Gentamicin Injection
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Activity of Vancomycin Combined with Linezolid Against Clinical Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Strains
Basic research Activity of vancomycin combined with linezolid against clinical vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus strains Gulseren Aktas Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Corresponding author: Istanbul, Turkey Gulseren Aktas Department of Medical Submitted: 16 April 2019 Microbiology Accepted: 12 July 2019 Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University Arch Med Sci Istanbul, Turkey DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2020.96400 Phone: 090 212 Copyright © 2020 Termedia & Banach 4142000/32417 Fax: 090 212 4142037 E-mail: Abstract [email protected] Introduction: Because multi-drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria have been isolated frequently worldwide and are difficult to treat, alternative treatment choices are required. Combination antibiotherapies have a distinct advan- tage over monotherapies in terms of their broad spectrum and synergistic effect. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of vancomycin combined with linezolid against clinical vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains with high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Material and methods: A total of 30 randomly selected clinical VRE strains were studied. Susceptibility to agents tested was investigated using broth microdilution assay. The inoculum of strain was adjusted to approximately 5 × 105 CFU/ml in the wells. The results were interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. In vitro activities of anti biotics in combination were assessed using the broth microcheckerboard technique. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) were inter- preted as follows: synergism, FICI ≤ 0.5; additive/indifference, FICI ≤ 0.5 – ≤ 4; antagonism, FICI > 4. Results: All strains were resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to linezolid. The MIC50,90 and MICrange values of antimicrobials were 512, 512, and 512–1024 µg/ ml for vancomycin; 2, 2, and 2–4 µg/ml for linezolid. -
National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): a Cross-Sectional Study
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study Joseph Sam Kanu 1,2,* , Mohammed Khogali 3, Katrina Hann 4 , Wenjing Tao 5, Shuwary Barlatt 6,7, James Komeh 6, Joy Johnson 6, Mohamed Sesay 6, Mohamed Alex Vandi 8, Hannock Tweya 9, Collins Timire 10, Onome Thomas Abiri 6,11 , Fawzi Thomas 6, Ahmed Sankoh-Hughes 12, Bailah Molleh 4, Anna Maruta 13 and Anthony D. Harries 10,14 1 National Disease Surveillance Programme, Sierra Leone National Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone 2 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3 Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Sustainable Health Systems, Freetown, Sierra Leone; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (B.M.) 5 Unit for Antibiotics and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Folkhalsomyndigheten, SE-171 82 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 6 Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone, Central Medical Stores, New England Ville, Freetown, Sierra Leone; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (O.T.A.); [email protected] (F.T.) Citation: Kanu, J.S.; Khogali, M.; 7 Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hann, K.; Tao, W.; Barlatt, S.; Komeh, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown 0000, Sierra Leone 8 J.; Johnson, J.; Sesay, M.; Vandi, M.A.; Directorate of Health Security & Emergencies, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone National Tweya, H.; et al. -
4. Antibacterial/Steroid Combination Therapy in Infected Eczema
Acta Derm Venereol 2008; Suppl 216: 28–34 4. Antibacterial/steroid combination therapy in infected eczema Anthony C. CHU Infection with Staphylococcus aureus is common in all present, the use of anti-staphylococcal agents with top- forms of eczema. Production of superantigens by S. aureus ical corticosteroids has been shown to produce greater increases skin inflammation in eczema; antibacterial clinical improvement than topical corticosteroids alone treatment is thus pivotal. Poor patient compliance is a (6, 7). These findings are in keeping with the demon- major cause of treatment failure; combination prepara- stration that S. aureus can be isolated from more than tions that contain an antibacterial and a topical steroid 90% of atopic eczema skin lesions (8); in one study, it and that work quickly can improve compliance and thus was isolated from 100% of lesional skin and 79% of treatment outcome. Fusidic acid has advantages over normal skin in patients with atopic eczema (9). other available topical antibacterial agents – neomycin, We observed similar rates of infection in a prospective gentamicin, clioquinol, chlortetracycline, and the anti- audit at the Hammersmith Hospital, in which all new fungal agent miconazole. The clinical efficacy, antibac- patients referred with atopic eczema were evaluated. In terial activity and cosmetic acceptability of fusidic acid/ a 2-month period, 30 patients were referred (22 children corticosteroid combinations are similar to or better than and 8 adults). The reason given by the primary health those of comparator combinations. Fusidic acid/steroid physician for referral in 29 was failure to respond to combinations work quickly with observable improvement prescribed treatment, and one patient was referred be- within the first week. -
BD BBL™ Sabouraud Brain Heart Infusion Agar Slants with Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin, Pkg
BBL™ Sabouraud Brain Heart Infusion Agar Slants with Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin 8806701 • Rev. 02 • April 2015 QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES I INTRODUCTION This medium is used in qualitative procedures for the selective isolation and cultivation of pathogenic fungi from clinical and nonclinical specimens. II PERFORMANCE TEST PROCEDURE 1. Inoculate representative samples with the cultures listed below. a. For B. dermatitidis and T. mentagrophytes inoculate directly using a 0.01 mL loopful of fungal broth culture. b. For C. albicans and E. coli inoculate using 0.01 mL of saline suspensions diluted to yield 103 – 104 CFUs. 2. Incubate tubes with loosened caps at 25 ± 2 °C for up to 7 days in an aerobic atmosphere. 3. Expected Results Organisms ATCC® Recovery *Blastomyces dermatitidis 56218 Fair to heavy growth *Candida albicans 10231 Fair to heavy growth *Trichophyton mentagrophytes 9533 Fair to heavy growth *Escherichia coli 25922 Inhibition (partial to complete) *Recommended organism strain for User Quality Control. III ADDITIONAL QUALITY CONTROL 1. Examine the tubes for signs of deterioration as described under “Product Deterioration.” 2. Visually examine representative tubes to assure that any existing physical defects will not interfere with use. 3. Determine the pH potentiometrically at room temperature for adherence to the specification of 6.8 ± 0.2. 4. Incubate uninoculated representative samples at 20 – 25 °C and 30 – 35 °C and examine after 7 days for microbial contamination. PRODUCT INFORMATION IV INTENDED USE This medium is used in qualitative procedures for the selective isolation and cultivation of pathogenic fungi from clinical and nonclinical specimens. V SUMMARY AND EXPLANATION Sabouraud Brain Heart Infusion Agar is based on the formulation of Gorman.1 The combination of Brain Heart Infusion Agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar in this medium improves the recovery of fungi compared with the recovery on either medium individually. -
Roles of Specific Aminoglycoside-Ribosome Interactions in the Inhibition of Translation
Downloaded from rnajournal.cshlp.org on October 6, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Roles of specific aminoglycoside-ribosome interactions in the inhibition of translation Lanqing Ying, Hongkun Zhu, Shinichiro Shoji, and Kurt Fredrick* Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +1 614 292 6679; Fax: +1 614 292 8120; E-mail: [email protected] Running title: Inhibition of ribosomes by aminoglycosides Key words: protein synthesis, ribosome, translocation, tRNA, mRNA 1 Downloaded from rnajournal.cshlp.org on October 6, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Abstract Aminoglycosides containing a 2-deoxystreptamine core (AGs) represent a large family of antibiotics that target the ribosome. These compounds promote miscoding, inhibit translocation, and inhibit ribosome recycling. AG binding to helix h44 of the small subunit induces rearrangement of A-site nucleotides (nt) A1492 and A1493, which promotes a key open-to- closed conformational change of the subunit and thereby increases miscoding. Mechanisms by which AGs inhibit translocation and recycling remain less clear. Structural studies have revealed a secondary AG binding site in H69 of the large subunit, and it has been proposed that interaction at this site is crucial for inhibition of translocation and recycling. Here, we analyze ribosomes with mutations targeting either or both AG binding sites. Assaying translocation, we find that ablation of the h44 site increases the IC50 values for AGs dramatically, while removal of the H69 site increases these values modestly. This suggests that AG-h44 interaction is primarily responsible for inhibition, with H69 playing a minor role. -
Farrukh Javaid Malik
I Farrukh Javaid Malik THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE GRADE OF DOCTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX Doctoral School, SP2: Society, Politic, Public Health Specialization Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance By Farrukh Javaid Malik “Analysis of the medicines panorama in Pakistan – The case of antimicrobials: market offer width and consumption.” Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Albert FIGUERAS Defense Date: 28th November 2019 Members of Jury M. Francesco SALVO, Maître de conférences des universités – praticien hospitalier, President Université de Bordeaux M. Albert FIGUERAS, Professeur des universités – praticien hospitalier, Director Université Autonome de Barcelone Mme Antonia AGUSTI, Professeure, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee Mme Montserrat BOSCH, Praticienne hospitalière, Vall dʹHebron University Hospital Referee II Abstract A country’s medicines market is an indicator of its healthcare system, the epidemiological profile, and the prevalent practices therein. It is not only the first logical step to study the characteristics of medicines authorized for marketing, but also a requisite to set up a pharmacovigilance system, thus promoting rational drug utilization. The three medicines market studies presented in the present document were conducted in Pakistan with the aim of describing the characteristics of the pharmaceutical products available in the country as well as their consumption at a national level, with a special focus on antimicrobials. The most important cause of antimicrobial resistance is the inappropriate consumption of antimicrobials. The results of the researches conducted in Pakistan showed some market deficiencies which could be addressed as part of the national antimicrobial stewardship programmes. III Résumé Le marché du médicament d’un pays est un indicateur de son système de santé, de son profil épidémiologique et des pratiques [de prescription] qui y règnent. -
Automated Hilic-MS/MS Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Vancomycin
Automated HILiC-MS/MS Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Vancomycin Mikaël LEVI1, Daisuke KAWAKAMI2, Jun WATANABE1 1 SHIMADZU Corporation, MS Business Unit, Kyoto, Japan; 2 SHIMADZU Corporation, Clinical & Biotechnology Business Unit, Kyoto, Japan Area Ratio Area Ratio y = 0.005292846x² + 0.04278182x - 0.004441359 y = 0.001371438x² + 0.02132510x + 0.00002051234 6.0 4.50 1. Introduction R² = 0.9974212 R = 0.9987098 R² = 0.9990104 R = 0.9995051 4.25 5.5 Curve Fit: Default (Quadratic) Curve Fit: Default (Quadratic) Weighting: 1/C 4.00 Weighting: Default (1/C^2) Zero: Default (Not Forced) Zero: Default (Not Forced) 5.0 3.75 3.50 4.5 Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used for treatment of severe infections, especially in the case of Arbekacin 3.25 Kanamycin 4.0 3.00 2.75 3.5 Gram-negative bacilli infection. However, aminoglycosides have narrow therapeutic indexes due to 2.50 3.0 2.25 2.00 2.5 their nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for aminoglycoside 1.75 2.0 1.50 1.25 1.5 has been well-established. Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, often used with aminoglycosides 1.00 1.0 0.75 0.50 0.5 because of their synergism, is also nephrotoxic and need to be monitored as well. 0.25 0.0 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 Conc.Ratio (mg/L) Conc.Ratio (mg/L) While LC-MS/MS is now considered as the gold standard method for TDM, many clinical laboratories Area Ratio Area Ratio 13 y = 0.0003193042x² + 0.2404682x - 0.001638089 y = 0.00002521235x² + 0.01160575x - 0.0007537159 R² = 0.9995769 R = 0.9997884 0.65 R² = 0.9997885 R = 0.9998942 12 Curve Fit: Default (Quadratic) 0.60 Curve Fit: Quadratic still use immunoassays. -
Antibiotic Use in South Korea from 2007 to 2014: a Health Insurance Database-Generated Time Series Analysis
RESEARCH ARTICLE Antibiotic use in South Korea from 2007 to 2014: A health insurance database-generated time series analysis Juhee Park1☯, Euna Han2☯, Soo Ok Lee1, Dong-Sook Kim1* 1 Department of Research, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Wonju, Korea, 2 College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Background a1111111111 a1111111111 Inappropriate antibiotic use significantly contributes to antibiotic-resistance, resulting in reduced antibiotic efficacy and increasing physical burden and cost of disease. The goal of this study was to explore antibiotic usage patterns in South Korea using 2007±2014 health insurance claims data. OPEN ACCESS Methods Citation: Park J, Han E, Lee SO, Kim D-S (2017) Antibiotic use in South Korea from 2007 to 2014: A We used the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service data, which represents nearly health insurance database-generated time series the entire population of South Korea, to discern patterns in antibiotic prescribing practices. analysis. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177435. https://doi. The daily dose, as defined by the World Health Organization ([defined daily doses]/1000 org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177435 inhabitants/day, [DID]), was used as a measure of antibiotic use. Subgroup analyses were Editor: Yeng-Tseng Wang, Kaohsiung Medical performed on the basis of patient characteristics (sex, age, and disease) and provider char- University, TAIWAN acteristics (type of medical institution). Received: July 21, 2016 Accepted: April 20, 2017 Results Published: May 17, 2017 Antibiotic use in DID increased from 23.5 in 2007 to 27.7 in 2014. -
Treatment with Sub-Inhibitory Kanamycin Induces Adaptive Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Via the Acrd Multidrug Efflux Pump in Escherichia Coli K-12
Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology (JEMI) Vol. 16: 11 – 16 Copyright © April 2012, M&I UBC Treatment with Sub-inhibitory Kanamycin Induces Adaptive Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics via the AcrD Multidrug Efflux Pump in Escherichia coli K-12 Kiran Sidhu, Martha Talbot, Kirstin Van Mil, and Meghan Verstraete Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia Research has shown that exposing Escherichia coli cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of kanamycin induces adaptive resistance upon subsequent exposure to lethal levels of both structurally-similar and unrelated antibiotics. AcrD is an efflux pump that forms a complex with the outer membrane pore TolC and the periplasmic membrane fusion protein AcrA. Together, this complex works to export a variety of aminoglycosides and amphiphilic compounds from the cell. The involvement of AcrD in the observed adaptive resistance was assessed by comparing the induction of adaptive resistance upon exposure to kanamycin in wild- type and acrD-deficient Escherichia coli strains. Both strains were pretreated with sub- inhibitory concentrations of kanamycin and subsequently exposed to lethal concentrations of ampicillin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Growth was monitored over 18 hours via optical density readings. Comparing the relative growth of the different treatments revealed that adaptive resistance was only induced in the wild-type strain towards kanamycin and streptomycin. This indicates that AcrD is necessary for the induced adaptive resistance and that it is specific to aminoglycosides. Additionally, molecular techniques were used to assess the level of expression of acrA, which was found to be upregulated in both the wild-type and acrD deletion strains following pretreatment with kanamycin. -
TETRACYCLINES and CHLORAMPHENICOL Protein Synthesis
ANTIMICROBIALS INHIBITING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AMINOGLYCOSIDES MACROLIDES TETRACYCLINES AND CHLORAMPHENICOL Protein synthesis Aminoglycosides 1. Aminoglycosides are group of natural and semi -synthetic antibiotics. They have polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to two or more aminosugar like: sterptidine, 2-deoxy streptamine, glucosamine 2. Aminoglycosides which are derived from: Streptomyces genus are named with the suffix –mycin. While those which are derived from Micromonospora are named with the suffix –micin. Classification of Aminoglycosides 1. Systemic aminogycosides Streptomycin (Streptomyces griseus) Gentamicin (Micromonospora purpurea) Kanamycin (S. kanamyceticus) Tobramycin (S. tenebrarius) Amikacin (Semisynthetic derivative of Kanamycin) Sisomicin (Micromonospora inyoensis) Netilmicin (Semisynthetic derivative of Sisomicin) 2. Topical aminoglycosides Neomycin (S. fradiae) Framycetin (S. lavendulae) Pharmacology of Streptomycin NH H2N NH HO OH Streptidine OH NH H2N O O NH CHO L-Streptose CH3 OH O HO O HO NHCH3 N-Methyl-L- Glucosamine OH Streptomycin Biological Source It is a oldest aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseus. Antibacterial spectrum 1. It is mostly active against gram negative bacteria like H. ducreyi, Brucella, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Nocardia,etc. 2. It is also used against M.tuberculosis 3. Few strains of E.coli, V. cholerae, H. influenzae , Enterococci etc. are sensitive at higher concentration. Mechanism of action Aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit and inhibit protein synthesis. 1. Transport of aminoglycoside through cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. a) Diffuse across cell wall of gram negative bacteria by porin channels. b) Transport across cell membrane by carrier mediated process liked with electron transport chain 2. Binding to ribosome resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis A. -
(ESVAC) Web-Based Sales and Animal Population
16 July 2019 EMA/210691/2015-Rev.2 Veterinary Medicines Division European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) Sales Data and Animal Population Data Collection Protocol (version 3) Superseded by a new version Superseded Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of content 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Terms of reference ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Approach ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Target groups of the protocol and templates ......................................................................... 4 1.4. Organization of the ESVAC project ...................................................................................... 4 1.5. Web based delivery of data ................................................................................................ 5 2. ESVAC sales data ............................................................................................................... 5 2.1. -
Topical Antibiotics
Topical antibiotics Microbiological point of view [email protected] • Topical antibiotics • Efficacy • Antibiotic resistance – Propionibacteria/acne • Tetracyclines • macrolides – Staphylococci/impetigo • Fusidic acid • Mupirocin • Epilogue Topical antibiotics in dermatology • Bacitracin • Chloramphénicol • Clindamycin • Erythromycin • Fusidic acid • Gentamicin • Miconazol • Mupirocin • Neomycin • Polymyxin B • Sulfamides • Tétracyclines • Benzoyle peroxyde • Azelaic acid + “bactéries (filtrat polyvalent) + huile de foie de morue 125 mg + sulfanilamide 200 mg/1 g “ Topical antibiotics in ophtalmology / ORL • Bacitracine • Chloramphénicol • Fusidic acid • Gentamicin • Gramicidin* • Quinolones: o-,nor-, cipro-, lome- floxacin* • Neomycin • Polymyxin B • Rifamycin* • Sulfamides • Tétracyclines • Trimethoprim* • Tobramycin* • Tyrothricine* Topical antibiotics: efficacy • Impetigo: mupirocin & fusidic acid*: + ** • Acne: + ~ benzoyl peroxyde • Chronic suppurative otitis media*: + ** • Acute bacterial conjunctivitis*: + * (Cochrane review) ** better than antiseptics Topical antibiotics: resistance • Propionibacterium spp: resistance to erythromycin: – mutation in the genes encoding 23S ribosomal RNA (3 phenotypes) resistance to tetracycline: – Mutation of the gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA Propionibacteria Distribution and differentiation of human commensal propionibacterium P. acnes P. avidum P. granulosum P. propionicum distribution Skin +++ +++ +++ - Eye + - - +++ Mouth ++ - + +++ Gut +++ - - - differentiation Esculin - + - - Catalase +