Review Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 Specific Epithet-A Denomination of Geographical Region, Particular Place of Growth, Spread or Origin of the Plants Iliana Ilieva* University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria *Corresponding author: Iliana Ilieva, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: Published: January 13, 2020 The present article is a part of the larger research “Linguistic structure of binomial January 24, 2020 botanical denominations– specific epithet”, based on “Conspectus of the Bulgarian Citation: vascular flora”, fourth revised and updated edition, Sofia, 2012. The article is focused on the specific epithets indicating different geographical objects relating to spreading Iliana Ilieva. Specific Epithet-A or origin of the plants. According to the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Denomination of Geographical Region, Nomenclature) “The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by a single specific epithet in the form of an adjective, a noun in Particular Place of Growth, Spread or the genitive, or a word in apposition, or several words, but not a phrase name of one or Origin of the Plants. Biomed J Sci & Tech more descriptive nouns and associated adjectives in the ablative” (Chapter III, Section Res 24(5)-2020. BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 4, Article 23.1). Introduction and the like. Often, they are related to where the species was The specific epithets indicating a geographical object could be first collected. Most of the binomial names, signifying Balkan or representedi. Epithet in the following groups: Accepted name Bulgarian endemics, do not have English common names – they are Unclear name status – An adjective agreed with the generic name by noted as and a literal meaning is added; some still Taraxacum silvicolum gender,ii. number,Epithet case, have unclear status and are labelled as , subject Unresolved name Poa aitosensis). iii. Epithet – Another noun in the Nominative (apposition), to further refinement ( ); others at the time of this study are ( The good knowledge iv. Epithet – A noun in the Genitive, of Classic languages by the earlier taxonomists condition the often adrianopolitanus, colchicus, hellesponticus, lutecianus, – Composite name consisting of two hyphenated use of Ancient Latin and Greek names of geographical localities and phrygius, trojanus brutius, words settlements ( Epithet – An Adjective Agreed with The Generic Name dacicus, etruscus, sabinus, santonicus, siculus, tauricus, taurinus etc.) as well as of historical tribes ( by Gender, Number, Case jumrukczalicus etc.). Some obsolete denominations could be also found ( The plant habitat has provided the opportunity of forming – the present Mount Botev in Stara planina etc.) [1-10]. orbelicus Orbelic a wide range of specific names indicating the area of spread or There exist also two cases of polysemantic specific epithets: the origin of the species thus these names form one of the most – (Orbelus – an ancient name of a mountain on nicaeensis numerous groups of epithets. Within this group there are several the Balkan Peninsula; may refer to Belasitsa, Pirin, Rila, Osogovo or subgroupsa. according to the meaning Slavyanka Mountain); – from Nice (Nicaea – an ancient Adjectives derived from the names of different name of the present Nice in Southern France or the present town geographical sites – cities, countries, mountains, rivers, valleys, of Iznik in Turkey). Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. 18685 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 7) agrestis, calcareus, collinus, fontanus, montanus, paludosus, saxatilis, b. Adjectives, meaning the natural habitat of the plant – 8) Orientalis, e (19); umbrosus etc. 9) Thracicus, a, um (17); c. australis, borealis, meridionalis, orientalis, septentrionalis. Rhodopaeus, a, um (15); rhodopeius, a, um (7); Adjectives, meaning geographic direction - rhodopensis,10) e (2); 11) Sylvaticus, a, um (15); sylvester, tris, tre (13); According to the morphemic content following types of adjectivesa. could be distinguished: 12) Austriacus, a, um (14); afer, apulus, bavarus chius, cous, Primary adjectives: Twelve of them mean geographical 13) Pratensis, e (13); sardous, siculus, thasius, zacinthus areas ( etc.); six – names of islands ( dorius, etruscus Rumelicus, a, um (12); rumeliacus, a, um (1); rumelianus, ); two epithets are formed from borovezus barbarus a, um14) (1); ethnonyms ( ), one – from the name of a locality ( b. ) as well as in meaning “alien, foreign”. 15) Graecus, a, um (12); Derivative adjectives: the most numerous subgroup 16) Europaeus, a, um (11); ic- iac- containing more than 300 adjectives, including two participles. 17) Creticus, a, um (11); The most common suffixes are - , - belonging to, from lsaticus, bulgaricus, hellesponticus, italicus, pirinicus, syriacus, (predominantly in the names of geographic objects and countries: 18) Aquaticus, a, um (10); ucranicus ens- 19) Balcanicus, a, um (10); burgasensis, deborensis, etc.); - denoting origin (most commonly in the januensis, kamciensis, nebrodensis, rhodopensis, varnensis an- 20) Campester, tris, tre (10); names of cities, rivers and mountains: etc.); - 21) Pannonicus, a, um (10); adrianopolitanus, americanus, connection, relating to (in the names formed by the denominations diospolitanus, neapolitanus, ottomanus, romanus, salonitanus 22) Saxatilis, e (10). of cities, countries and peoples: eus etc.). Pirinicus, a, um (7); perinicus, a, um (1); perinensis, e (1); Less frequently used are the suffixes - belonging to, pertaining pirinensis, e (1). , aegeus, epigeius, europaeus, mediterraneus, petraeus to (mostly in the names that mean geographic regions or place of al- ar- Some epithets, deriving from animal names, point to the habitat distribution: i.e. australis, muralis, orientalis, rivalis, stagnalis typical for the particular species: bufonius (pertaining to toads, etc.); - , - pertaining to (to indicate the direction or area of . in- hospitable for toads, growing in wet places); capreus (relating to distribution: etc.); appenninus, palaestinus, subalpinus, taurinus os- goats);c) Compound ursinus (from Adjectives localities inhabited by bears) - relating to, from (in the names of geographic sites, countries, ester limosus, or cities: etc.); - – 8 epithets. In two genera, specific nemorosus, umbrosus, campester, rupester, silvester abundance and - place of growth and distribution ( epithets, expressed by derivative and compound adjectives, are atil- ). There are found to highlight specific features of the species: alpinopilosus and aquatilis, fluviatilis, saxatilis ari- arenarius, also single adjectives formed through suffix - place of growth pilosus (Luzula), fontanosquameus and fontanus (Taraxacum). Two riparius, salinarius id- aridus en- damascenus ( ), - pertaining to ( other epithets contain the word formative element -formis meaning itim- maritimus Festuca ), - ( ), - originated from ( ), “distribution area”: paludosiformis and turfosiformis. - belonging to ( ) [11-24]. In the genus there Festuca pirinensis Festuca Among the epithets, indicating area of spread or origin, there are two separate species whose specific epithets are formed from arenarius – arenaster – arenosus; monspeliacus pirinica are several groups of synonyms formed through different word- one root but with different suffixes: and – monspeliensis – monspessulanus; nemoralis – nemorensis – species. formative methods: – evidently to distinguish in lexical level two closely related nemorosus; paludosus – paluster – paludosiformis; rumelicus – The highest frequency of use have the following specific rumeliacus – rumelianus; rhodopaeus – rhodopeius – rhodopensis; epithets:1) silvaticus – silvester – silvicolus etc. 2) Arvensis, e (35); Alpinus, a, um (34); alpestris, e (8); Another fact to be noted is the presence of doublet variants 3) drymeius drymejus δρῦς for the same name, due to different transcriptions of names of epigaeus epigeios (ἐπίγαιος – ground, on the Palustris, e (27); paludosus, a, um (3); paludisiformis, e foreign origin – and ( – tree, especially ground); pirinicus, perinensis pirinensis (1);4) oak); and Strandzha 5) Montanus, a, um (25); perinicus and and (from mountain ucranicus and ucrainicus Pirin mountain); strandjensis and stranjensis (from 6) Bulgaricus, a, um (22); volgensis and ); (Ukrainian); halepensis and wolgensis Maritimus, a, um (19); marinus, a, um (5); aleppicus (from Aleppo – a city in Northern Syria); Copyright@ Iliana Ilieva | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004126. (from Volga river). 18686 Volume 24- Issue 5 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.24.004126 Spelling Note: silvester • Astracantha Astracantha arnacantha subsp. aitosensis the adjective , tris, tre (silva – forest) (synonym of silvaticus Calystegia silvatica is misspelt sylvester; the same mistake is found in the derivative • ; Bulgarian endemic) (except ), while the compound Taraxacum silvicolum, Poa (Unresolved name; Bulgarian endemic) The record adjectives silvicolus and semisilvaticus, containing the same Hieracium semisilvaticum derives from Tropicos which does not establish this name either morpheme silv- are correctly spelt ( as an accepted name or as a synonym (record 25525461) with 1. acarnanicus, a,). um original12. publication albanicus, details: a, um 1983– – from Acarnania (Acarnania – a Albanian, originally from Albania, in region• of west-central Greece). the broadest sense of the term, also used for species