Vegetació Alpina Dels Pirineus

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Vegetació Alpina Dels Pirineus Estructura funcional de la vegetació alpina dels Pirineus Resposta de les comunitats als factors ambientals i als efectes del canvi global Estela Illa Bachs Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Programa de doctorat en Biodiversitat Estructura funcional de la vegetació alpina dels Pirineus Resposta de les comunitats als factors ambientals i als efectes del canvi global Memòria presentada per Estela Illa Bachs per optar al grau de doctora per la Universitat de Barcelona Estela Illa Bachs M. Amparo Carrillo Ortuño Josep M. Ninot Sugrañes doctoranda directora/tutora de la tesi co-director de la tesi Agraïments Ja fa molt anys, quan encara estudiava, pensava que això de venir a la universitat i només fer classes era una mica avorrit; tenia ganes d’aprendre més coses! I vaig pensar que la millor manera era col·laborant a un departament. Tot i que no tenia massa clar què era el que més m’agradava de la biologia, els cormòfits amb en Pep m’havien descobert un món que desconeixia, i em vaig decidir pel departament de botànica. Vaig entrar-hi de la mà d’en Toni Sànchez, ajudant-lo a l’herbari a les catacumbes de la facultat. Tot i que no he fet de botànica sensu stricto, el record de l’olor de plantes premsades no m’abandonarà mai. Més endavant en Pep ens va agafar a l’Artur i a mi per entrar dades de flora de la Vall d’Aran. Alhora, en Jordi, ens feia digitalitzar mapes a mà amb la pantalla digitalitzadora, i després a l’ordinador, on s’havia de jugar amb fletxetes amunt i avall per incorporar les línies a ArcInfo. No voldria passar per alt les maquetacions de mapes amb macros d’ArcPlot que em va ensenyar a fer l’Albert Ferré, llarguíssimes i complicades, gairebé tant com els scripts d’R. Va passar el temps, vaig acabar la carrera i en Jordi em va contractar per fer cartografia. Però tenia el cuquet de fer recerca, i vaig decidir fer el DEA. Aquí agraeixo a en Pep que em volgués dirigir. M’hagués agradat molt anar al Montsant a fer inventaris de boscos, però fer un treball sobre els trets i les estratègies de la vegetació alpina era més engrescador, i no en sabia ni un borrall, ni de trets, ni de plantes alpines... Per tant, m’hi vaig llençar de cap! També l’Empar, al cap de poc temps, em va embolicar a mostrejar congesteres amb l’Artur. Tornem-hi amb les plantes alpines, i aquesta vegada, amunt i avall, faci bo, plogui o nevi. Van ser uns estius genials, en un entorn genial! I als vespres, tots cap a la casa de Viella, on ecòlegs, limnòlegs, botànics... comentàvem els mostrejos respectius i la fèiem petar! Al departament, amb molts companys (i amics!) hem fet camí junts durant aquests anys, i voldria agrair-vos la vostra companyia i amistat. Gràcies a totes i a tots, ha estat un plaer compartir tantes estones! A tots els amics i amigues, sobretot als masnovins, que ho heu viscut i patit en primera persona aquests dos últims anys, voldria agrair-vos la vostra ajuda en la logística familiar sempre que ha fet falta, i disculpar-me per les meves absències constants en trobades diverses. Us estic molt agraïda, i us prometo que quan tot s’acabi seré jo qui us recollirà nens a l’escola in extremis. A la meva mare li vull dedicar un agraïment especial. Gràcies per ser al meu costat sempre que t’he necessitat, per cuidar nens, per cuidar-me a mi, per obligar-me a descansar... Realment, com una mare no hi ha res! També vull agrair a l’Eloi i en Ferran les rialles i abraçades que m’han regalat cada dia, malgrat que no hagin tingut una mare tan dedicada a ells com segurament els hagués agradat. Espero que a partir d’ara puguin gaudir d’una vida familiar més normalitzada! Seria una desconsideració per part meva no agrair a en Bernat la paciència i resignació amb què ha afrontat les anades al Tonedor per baixar dades del data-logger, els mostrejos de congesteres i de matollars, el destriat de fulles, troncs i líquens a la taula del menjador, o les campanyes de camp de cartografia per tota la geografia catalana. Puc dir molt orgullosa que va aprendre a caminar sobre cati- fes de Salix herbacea i a anar en bicicleta entre brolles de Genista biflora al full 444 de Flix. Ets una joia, Bernat! Finalment, l’agraïment més sentit i profund és per l’Albert. Per acompanyar -me, per ajudar-me, per aconsellar-me, per animar-me, per encarregar-se de la família, per fer-me tocar de peus a terra, per exasperar-me (sí, això també de tant en tant!)... en definitiva, per ser-hi. (…) És sols lo començament lo que prenies per terme. L’univers és infinit, pertot acaba i comença, i ençà, enllà, amunt i avall, la immensitat és oberta, i aon tu veus lo desert eixams de mons formiguegen. Jacint Verdaguer, Plus Ultra (1903) Contingut 11 Introducció general 11 Introducció 11 - El medi alpí i els vegetals 13 - Trets adaptatius de les espècies 14 - El salt d’espècie a comunitat 15 - Dinàmica de la vegetació 17 Àrea d’estudi 23 Objectius 25 Informe dels directors de tesi del factor d’impacte dels articles publicats 27 Discussió general 27 - Trets adaptatius de la flora alpina pirinenca 28 - El paper dels factors abiòtics 30 - El paper de l’espècie dominant 31 - Efecte de l’estructura espacial de la comunitat 35 Conclusions 37 Bibliografia 45 Publicacions 47 Capítol I. Patterns of plant traits in Pyrenean alpine vegetation 71 Capítol II. Functional plant traits and species assemblage in Pyrenean snowbeds 95 Capítol III. Aportación al conocimiento de la estructura funcional de los pastos alpinos de los Pirineos catalanes 107 Capítol IV. The role of abiotic and biotic factors on community functional structure and processes in alpine sub-shrub communities 139 Capítol V. Shrub encroachment above the Pyrenean treeline: identifying the main factors and the potential effects on ecosystem processes 169 Capítol VI. Changes in snowbed vegetation as a response of climatic variability: a case study 189 Annexos Introducció general Introducció general Introducció El paisatge de l’alta muntanya alpina és un dels menys antropitzats dels que ens envolten. Mostra per tant una elevada naturalitat i, sovint, un bon estat de conservació. També presenta forts gradients ambientals condicionats per l’elevada diversitat topogràfica, de manera que hostatja hàbitats molt diversos. A més, inclou zones amb un fort aïllament geogràfic, fet que ha propiciat una interessant barreja d’elements florís- tics i molta endemicitat. Tots aquests aspectes, juntament amb l’amenaça del canvi global, confereixen als ambients alpins un elevat interès científic. El medi alpí i els vegetals Els ecosistemes alpins i àrtics, tal com els descriuen Billings & Mooney (1968), són territoris que es troben per damunt del límit natural del bosc, de clima fred i dominats bàsicament per vegetació herbàcia o arbustiva. L’absència natural de boscos ha estat una característica constant a les parts altes de les serralades alpines (Elias 2001; Birks & Willis 2008), que durant els períodes interglacials han servit de refugi a espècies de pro- cedència molt diversa que van poder migrar i colonitzar noves àrees durant les glaciacions (Schönswetter et al. 2006). Algunes d’aquestes espècies, poc competitives i amb una capacitat d’adaptació reduïda, han quedat confinades als ambients més desfavorables, i el seu aïllament geogràfic ha incentivat fenòmens d’especiació que han aportat un nombre considerable d’endemismes (Gómez et al. 2003; Loidi et al. 2015). La flora total d’un territori ha de passar per una sèrie de filtres ambientals que se succeeixen jeràrquica- ment d’escala regional a escala local (de Bello et al. 2013), fent que només un nombre reduït d’espècies pugui viure a un ambient determinat. L’altitud, que és el principal agent modulador de les condicions climàtiques, és el primer d’aquests filtres ambientals. A les muntanyes de latituds mitjanes de l’hemisferi Nord, per cada 100 metres d’altitud la temperatura mitjana anual disminueix al voltant de 0,6 ºC (Scherrer & Körner 2010). Tenint en compte el gran desnivell inherent a les zones d’alta muntanya, les temperatures i les precipitacions poden canviar substancialment en poca distància. Aquesta reducció tèrmica en alçada té efectes tant en les plantes com en els ecosistemes. Per exemple, les plantes alpines tenen alçades reduïdes que els permeten crear un microambient sota la capçada amb unes condicions microclimàtiques menys vinculades al clima general (Körner 2003). A nivell d’ecosistema, les taxes globals de descompo- sició de la matèria orgànica són molt baixes (Zhang et al. 2008), entre d’altres motius perquè les baixes temperatures no permeten l’activitat dels microorganismes del sòl durant bona part de l’any (Saccone et al. 2013). El resultat són sòls en general pobres en nutrients i ambients poc productius (Field et al. 1998). En segon lloc trobem la topografia, que determina les condicions climàtiques locals i la presència dels sòls, i el tipus de roca mare. Pel que fa a les condicions climàtiques, la topografia afavoreix la formació 11 Introducció general de fenòmens convectius locals, que comporten un augment de precipitació respecte d’àrees veïnes.
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