Mosquitoes & Diseases

Prof. Abdelwahab A. Ibrahim

Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University Scientific classification

Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Suborder: Nematocera Family: Culicidae

Subfamily Anophelinae • •Subfamily Culicinae •Aedes (sometimes divided with Ochlerotatus). •Culex • •Subfamily Toxorhynchitinae •

41 genera of mosquitoes are known containing about 4000 species

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim There are about 4000 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. Both male and female mosquitoes are nectar feeder, but the females are also capable of piercing the skin and drinking of . Females do not require blood for their own survival, but they do need supplemental substances such as and iron to develop eggs.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  4 Stages of development  Eggs and Egg laying  Larvae  Pupae  Adults  Mating behavior  Feeding habits  saliva  Longevity Life cycle of Mosquitoes

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Eggs and Egg laying

 Mosquito larva

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Mosquito pupae

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Mosquito Adult

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Mating

 Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage.  In most species, the males form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females into the swarms to mate.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Feeding habits

Both male and female mosquitoes are nectar feeders, but the female of many species is also capable of hematophagy (drinking blood). Females do not require blood for survival, but they do need supplemental substances (like protein and iron) to develop eggs. Prior to and during blood feeding, they inject saliva into the bodies of their hosts. The Toxorhynchites genus of mosquito never drinks blood. This genus includes the largest of the extant mosquitoes, the larvae of which are predatory on the larvae of other mosquitoes. These mosquito

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Mosquito saliva

 Fenale saliva contains at least one anticlotting, one anti-platelet, and one vasodilator substance.  Mosquito saliva also contains enzymes that aid in sugar feeding and antimicrobial agents to control bacterial growth in the sugar meal.  Feeding , , and, more recently, mosquitoes have an ability to modulate the immune response of the (hosts) they feed on to prevent these defenses from disrupting successful feeding.  The mechanism for mosquito saliva-induced alteration of the host immune response is unclear.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Duration & longevity

The duration from egg to adult varies among species and is strongly influenced by temperature. Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as little as five days but usually take 10-14 days under Egyptian conditions. eggs of some species of Aedes remain unharmed in diapause if they dry out, and hatch later when they are covered by water. Males live for about a week, feeding on nectar and sugar and other sources . Females lifespans ranging from as short as a week to as long as several months. Some species can overwinter as adults in diapause.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim There are many methods used for mosquito control. Depending on the situation, .Source reduction .Repellents (Natural&Chemical) .Pesticides (larvicides &Adulticides) .B.t.i, , Dragon , , Others .Mosquito nets, .Electromagnetic, Ultrasound devices .Mosquito attractants and Traps .Small electrical mats, DEET-impregnated wrist bands, and mosquito coils

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Diseases

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms   Antimalarial drugs  Prevention and Control  Elimination  Malaria in Egypt

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Malaria Fact Sheet (WHO) • A life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. • It is preventable and curable. • In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million cases of malaria in 91 countries, an increase of 5 million cases over 2015. • Malaria deaths reached 445 000 in 2016, a similar number (446 000) to 2015. • The WHO African Region carries a high share of the global malaria burden. In 2016, the region was home to 90% of malaria cases and 91% of malaria deaths. • Total funding for malaria control and elimination reached an estimated US$ 2.7 billion in 2016. • Malaria is caused by parasites. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors." There are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat. • P. falciparum is the most prevalent malaria parasite on the African continent. It is responsible for most malaria-related deaths globally.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control  Filaria in Egypt

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Filaria Fact Sheet  Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma.  856 million people in 52 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic .  In 2000 over 120 million people were infected, with about 40 million disfigured and incapacitated by the disease.  Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease.  Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Infection is usually acquired in childhood causing hidden damage to the lymphatic system.  The painful and profoundly disfiguring visible manifestations of the disease, lymphoedema, elephantiasis and scrotal swelling occur later in life and can lead to permanent disability.  These patients are not only physically disabled, but suffer mental, social and financial losses contributing to stigma and poverty.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control  RVF in Egypt

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim RVF Fact Sheet

 Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans.  The majority of human result from contact with the blood or organs of infected animals.  Human infections have also resulted from the bites of infected mosquitoes.  To date, no human-to-human transmission of RVF has been documented.  The incubation period (the interval from infection to onset of symptoms) for RVF varies from 2 to 6 days.  Outbreaks of RVF in animals can be prevented by a sustained program of vaccination.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control  in Egypt

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Dengue Fever Fact Sheet

 Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection.  The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.  The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades. About half of the world's population is now at risk.  Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.  Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries.  There is no specific treatment for dengue/ severe dengue, but early detection and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%.  Dengue prevention and control depends on effective control measures.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control  WNV in Egypt

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim WNV Fact Sheet

 West Nile virus can cause a fatal neurological disease in humans.  However, approximately 80% of people who are infected will not show any symptoms.  West Nile virus is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes.  The virus can cause severe disease and death in horses.  Vaccines are available for use in horses but not yet available for people.  are the natural hosts of West Nile virus.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Complications  Prevention and Control

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Zika Virus Fact Sheet  Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day.  Symptoms are generally mild and include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache. Symptoms typically last for 2–7 days. Most people with Zika virus infection do not develop symptoms.  Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations, known as congenital Zika syndrome. Infection with Zika virus is also associated with other complications of pregnancy including preterm birth and miscarriage.  An increased risk of neurologic complications is associated with Zika virus infection in adults and children, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

 Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Yellow fever Fact Sheet

 Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients.  Symptoms of yellow fever include fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue.  A small proportion of patients who contract the virus develop severe symptoms and approximately half of those die within 7 to 10 days.  The virus is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and Central and South America.  Large epidemics of yellow fever occur when infected people introduce the virus into heavily populated areas with high mosquito density and where most people have little or no immunity, due to lack of vaccination. In these conditions, infected mosquitoes of the specie transmit the virus from person to person.  Yellow fever is prevented by an extremely effective vaccine, which is safe and affordable. A single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to confer sustained immunity and life-long protection against yellow fever disease. A booster dose of the vaccine is not needed.  There is currently no specific anti-viral drug for yellow fever.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim  Symptoms  Transmission  Prevention and Control

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim JEV Fact Sheet  Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus and is spread by mosquitoes.  JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68 000 clinical cases every year.  Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30%–50% of those with encephalitis.  Japanese encephalitis virus JEV is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, and belongs to the same genus as dengue, yellow fever and West Nile .  The first case of Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) was documented in 1871 in Japan.

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim

Prof. Abdelwahab Ibrahim