas – Swiss valley in the Canton Bethlehem,• Radnor lily) of Valais).• Accepted name • Iberis (Rock candytuft) 254.Taraxacum sabaudus, ( a, um ; literally: Saas dandelion) • Kernera (RockAccepted kernera name) – from Savoy (a historical region • Lathyrus ( ; literally: Rock vetchling) located in the Western Alps, shared among the modern countries of France,• Italy, and Switzerland). • Leontodon (Lesser hawkbit)

Hieracium (New England hawkweed, European hawkweed, • Rhamnus (Rock buckthorn) Savoy255. hawkweed) sabinus, a, um 263. scardicus,Rubus (Stone a, um bramble) Šar – Sabinian (Sabini – Italic tribes inhabiting – from or Sharr Mountains (Scardus – the lands between the Tiber, Aternus and Annio rivers; Sabina – an an ancient name of a mountain range in the Balkans extending from ancient• historical region between Lazio and Umbria). Kosovo and the northwest of North Macedonia to Northeastern 256. Juniperussalinarius, (Savin a, um juniper, Savin) in saline Albania).• synonym of

– relating to plants growing Betonica ( Stachys scardica; literally: Scardic lands.• synonym of betony;• Balkan endemic)Accepted name

Puccinellia ( Puccinellia intermedia; literally: • Hieracium ( ; literally: Scardic hawkweed) Halophilous257. salisburgensis alkali grass), е • Melampyrum (Hungarian cow-wheat) – from Salisburgum (an ancient name of • Sideritis (PirinAccepted tea, Olympusname tea) the city• of Salzburg in Austria, near the German border). 264. scaturiginosus,Veronica ( a, um ; literally: Scardic speedwell) 258. salonitanus,Euphrasia (Salisburg a, um eyebright) • Accepted name – full of springs; boggy, marshy. – from Salona (the capital of Dalmatia during• the Roman Empire,Accepted now name Solin, a municipality in Croatia). 265.Taraxacum semisilvaticus, ( a, um –; literally: Marshy dandelion)

259. Centaurea santonicus, ( a, um ; literally: Salona knapweed) of the woods: growing both in open• places and in woodedsynonym ones. of subsp. – relating to Santones (Santoni – an ancient• population of Aquitaine, a region of Southwestern France). Hieracium ( Hieracium murorum semisilvaticum; literally: Hawkweed of the woods) Artemisia (Salt steppe wormwood)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 266. septentrionalis, e •

– northern (Septemtriones – the 273. Salix silvaticus, (Silesian a, willow) um constellations• of seven stars, the Great and Little Bear, i.e. north). sylvaticus). – forest, growing in woodlands (= 267. serbicus,Asplenium a, (Northern um spleenwort, Forked spleenwort) •

– Serbian (Serbia – a state of the Balkan 274. silvester,Calystegia tris, (Giant tre bindweed, Large bindweed)sylvester). peninsula).• Accepted name 275. silvicolus, a, um – of the woods (= • Edraianthus Accepted( name ; Balkan endemic) • – forestUnclear (woods) name dweller. status • Orobanche ( ; literally: Serbian broomrape) Taraxacum silvicolum ( ; literally: Forest • Ramonda (SerbianAccepted ramonda, name Serbian phoenix flower) dandelion)

• RanunculusAccepted ( name ; literally: Serbian buttercup) NB! If there exists a grammatical mistake and the binomial name is actually Taraxacum silvicola, then the specific epithet is a Stachys ( ; literally: Serbian hedgenettle; noun in the nominative, and therefore it should be placed in the Balkan268. endemic) serresianus, a, um section276. Specific silvrettensis, epithet e– apposition. – from Serres (Serres – the second in – relating to the Silvretta Alps (a mountain largest• city in theUnresolved region of Central name Macedonia, Greece). range• the Central AcceptedEastern Alps). name Viola ( ; literally: Serres violet) The 278.Taraxacum sitnjakovensis, ( e from; literally: Silvretta dandelion) record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03- 26) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name – Sitnyakovo (Sitnyakovo – a or as a synonym with original publication details: Bot. Chron. 13: hunting• lodge near BorovetsAccepted resortname in Rila Mountain, Bulgaria). 51 2000.269. sibiricus, a, um 279.Taraxacum slivenensis ( , е ; literally: Sithyakovo dandelion) – Siberian (Siberia – an extensive – from Sliven (Sliven – a town in geographical• region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia). Southeastern• Bulgaria).synonym of subsp • Argusia (Siberian sea-rosemary) 280. smyrnaeus,Corydalis ( a, um Corydalis solida . slivenensis) • Campanula (SiberianAccepted bellflower) name – from Smyrna (an ancient name of the Heracleum ( ; literally: Siberian cow current• Izmir – a portsynonym and city in of Central Western Turkey). parsnip)• Trifolium ( Trifolium sylvaticum; literally: • Iris (Siberian iris, Siberian flag) Smyrna281. clover) stagnalis, e

• Juniperus (Siberian juniper) – growing along the margins of still water, relating• to ponds (a reference to the growing place). • Ligularia (Siberian ligularia) , 282. strandjensisCallitriche (Pond, е water-starwort) Montia (synonym of Claytonia sibirica – Siberian spring beauty• Siberian miner‘s lettuce, Siberian purslane) – from Strandzha (Strandzha – a mountain in Southeastern• Bulgaria).Unresolved name 270. Polygala siculus, (Siberian a, um milkwort) Minuartia ( ; literally: Strandzha – Sicilian, from Sicily (Siculi – the Latin sandwort) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data name of an Italic tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily during the Iron supplied on 2012-03-23) which does not establish this name either Age).• as an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication • Myosotis (Jersey forget-me-not)synonym of Sicilian details:283. Fitologiya stranjensis, 48: 7e 1996.

Nectaroscordum ( Allium siculum – – from Strandzha (Strandzha – a mountain honey• garlic) in Southeastern• Bulgaria).synonym of subsp

271. sieheanus,Scabiosa (Sicilian a, um scabious) Saponaria ( Saponaria sicula . stranjensis; literally: Strandzha soapwort) • Accepted name – epithet with unclear etymology. 284. subalpinus, a, um – subalpine: from the lower slopes of 272. silesiacus,Viola ( a, um ) mountain• areas. Accepted name – Silesian (Silesia – a historical region of Central Europe, located mostly in Poland). Senecio ( ; literally: Subalpine ragwort) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18707 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 285. submersus, a, um • Accepted name

– submerged, sunken, growing • Hesperis ( ) underwater.• • Lathyrus (Flat pea, Narrow-leaved everlasting-pea) 286.Ceratophyllum subterraneus, (Soft a, hornwort) um • Malus (European crab apple) • – subterranean, underground. • Malva (Common mallow) 287.Trifolium sudeticus, (Subterranean a, um clover, Subterranean trefoil) • Pinus (Scots pine) – from the Sudeten mountains (a • RorippaAccepted (Creeping name yellowcress, Yellow fieldcress) mountain range in Central Europe on the border of Czech Republic and • Poland). synonym of • Secalesynonym ( of )

Arabis ( Arabis allionii; literally: 291. Vitis syriacus, ( a, um Vitis vinifera – Common grape vine) • Accepted name Sudeten rockcress) – Syrian (Syria – a country in Western 288.Luzula sumatrensis, ( e ; literally: Sudeten woodrush) Asia,• on the Mediterranean coast).

– from the island of Sumatra (Indonesian Asclepias (Common milkweed, Butterfly flower, Silky island• to the south of the Malay peninsula). swallow-wort)•

289.Conyza sylvaticus, (Guernsey a, umfleabane, Sumatran fleabane, Tall fleaban) • Cephalaria (Syrian cephalaria) places. – of the forest, growing in woodland • EuclidiumI (Syrian mustard) • 292. Sideritis tanaiticus, ( ronwort) a, um

Brachypodium (False-brome, Slender false brome, Wood – from the Don river, formerly called • false brome) Tanais• (one of the majorsynonym Eurasian of Onobrychisrivers of Russia). arenaria • Calamintha (Woodland calamint) Onobrychis ( – Hungarian • Carex (Wood sedge) sainfoin)293. tatari(c)us, a, um

• Equisetum (Wood horsetail) – Tatarian (Tatars – Turkic peoples, inhabitant territories in Eastern Europe and Siberia, today Asiatic • Fagus (EuropeanAccepted beech) name Russia).• • Ferulago ( s; literally: Wood fennel) • Acer (Tatar maple, Tatarians maple) • Geranium (Wood crane’ -bill, Woodland geranium) • Atriplex (Tatarian orache) • Luzula (Greater wood-rush, Great wood-rush) • Crambe (Tatar bread plant) • Melampyrum (Small cow-wheat) Goniolimon (German statice, Tatarian statice, Tatarian • Myosotis (Wood forget-me-not, Woodland forget-me-not) sea-lavender)•

• Omalotheca (Woodland arctic cudweed) 294. Lactucatauricus, (Blue a, um lettuce)

• Scirpus (Wood club-rush) – Crimean (Tauri – a tribe considered to be the• oldest population on the Crimean Peninsula). Senecio (Woodland ragwort, Heath groundsel, Mountain• groundsel) • Asphodelinesynonym (White king‘s of spear) brachypetalum subsp.

290. sylvester,Stachys (Hedge tris, tre woundwort) Cerastium ( Cerastium tauricum;• literally:Accepted Crimean mouse-ear name chickweed) • – of the woods, growing wild. Gagea ( ; literally: Crimean star-of- • Anemone (Snowdrop anemone) Bethlehem)• • Angelica (Wild angelica) • Hedysarum (Crimean sweetvetch, Red sweetvetch) Anthriscus (Cow parsley, Wild chervil, Wild beaked • Onopordum (Taurian thistle, Bull cottonthistle) parsley)• • Onosma (Golden-flowered onosma) • Bellis (Southern daisy) Symphytum (Crimean comfrey) Erysimum (Wood-treacle mustard)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 295. taurinus, a, um • synonym of

– Piedmontese, from Piedmont (Taurini Tulipa ( Tulipa orphanidea; literally: – an ancient population of Cisalpine Gaul, today’s Piedmont). The Thracian• tulip) Unresolved name literal• meaning of the adjective is “relating to bulls”. Verbascum ( ; literally: Thracian mullein) 296. Asperula taurinensis, (Pink e woodruff) The record derives from WCSP (in review) which does not establish this name either as an accepted name or as a synonym – from Turin (Augusta Taurinorum – an with301. original thuringiacus, publication a, details: um Fl. Bulg. 410 1891. ancient• name of the cityAccepted of Turin). name – from Thuringia (a historical region 297. terrestris,Euphorbia (e ; literally: Turin spurge) in Central• Germany). • – growing on dry land, far from water. 302. tmoleus,Lavatera (Garden a, um tree-mallow) 298.Tribulus thasius, (Tackweed, a, um Goat‘s-head, Small caltrops) – relating to Tmolus (Tmolus Mount on – from Thassos (Thassos – a Greek island the territory• of today‘sAccepted Turkey name, modern Bozdağ). in the• Aegean sea). Accepted name 303. transsilvanicus,Carduus ( a, um ; literally: Tmolus thistle) 299. Hypericum thessalus, ( a, um ; Balkan endemic) – Transylvanian (Transylvania – a – Thessalian (Thessalia – a region of historical-geographical• synonym region in ofCentral Romania). Greece).• Accepted name n Bromus ( Bromus erectus; literally: • Anchusa ( Accepted name; literally: Thessalian alkanet) Transylvania• brome) Accepted name n

300. thracicus,Petrorhagia a, ( um ) Campanula ( ; literally: Transylvania • Accepted name n – Thracian (Thrace – a geographical and bellflower) historical region in Southeast Europe, now split between Bulgaria, Lathyrus ( ; literally: Transylvania Greece• and Turkey).synonym of vetchling)• Accepted name

Achillea ( Achillea clypeolata; literally: Thracian 304. trans(s)ylvanicus,Melica ( a, um; literally:see transsilvanicus. Transylvania melic grass) yarrow• ; Bulgarian(synonym endemic) of • Accepted name – Allium Allium melanantherum; literally: • Cephalaria ( Accepted name) n Thracian• onion) synonym of Hieracium ( ; literally: Transylvania Alopecurus ( Alopecurus creticus; literally: hawkweed)305. trebevicianus, a, um Thracian• foxtail; Bulgariansynonym endemic) of subsp. – relating to Trebević (Trebević – a Anthemis ( Anthemis macedonica mountain• in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina). thracica• ; literally: ThracianAccepted chamomile) name synonym of subsp Hieracium • AstracanthaAccepted ( name ) ( 306. trojanensis,Hieracium epseudobifidum . trebevicianum) Carduus ( ; literally: Thracian thistle; Balkan – from Troyan (Troyan – a town in Central endemic)• Accepted name Northern• Bulgaria). Accepted name • CentaureaAccepted ( name ; literally: Thracian knapweed) • Campanulasynonym ( of Silene ; literally: Troyan bellflower) • Festuca Accepted( name ; literally: Thracian fescue) Silene ( chromodonta; literally: Troyan • Linum ( Accepted name; literally: Thracian flax) catchfly)307. trojanus, a, um –

• Onosma (synonym of ; literally: Thracian onosma) from Troy (an ancient city in West Asia • • Quercus ( synonym Quercus of cerris; Bulgarian endemic) Minor, Turkey).

Rorippa ( Rorippa lippizensis; literally: 308. Quercustschamkorijensis, (Macedonian e oak, Trojan oak) Thracian• yellowcress)(synonym of subsp – from Chamkoria (Chamkoria – an Rech.f • Accepted name Stachys Stachys cretica . bulgarica old name of today resort Borovets in Rila Mountain, Bulgaria). • .; literally: ThracianAccepted hedgenettle) name Hieracium ( ; literally: Chamkoria • Taraxacum ( ; literally: Thracian dandelion) hawkweed)309. turcicus, a, um

Thymus (Lavender-scented thyme) – Turkish. Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18709 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • Accepted name 319. urbicus, a, um –

• Centaurium (Accepted name; literally: Turkish centaury) urban (which often grows in an urban environment).• Colchicum ( ; literally: Turkish autumn crocus)• Accepted name 320. ursinus,Chenopodium a, um (City goosefoot) Ursus

310. Rosa turfosiformis, ( e ; literally: Turkish rose) in – relating to bears ( bear): a reference . to the• woodlands, the same inhabited by bears. – relating to peat bogs, growing swamps• and grasslandsAccepted name Allium (Wild garlic, Ramsons, Bear leek, Bear‘s garlic, Broad-leaved321. valesiacus, garlic) a, um 311.Taraxacum turkestanicus, ( a, um ; literally: Boggy dandelion) – from Valesia (the Latin name of the – from Turkestan (a region in Central current• Canton Valais or Valois, or Wallis in Switzerland). Asia between the Caspian Sea and the Gobi Desert, inhabited mainly by Turkic• peoples).Accepted name 322. Festuca varnensis, (Volga e fescue, Valais fescue)

312. Alyssum tymphaeus, ( a, um ) – from Varna (Varna – a city in Northeast Bulgaria,• on the BlackAccepted Sea coast). name – from Tymphaea (a region in Northwest Greece, specifically Epirus, named after Mount Tymphe • Centaurea ( ; literally: Varna knapweed) or Tymphi).• Accepted name 323. velebiticus,Elymus (literally: a, um Varna wheatgrass; Bulgarian endemic) • CentaureaAccepted ( name ; literally: Tymphaea knapweed) – relating to Mount Velebit (a mountain 313. Stachys ucrainicus, ( a, um ; literally: Tymphaea hedgenettle) range• in Croatia).

– Ukrainian (Ukraine – a country in 324. Campanula veluchensis, (Velebit bellflower) Eastern• Europe). e – relating to Velouchi (a peak in Pindus 314. ucranicus,Stipa (Ukrainian a, um feather grass)see ucrainicus mountain,• Greece).Accepted name

• – Ukrainian ( ). 325. Crocus vindobonensis, ( e ; literally: Velouchi crocus)

• Nepeta (UkrainianAccepted name catmint) – Viennese (Vindobona – an ancient Latin• name of the currentAccepted city name of Vienna, the Austrian capital). 315. uliginosus,Torilis ( a, um ; literally: Ukrainian hedge-parsley) • Taraxacum ( ; literally: Viennese dandelion) • synonym – growing of in bogs and swamps. 326.Veronica vinealis, (Viennese e germander speedwell) Filaginella ( Gnaphalium uliginosum – Marsh vinea cudweed)• – relating to the vines, growing in vineyards ( • vine). • Galium (Fensynonym bedstraw) of 327. virginicus,Allium (Crow a, garlic,um Onion grass, Stag‘s garlic, Wild garlic) Lotus ( Lotus pedunculatus – Big trefoil, Greater• bird‘s-foot-trefoil,synonym Marsh of bird‘s-foot trefoil) • – from Virginia (USA).

• Sesleria ( Sesleria caerulea – Blue moor-grass) 328. Acalyphavolgensis, (Virginia e three-seeded mercury)

Vaccinium (Bog bilberry, Bog blueberry, Northern bilberry, – from the Volga River (the longest river in Western316. blueberry)umbrosus, a, um Europe• that runs throughAccepted Russia name and flows into the Caspian Sea).

• Accepted name – growing in shady places. 329. Adonisvolhynicus, ( a, um )

• Carex ( Accepted name; literally: Shady sedge) – from Volhynia (a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, situated between Southeastern Poland, • Pastinaca ( ; literally: Shady parsnip) Southwestern• Belarus,Accepted and nameWestern Ukraine). 317. Scrophularia uralensis, e (Green figwort, Water betony) 330. Galium vosagiacus, ( a, um ; literally: Volhynia bedstraw) – from the Ural Mountains (the Urals – a – relating to Vosges (Vosagus – an mountain• range in Russia,Accepted located name between Europe and Asia). ancient• Latin name of a low mountain in Eastern France). 318. urbanus,Cephalaria a, ( um ) 331. wolgensis,Rosa (Whitish-stemmed e see volgensis. briar) • – urban. – Geum (Wood avens, Herb Bennet, St. Benedict‘s herb) Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18710 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 • Accepted name

332. zacinthus,Silene ( a, um – ; literally: Volga catchfly) details:10. Izv.Kapela Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 16: 230 1966.

from Zakynthos (Zakynthos – a Greek • – a mountain in Western Croatia. island• in the Ionian Sea). 11. Locusta Paronychia kapela (Silver nailwort) locus Crepis (Striped hawksbeard) Epithet – Another Noun in The Nominative (Apposition) • – growing in an enclosed space ( “place”).

Valerianella locusta (Corn salad, Common cornsalad, This group includes nouns in the Nominative used as specific Lamb’s12. lettuce)Mahaleb cola epithets. The compound nouns formed through the verbal stem epi – a term used by medieval Arabs for a plant of - (colo, colui, cultus 3 – dwell, indwell) are predominant. There hypo uncertain• identity. are found also 3 derivative nouns formed through prefixes -, - (epilinum, epithymum, hypopytus); 1 ethnonym – juruk; 4 13. Monticola Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb cherry, St. Lucy cherry) toponyms – kapela, mahaleb, padus, telmateia; 2 cases of assumed • – mountain dweller. but insufficiently1. Alpicola clarified meaning – beccabunga, locusta. 14. Padus Alchemilla monticola (Hairy lady’s mantle) • – living in high mountains, alpine. • – of the river Po in Italy. 2. Arenicola Hieracium alpicola (Alpine hawkweed) 15. Petricola Prunus padus (Bird cherry, Hagberry, Mayday tree) • – living inAccepted sandy areas. name • – dweller ofsynonym the rocks. of subsp. 3. Aria Festuca – arenicola ( , literally: Sandy fescue) Cerastium petricola ( Cerastium rectum from Aria (region centred on the city of Herat in petricola;16. Pindicola literally: Mouse-ear chickweed of the rocks) present-day• Afganistan). – living in Pindus (a mountain in Greece, the 4. BanaticolaSorbus aria (Whitebeam, – Common whitebeam) dwelling• of Apollo and the muses).Accepted name

from Banat (a geographical and historical Onobrychis pindicola ( , literally: Sainfoin region• in Central Europe). synonym of from• Pindus mountains) Accepted name

Hieracium banaticola ( Pilosella petraea; Potentilla pindicola ( , literally: Cinquefoil literally:5. HawkweedBeccabunga from Banat) from• Pindus mountains) Accepted name German bach bunge – ambiguous interpretation: from the beckpunge Soldanella pindicola ( , literally: Snowbell “creek” and “tuber”, or from the Flemish word from17. Pindus Pirinicola mountains) – • “burning mouth”, for the spicy taste of its leaves • living in PirinAccepted (a mountain name in South Bulgaria). 6. Epilinum Veronica beccabunga (Brooklime, European speedwell) Hieracium pirinicola ( , literally: Hawkweed – literally “growing on flax” (genus favoured by from18. Pirin Pratericola mountain) this • parasitic plant). praterion – literally: living in marketplaces (from the Italian prateria pratum 7. Epithymum Cuscuta epilinum (Flax dodder) Greek marketplace), or: growing in the prairies (from the – literally “growing on thyme” (host of this • grassland), or meadows dweller ( meadow). parasitic• plant). 19. RupicolaChenopodium pratericola (Desert goosefoot)

8. Hypopitys Cuscuta epithymum (Lesser dodder) • – living onAccepted the rocks. name

– literally “under pine” (a reference to the Festuca rupicola ( , literally: Fescue from natural• habitat of the plant). the rocks)20. Sylvicola –

9. Juruk Monotropa hypopitys (Yellow pine-sap, Pinesap) • woodssynonym dweller. of

– yuruk: shepherds in Rhodope mountains and Poa sylvicola ( Poa trivialis; literally: Meadow- Balkan• mountains, Bulgaria. Unresolved name grass21. from Telmateia the woods) – telma Verbascum juruk (( , literally: Shepherd on • of marshes (from the Greek “marsh”). mullein) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as Equisetum telmateia (Great horsetail, Northern giant an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication horsetail)

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 22. Xanthicola – in Fl. from the region of Xanthi (a town in 03-23) which does not establish this name either as an accepted Reipubl. Popul. Bulgar. 4: 111 1970. Northern• Greece). Unresolved name name or as a synonym with original publication details: • Accepted name Salix xanthicola ( , literally: Willow from on Xanthi) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied 8. StrymonisErysimum slavjankae ( m ) 2012-03-26) which does not establish this name either as – Gen. sg. (Strymo, onis – an ancient name of an accepted name or as a synonym with original publication the Struma• river, in the territoryAccepted of Bulgaria name and Greece). Epithetdetails: Willdenow – A Noun ia in21: The 105 1991.Genitive 9. Tekirae Dianthus strymonis ( , ae f ) . – Gen. sg. (Тekira – an obsolete name of the The specific epithet expressed by a noun in the genitive (singular village• Trivoditsi in Central Southsynonym Bulgaria of ) or plural) is a less common type of specific epithet. Among the other meanings, there are some names of countries, settlements, Gypsophila tekirae ( Gypsophila perfoliata – mountains, rivers and other geographic objects that indicate the EpithetPerfoliate baby’s-breath)– Composite Name Consisting of Two origin1. or theCaliacrae place where the particular plantf was collected. Hyphenated Words – Gen. sg. (Caliacra, ae – a long and narrow headland• on the northern BulgarianAccepted Black name Sea Coast). The specific epithets in this group indicate a habitat in a • Alyssum caliacrae ( Accepted name) broader sense pertaining to a particular place of the spread of • Centaurea caliacraeAccepted ( name ) several1. botanicalPlantago-Aquatica or zoological species. plantain – literally:planta water plantain. 2. DiampolisSilene caliacrae ( ; Bulgarianf an ancient endemic) name of –

– Gen. sg. (Diampolis, is – plantago (from Latin “foot”): similar to the Yambol,• a city in Southeastern Bulgariasynonym). of szovitsi sole of the foot, a reference to the size of the leaves of the greater plantain; 3. KlisuraeColchicum diampolis ( f Colchicum i) aquatica (aquaticus, a, um) – a reference to the place of – Gen. sg. (Klisura, ae – a small town in Central habitation• of the plant. Bulgaria).• Accepted name Alisma plantago-aquatica (European water-plantain, 4. LapponumHieracium klisurae ( ) m Common2. Ruta-murariawater-plantain, Mad-dog weed) , – Gen. pl. (Lappones, um – the inhabitants – , – literally: rue of the walls. of Lapponia a mountainous area in Lapland, North Sweden). In this . denomination, the place of distribution or origin of the species is ruta rue bitter herb (due to the leaves shape); indicated• by ethnonym muraria (murarius, a, um) – mural, wall (a reference to the places• frequently colonized by this fern). 5. NigrimontiumSalix lapponum (Downy willow) m , – Gen. pl. (Nigrimontes, ium – 3. Vitis-idaea Asplenium ruta-muraria (Wall-rue) Montenegro a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic Sea • vitis – literally: vine of Ida Mount. Coast).• Accepted name • – vine; 6. RavennaeHerniaria nigrimontium ( f – ) main city of idaea (idaeus, a, um) – of mount Ida (Ida – a mountain in – Gen. sg. (Ravenna, ae the Crete• island considered sacred as a birthplace of Zeus). Italy the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern 4. Morsus-ranae Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Lingonberry, Mountain cranberry) • ). • – literally: bite of frog. 7. SlaviankaeErianthus ravennae / slavjankae (Ravenna grass, Plume grass) f – , , Probably a reference to the habitat of the plant. Another – Gen. sg. (Slavjanka, ae hypothesis refers to the tendency of frogs to hunt for food among Slavyanka, formerly known as Alibotush from Turkish Alibotuş S these plants. and Kitka Planina, from Bulgarian Китка планина, is a mountain Greece located on the border of outhwestern Bulgaria and Northernmost morsus – bite; • ). Unresolved name ranae• – Gen. sg. (rana, ae f – frog). Pulsatilla slaviankae ( ; Balkan endemic) Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (European frogbit) The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012- Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18712 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI:

10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 Conclusion 11. Kitanov B (1994) Botanicheski rechnik. Izd-vo Petar Beron, Sofia, pp. 12. 144. The specific epithets relating to geographical objects and areas Kozhuharov S (red.) (1982) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. VIII. Izd. BAN, Sofia, could be an important and valued source in the process of study and pp. 520. Referencesrecognition of the different plants, their features and peculiarities. 13. Kozhuharov S (red.) (1995) Flora na Republika Balgaria. Т. X. Izd. BAN, 1. Sofia, pp. 431. 14. Kuzmanov B (red.) (1989) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. IX Izd. BAN, Sofia, Assyov B, Petrova A, Dimitrov D, Vassilev R (2012) Conspectus of the pp. 541. Bulgarian vascular flora: Distribution maps and floristic elements. 2. Fourth revised and enlarged edition. Sofia, BSBCP. 15. Kuzmanov B (red.) (1979) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. VII. Izd. BAN, Sofia, 16. pp. 530. Brummit RK, Powel C (Eds.)., (1992) Authors of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 732. Peev D (red.) (2012) Flora na Republika Balgaria. Т. XI. Izd. BAN, Sofia, 17. pp. 525. 3. Brummit RK (Eds.)., (1992) Vascular plant families and genera. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 804. Peev D (red.) (2015) Chervena kniga na Republika Balgaria. T. 1. Rastenia i gabi. IBEI – BAN & MOSV, Sofia, pp. 887. 4. Castiglioni L, Mariotti S (2007) Vocabolario della Lingua Latina. Loescher Editore-Quarta edizione, Torino pp. 2272. 18. Yordanov D (red.) (1976) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. VI. Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. 592. 5. Clifford H, Trevor, Bostock, Peter D (2007) Etymological Dictionary of 6. Grasses. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319. 19. Yordanov D (red.) (1963) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. I. Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. 20. 509. Dvoreckij IH (1996) Latinsko-russkij slovar’. Russkij yazyk Moskva, pp. 7. 845. Yordanov D (red.) (1964) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. II Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. 21. 426. Giamello G (1004) Dizionario botanico. Sorì Edizioni, Piobesi d’Alba, pp. 115. Yordanov D (red.) (1966) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. III. Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. pp. 2126. 22. 638. 8. Glare P GW (1982) Oxford Latin Dictionary. Glarendon Press, Oxford, UK, Yordanov D (red.) (1970) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. IV. Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. 748. 9. Kaniskov V (2015) Botanicheski rechnik. Izd. Duo-V “ООD, S. Sofia pp. 10. 697. 23. Yordanov D (red.) (1973) Flora na NR Balgaria. Т. V. Izd. BAN, Sofia, pp. 444. Kirpichnikov М, Zabinkova NN (1977) Russko-latinskij slovar’ dlya th botanikov. Izd-о, Nauka”, Leningrad pp. 856. 24. Zander R (2014) Dictionary Plant Names. Plant Press. (19 Edn.), pp. 990. ISSN: 2574-1241 Assets of Publishing with us • DOI:Iliana10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.00 Ilieva. 4126 • Imm Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Global archiving of articles • mm ediate, unrestricted online access This work is licensed under Creative • Submission Link Co ons Attribution 4.0 License Rigorous Peer Review Process • : https://biomedres.us/submit-manuscript.php Authors Retain Copyrights Unique DOI for all articles https://biomedres.us/