General Elections in the Post-Devolution Period: Press Accounts of the 2001 and 2005 Campaigns in Scotland and England
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General elections in the post-devolution period: press accounts of the 2001 and 2005 campaigns in Scotland and England Marina Dekavalla Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Stirling Department of Film, Media and Journalism December 2009 © Marina Dekavalla 2009 Abstract This thesis examines and compares newspaper coverage of the first two general elections after Scottish devolution, looking at both the Scottish and English/UK press. By considering the coverage of a major political event which affects both countries, it contributes to debates regarding the performance of the Scottish press within an arguably distinct Scottish public sphere as well as that of the press in England within a post-devolution context. The research is based on a content analysis of all the coverage of the 2001 and 2005 elections in seven Scottish and five English and UK daily morning newspapers, a critical discourse analysis of a sample of the coverage of the most mentioned issues in each campaign and a small set of interviews with Scottish political editors. As a framework for its analysis, this thesis focuses on theories of national identity and deliberative democracy in the media. It finds that the coverage of elections in the two countries has a similar issue agenda, however Scottish newspapers appear less interested in the UK aspect of the elections and include debates on Scottish affairs which are discussed in isolation, within an exclusively Scottish mediated space. These issues are constructed as particularly relevant to a Scottish readership through references to the nation, inclusive modes of address to the reader and the inclusion of exclusively Scottish sources, which contrast with the Scottish coverage of “UK” issues. This distinction between “Scottish” and “UK” topics emerges as the key differentiating factor in the discursive construction of election issues in the Scottish press, rather than that between devolved and reserved issues. Newspapers in England on the other hand, report on the two campaigns without taking into consideration the post-devolution political reality. These core questions are contextualized within the thesis by reference to relevant dimensions of Scottish culture and politics, and interpreted in the light of events since 2005. i Acknowledgements I am grateful to Myra Macdonald, my supervisor for the whole duration of this project, for all her support, advice and friendship in the last three years; Neil Blain, my first supervisor in the final year, for his truly valuable insights and encouragement; and Stephanie Marriott, my second supervisor in the first two years, for her acute comments and guidance. Their support has been very significant. I would also like to thank Kate Howie, statistics tutor at the Stirling Graduate Research School, for her advice on running the appropriate tests to confirm the statistical significance of the quantitative findings presented in chapter 5. I’m also indebted to Hamish Macdonell, Andrew Nicoll and Steve Bargeton, the Scottish political editors who kindly agreed to offer their time and insights and to be interviewed for this project. Thank you also to everyone at the Stirling Media Research Institute for the opportunities they offered me to present my research both in and beyond the department. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love, support and understanding, my friends, and the wonderful people who made the last three years a fantastic experience. ii Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Scotland in the UK: history and identity 10 3. Democracy and the public sphere 52 4. Methodology 81 5. The mediated debate in numbers: overall coverage and the election agenda 128 6. The construction of national identity in the coverage of reserved and 172 and devolved issues 6.1 Reserved issues: taxation and the Iraq war 173 6.2 Devolved issues: health in 2001 and in 2005 204 7. Shaping the electoral debate: access, agency, discursiveness and favourability 230 7.1 Access 233 7.2 Agency, discursiveness and favourability 261 8. Conclusions 301 Bibliography 319 List of newspaper articles in CDA corpus 347 Appendix 1: content analysis 362 Appendix 2: interviews 370 Wordcount of thesis: 79,988 iii List of tables Chapter 5 Table 1. Overall coverage 129 Table 2. Average coverage per title 129 Table 3. Comparison of UK and Scottish coverage 2001-2005 130 Table 4. Scottish sample: length of coverage in 2001 and 2005 131 Table 5. Distribution of coverage in the Scottish and English/UK sample 136 Table 6. 2001: Distribution of articles over time – Scottish titles 137 Table 7. 2001: Distribution of articles over time – English/UK titles 138 Table 8. 2005: Distribution of articles over time – Scottish titles 138 Table 9. 2005: Distribution of articles over time – English/UK titles 139 Table 10. 2001: Position of articles (average number of articles) 139 Table 11. 2005: Position of articles (average number of articles) 140 Table 12. Reserved issues in the Scottish sample: 2001 143 Table13. Reserved issues in the English/UK sample: 2001 143 Table 14. Reserved issues in the Scottish sample: 2005 145 Table 15. Reserved issues in the English/UK sample: 2005 145 Table 16. Devolved issues in the Scottish sample: 2001 146 Table 17. Devolved issues in the English/UK sample: 2001 147 Table 18. Devolved issues in the Scottish sample: 2005 147 Table 19. Devolved issues in the English/UK sample: 2005 147 Table 20. Coverage of the 2001 election in the Scottish sample 155 - number of words Table 21. Coverage of the 2005 election in the Scottish sample 155 – number of words iv Table 22. Coverage of the 2001 election in the English UK sample 156 – number of words Table 23. Coverage of the 2005 election in the English/UK sample 157 – number of words Table 24. Comparison of the two most mentioned issues in the Scottish 158 titles in 2001 Table 25. Proportion of 2001 tax mentions dedicated to fiscal autonomy 160 in the Scottish sample Table 26. Comparison of the two most mentioned issues in the English/UK 161 titles in 2001 Table 27. Comparison of the two most mentioned issues in the Scottish 161 titles in 2005 Table 28. Comparison of the two most mentioned issues in the 162 English/UK titles in 2005 Chapter 7 Table 1. Sources quoted in the coverage of Westminster taxation 234 Table 2. Sources quoted in the coverage of Iraq 236 Table 3. Opinion article writers and readers’ letters on Westminster taxation 244 Table 4. Opinion article writers and readers’ letters on Iraq 244 Table 5. Sources quoted in the coverage of Westminster health in 2001 246 Table 6. Sources quoted in the coverage of Westminster health in 2005 250 Table 7. Sources quoted in the coverage of fiscal autonomy 252 Table 8. Sources quoted in the coverage of Scottish waiting lists, in 2001 256 Table 9. Sources quoted in the coverage of Scottish waiting lists, in 2005 256 v Author’s declaration This thesis represents the original work of Marina Dekavalla unless explicitly stated otherwise in the text. The research upon which it is based was carried out at the University of Stirling, under the supervision of Professor Neil Blain, Dr. Myra Macdonald and Dr. Stephanie Marriott, during the period September 2006 to December 2009. Parts of this work have been published in a different form in: Dekavalla, M. (2009), “Scottish Press Coverage of General Elections After Devolution: the 2001 and 2005 Campaigns”, Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MECCSA Postgraduate Network, 2 (1). vi 1. Introduction “As the nation-state loses its raison-d’être in a world economy, polity and culture, so Scotland seems to provide a glimpse into the future rather than the past.” McCrone, D. (2001:132) “The challenge we face now […] is to preserve the many strengths of Scottish culture, and especially our news media, in an environment where all bets are off, all certainties evaporated.” McNair, B. (2009, February 23) This study examines the form of the debate on early post-devolution general elections in Scottish newspapers in comparison to the debate in newspapers bought in England, and relates this to the ideas of national identity and the public sphere. The two statements quoted above bring into focus some of the ideas discussed in this thesis, in its effort to provide an account of the coverage of the 2001 and 2005 general elections. The first was published in 2001, the year of the first election I studied, when the newly established Scottish Parliament was looked upon as a new beginning for political life in Scotland. It expresses the optimism that accompanied devolution and refers to the decline of traditional nation-states, such as the United Kingdom, as the main definers of political and cultural life. The role of the nation-state in defining identities in political news coverage is one of the main issues discussed in this thesis. 1 The second excerpt, perhaps appropriately taken from an online rather than a print medium, was published in 2009, ten years after the establishment of the first Scottish Parliament and four years after the second general election I studied. It was written in a different political and media context, but academic debate on Scottish identity and culture was still current, especially as the Scottish parliament would debate the possibility of a referendum on independence in the following year. In 2009, Scottish newspapers are facing an escalating loss of readership and profits due to competition from online media and from Scottish editions of English titles. Within this challenging environment, which is discussed in detail in the final section of chapter 2, the future of the Scottish press seems uncertain. The second statement therefore discusses the traditionally established relationship between the news media and Scottish identity and expresses concerns about its future.