The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL ' MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL Soc::nnT

OcrOBER,I944 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April, 1944

OFFICERS President, Major David V. Lumsden, U. S. Army First Vice-President, Mr. Wilbur H. Youngman, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary, Dr. V. T. Stoutemyer, Washington, D. C. -Treasurer, Mr. J. Marion Shull, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms Expiring 1945 Terms Expiring 1946 Mr. Robert E. Allen, San Gabriel, Calif. Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. Robert Fife, New York, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mrs. Clement S. Houghton, Chestnut Hill, Mr. B. Y. Morrbon, .Washington, D. C. Mass. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Dr. E. J. Kraus, Chicago, Ill. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa.

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mr. Clarence A. Hall, Pres., Mr. Arthur Hunt Osmum, Pres., American Begonia Society, American Rock Garden Society, 2131 El Jardin, Tarrytown, Ventura, Calif. New York. Mr. Harry L. Erdman, Pres., Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Pres., American Rose Society, American Delphinium Society, Hershey, Pennsylvania 234 S. Brainard Ave., Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, La Grange, Illinois Cactus & Succulent Society of America, 3Z7 North Ave., 61 Mr. C. A. Weatherby, Pres., Los Angeles, Calif. American Fern Society, Z7 Raymond St., Mr. James H. Porter, Pres., Camellia Society of America Cambridge, Mass. Macon, Ga. Mr. Jesse E. Wills, Pres., Mrs. John H. Cunningham, Pres., American Iris Society, HeI1b Society of America, National Bldg., 53 Seaver St. Nashville, Tenn. Brookline, Mass. Mrs. Beatrice Harms, Pres., Mr. John A. Bongers, Pres., Midwest Horticultural Society, American Peony Society, 4155 West 14th St., Ottumwa, Iowa Chicago 23, III.

SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1944 Akron Garden Center, American Amaryllis Society, 226 South Main St., Mr. L. S. Hannibal, Secy., . Akron, Ohio Concord, Calif. Alexandria Garden Club, Mrs. J as. Sherrier, Pres., 72S Kingstreet Road, Alexandria, Va.

Publication Office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Entered as second-cIa.. matter J"aDual'J 27, 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. American Fuchsia Society, Garden Center Institute of Buffalo, Headquarters: Cal;f. Acad. of Sciences, Delaware Park Casino, Golden Gate Park, Buffalo, N. Y. San J.rancisco, Calif. Garden Centre, Arlington County Garden Club, % Carolina Garden Stores. Miss Eleanor Swain, Secy., 23 North Lexington Sf. 4524 N . Carline Spring Rd., Asheville, N. C. Arlington, Va. Garden Center, Bristow Garden Club, Youngstown Public Library, Mrs. J. L. Kohler, Pres., Youngstown, Ohio Bristow, Okla. Garden Club of Ohio, California Garden Clubs. Inc., The M. O'Neil Co., Mrs. ]. A. Simmington, Akron, Ohio. 870 Chida Vista Ave., Pasadena, Calif. Garden Club of Virginia, Mrs. Louis N . Dibrell, Pres., California Horticultural Society, 124 Broad St., Miss Cora R. Brandt. Secretary, Danville, Va. 300 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Calif. Garden Club, Woman's Dept. Club, Chestnut Hill Garden Club, 8 - 2 Margaret Place, Mrs. Bryan S. Permar., Treas., Shreveport, La. 41 Crafts Rd., Chestnut Hills, Mass. Georgetown Garden Club, Mrs. John Blake Gordon, Pres., Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club. 3241 R St., N. W., Mrs. Perley G. Nutting, Pres., Washington, D. C. 3216 Oliver St., Chevy Chase, D. C. Greeley Garden Cluh, Mrs. Asa T. Jones, J r., Chevy Chase (Md.) Garden Cluh. 1703-11th Ave., Mrs. Frederick W. Connolly, Pres., Greeley, Colo. 4437 Res€rvoir Rd., Washington, D. C. Home Garden Club of Denver .. Community Garden Club of Bethesda, Mrs. William P. Mellen, Pres., Mrs. Arnold Buu, 4864 Tennyson St., Bell's Mill Road, Denver, Colo. Rockville, Md. indian Head Garden Club, Dallas Garden Club (Founders' Group), Mrs. Frank A. Bolton, Pres., Mrs. Sam B. Dickinson, POI1lonkey, Md. 1218 N. Clinton, Dallas 8, Texas. Kanawha Garden Club, Eagle Garden Club, Mrs. Ruffner R. Payne, Pres., Mrs. ]. D. Allen, Pres., 1507 A Virginia St., Eagle, Colo. Charleston, W. Va.

Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club, Longmont Garden Cub. Mrs. N. H. Morison, Pres., Callahan House, Terry St., Middleburg, Va. Longmont, Colo.

Federated Garden Clubs of Cincinnati and Men's Garden Club of Phoenix, Vicinity, Mr. Maurice J. Bradford, Pres., Mrs. Charles Bosworth, Pres., Rt. 1. Box 826. 2425 Ingleside Place. Phoenix, Ariz. East Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, Ohio. Michigan Horticultural Society, Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, Mr. Paul R. Krone, Secy., East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., Horticultural Building. Cleveland 6, Ohio East Lansing, Mich. [i] Midwest Horticultural Society, The Valley Garden Center, Mrs. Be,atrice Harms, Pres., 2700 N. 15th Ave., 4155 West 14th St., Phoenix, Ariz. Chicago 23, Ill. The Trowel Club, Norwich Garden Club, Mrs. Robert M. Hinckley, Ruth T. Kroeger, Treas., 4655 Garfield St., N. W., 40 Hayes St., Washington, D. C. Norwich, N. Y. Tulsa Garden Club, Ohio Association of Garden Clubs, Mrs. Thos. G. Leslie, Librarian, Mr. Victor Ries, 1439 S. Carolina Ave., Ohio State University, Tulsa 5, Okla. Columbus, Ohio. Twin Falls Garden Club, Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Twin Falls, Mrs. Frank Garry, Librarian, Idaho Montgomery Station Post Office, Montgomery, Ohio Wayside Garden Club, Mrs. W. J. McCuiston, Pres., Salida Garden Club, 454 S. Harvard St., Mrs. John C. Burgener, Secy., Tulsa, Okla. 802 D St., Salida, Colo. Woodlawn Garden Club, Mrs. Allen W. Burkholder, Takoma Horticultural Club, 1419 N. Glebe Rd., Seey., Mr. Frank L. Pahanka, Pres., Arlington, Va. Silver Spring, Md. Woodridge Garden Club, The Pittsburgh Garden Center, Mr. A. H . Hester, Pres., Schenley Park, 1824 R. 1. Ave., N. E., Pittsburgh, Pa. Washington, D. C. The San Francisco Garden Club, Worcester County Horticultural Society, Room 133, Fairmont Hotel, 30 Elm Street, San Francisco 6, Calif. Worcester, Mass.

[ ii] The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 23 Copyright, 1944, by THE A"ERICAN HORll'IOULTURAL SOCIETY No.4

OCTOBER, 1944

CONTENTS

PAGE A Review of Louisiana Irises. IRA S. NELSON ______-- 183

The Coastal Region of Northwestern Florida. ROBERT M. SENIOR ______193

Minor Species of European Lilies. GEORGE L. SLATE ______195

Shrubs That Herald the Coming of Spring. HELEN M . Fox ______~ __ _ 198

Disease-Resistant and Hardy Varieties of Vegetables, Part III. VICTOR R. Bos WELL ______J______203

The Illusive Ivy, Part IX. ALFRED BATES ______208

The N uT sery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. PERCY L. RICKER, MAGDALENE R. NEWMAN ______~ --- 220 :r~ The Gardener's Pocketbook ~' h-is H oogian and Friend. MARY M. SELDEN 232 Daylilies or H e111,e?'ocallis. MATTIE MAE BARNES ______232 Home Made. RUTH ADT STEPHENSON ______"______233 Daffodils in West Virginia. MRS. H. A. BARBEE ______234 Hypoxis hirsuta. CLAUDE A . BARR ______235 Hardiness in Plants. F. L. SKINNER ______236 Some M entzelias of Colorado ______236

From the Midwest Horticultural -Society : Qu,e?' C7,£S ?'obw'_ ELDRED E. GREEN ______238 Ace?' ginnala. ELDRED E. GREEN ______238

Pin~~s '11'I:.£go. ELDRED E. GREE N ______239

I p01'11,oea pandurata_ ELDRED E . GREEN ______~------239

_ d. Index to Volume 23 ______240 ,

.. ( " P1,ibli~hed quarterly by The American Horticultur al . Society. Publication office,. 3~nd St. an.d Elm Ave., Baltlmore, Md_ Ed,tonal offi ce, Room -- S21, Washmgton Loan and Trust BUlldmg, Washmgton. D. C. Contributions from all members are :cordially invited- and should be sent to the Editorial office. A subscription to the magazine .is included in the annual dues to all members; to non-members the price is seventy-five cents a copy, three dollars a year. (iii] K. N. MalTiage [See page 236 ] NI cntzelia 1~udifio1'U11~ A Review of Louisiana Irises

IRA S. NELSON

There was no doubt in the minds of Sunburst is a seedling grown by the judges that Sunburst was the best W. B. MacMillan of Abbeville, Louisi­ Iris of the show, and should be offi­ ana, from seeds given to him by the cially crowned the "Iris of the year." late Mary DeBaillon of Lafayette, for The judges were some two hundred whom the society was named. It is of the most afd~nt native Louisiana probable that Mrs. DeBaillon was Iris enthusiasts to be found in the breediLlg to achieve this type of crest country. The shbw was a part of the since Mr. MacMillan has produced program of the annual meeting of the several other Irises with outstanding Mary Swords DeBaillon Louisiana crests from the seed Mrs. DeBaillon Iris Society which was held on the gave him during her last illness. It is Southwestern Louisiana Institute unfortunate that records of the par­ campus, in the 'city of Lafayette, last entage of her seeds have been lost. sprmg. Without doubt, the foundation collec­ This society has felt that, since na­ tion, from which Mrs. DeBaillon did tive Louisiana Irises are still in a her breeding, is one of the finest ever formative stage of development as to assembled. Most of the collection was type, recognition should be ,given to assembled after Dr. Small published the Iris with the greatest popular ap­ his first papers on Louisiana Iris. peal, rather than to one which appeals The discoveries and collecting of to a few judges. Each person attend­ the late Dr. John K. Small of the ing the show is asked to vote for his New York Botanical Garden did much first, second and third choices. First to focus the attention of the botanical choice is given five points per vote, world on the vastness of wild Iris second three points, and third one beds in Louisiana and their almost in­ point. finite variation. However, there is It is indeed significant that Sun­ good evidence that Louisianians had burst received over three times the cultivated their swamp Irises for gen­ number of points received by its near­ erations about their homes. At the est ·competitor in a show devoted en­ time Dr. Small made his discoveries, tirely to Louisiana Irises and featur­ there were in existence fine collections ing well over one hundred outstand­ of native Irises in the gardens of sev­ ing varieties. eral wild-fl ower lovers. Space does Sunburst represents the peak of a not permit a description of these early new development in Louisiana Irises. collections, but it should be pointed As its name implies, its coloration re­ out here that Dr. Small expressed sur­ minds one of the brilliance of a sun­ prise at finding a coll ection of swamp set. It is a dusty sunset-red with huge Irises thriving in the wild-flower pre­ radial crest of brilliant yellow which serve of Miss Carolina Dormon in the covers almost half of the sepal. The sand hills of North Louisiana. claw is quite long and the sepals flare The hobby of collecting Irises from back and are rounded at the end. The the bogs increased in popularity petals are large and upright. Its out­ throughout the state from 1930 on. standing feature is its huge and bril­ By 1941 a sufficient number of col­ liant radial crest. lectors had become acquainted with [183] 184 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

E1117.0 M01'yon Collecting in an 'isolatpd patch of gigal1tiraer'Ulca each other through the time-honored of each variety of the collection which grape vine system of communication had been willed to her by Mrs. De­ that organization was possible. Baillon. This was done primarily to Twenty-odd collectors met in this insure perpetuation of the collection. year and organized. Since then the The following fall, Southwestern organization has grown to about two Louisiana Institute received the rhi­ hundred. zomes and planted them on its horti­ The work of this society probably ci,lltural farm. The society adopted is the greatest single factor contrib­ this planting as the nucleus of a test uting to the general interest and de­ garden for Louisiana Irises. Thus velopment of this fas·cinating group the test garden of the society came of the Iris family. The newer devel­ into being. The test garden serves opments of native Louisiana Irises primarily as a public display garden cannot be fully explained unless the and as a place where promising va­ history of the Mary Swords DeBail­ rieties can be grown and tested to Ion Louisiana Iris Society is briefly ascertain their horticultural value. reviewed. Varieties grown in the test garden are At the organization meeting, Miss accurately described and catalogued. Caroline Dormon offered both South­ Varieties are neither bought for nor western Louisiana Institute and Lou­ sold from the test garden. All addi­ isiana State University one rhizome tions are gained by donations from Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE. 18~

E'1:cellen,t co'rsa.g e ~" w, t e1'i.al , upper left; a f0'l1dl'i11g p?'obably foliosa-gigal1li­ caerulea cross, lIpper right; an oddity 01 1u lva extraction, lowe?' left; Abbevill e red, lower right 186 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 members of the so·ciety who believe agement House for students in Home that their 'seedlings or findings are Economics. The Dep.qrtment of Home worthy of a place in the garden. At Economics annually cooperates with present there are over three hundred the Iris society by offering this house varieties grown in the test garden. to it for the tea and show. The girls A pollen bank from which the so­ living in the house are hostesses to ciety's members may get pollen was the society. Their part is done so established as another function of the graciously that the tea and show have test garden. This project involved become a tradition among Louisiana more labor than is available for the Iris fans. duration of the war; so it has been Another tradition is the annual visit temporarily suspended. It is hoped to the DeBaillon garden. Mr. Dan that the pollen bank will be a tremen­ DeBaillon has been more than gener­ dous stimulation to improvement of ous in opening his garden to the so­ Louisiana Irises by amateur hybrid­ ciety at the time of its meeting. Many izers. have enthusiastically exclaimed that The Louisiana Iris Society has been a visit to the DeBaillon garden and able to stimulate considerable interest Iris collection more than repaid the by having well planned and instruc­ effort expended in attending the meet­ tive projects. The publication of four ll1g. mimeographed bulletins per year and The discovery of the much talked more frequent notes on Louisiana of Abbeville Reds is another impor­ Irises has given Louisiana Iris fans tant factor contributing to the rapid an opportt.1l1ity to keep up with new increase in interest and development developments. The society's annual of better varieties of Louisiana Iris. 'meetings have been not only stimulat­ The credit for the discovery goes to ing, but have also been educational. Mr. W. B. MacMillan of Abbeviile, Until the war these meetings included Louisiana. This group of "super­ a tour to the nearby swamps, where fulvas" ·contain not only many indi­ the Abbeville Reds are found. Since vidual variations suitable for garden the war, one day programs consisting culture, but it also has produced indi­ of a business meeting, tea and show, viduals which are proving their worth a visit to Lafayette gardens and a as parent stock for breeding new and banquet have been held. In spite of unheard of beauty. The importance tra vel restrictions, the number attend­ of the Abl?eville Reds warrants a ing the meetings has increased each more detailed description than space year. permits. It is seldom that any convention The brief descriptions given here can enjoy facilities cOfi1parable to are merely the high points in the those which are offered to this society memories of one who has collected ex­ by the Co 11 ege of Agriculture at tensively in the Abbeville area. To Southwestern and by the city of La­ begin with, the swamp in which the fayette. Besides features that any Abbeville Reds are found is more or Chamber of Commerce might be less isolated from neighboring proud of, there is the unique setting swamps by pastures and. -cultivated for the show. It so happens that the fields. While it is quite large, it is by society's test garden lies adjacent to a no means as large as the vast swamps magnificent colonial home which is of giant blue Irises found in the state. used by the college for a Home Man- There are no regular fulva.s found 111 Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 187

T ypica.l Abbeville Red; giganticaerulea. type the swamp and only occasionall y is leng th. T his g ives them somewhat the swamp bordered by patches of the appearance of the J ap I ris. Most fo liosa.. Although gigantica.erulea. is of the Abbeville Reds have a velvety fo und within a few miles, nOl1 e are sheen that is so often lacking in the known t o be g-rowing with the Abbe­ co mmon ful va. Many have a crest ville R eds. It seems apparent that (si'gnal pat ch ) althoug h some do not. the Abbeville R eds are a distinct t ype The size, shape, and color of the crest that has developed in an isolat ed is quite vari able, but a sing le yell ow swamp of cypress and tupelo. line cres t is the most prevalent. The In the main the Abbeville Reds are bulk of the fl ower stems are over of general fulva type. All six floral forty inches t all and it is not uncom­ parts tend to droop and their predomi­ mon to find an occasional cl one of na ting colors are shades of red and Abbevill e Iris that will exceed fi ve yellow. T hei r large size and vigor of feet in height. T he diameters of blos­ g rowth set them distinctly apart from soms will vary from fiv e and one-half the ordinary fulva. . T his group is to seven and one-half inches with more than half again as large as the most of them about six inches. ful va. Its leaves are wider and its P ractically all of t he yellows of the rhizomes are thicker and longer than Abbeville g roup have a muddy cast the common fu lva. . T he claws of the to them. I t is rare enough to fin d a sepals are alm ost lacking and the pet­ yell ow but it is even rarer to fin d a als are unusuall y wide. The fl oral cl ear yell ow. Brown is the rarest parts are often wide enoug h th at t hey color and appears to be geneticall y touch one another fully half t heir close to yell ow. 188 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

In two separate co rners of the pear as thoug h such was the case. Abbeville swamp, yellows appear in The color shades found in the Abbe­ g reater numbers than in the rest of ville group of Irises are so numerous the swamp. One of these places is that coll ectors are never sure whether known as Youngue's Coulee. T he or not they have already seen or col­ other, the Steen swamp, undoubtedly lected any particular shade they may has produced more good yell ow Irises happen on. than all the res t of the swamps in the One of the interesting minor fea­ state combined. Youngue's Coulee tures of the Abbeville group is that has produced some good yell ows, but they exhibit two diff e r ~ nt ways in more important it has p roduced t wo which the buds open. One is a grad­ brown Irises. ual swelling until the bud is almost In another section of the Abbeville balloon shaped at which time all six swamp, known as the Buteaud place, floral parts drop open at one instant. his folyosa gr-ows within a few fee t of T he other mode of opening is similar the Abbeville R eds. It is in thi s spot to that found in gladi olu s. T he ends that one of the best purple Irises yet of the fl oral parts separate first as found anywhere was discovered. It they p ract icall y spiral out of the bud is large and generally shaped like the stage. Once the fl owers have com­ Abbeville Reds, but is growing on a plet ely opened the two types cannot typicall y fo li osa zig-zag stem. The be differentiat ed. circumst antial evidence is that this A third factor co ntributing to the Iris whi ch has been named Baille popularity of Louisiana I rises is the Sell assie is a cross .' between these abundance of unusual and distincti ve types. I n heig ht of fl ower stalks and individual clones. These have been . dates of bloom, it is an intermedi ate found in profu sion in the g reat fi elds between Abeville Reds and fo liosa. of natural hybrids scattered through- T he Buteaud place also has pro- out the southern half of the state. duced a number of excellent smokey- Since three of the four main types of wine co lored I rises, some of whi ch ex- Loui siana Irises are cross fertile and hibit a crink ley characteri stic that is produce fertile hybrids, the vari ation most pleasing. A l t h o u g h yell ows fo und in nature is almost infinite. The ,have been fo und at the Buteaud place, wide variation makes a most diffi cult it is most famous for its clear reds. subject to treat since the variation is L ike the fulva, most Abeville Reds not co nfined to co lor alone. T he size show a co ppery hue, whi ch althou o- h and shape of fl ower, bloom stalk and beautiful, is still not a clean red. b A foli age are as varied as is co lor. rare few have been coll ected from the At this point is seems wise to very Buteaud place which are almost void briefl y d ~sc r ibe the four main types. 0.£ the copper color and are excep- These. types ~ r e not necessaril ~ true t lO nall y red. Invari ably the redder botal11 cal specIes as thell" names Imply the fl ower the surer it is to have a but are rather, g roups of species and trace of bl,ue pig ent. T he blue pig- hybrids . . *'Jiosca ~1 as given a botani ­ ment almost rese111mbles a bitle"du sCiri - cal ·speGlatlol:] w hKh Glosely follows eff ect. T he most comparable eff ect is these four, main types. t F itzhug h has the bloom . on a ri pe Conco rd grape * V io;;;;:'-:-P er c),. J ,'. The J /'ius of So"the~stpr" iG berry. Vl hIie this blue pigment is not f81"t "". American Iris Society B ulleti n , April, a. dust on the outside of the epidermis, tFitzhugh , William C. A P r opo. ed Schedule for Lou isiana Iris Shows. Mary Sw o ~ ' ds DeBaillon lts presence causes the fl ower to ap- Louisiana Iris Society. Mimeographed Bulletin, Nu mber 3, 1942. Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 189 given a horticultural show classifica­ tThe va r i e tie s, Hallie Sellassie, tion which seems to be the most prac­ Peggy Mac, Cousine Hauma and an tical grauping yet devised for placing unnamecl findling collected by the varieties in any category. writer, form a family which is dis­ In group one, which is referred to tinctly different than all ather types. as fulva, we find Irises of intermediate Besides being alike in conformation, they all have very thick and leathery height on fairly straight stems. The floral parts. All four are af Abbeville flowers are usually a coppery shade of Red extraction and differ from each red to yellow in colar. All 6 floral other primarily in colar and crest parts droop. markings. Hallie Sellassie is royal Group two consists of the giant purple, Peggy Mac is magenta, Cou­ blues and whites which are borl).e on sine Houma is a few shades brighter straight stems. The sepals are typi­ than crimson arid the findling is rose­ cally horizontal and the petals verti­ red. It is interesting t~ ~ote that an cal. This type is known as g'iganti­ excellent red seedling produced at caerulea. Southwestern Lauisiana Institute this Foliosa is the third gmup. Its year has the same leathery texture flowers are usually blue to white with and is also of Abbeville Red extrac­ a great deal af substance af flo.r~l tion. It is a cross between Orchid Bi­ pafts. It is the dwarf of the LOUISI­ color and an Abbeville Red hut ex­ ana Irises. The stems of the foliosa hibits the general giganticaen~lea. shape group may be either fairly straight or of Orchid Bicolor. zig-zag. The faliage is typically taller Orchid Bicolor is the most pro­ than the flower stalk. This group nounced bicolor collected from the usually grows on upland areas bor­ wild. The only bicalor that is more dering the swamps. definite is a seedling of unknown par­ A ll three of the above are cros's fer­ entage, which bloon;] cd this year. Bi­ tile and their hybrids are fertile. COlOFS are exceptionally rare in LOll­ The v,irginica group includes Iris isiana Irises. virginica, and closely allied species. Sunburst and Sunset exemplify the Its flawers are typically a pastel blue group which exhibit huge brillian.t or white with rather heavy venati011. radi~l crests. Both are somewhat 9'1- The leaves of this type have a mid­ ganticaeru,lca in conf0rmation. This rib which is pronounced. All of this type of crest is unforgettable. graup are cross sterile with members Three clones of white flecked with af the other three groups. blue have been found which to.gether A li sting of the ten" fifty, or even with MacMillan's Moonlight, a new one hundred best varieties is a task of seedling of yellow fl ecked with blue, no sma.ll magnitude. Such. a li st are outstanding in the so-called sky­ would be of little value because it fleck group. All are of general gigan­ would necessarily include varieties ticae1"u./e(l form. not yet named much less an the mar­ Edith Dupre, a seedling of George ket. Perhaps, since variations have A rceneaux, is an outstanding sample oTeatly contributed to the appeal of of a . blush overcast. It is canary yel­ ~his group of plants, the variations of low with an arange blush on only the hiO'h merit here mentioned will give upper surface of the fl oral parts. This uninitiated'" some idea of why other- tVal"ieties mentioned have not necessarily been "vi e sane people become "Iris Bugs." regis tered with the American Iris Society. 190 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 is a cross of Maringouin Yellow and this po~nt, l,et us consider the person Bazetti, a lovely lavendar. who buys a .collect.ionof say ten dif­ Kramer's Yellow is without doubt ferept native EOj4isiana Irises for a one of the best yellows and is unusual nominal or even ridiculously low sum in that it is. definitely gigan,ticae?'ulea of money, after previously reading of in type. Another yellow of a differ­ the wonderful variation and beauty of ent type is Brown Stripe, a Younge's Louisiana Irises. When his ·collection Coulee yellow with a distinctive comes into bloom he finds that he has brown stripe down the sepaL This ten different mediocre varieties, some yellow is unusual in that it does not of which may be so unsuitable to gar­ fade and its blossoms last for three den culture that they bloom only after full days. several years in his garden. A large An unnamed seedling of R. Bazet share of them may be similar to each is typical of a small group having the other having only minor differences. style arms of an contrasting color to The vendor did not specify that they the other boral parts. The seedling is were high quality variations nor did dark purple with lemon-colored style he specify that they would be greatly arms. Edith Dupre also has the same different. The purchaser bought a characteristic. wild flower collection and probably This season a foliosa type and an would have done no better if he had Abbeville Red were discovered with a purchased a wild flower collection of crest line running the full length of ten varieties .of violets, spiderworts, the sepal. A few collectors have re­ or other wild plants. ported the discovery of crests on all A co mm 0 n disappointment ex­ six floral parts. The usual situation pressed by those who first became ac­ is for the crests to appear on the se­ quainted with Louisiana Irises by mail pals only. orders is that the varieties thus ob­ Not infrequently varieties will ap­ tained are seldom seven feet tall with pear with freak blossoms having more flowers having diameters of eight than the usual six floral parts. In the inches. Although it is true that some future this tendency may be devel­ varietie s such as \i\Tood-carver's Blue, oped by breeding. If so, a complete Ray, \i\Tild Swan and others of gigOf/1.­ new series of all colors will be possi­ tica e 1' ~£l e a extraction may reach these ble. giant proportions under ideal grow­ This sample of variations is but a ing conditions, they may not do so drop in the bucket, compared to the under garden conditions. Further­ total amount of desirable variations more many of the best varieties are to be found in Louisiana Irises. It is not this large. well to keep in mind that variation In the sou the r n portion of the alone is not necessarily desirable. Many a person has order\..J Louisiana United States, Louisiana Irises will Irises by mail and has been very dis­ do quite well under ordinary garden appointed that they did not come up culture provided plenty of moisture is to expectations. The venders of dis­ a vailable during the fall , winter and appointing varieties have in most early spring. Since it is not possible to give them too much water, many cases been honest in their advertisino-b but the purchaser has been so un- are grown in sunken beds which can familiar with Louisiana Irises that he be easily watered by allowing the gar­ has expected too much. To illustrate den hose to run in them. Ground-level Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 191 beds kept adequately moist are equal­ withered they may be removed and ly satisfaetory. new blossoms will continue to open During the summer, the plants may on cut stems for a period of a full or may not go dormant depending on week. Individual blossoms usually do the amount of moisture available. It not wither until the third day after is not necessary that they go dormant openmg. for them to produce a good crop of For use as corsages, Louisiana flowers. Dormancy is often the sum­ Irises compare favorably with orch­ mer condition of Irises in the swamps. ids. A single blossom is often suffi­ This js brought about by the drying cient for this purpose. The blossoms up of the swamps during July and last for a considerable length of time August. Irises in swamps whi·ch re­ out of water. Some varieties are able tain water the year around do not go to stand up unusually well under the completely dormant. Growth is re­ punishment a corsage receives. surned at the time of the fall rains It is unfortunate that the vl~ginica and ,cooler weather. group is not as suitable for <:ut flow­ I do not know how well Louisiana ers as the other 'groups since some of Irises do in the North. However, I the loveliest pastels are found in this ha ve received reports that they are group. successfully

a profound effect on the development teres ted in the genetics of Louisiana of Louisiana Irises. Irises, he has in his ' breeding work Very little has been done toward developed some very excellent vari­ working out the genetics of this in­ eties for garden use. teresting Iris group. Probably Dr. The actual quantity of rhizomes of George Arceneaux of Houma, Louisi­ the better Louisiana Iris varieties is ana, has done more of this work than very small. For this reason, it is anyone else. He is both a professional probable that many good varieties will geneticist and a very serious Louisi­ become extinct before they find their ana Iris hobbyist. This happy combi­ way to the market. Other varieties nation has enabled him to lay funda­ held in high esteem now will probably mental ground work for determining never reach the market because they fu ture breeding programs. To him will be supplanted by superior vari­ goes the credit for discovering a eties of a similar appearance. \i\That method of getting seeds to germinate forms and types Louisiana Irises will before the first year after planting. eventually take, no one can say. One He has established that seeds harvest­ thing, however. seems to be a safe ed from pods which still show consid­ gamble, and that is that our present erable green color will germinate swamp Irises of Louisiana are des­ within a very few months after plant­ tined to be the foundation stock of a ing, if planted at the time of harvest. popular new race of garden Irises. \"'hile Dr. Arceneaux is primarily in- Lafayette, La.

Lu,pin%s viUos%s . N. W. Ft09'ida. The Coastal Region of Northwestern Florida

ROBERT M. SENIOR

The native flora af narthwestern Much af this cauntry was a flat Flarida,-that part running westward caastal plain. Three types af plants fram Appalachicola to. Pensacala,-is were faund,-thase inhabiting the pine prabably unknawn ·ta mast narthern waads ex,tending back fram the oaast, tourists. If he visits Flarida at all, and tho.se af the damp, rather swampy is interested in its flora, he is mare like­ fields, and thase growing on the sand ly to. abserve the vegetatian sauthward alang the seashare. The anly plants fram J acksanville, for it is the Flarida mentianed are thase that wauld attract peninsula that attracts the winter visi­ the eye af a mare ar less unabservant tars. It was with particular interest traveler. Given the praper environ­ therefare, that in April 1941, we de­ ment, any ane af these plants wauld cided to. "explare" this narthwestern grace a Sauthern garden. caas.tal regian. An autstanding plant of the pine The late Dr. J ahn K. Small, who' had waads is C haptalia. to'llnentosa, some­ spent so much time studying the fl.ora times called the Pinewaods Daisy. It af Florida, had traversed this sectian in is abaut six to' ten inches high with April, 1920, and his accountaf his ba­ white rays, and disk flawers that are tanical discoveries had been an incen­ af a whitish hue. Bailey, in his En­ tive to. us to. make this trip. "This cyclapedia af Harticulture, states that whale vast cauntry," wpate Dr. Small it makes a gaad barder plant. In faot, in 1940, "for sixty years the hame of the flower struck out fancy to' such an Dr. Chapman, in his time the most ac­ extent that we brought back seeds, tive batanist in the Sauth, is still prac­ which germinated but died befare flow­ tically unexplared botanically. During ering. Possibly the plant f1.aurishes the first part af the last century it was anly in the acid sail af the pinelands. held by hastile Indians, and during the There is a charming law plant with latter part it was ' inaccessible an ac­ glistening white flawers that is widelv caunt of .the lack af highways and rail­ dispersed in Florida. At first glanc~, raads." Needless to. say that taday it loaks as -if it would be a delightful there is a magni'ficent highway running rack plant, but anyone who' wauld at­ aLang the entire narthwestern caast of ,tempt to lift it, wauld remember it far Florida. same time, for it is cavered with sting­ Since this was to. be new country far ing hairs that pierce the skin. It is a us, we taak along three ref ere n c e Spurge, and bears the formidable name baaks, - C hap man ' s "Flara of the af C1vidosculus sti11~ ulosus, but the na­ Sautheastern States," Dr. Small's tives aptly call it "Tread Saftly." "Manual af the Southeastern Flara," As yau drive along the caastal high­ and a very small handy baak an "Flari­ way, yau are certain to encaunter ac­ da Wild Flawers," by Mary Francis casianal clumps af A1nsonia ciliata, Baker. In passing, I might mentian which I imagine must be grawn in that this last named baak is perfectly somcsauthern gardens,-for it is a satisfactary far the person desiring ,to. very attractive plant, about two feet identify the flawers mast frequently high, with a lang stalk that rises well abserved. abave the narrow leaves, and bears nu- [193] 194 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

R. M. Senior L t~ pinus diffus$£s, near Panama City, Flor·ida merous bluish star shaped flowers. solved in a sweetish secretion, and thus Mary Francis Baker has an excellent serve as food for the plant. Just open picture of the plant. ,the pitcher and examine the base, When you pass some open marshy where you will no doubt find the re­ meadows, you will very likely stop the mains of its victims. Vve left this 10- car to view the various terrestrial or­ ·cality regretting that we could not hope chids, many of which such as Pogonia to raise this plant in our northern ophvoylossoides you may have seen fur­ home. ther north. But the one plant that is Anyone who sees the Atamasco Lily bound to catch your eye, since it gen­ for the first time, with its pure white erally stands well above the marsh flowers on 1e.:1.fless stalks, that are pos­ grass, is the chocolate-purple pitcher sibly seven to twelve inches long, is plant, S(Jfl'1'ace11:ia Drt£11!f,11!f,On.d-i1:, which is likely to remember the experience, for often three feet tall. And then, ' if you it is a beautiful flower, and certainly wander to near by damp pine woods, worth cu1tivating. We have a couple of you may find the fascinating Sarra­ these plants in pots, which we place in cenia' fiavG , with a large light yellow cold frame over the winter, and they flower, .possibly four inches broad, bloom year after year. One Fall we standing erect on a stem thaf may be as placed a bulb in the open ground, and high as ,three feet. The large "pitch­ it survived and bJ.oomed the following ers" are also a s·ource of interest. Of Spring, but during the ensuing sum­ course you know how they trap the in­ mer, it disappeared. We are now rais­ sects, which enter the pitcher, are un­ ing some plants from seed, in the hope able to extricate themselves, are dis- ( C o'ntiHlled on poge 202) 'Minor Species of European Lilies

GEORGE L. SLATE

During the last 15 years the writer have been used in some cases to control has grown or attempted to grow as weeds and conserve 1110isture. many species and varieties of lili es as The European species of lilies have could be obtained from dealers and col­ several characteristics in C0111mon. In lectors in various regions of the world. general they seem to be somewhat This was done to determine whether happier on a clay loam soil than on the some of the lesser known species could sandy loam. As a group they are ap­ contribute anything to a lily breeding parently much more susceptible to basal program. It was also desired to learn rot than the lilies of other regions of something about their characteristics the world. Except with Liliu11'/' bulbi­ and cultural requirements. fenml, and L. candi'du7% the seedling The lesser known or minor species of does not appear above ground until the lilies have never become common in second spri ng and the period from seed gardens because they lack certain char­ planting until the seedling flowers is acteristics which good garden plants rather long, usually 5 or 6 years. In must have. Some are la'cking in beauty, general this group is hardly suitable for others are difficult to grow because of the beginner with lilies . susceptibili,ty to mo~aic, or basal rot, L. ca1'niolicu1n is a typical Martagon while others propagate so slowly that with its pendulous red fl owers and commercial growers will not bother strong refl exed petals. The color is a with them. A few are not hardy and rather dull brick red, much less attrac­ a few are scarce in the wild or grow so tive than the brilliant red of L. chalce­ far away that bulbs cannot be gotten to donic4£114 to which it is related. The this country in good condition. odor is unpleasant. The writer's plants Both seeds and bulbs have been im­ have not grown over 18 inches high and ported. The former are often not true have borne up to 5 flowers. It is the to name, are sometimes mixed and oc­ first of all lilies to bloom at Geneva, casionally lacking in viability. The usually starting about May 25th and bulbs too often arrive in poor condi­ f.or that reason it is retained to start the tion. However, if one is persistent hly season. L. carniolicu,71'l, ranges from eventually nearly all the lilies known northern Italy, western Roumania, and may be secured from one source or Hungary to southern Yugoslavia where another. it occurs in well-drained loamy soils Many of the species have been grown which contain lime. It bas not been on two soil types, one a clay loam con­ especially difficult to grow, but its slow­ taining considerable lime and with a ness requires much patience which is ph of 7.5 to 8.00, the other a fine sandy not well rewarded when the plant at loam containing ho lime, but only last comes to flower. slightly acid. On the clay loam many The yellow flowered L. can7iolicum of t he lilies have been grown in a subsp. ] ankae is even less exciting and cheese cloth house which provided rarely attains a foot in height with two light shade. When the seedlings were small fl owers which open at the same transplanted from the fl ats to the field, time as L. ca:rn7:ol!:cu11'1. It is not worth halt of each lot was planted on the two a place in the garden. Possibly a thor­ soil types. Straw or sawdust mulches ough search of the region where these [195] 196 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 two lilies grow wild would yield more L. chalcedonicum is much hand­ vigorous and floriferous plants bearing somer than the three preceding species flowers of a brighter color. The writ­ to which it is related. The nodding er's efforts to produce superior indi­ flowers with strongly reflexed perianth viduals by the raising of seedlings have segments are a brilliant, intense scarlet not been successful thus far. color that attracts the eye as far as they L. p,)lYenaiCU111- is a very old garden may be seen. The plants grow 3 to 4 plant, having been des·cribed by Parkin­ feet in height and bear from 3 to 8 son in 1629. It seems to grow well in flowers. The foliage suggests that of England where it is an old garden fa­ L. candidu1n, being larger at the base vorite. It is not very persistent with of the stem and smaller and clasping the writer and seedlings are very slow above. The species is susceptible to to bloom. It often sends up a barren basal rot and botrytis; requiring thor­ stem that with any other lily would ough spraying with Bordeaux mixture produce Howers. The flowers when to control the latter disease. It pre­ produced are small, greenish yellow fers the heavier soils and is rather slow with black dots and not over 3 to 5 in to become established. Well-established number, and are of the typical Marta­ plants had better be left alone. Seed­ gon shape. It blooms soon after L. lings grow slowly but are worth wait­ carniolicum and has the same unpleas­ ing for as they are free from mosaic. ant odor. It is a native of the Pyrenees L. chalcedonicu,11'I, is one of the reputed where it grows in moist loamy soils. parents of L. testaceu,11'I., and as such is When crossed with L. calrni ol 'ic ,~tm a useful species for the breeder. It is plump seed capsules were produced, native in southern Greece where i·t but none of the seeds germinated. grows on northern slopes in soils rich L. pOl11-ponium has been highly in leafmold. praised by European authorities, but its L. 11wnadelphu.111, is one of the hand­ performance in the writer's garden does somest yellow lilies grown by the writ­ not recommend it. It seems to be very er. If good bulbs were available in quan­ susceptible to basal rot and unless spe­ tity at reasonable pri'ces and could be cial steps are taken to control this mala­ established readily this species would dy one may have difficulty in keeping be widely grown. The nodding bell­ L. P0111-poniu111.. The flowers are an at­ shaped flowers are a rich deep yellow tractive bright red with very flat peri­ with a few small black bots and are anth segments but are not equal in fragrant. It flowers early in June. The beauty to those of L. pU11'vilu11'£ which stems grew to 4 feet in height and good flowers nearly at the same time. The specimens bear a dozen flowers or Del-or is unpleasant. The plants are more. It is slow to become established easily identified by the narrow silver­ from purchased bulbs and seedlings margined leaves which twist from left grow very, very slowly. One needs to right in a ·characteristic manner that much patience to wait for seedling is easily remembered when one has bulbs to attain full flowering size. The seen ... it . .. L , p01npo11,iWJ1'Lis a nati:v.e. of plants are susceptible to mosaic and the Maritime Alps where it grows be­ are fairly tolerant of the virus. L. tween the rocks in full sun on steep monadelphu111, is native in the northern southern slopes. There are so many Caucasian region. It has done well on other good lilies that it is hardly worth a clay loam in the light shade of a while trying to keep this species alive cloth house. and happy. L. Szovitsia11,~t11'/. was formerly de- Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 197 scribed as a variety of L. 1nonadel­ the -central Alps it fails to flower, de­ phum, but botanists now consider it to pending upon its bulbils for propaga­ be a distinct species. The individual tion. The writer has had non-flower­ flowers of this lily are very handsome ing plants which may have come from but in the seedlings raised by the writ­ this region. Seedlings have flowered er ,the flowers are somewhat crowded more freely. However, all stocks of so that the general effect is unsatisfac­ this lily except one plant, failed to come tory. If they were as nicely placed as up this spring. in a good specimen of L. 11vonGKielphum The martagons are a valuable group this would be a very attractive lily. The of lilies. L. M artagon and its variety color is straw yeIlow and the perianth album are too well-known to include in segments more reflexed than with L. this artide, but the dark wine red va­ 11w11adelphu111. It flowers in early June riety Cattaniae, is an unusual and at­ and is fragran.t. This species has a tractive lily well worth a place in the more southerly range than the prec@d­ garden. The plants are much taIler ing being found in southern Georgia than the ordinary Martagon, flower in Russia, Azerbayan and Armenia more freely and bear larger flowers. It where it grows in the edges of wood­ is tall and stately in habit and appears land. It is happier in a day loam than to better advantage in a colony of a in a sandy loam. Seedlings grow as dozen or more plants than where grow­ slowly as those of L. 11wnadelphu111 and ing singly. All of the Martagons are mature bulbs are slow to become estab­ apparently very resistant to lily mosaic, lished. but very susceptible to basal rot. Im­ The upright lilies are represented in ported bulbs failed to become estab­ Europe only by L. b'ulbiferum and its lished, but seedlings have done much subspecies C1'oc eU111, the latter a hand­ better. However, a few are ],ost each some and weIl-known lily. L. bulbi­ year from basal rot so that replace­ ferum produces several bright red, ments must be kept coming along. erect, cup-shaped flowers which open in Sonie hybrids between this lily and mid-June. SmaIl, round greenish .bul­ Marhan flowered this year for the first bils are borne in the axils of the leaves time and were very attractive plants. and may be used for propagation. It Their resistance to basal rot remains to is a moderately attractive lily and be d·etermined. L. M artagon C a.ttan·ine worth having in the garden of the spe­ has been hybridized with L. H ansowii cialist. Some of the writer's plants on various occasions but the hybrids have not flowered to any extent and seen by the ' writer have not been 0.£ there is evidently a tendency to non­ much merit. Plants in a clay loam soil flowering in the species. Kerner and have done better than plants growing Oliver state that in several vaIleys of in a sandy loam. Shrubs that Herald the Coming of Spring

HELEN M. Fox

Gardeners who live in a climate gers on the north and shaded side. where winter is cold, the ground white Under them can be a carpet of Vinca with snow and the bare branches of 111,inor and under the latest to bloom, trees are outlined against pale blue or Mag110lia stellata and Rhododendron grey skies, delight in prolonging the mucrom~latu11ft, can be drifts of snow­ season of bloom, extending it as far as drops, crocuses, chionodoxas and scil­ possible into autumn and starting it las. Sometimes the magnolia comes early before spring has

30 feet and can be trained to a tree-like five petals rounded, slightly rumpled shape. It is evidently a slow grower, and a little longer than the five sta­ for in my garden after ,five years it is mens. Sepals, petals and overlapping not much over eight feet high. The top bracts from the base of the flower are is rounded and grey-brown branches the same greenish yellow. The leaves marked with wart-like lenticals grow open after the flowers have gone and up anq, out. When young the branches grow out on the side of the racemes are so woolly they look as if they need­ from bracts subtending them. The ed dusting. The unopened leaf buds stalks are vermilion as are little bracts are woolly and later when the leaves subtending them, just the right dash expand they, too, are soft and furry, of color to harmonize with the char­ from hairiness and a very light green treuse green tone suffusing the young on the under side, with crinkly mar­ leaves. The leaves are pointed at the gins, that are slightly serrate and hairy. tips and the base rounded into two Their shape is broadly obovate, mucro­ lobes. The upper surface has a few nate at .the tip with the base rounded hairs on it. Along the margins are into two lobes on either side of a cen­ thorn-like projections to emphasize the tral vein from which the other veins teeth, and the surface between the brandl. The bracts subtending the feather veining is raised. By mid May leaves al'@ tan and velvety. The leaves the leaves T1Jeasure three inches in measure about four inches in length length. The branches of this cory lop­ and turn a bright yellow late in autumn. sis . are straight and do not twist as do The flowers have very short stalks and those of spicata and the flowers are not are crowded into clusters .of 4-5. They as thick and stubby. Glabrescens is have four brown-red tiny sepals and more floriferous than C orylopsis pauci­ four petals that grow in the space be­ flora, in fact it is the best looking of tween @ach sepal but above them. The the three-to my taste. According to • petals are light yellow with a roseate Dr. Rehder the plant was introduced base, the same color as the rosy insi-de into gardens in 1905. I raised my plant of the calyx and are one inch long. In­ from seeds given to me by the director side the' flower, four short stamens are of Highland Park in Rochester. In lny darkly colored like the sepals. garden Corylopsis giab1'escens (it will For several months before it hap­ grow in slight shade) stands before a pens, the buds on at:lother member of forsythia bush bare of bloom at first. the witch hazel family, Corylopsis gla­ Since Corylopsis holds its flowers long­ b1'esc ens (formerly called gotoana) er than most shrubs the butter-yellow look as if they would open momentar­ blossoms of forsythia open before it has ily. At last, the end of March or early . faded and make a good combination of April the pendulous racemes lengthen color with the paler, greener-yellow to two inches and hang like many tiered flowers. Branches of this shrub can be Chinese lanterns composed of flowers forced indoors and look well in Chinese of a greenish yellow on dark brown pottery containers. branches marked with lenticels of tiny From the Arnold Arboretum in 1934 lines. In North Eastern Asia where to my garden came a bush of Abelio­ the shrub is native it grows to 18 feet, phyllu11'L distichu71'L, a member of the but in my garden it is eight feet high. olive family, to which also belongs for­ From the flowers, appropriately, comes sythia, both native to K orea where the the scent of primroses, for both are the hills in spring must be glorious with same color. Calyx lobes are short, the the wealth of handsome flowering 200 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 shrubs. The buds open on leafl ess furry branches scaling in threads. The branches the end of March or early fl owers in pairs are violet-pink and April and are almost always injured measure less than one-half inch, and the by frost, as far north as N ew York. filaments before they ripen are a rose­ But for the short time they last and for ate salmon that enhance the color forcing indoors at the end of December scheme. The young branches are or early January they are well worth hairy and tinted dark red magenta. In growing. The wa nd-like branches are its native K orea and Manchuria whence square, bare of leaves and are cl osely it was introduced in 1917 the shrub studded with clusters of little bell-like reaches six feet. My specimen came white bl ossoms faintly tinted with rose from the A rnold A rbo retum in 1936 and having 3. delicate scent. At first and is four fe et high. The leaves in op­ sight they look like a deutzia, but when posite pai rs on short stalks are attrac­ examined closely look like tiny fo r­ tive for they look and feel velvety. sythia blossoms one-half inch long. They are wider below the center, come The unopened buds are cream-colored to a sudden point at the tip, are round­ in contrast to very dark brown fl ower ed at the base and measure about 20 stalks and calyces. The fl owers on inches in length and 1 X inches across. shor.t stalks grow from the axil s of last They are so cl ose on the branches and year's branches. The shrub is attrac­ to each other they so metimes overlap tive, grows to three feet, and received and give the shrub a lush, handsome an Award of Merit fro m the Royal appearance that makes it one of the H orticultural Society in 1937, thirteen best looking lonice ras when not in years after being introduced into culti­ bloom. vation. The leaves are numerous, sim i­ Through bare branches at the base of lar to the leaves of its relatives, the a slope where it stands out against a lilacs. T hey grow in pairs joined at clump of Pieris japol'lica is a rosy vio­ their stalks and below these pairs are let cloudlet of hloom, startling amid smaller leaves. T heir margin s are en­ the greys and browns of the win ter tire, they are ovate, terminate in a poin t landscape, is R hododendroll Illlt CrOUI/ - and are rounded at the base. and are 1afwm.. In my garden . it is a slender slightly hairy on both surfaces. T he shrub about three feet high but else­ longest are 2Ys inches long and l Ys where a;1 d in Not'thwestern Asia where inches across. it is native; ancl whence it came in 1882. Somehow it is thrilling to have a it grows to six feet. The bare branches. shrub waft an unusuall y sweet scent woody, brittl e and scaly, wi th the bark when the only other sensati on fo r the peeled in places, a re now glorified by nose is generall y cold, crisp air. Three the deli <;ately 'textured blossoms about of the shrubby honeysuckles open very 10 inches across, haped li ke deep sau­ early. T hey are not particularly hand­ cers with rounded petals uni ted at the some but are desirable fo r their fra­ base. Subtending the fl owers are over­ grance early in the season and later lapping green-brown bracts with netted for their colorful sometim es translucent surfaces. T hree to six blossoms grow frui ts. T hese early bloomers are LO'l7i­ in a cl uster at the ti ps of branches. On cera p1'a ejf01'ens, L. S fall dishi-i and L. the outside of the petals are fi ne hairs jrag1'antissima. L onicera. pra.efio'rens that catch the sun and produce a gli s­ opens the .fi rst of the three, generall y tening eff ect over the violet surfaces. early in April before the leaves are out The fl ower stalks with dark purple tint­ and is a twiggy shrub with grey-brown ing have green gland-like dots on them Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 201

Walle!!?' B eebe Wilde1' 111 ag110lia stellata 202 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 and there are similar dots oOn the calyx. g:ant smooth grey, the fl ower buds are The pistil and stamens of unequal furry, and the fl ower stalks, too, are lengths curve out and away from the fuzzy. The fl owers subtended by bracts fl ower giving it a look oOf action. The of bronze tinted jade-green are three pistil is longer than the stamens and inches or more across, have petals and dark rose at the base, paling to faint sepals alike, numbering nine or more. lavender. The filaments have silky They are strap-shaped, slightly convex hairs below the centre and are pale col­ on the upper end and terminate in a rounded oval. The stamens are cream­ ored as are the anthers. After the fl ow­ colored and spiral, the pistils green ers fall the leaves come out slowly, they with cream-colored stigmas. The glossy are narrow with undulate surfaces, leaves coming after the fl owers haive somewhat twisted at the .t ip, with dot gone make a handsome picture all sum­ like glands above and more -of them on mer in combination with the grey bark. the under surface. They are pointed at They are smooth, entire and obovate, the tip and narrow to a short stalk at rounded at the tip and mucronate. The the base, and are wider above the cen­ veins branch out from a central vein, tre, and ·about 2~ inches long and one feather fashion, and the leaves are three across. They turn yellow-bronze in the or more inches long. The fl owers are autumn. frequently injured by early frost or late A low tree from J apan introduced in snow but in seasons where this does not 1862 is Magnolia stellato,. The starry happen or for a short time before the whi te blossoms open against the sky catastrophe occurs the trees are sur­ and send forth a heady fragrance far passingly lovely. across the garden. The bark is an ele- Peekskill, N. Y.

THE COASTAL REGION OF NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA (Con/inned f,·olll page 194) that we may develop a more hardy cream color and crimson. strain. L. difjust£s we fo und growing on the There are

VICTOR R. BOSWELL Ag1'ic~~ltuml R esea1'Ch Admin1'stmtl:on, U. S. Depm-tment of Agriculture (Continued)

In this, the third, part of this "con­ ongl11 and are obtainable from a few tinued story" on disease-resistant and commercial sources in this country. hardy varieties of vegetables, the vine Chinese Long is a very long, crooked crops are considered. In general, it cucumber of no commercial value but will be noted, the several crops are be­ it has good resistance to mosaic and ing dealt with in alphabetical order as some tolerance to downy mildew. To­ a matter of convenience and to facili­ kyo Long Green is of more conventi on­ tate later reference to any particular al appearance, still not desirable com­ one. That order of treatment is inter­ mercially, and is also resistant to mo­ rupted here, however, to group the saic a nd downy mildew. Both, unfor­ cucumbers, melons, squashes, and tunately, are susceptible to bacterial pumpkins into a single article because wilt, as are all sorts studied so far. of the similarities of the species and of N evertheless, Chinese Long and Tokyo the troubles that they encounter. These Long Green have been used extensive­ plants are so commonly grown over ly as parents in efforts to breed new most .of our country that one might ex­ sorts havi ng high quali.ty, attractive­ pect them to be subj ect to no serious ness, and disease resistance. troubles of adaptability or disease. On Shamrock is a mosaic-resistant sli c­ the cOl1trary, they are comparatively ing variety developed by the Iowa delicate plants that are readily damaged Agricultural ' Experiment Station, that by a number of insects and di seases and is now commercially available. The ex­ by unfavorable soil and climate. All of periment station of the University of them are quite frost-tender. Puerto Rico has produced a slicing va­ riety named P uerto Rico 39 that is re­ Cucumber sistant to the strains of downy mildew Most varieties of cucumber are high­ that are found in Puerto Rico, but it ly susceptible to a large number of dis­ appears susceptible in at least some eases and to damage by a number of parts of the United States. Shamrock insects. For many years plant patholo­ and Puerto Rico 39 both are susceptible gists and plant breeders in America to bacterial wilt. have tested all obtainable varieties from Two new, short-fruited varieties ap­ all over the world trying to find some pear promls111g as disease-resistant worth-while degree of tolerance or re­ pickling cucumbers. The Maine Agri­ sistance to one or more of the following cultural Experiment Stati on about 10 diseases: mosaic, downy mildew, bac­ years ago distributed Maine No.2, a terial wilt, anthracnose. O ut of the black-spined sort resistant to scab, for thousands of i.te ms observed, only two use in home gardens. Scab is generally vari eties, Chinese Long and Tokyo troublesome only in the Northeast, and Long Green, have shown any appreci­ Maine No. 2 is recomm,ended only able resistance to any of those diseases. where scab is prevalent. It is not nota­ Both of these varieties are of oriental bly resistant to other di seases and its [203] 204 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 only superiority is scab resistance. The All four of these last-named varieties H. J. Heinz Company and the Ohio are available from seedsmen who serve Agricultural Experiment Station have the north-central part of the country. collaborated in producing a mosaic­ Although the cucumber requires resistant pickling cucumber named warm weather for best development, it Ohio 31. This is not yet commercially generally does not thrive and continue available (1944) but it should be in the to bear over a long period in summer near future. . in our own Southern States. It is there­ Despite the very considerable amount fore a bit surprising to find that certain of work done by many agencies, it must 'varieties that do none too well in our be recognized that only a little success own southern summers have been re­ has been attained in breeding disease­ ported as highly successful when intro­ resistant cucumbers. No variety is im­ duced into certain tropical islands of mune to any disease that commonly at­ the Pacific. This is probably due in tacks the crop, and none shows worth­ part to the fact that with no cucumbers while resistance to bacterial wilt-a dis­ grown in those places in the past, few ease that may quickly kill the plants re­ specific pests and diseases have had a gardless of their resistance to other dis­ chance to become built up to high in­ eases. tensity. There is the further fact that maximum summer temperatures in Since the cucumber is of tropical or many of our inland districts are con­ subtropical origin it is to be expected that most varieties are poorly adapted siderably higher than in certain rela­ to the northernmost part of this coun­ tively small tropical islands where sea try. Plant breeders at the State experi­ winds have a modifying influence. ment stations in North Dakota and Musk11'1-e Zons Minnesota have succeeded in develop­ By way of introduction to this sec­ ing sorts that are early and better tion, correct American usage of the adapted to the relatively low mean tem­ terms "cantaloupe" and "muskmelon" peratures and short seasons of those may well be clarified since there is states. Mincu, develop-ed in Minne­ rather widespread confusion about sota, is small, short, and thick, about them. All so-called cantaloupes, using 40 by 2 inches, and can be harvested the word in the popular American in about 45 days from seeding in con­ sense, are muskmelons. They are small, trast to most varieties that require 60 netted muskmelons and include a group to 75 days. of varieties that is characterized rough­ The Midget or Hill cucumber from ly by small size (up to about 4 North Dakota has an extremely com­ pounds), oval to spherical shape, heavi­ pact type of plant that is adapted to the ly netted rind, and a few more or less short dry summers of the Northern (usually less) distinct furrows extend­ Great Plains. It is of only average ing from pole to pole. Varieties of the earliness (about 70 days) but was de­ Rocky Ford type, the various strains of veloped for adaptability to the rigorous Netted Gem, Pollock, Hale Best, and climate of the Dakotas. Another very Perfecto are properly called canta­ early variety of interest to northern loupes. Neither the very large, netted, gardeners, is Mandarin. This produces or heavily ribbed varieties, such as Tip very slender fruits about 10 by 10 Top, Bender Surprise, and Montreal inches, in 45 to 50 days. Extra Early (5 to 7 pounds), nor the odd-shaped Siberian produces short, thick, fruits of varieties, such as Banana, are canta­ the pickling type in about 45 to 50 days. loupes, although they are muskmelons. Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 205

Muskmelons with non-netted rinds, these three kinds res istant to Race 1, such as Honey Dew and Casaba, are Race 2 of the fungus appeared and rarely confused with the so-called caused serious damage to the varieties cantaloupe. There is an unfortunate resistant to Race 1 as well as those tendency to use the word " melon" as a susceptible to it. In 1943 a new canta­ synonym for "muskmelon" and in some loupe of the Hale Best type was re­ instances as a synonym for only musk­ leased that is resistant to both races of melons other than varieties of the mildew-it is called Powdery Mildew cantaloupe type. This should be cor­ Resistant Cantaloupe No. 5. P racticall y rected and the more definite term the enti re cantaloupe crop of the Im­ "muskmelon" restored to commoner perial Vall ey will be planted to this use to avoid still further confusion new variety in 1945. from the loose usage of "melon" in re­ It . should be borne in mind that ferring to watermelons. powdery mildew, which almost de­ Muskmelons, like cucumbers, are stroyed the muskmelon industry of the susceptible to many diseases and in­ Imperial Valley about 10 years ago, is sects. Powdery mildew is probably the quite different from downy mildew. most destructive muskmelon disease, This latter disease is much more wide­ but fortunately for most gardeners, it is spread and is serious in the humid parts generally very seri ous only in the of the country. At this time ( 1944) no southwestern part of the country. Two commercially obtainable varieties show forms of the fungus causing the disease any great resistance to downy mildew, are known, and identified simply as although vari0us resear·ch agencies are Race 1 and Race 2. A number of making some progress in breeding for varieties of muskmelon resistant to resistance to it. Race 1 of the l"n ildew have been bred In the States in the northern half of and introduced in the past dozen years the country muskmelons are frequently by the U. S: Department of Agricul­ attacked by fusarium wilt, a soil-borne ture and the California Agricultural fungus that invades the plant through Experiment Station. The mildew re­ tl1e roots and causes its gradual col­ sistance was obtained from a "wild," lapse. Golden Gopher is a small, ribbed, virtually inedible type of muskmelon oval, orange-fleshed variety, developed from India. Powdery Mildew Resis­ by the Minnesota Agricultural Experi­ tant Cant aloupe No. 45 was introduced ment Station, that is highly resistant to in 1935, superseding in some less satis­ fusarium wilt and adapted to the north­ factory strains. It is similar to Hale central part of the country. Cornell Best except for its high resistance to University has developed a fusarium­ Race 1 of powdery mildew. Next, re­ wilt-resistant muskmelon named Iro­ sistant types of Honey Dew and of quois, a large, ribbed sort of the general Persian were developed. Powdery­ character of Bender Surprise. The old Mildew Resistant Honey Dew No. 60 well-known varieties Burrell Gem, Paul is sui table for home and local market Rose, and Pollock 10-25 have been re­ gardens in the Southwest where only ported as possessing a fa ir tolerance to Race 1 of the mildew fungus causes fusarium wilt. trouble, but its shi pping qualities are The netted and ri bbed types of musk­ not entirely satisfactory. Baby Persian melon including cantaloupes are better ( released in 1940) is a resistant, small adapted to the cooler and more humid strain of Persian having very high parts of the country than a re the quali ty. Since the development of smooth "winter" sorts like Honey Dew 206 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 and Casaba. Although Persian is netted northern plains. It is very early (about it has the same climatic requirements 50 days) , small, somewhat resistant to as Honey Dew and Casaba. These all drought, and does not require high require bright, hot weather with a dry mean temperature for good growth. It atmosphere, as in our irrigated districts is of only fair quality, but in districts of the West. They are called winter where other varieties are not adapted, melons because of their relatively long it is decidedly worth growing. The keeping qualities. In the 1930's Honey North Dakota Experiment Station de­ Dew melons grown in Chile were veloped a very early variety named Da­ shipped to markets in the United kota from a cross between Mandan and States. Table Queen. The quality is better Sq~tash (JJnd PU1npkin than in Mandan and it is ready for use Many observers have stated that in about 50 days. A very early pump­ some of the best yields and certainly kin (about 85 days) named Early the best quality of various crops are to Cheyenne has been developed by the be obtained when they are grown well U. S. Department of Agriculture for toward the northern limits of their the high plains country. It is very principal region of culture. V"hile small, weighing only 20 to 3 pOW1ds, this may not be true for all crop plants but it is very prolific. Fort Berthold, it appears to be true for a great many. a larger and later pumpkin, obtained It is sometimes a little surprising that from the plains Indians is of about the species of tropical origin thrive so well same size and season as Small Sugar, in our northern States. The behavior but is reported to be unusually hardy of squashes and pumpkins is an ex­ in northern locations or at high eleva­ ample. This can probably be explained tion. not by any especially favorable direct Perhaps the most interesting accom­ effect of the northern temperature and plishment in breeding squash for spe­ rainfall upon the plants, but by the fact cific adaptability and use was the pro­ that the plants' enemies have less op­ duction of the Butercup squash by the portunity to fl ourish. Squash and North Dakota experiment station. Be­ pumpkin are much more seriously be­ cause of the limitations of climate some set by insects and disease in the South popular vegetables cannot be grown than in the North, while summer tem­ successfully in the northern plains, peratures in the North are high enough among them the sweetpotato. There for good growth. Thus, in this case, it appeared to be a definite need for a seems as difficult to find varieties that variety of vegetables that would pro­ are hardy to the adversities of a warm duce good yields of a food having many climate, as to find some that are adapt­ of the desirable properties of the sweet­ ed to short seasons and relatively cool potato such as high total solids, high temperatures. carbohydrates, appealing flavo r, rich No variety of squash or pumpkin yellow flesh color, good storage quali­ plant will stand frost, but varieties have ties, and adaptability for baking, mak­ been produced that ·mature so quickly ing pies and other preparations for the that they are successful in the northern­ table. The Buttercup squash was de­ most di stricts and at relatively high veloped as a substitute for sweetpota­ altitudes of the Great Plains or of inter­ toes to a high, dry, country with a sea­ mountain districts. The little green­ son too short and cool for sweetpota­ mottled Mandan squash was ·derived toes. It is a small "turban" squash, from stocks grown by Indians of the early, productive, and surprisingly Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 207 similar to sweetpotato in composltlon small-fruited northern forms grown in and culinary properties. such regions that our present small, Afri,can is a comparatively recent very early watermelons were derived. introduction into this country that is A number of articles in the popular reported to be well adapted to southern press in recent years have implied that conditions and to possess some resis­ small watermelons were something new tance to damage by the stalk borer. or about to be introduced for the first Since squash and pumpkin are com­ time, but several varieties for northern paratively minor crops in this country, culture have been available for many they have not been subjects 0'£ as inten­ years. sive breeding for disease resistance as Most varieties of watermelon require many more important crops have been; 80 to 100 days of warm weather to pro­ no specific diesase resistance has been duce ripe fruit and will not thrive in the purposefully bred into new kinds. It so northernmost parts of the country. happens, however, that a number of Commercial seedsmen and the state ex­ varieties have been found resistant to periment stations of North Dakota and curly-top, a virus disease that affects of Minnesota, however, have intro­ many crops in certain western areas. duced a number of kinds suited to rela­ Susceptible varieties of squash and tively cool, short summers. All of them pumpkin tllay be destroyed completely are small and round, or nearly so, by curly-top in epidemic years. Of the weighing around 8 to 12 pounds. Da­ squashes, Marblehead (a winter" type) kota Sweet, developed at the North and Long White Bush and some strains Dakota Experiment Station, is very of Vegetable Marrow are resistant . early, requiring but 65 to 70 days, and Among pun;)pkins Big Tom, the various is of good quality when grown in the strains of Cushaw, the Large Cheese north. Nor the r n Sweet, from the and Tennessee Sweetpotato are all re­ Minnesota Ex per i men t Station, is sistant. With this range of varieties to about the same size and requires 70 to choose from it is possible to grow at 75 days. Arikara is a very early, hardy, least one of each of the important sea­ sort with a quality described as fair by sonal types despite the occurrence of its introducer. curly-top. The Early Cheyenne va­ Several other small varieties of the riety referred to above seems to be re­ Siberian type adapted to the North and sistant to certain diseases or adverse listed as maturing in 75 to 80 days are conditions that damage many varieties not much earlier than some varieties under the western irrigation conditions that are grown in the South ; however, where they have been comp'ared with they still are more likely to succeed in Early Cheyenne. Cheyenne Bush the North than some of the large, bet­ pumpkin is especially adapted to short ter known kinds. Sweet Siberian, and cool seasons. Ranger are two of the names of these liVater111.elon that appear in current catalogs. The growing and eating of water­ It will be recalled from the first arti­ melons is so intimately associated with cle of this series that one of the first ef­ the South that not everyone realizes forts to breed a disease-resistant va­ that this plant can also be grown suc­ riety of a horticultural plant involved cessfully rather far to the northward. watermelon, and resulted in the Generations ago the culture of water­ fusarium - wilt - resistant variety Con­ melons had been extended itlto the queror in 1911. That variety is prob­ cooler parts of Russia and it is from ably no longer obtainable anywhere be- 208 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 cause it has been superseded by many developed from Kleckley Sweet, but better ones produced by the State ex­ somewhat shorter and lighter colored periment stations of California, Iowa, than the parent variety. For western and Florida, or introduced from conditions the California Experiment abroad. Station has developed Klondike R7, a The Iowa Experiment Station has resistant strain of Klondike. The developed many wilt-resistant varieties, Hawkesbury is a large, long, light most of which have been superseded by green, highly resistant variety that is Kleckley No. 6 (similar to its parent well adapted in the South, and that was variety, Kleckley Sweet) and Stone produced by the Australian Department Mountain No.5, a resistant sort that of Agriculture. Thurmond Grey is an­ is earlier and smaller than Stone Moun­ other resistant, long, light green sort. tain. These varieties are adapted to the This list of important resistant vari­ Middle West. The Florida Experiment eties includes one or more kinds adapt­ Station has developed several resistant ed to each of the regions of this coun­ strains suitable for the South. The best try where damage from fursarium wilt known of these is Leesburg, a variety is serious.

The Illusive Ivy - IX

ALFRED BATES

DERIVATION OF NAME' N ext in chronological order comes When Linmeus retained the name Sowerby's English Botany published Hedera for this genus he was keeping in thirty-six volumes frpm 1790 to a plant-na:me which had not only been 1814; I have not seen this edition and used by the earlier botanists and herb­ am taking for granted that the subject alists but had also been given to this matter was not altered in the edition plant by Pliny and Vergil. Various from which the following is cited. "The deriva,tions of the word have been sug­ derivation of the name of this genus of gested by writers on the subject. plants is variously given. One author The earliest explanation which I says it was conferred on the plant by have been able to find was by Philip Pliny, and ingeniously conjectured to Miller in his Gardener's and Botan­ be a corruption of adhceret, it adheres ist's Dictionary, Vol. I Part II, 1707 ; -or clings to other trees. Another ex­ "Hedera (Ab edenclo, quod arbores planation is that it has been derived exedit: because it wastes and devours from hedm, which means cord in Cel­ trees.-A very doubtful etymology; tic. A third gives the origin from but better than another, ab hcerendo.)" hiedra or heath, the Scotch heather, Later in his Gardener's Dictionary because it was used for fuel." (Vol. (7th edition, 1759; neither book is IV, p. 181 ; 3rd edition, 1877.) page numbered) which is a condensed In ] . C. Loudon's Arboretum et version of his first book and for gar­ Fruticetum Britannicum (1838) this deners only, he omits any reference to statement occurs, "Various etymolo­ the etymology. gies have been proposed for the word Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 209

H edera; but the most probable suppo­ Nicholson's Dictionary of Garden­ sition appears to be, that it is derived ing merely states that H edera is "the from the Celtic word hedira, a cord. old Latin name for the Ivy, used by The English word Ivy is derived from Virgil and Pliny." (Vol. II, p. 120 ; the Celtic word, iw, green." (Vol. II, 1886.) Bean's Trees and Shrubs p. 999; 1838.) Hardy in the British Isles gives no Joseph Paxton's Botanical Diction­ derivation of the name. ary of 1840 follows Loudon; "The Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of name appears to be derived from Horticulture (Vol. II, p. 1437; 1925 h,edra a Celtic word signifying a cord. ed.), Rehder's Manual of Cultivated and the English name, Ivy, is derived Trees & Shrubs (p. 672 ; 2nd ed.) and from iw, a word in the same language, A. T. Johnson's Plant Names Simpli­ signifying green, from its being always fied (1931; p. 58) all make the same green." (p. 275; edition of 1868------first statement: "ancient Latin name of the edition not seen.) ivy." Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary of From such conflicting views we dare 1846 also follows the Celtic tradition to offer a solution. The Italian word with, ({ H edra is the Celtic word for for ivy is edera (also ellera) , the Span­ cord, alluding to the ivy's stems." ish is hiedra, the Portuguese is hedra. ("New Edition" of 1917; p. 414-first the Old French was edre which later edition not seen.) became ierre and finally lierre, having Richard Deakin seems to be the first assimilated the article le. As these to completely ignore the Celtic deriva­ languages were derived from the Latin tion theory for in Florigraphia Britan­ that derivation of the word may be the nica he states, "Name said to be from correct one. But when one remem­ h,(J!1'eo, to s6ck, because it attaches it­ bers that a strong under-layer of the self to trees and old walls." (Vol. I, Celtic also entered into French, Span­ p. 330; 1857.) Note that he says "old" ish and Portuguese and notices that in walls; might not the complaint that the Spanish and Old French words the ivies do not easily attach themselves e between d and r is omitted as in the to buildings be because the stone or Celtic hedra and that the Portuguese brick had not weathered? word is exactly the same, one may weIl Hibberd, in 1858, in Vol. I, p. 134 wonder if both claims may not be based of the Floral W orId and Garden Guide, on fa·ct. Or even that the Celtic claim says that "Hedera takes its name from is correct. the Celtic hedra, a word in allusion to As the Romans were not an original its tight-clinging stems." This state­ minded race and adapted-and adopted ment is repeated in substance in his -ideas and words from other nations book, "The generic name is said to be and languages as they saw fit, may derived from the Celtic, and to express they not have taken over this plant­ the climbing character of the plant." name from the Celts? By the time of (The Ivy, p. 51 ; 1872.) It is rather Vergil and Pliny, Celtic slaves had difficult to understand how a "cord" been in Rome for more than a century can climb. and their word for ivy may have taken E . J. Lowe says the name "appears the Roman fancy . We know that the to be derived from the Celtic word Romans absorbed the cultural attain­ hedra signifying a e01'd, in allusion to ments of the nations they subdued; and the stems of the Ivy." (Beautiful the people of Gaul were by no means Leaved Plants, p. 117; 1864.) an uncultured race. As' the Celts lived 210 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

closer to nature than the Romans, they claimed above, freely adopted plant­ undoubtedly had given names to the names from other languages when not plants of their fields and forests to a named for a diety; while on the other much greater extent than their more hand the Greeks delighted in using utilitarian minded captors, who though names from their Pantheon. It was following the Greeks in using the ivy more consonant with their idealization for wreaths at the Bacchanalians and of beauty and poetry ·to humanize a to crown poets, may never have both­ plant by connecting it with a diety; ered giving the plant a ,fixed Roman whereas the more prosaically minded name until Vergil and Pliny adopted Roman was inclined to give descrip­ the Celtic one. And they may have tive names. A very interesting line of adopted it because both (or the earlier investigation could be developed frDm w riter, Vergil) had been impressed by this premise. While this closed the in­ the closeness of the Celtic word to a vestigation of t he word Hedera some word in their own language which so very interesting facts had been gath­ adequately described the plant's char­ ered which will be briefly outlined for acteristic manner of growth. Foreign such "curious gardeners" as are inter­ words have been adapted into various ested in botany beyond just the grow­ languages on less close similarities. ing of a plant successfully and the This is not altogether conjecture for knowing it under its correct name. since first coming to this conclusion I Referring back to Sowerby's Eng­ find that Carl Koch in hi s Hortus Den­ lish Botany we find that " Its Greek drologicus in 1853 substantiates this names were llissos and kittos from Kis­ theory with the statement "origine sus or Cissus, the name of the boy dubia, ? celtica dicitur, vox a Romanis whom Bacchus is said to have changed jam usurpata." (p. 284) which can into it." (Vol. IV, p. 182 ; edition of only mean something like this: origin 1877) and further down the same page, doubtful, said to be Celtic, a name "The specific name helix comes from taken over by the Romans. eileil1 , to encompass or turn about, in Continuing along this line the allusion to the twining habit of the thought occurs, if they were fitting a plant" which latter statement is in­ foreign word to a Latin meaning why correct as a citation from a Greek lexi­ did they not make use of the Greek con will prove. First, however, it word for ivy especially as all their uses should be noted that this word kissos, of the plant had been adopted from Latinized to cissus, has been used to Hellenic customs both religious and label one genus of plants and been com­ cultural. Further investigation reveals pounded into at least two others; Cis­ that the Greek name was given in hon­ sampelos, n)eaning ivy vine and Pa,r­ or of a demi-god and did not describe thenocissus, meaning virgin ivy. the plant's habit or form. I can recall Upon looking up the word ivy in no plant-name coined by the early C. D. Yonge's English-Greek Lexicon, Latin writers which is divinely honor­ edited by Henry Drisler, 1870, we ,find, ifi c. In seeming contradiction to this "ivy, kissos [attic, bttos of 3 kinds, 2 statement is the word Dianthus whi ch climbing, melas and leukos, and one we have been told means J ove's fl ower creeping, also called elix, Theophr.]." which it does not for the name was (p. 315). This part of the research given by Theophrastus and means "di­ was done with a friend, a Greek stu­ vine flow er" in allusion to its fragrance dent, who beside Anglici zing the let­ and bright coloring. The Romans, as ters explained the citation as follows: Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 211

the Athenians made slight differences 1869) citing Pliny as authority. As in very many Greek words, hence "at­ P liny "was no field-botanist, but got tic, kittos" and "Theophr." meant that all his lore from books" (Hort. The the English compiler referred to the Unconventional Garden, p. 140) we Historia Plantarum of Theophrastus may surmise that he copied helix from for hi s authority. Liddell & Scott's Theophrastus and used Vergi l's name Greek-English Lexicon, edition of hede'ra for the mature stage. 1890, (p. 809) gives the above infor­ mation almos,t verbatum (same is re­ DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS peated in the 1925 edition) and under For more than a century after Lin­ the word kissos gives a long li st of de­ nreus establi shed this genus, .R edera scriptive words beginning with it and was made to include many plants that having such meanings as "fond of ivy," are now placed elsewhere. At present "overgrown with ivy," "planted with H edera covers a closely related group ivy," etc. It is quite evident that kissos of plants with such very similar char­ meant ivy to the Greeks; but was that acteristics that it is surprising some ivy the same plant that we know by modern botanist has not placed them that name? a ll as varieties of one species. A nd According to Th e 0 p h r a stu s the indeed he would have much to justify Greeks knew "3 kinds, 2 climbing. such an arrangement fo r the small dif­ 117,elas and leullOs, and one creeping, ferences in blossom f.ormation would also called elix." Upon looking up be of little hindrance to a "lumper" these three words we find that 11f1,elas and fruit color alone should not be a not only meant "black, swarth, dark," determining factor. On the other hand etc., but also anything contrasted with these small differences could be mag­ light in color; leukos, meaning "light, nified by a "splitter" into many more bright, clear," etc., also meant anything species than we have today. contrasted with black or dark in color; R edera may now be described as elix, while meaning "spiral, curved, woody stemmed plants developing winding," etc., had originally and in its through two stages of growth : (a) a purest sense meant "creeping." The juvenile stage in which they grow as keenly observant Theophrastus had ac­ vines climbing by means of aerial roots curately described the ivy which we (processes produced along the inter­ know as such ; first the juvenile vining nodes and penetrating into the medium form which creeps along the ground or of support just deeply enough to ob­ up trees and rocks was elix, but when tain a firm hold ) or, when no support it was mature and produced fruits he is near, creeping along the ground and knew that some were dark berried and very freely fo rming true roots along other were light berried ; for both the the entire stem; and bearing alternate, blue-black and the yellow fruited ivies more or less lobed, leaves which are grow in Greece. built upon a framework of radiating Since writing the above I find that v~ in s arranged like the ribs of a fan; Kock in Vlochenschrift fur Gartnerei (b) a mature stage in which they grow und Pflanzung (p. 75 ; 1859) says the as compact shrubs with twiggy, stout Romans recognized the ivy as in two stems without either aerial or true stages of growth ; calling the one creep­ roots and bearing alternate unlobed ing on the ground Helix and the fruit­ leaves built upon a framework of radi­ bearing one Hedera. This statement ating vei ns arranged like the ribs of Koch repeats in Dendrologie (p. 678; an almost closed fan; and in this stage, 212 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 which develops when the l)lant can other two are almost certainly varieties climb no higher-or has reached a po­ of H. Helix and will be so considered sition where there is more light and in this study. sunshine-producing its flowers and In describing the various species and fruit. The small individual blossoms their forms and complexes they will be are arranged in many fl owered spheri­ taken up according to geographical de­ cal terminal umbels, either solitary or velopment as outlined at the close of with additional lateral umbels below Article VII. the terminal one and then forming a H edera nepalensis Koch 1853 (Hort. panicle of umbels. In color they are a Dendr. p. 284) pale greenish light yellow and are not Hi111,alayan Ivy showy as they open gradually and only In that issue (N.H.M. Vol. 21, p. a few at a time; they are slightly fra­ 140) we left the progenitor of the ivy grant in most species. The season of as we know it today firmly established bloom is from late August and through­ as the head of a new plant clan some­ out the autumn according to species where in the forests of northern India. and to the locati on (climate) in which From there as it spread northward, the plant is growing. The flower is its progress was stopped by the intense built on a plan of 5; a 5-celled ovary cold of the higher Himalayan Moun­ entirely or half enclosed (according to tains; but it spread eastward and west­ species) by a calyx with 5 teeth (abor­ ward throughout the vast extent of tive sepals), 5 small petals which are northern Hindustan along the southern roundish in shape with sharply pointed apex, 5 stamens which are set between slopes of the Himavat. Its farthest re­ the petals and bear ovoid anthers, a corded eastern range being in Assam; very short pistil extending but little its western, in Afghanistan; its north­ above the ovary. The fruit is a round ern, in Kashmir. It ascends the moun­ fleshy berry of about a ;;,in d-iameter; tains to a height of about 9,000 feet. If in all but two species the color is a seed could be obtained from that height blue-black or black-purple with rare or from its most northern habitat in examples of albinos, in one of the two Kashmir it might prove to be hardier exceptions the color is rather a bright than it so far has. yellow, in the other it is a bright red­ Historjl and SyJ1,017Y17~y dish orange. The fruit ripens from lat.e There has been much confusion 111 November and throughout the winter nomenclature of this species due prin­ according to species and the location cipally to botanists not having seen the (climate) in which the plant is grow­ li ve plant and so basing their diagnoses ing. (Some authorities state that the either on the observations of those who berries ripen to as late as April ; I have had seen it or upon herbarium speci­ not been able to verify this statement.) mens-or both. In the few specimens Minor botanical differences separate I have seen not only do the berries lose the genus into from ,fi ve to nine speci·es their color when dried but the charac­ depending upon the view points of the teristic grey band along the larger various botanists. Of the larger num­ veins either fades completely or be­ ber, two are so little known (they were comes much less noticeable than in the named by a Japanese botanist giving live leaf. Because of the "yellow" ber­ scant diagnoses only) that they may ries it has been confused with H. poe­ later when li ve material is availa.b le faru11'l: only color blindness can ac­ prove to be merely varieties; and the count for fai lure to distinguish its red- Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 213

dish orange fruit from the truly yellow soft and light. The stem and branches berries of the latter. produce a vast number of fibrous, long 1824. The first description of it oc­ radicles by which they attach them­ curs in the second volume of what is selves and adhere firmly to trunks and known as Wm. Roxburgh's Flora In­ branches of trees, and to rocks. Some­ dica. This work was published post­ times they are perfectly concealed with­ humously (Vol. II, in 1824) with no­ in and as it were bearded with these tations, observations and additions by radicles. Young shoots long and slen­ Nathaniel Wallich, another authority der, ash coloured, shining, perfectly on Indian flora. But this second vol­ smooth, as are also the leaves and peti­ ume includes many p I ant s which des. L eaves leathery, dark green and Rpxburgh had 11ever seen i for in the shining above, pale underneath, from preface to the reprint of 1874 the edi­ five- to seven-nerved; nerves sub­ tor, C. B. Clarke, in reference to this di·chotomus, veins capillary and form­ second volume says, "It contains, in­ ing large reticulations; they vary ex­ deed, the Roxburgh manuscript, but ceedingly in size and form, and are there are added crowds of species by from three to five inches long. On the Wallich from Nepal" and the notes on flower- and fruit-bearing branches they this ivy were omitted from the reprint. are invariably undivided, lengthening It is therefore erroneous to credit Rox­ into a cuspidate acumen, more or less burgh with the following description tapering and contracted toward the and references to it will be made base which is acute, from narrow-, al­ throughout this paper in Wallich's most linear-lanceolate, to ovate or el­ name except in citations which have liptic, sometimes obovate or trapezi­ used Roxburgh's. This description is form with a retuse apex, often unequal here given in its entirety. at the base, with even or repand mar­ "This is one of the most common as gins. In all other cases they are three­ well as noble productions of Nipal, or five-lobed, sometimes palmate or where it grows to a majestic size and even sub-digitate, the lobes entire or extent over trees and rocks. I have met repand; that in the middle larger and with it from Bheempedi and Cheesa­ more acuminate than the rest; with a panee to the great valley and on all the broad, more or less ' cordate, entire mountains surrounding it up to the base. Petiole slender, widening at the very top of mount Sheopore. I have base, a little thicker immediately under had it likewise from Kumaoon and the leaf, which it equals or exceeds in Shreenugur. It blossoms and produces length. Um.bels globular, many-flow­ fruit in succession fr0111 May to De­ ered, lateral, or terminal, forming oval, cember. simply branchy, racemose corymbs. "Newar. Saogooke or Gooke (the Peduncles an inch or an inch and a climber) . half long, pedides two-thirds of an "Stem round, a little flattened on one inch long; all covered with minute stel­ side, very branchy, of various thick­ late silvery s·cales. Flowers of a pale ness, generally of the size of a man's green colour, nearly white, inodorous, wrist, though sometimes still larger. I covered on the outside with scales .• have brought specimens with me for T eeth of the calyx almost invisible. the Museum at the India House, mea­ P etals ovate, acute, most spreading, at suring nine inches in circumference. length reflected, equalling the stamina. "Em'l, scabrous, ash coloured, wood OVQ.1"jI turbinate, scaly, four-seeded. of a light grey, or yellowish colour. Style short. S1£g71'l,o, truncate. B er?'y 214 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 yellow, shining, perfectly round, three­ cussed when we reach the or:e variety or four-seeded, in other respects pre­ of it which is known botanically. It is cisely as descri bed and represented by greatly to be regretted that Wallich Gaertner, in carp. i. 130. t. 26. did not see fit to in.clude this plant "Obs. I dare not separate this plant when he published the three hundred from our European Ivy, from which it beautifully rendered plates of new seems to differ only in its gigantic size plants in P lanta! Asiatica! Rariores and in the number of seeds.-It is not ( 1830-32); the more so in that he in­ put to any use except for faggots, cluded some of much less beauty or which fate it shares with so many other rarity. grand productions of N ipal. N.W." 1825. In the following year ( 1825 ) (Flora Indica, Vol. II, p. 515; 1824.) D. Don in Prodromus Flora! Nepalen­ It should be noted that no mention sis, etc. -considered this plant as a vari­ is made of the narrow strip of grayer ety of H. H elix. I have not seen this green along each side of the main veins book and quote from Tobler: "Don which is so characteristic of the plant ( 1825 ) gives H. Helix for Nepal with as we know it. This is all the more a very insign.ificant diagnosis for the surprising as so detailed a description plant actually occurring there. [in is given in all other respects, even to footnote: 'leaves fi ve-lobed, sub-pel­ noting the "large reticulations" of the tate, coriaceous-glabrous, lustrous; the viens; that is the extensive and beauti­ old elliptical, acute, the umbels simple, ful net-work of minute veins which is pubescent.' (Don, p. 187) ] He did not so much more pronounced in this spe­ recognize the peculiarity of the form." cies than in any other. It should also (T obler, 1912 ; p. 71 ) Don certainly be noted that the fruit is described as had not seen the li ve plant for there is "yellow" and the leaves " dark green no record of living material having and shining above, pale underneath"; reached England at that time. while they are pale underneath, one 1830. D eCandolle in hi s Prodromus would hardly speak of the upper sur­ Systematis Regni Vegetablis (VoL IV, face as being dark green or shining. As 1830 ; p. 261) recognized our plant as we know the plant they are a de·ep differing from Helix but wit..hout hav­ gray-green and rather dull in compari­ ing seen the li ve plant. Again I cannot son with colchica or h:iben~ica. Of use first hand information and am com­ course at the time Wallich was writing piling the following from Tobler's re­ the former had not been di scovered and marks and from J. C. Loudon who ac­ the latter may not have been known to cepted De Can dolle's statements. De him. But even when compared with Candolle considered it a sub-division H elix, the plant we know does not of H elix, placing it after his H . H. have much more "shining" leaves. vulga1'is, which was his type name, and The question then arises as to called it ch1'ysocarpa because of its whether it may not be possible that "yellow" fruits; he called attention to we have clones from one form only its wedge shaped base in mature foli­ which shows a grayer venation than age (T obler says DC. "did not refer to the plants Wallich knew in the eastern the youthful form"), its gigantic size end of its range. From the ivy's great and its scaly pedicels. proclivity to sport in other species it 1838. Loudon's li st makes Ch1"YSO­ would be very surprising to find H. catrpa DC his third variety of H elix nepalensis constant throughout its wide with the following list of synonyms: range. This point will be further dis- "H. poetica C. Bau.h., H . chrysocarpos Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 215

Dalecl~.} H. Dionysias I. Bauh.} H. friend its donor knows plants as well Helix Wall." (Abor. et Frut. Brit. as anyone, so I anxiollsly await the Vol. II, 1838; p. 1000) all of which production of berries." (My Garden except the last we now apply to the in Spring, p. 175 .) yellow berried ivy of southern Europe. From the above we may conclude Then, after repeating De Candolle's that the plant which Loudon states was brief descripti on as given above. he in the Horticultural Society's garden adds this interesting information, was not the Himalayan Ivy; and "There is a plant in the Horticultural furthermore that this species was not Society's Garden." Was this plant H. known in E urope (at least according nepalensis or was it H. po etarul11,? to record) until about 1882, and then If it was the former surely in the only in France. course of time its orange berries woul d The synonYl'll ch1'ysocarpa has been have been noted and some reference to used for both H. H. nepale11sis and them made in the J ournal of the po etarum up to the present time; see Horitcultural Society or in some other N.H.M. Vol. 15, pp. 34 and 137 ; 1936. garden paper. I think I have cov­ Whether the yellow berried ivy is a ered all available English publications species or not does not concern us up to 1890 and have found 110 refer­ here; until it is reached I shall refer ence to it. In fact an orange berried to it as of specific rank. ivy is not mentioned until The Garden, 1853. Returning to the chronolog i­ issue of Nov. 22, 1882, conatins a brief cal oreler of its hi story, in 1853 Karl note regarding such a plant having Koch established it as a species on page been reported in Revue Horticole and 284 of his Hortus Dendrologicus; giv­ again in the issue of March 1, 1884 of ing it the name "nepalensis" because The Garden a fuller note occurs refer­ it was native to the kingdom of Nepal ring to a later report in the same and "basing it on the H. H eli% of French publication. Both of which will Don's Prodromus and Roxburgh's later be discussed in their chronologi­ Flora Indica" (A. Rehder: J ournal of cal order. At present all that need be the A rnold A rboretum, Vol. IV, p. said is that these items evidently did 250; 1923 ) but without a diagnosis of not make much impression upon En­ hi s own. According to the rules of bo­ gli sh gardeners even though the next tanical nomenclature he did not need issue of The Garden contained the in­ to make a diagnosis to make the name formation that plants were to be sent valid as he referred to Wallich's. The to England from the nursery of point I wish to make is that he did not Messrs. Besson at Nice. For even as know the living plant or herbarium late as 1913 that sharp-eyed, keenly specimens and was not sure that he plant-conscious gardener, E. A. had made "a lucky guess" as he never Bowles, after mentioning the "golden­ mentions it again in his later writings. fruited form H edem H elix var. chryso­ In his treatment of the genus Hedera carpa ... alsor:alled H ede1'a poeta1'um" in his Dendrologie ( 1869) he not only continues, " I have an Ivy that was omits all mention of this name but li sts given me with the reputation of bear­ two species only, Helix and colchica. ing scarlet berries. No book mentions NOTE : At thi s time I wi sh to correct it, and had it been offered me by any a seriolls misstatement regarding H. ordinary gardener I should not have colchica and Carl (or Karl) Koch believed in its refulgent fruit, even if which I made in the July 1934 issue I accepted the plant, but my generous of this magazine. At that time I stated 216 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944 there were two Kochs-Caspar and ivy leaves which were not used in Hib­ Karl, father and son. I have recently berd's book although the text portion gone over my notes for that article of the paper was repeated almost ver­ and can find none to substantiate that batum. An "abridged report" of it statement which places me in a very was also published in The Floral unenviable positiort for there was no V"; orld and Garden Guide, issues of Caspar Koch and Karl Koch's father January, February, March and April, was not a botanist. I should like to 1864. Hibberd was the editor of both shift the responsibility of this error publications. Lawrence and Schulze's onto other shoulders; I am certain I citation in Gentes Herbarum, p. 121; did not make it up for I knew Koch's 1942 of the first occurrence of the given name was variously spelled with name "himalaica" being in Floral a K or a C; until I can ,find where I vVorld, 1864 is therefore incorrect, it got the basis for this wrong statement was the second. The descriptions in I shall have to plead "brain fag" and the Gardener's vVeekly are in several ask readers of this magazine to make cases fuller than those of The Floral the following corrections in their copies World. of the July issue, 1934: page 236, col. Both lists are divided into four 2, last line: delete "and his father"; groups: "Large-leaved Green and page 237, col. 1, line 2: delete "his Variegated I vie s," "Green-leaved father, Dr. Caspar Koch"; page 237, Climbing Ivies," "Arborescent forms col. 1, line 6: delete "with his son"; of H. helix" and "Variegated Climb­ page 238, ,col. 1, line 13: change "Cas­ ing forms of H . helix" and the 52 par" to "Karl"; page 240, col. 1, line names are numbered consecutively. 23: delete "Caspar"; page 240, col. 2, The names which concern us-"chry­ last line: delete "Caspar." socarpa" and "himalaica" occur in the 1863-64. The next probable men­ second group; but, as will be shown tion of this plant occurs December 8, below, two others must also be con­ 1863, when Shirley Hibberd read a sidered as he has tied them in with the paper entitled The Ivy before the Cen­ first two either in description or with tral Society of Horticulture; this paper common name. It must always be is of great interest to us in that at the borne in mind that Hibberd did not end of it he described 52 "species and do any research work to ascertain what varieties" under their current names, any of the plant names actually stood that is, not the names he coined later. for; he accepted each plant under the In this list the name "himalaica" makes name it carried in the nursery or gar­ its first appearance as though it was den which supplied him with that a current name at that time for Hib­ plant and did not try to check back in berd states he obtained the plant from order to find whether the plant was a nursery. Up to the present time I entitled to that name or not; reference have failed to find any prior use of it to the first chapter in his book will and for the present we must suppose clearly prove this. So this list of 1863 it to be a horticultural name given by does not give us any authority regard­ a nursery. ing the names but he does in several This paper, The Ivy, was printed in cases give the nursery from which he full in the Gardener's Weekly Maga­ got the plant. zine and Floricultural Cabinet, issues I give the descriptions as they oc­ of December 12th, 19th and 26th, 1863 cur in both the above publications by with seven very excellent drawings of citing that of the Gardener's Weekly Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 217

and enclosing in brackets such parts of India. "Baccifera lutea" was and is as are omitted in The Floral World. a synonym of the yellow berried ivy as In the following extracts the names Seemann later told Hibberd and is are italicized as in the text; all other not a climbing ivy ; see Seemann's let­ italics are mine. ter in The Gardeners' Chronicle, Dec. "14. Bau1Jera hMea.-This is the 11, 1869, p. 1281. The climbing form climbing form of the yellow-berried of the yellow berried ivy does not have ivy, and does not greatly differ in quinquangular leaves "with the termi­ general characteristics from H. helix. nal lobe long and wedge-shaped" nor [The leaves are quinquangular, the are they "so marked with lightish veins terminal lobe being long and wedge­ as to appear occasionally as if mottled shaped, the two principal side lobes with a lighter shade of green" (their smaller and less acute, and the two venation is not pronounced). Later, in lobes next the leaf-stalk, still smaller his book, when he made this name a and more blunt. The surface of the " synonym" of one of his arborescent leaf is a deep glossy green, so marked forms the leaves become " ovate and with lightish veins as to appear occa­ entire" and the berries "are a dull 'sionally as if 1110ttled with a lighter deep orange colour" and he adds, "This shade of green. It grows as freely and in pr~cisely the same manner as the ordinary forms of helix. ] When it ac­ quires a fruiting state, it is remarkably handsome, but the berries are of a greenish-yellow, and hence less beauti­ ful than those of the variety which fol­ lows. "15 . Chrysoca1'pa.-It is of great importance for the cultivator to be able to identify this variety, on account of the brilliant golden colour -of its berries, and fortunately it is as distinct in its leafage as in the splendour of its fruit. The leaves are distinctly quinquangu­ lar, the segments lengthened out into lanceolate lobes; and when the leaves obtain their largest size, there are added two small auricled lobes at the base. Colour of leaf a deep green, with dis­ tinct whitish midriQ and veins. This variety is a native of India, and at F1'011'L Gardener's /iff eekly Magazine present scarce." (Gardener's Weekly, and Flo'ricultuml Cab'l;net, 1883; p. 413 p. 413, Dec. 26, 1863; Floral World, p. 58, March 1864.) Obs. A leaf drawing of "chryso­ is probably the true 'poets' ivy,' if the carpa" is given in the Gardener's poets lay claim to anyone in particu­ Weekly and reproduced here. Neither lar, because it occurs frequently in of these ivies have any relationship to Italy and Greece." (The Ivy; p. 92.) H. nepalensis in spite of Hibberd's No orange berried ivy ever grew in claim that "chrysocarpa" was a native Italy or Greece. 218 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

"Chrysocarpa" was later made a perhaps less effective as an ornamental "synonym" of his pedata which is a shrub than the English form of H . form in the done9'ailensis co11fLplex and helix. [The specimen before you (he comes under Helix as its pronounced was showing a plant. A.B.) was grown venation of white veins, which to the from a cutting supplied me by Mr. Cut­ touch are "as a thread laid on" the bush, of Highgate, in March last. It leaf surface, shows. The "added two now measures two feet nine inches in - small auricled lobes at the base" (see height, and forms a tolerably regular ,cut) is characteristic of several fo rms pyramid; it may therefore be consid­ of H elix that have deeply cut lobes; ered a fast-growing variety.]" (Gar­ appearing as exceptional leaves and not dener's Weekly, p. 413, Dec. 26, 1863 ; typical of anyone form. I have noticed The Floral World, p. 58, March, these extra basal lobes scattered 1864.) through the fqliage of forms of both the Obs. "Poetica" needs to be con­ donemilensis and the pa1111Lata C011'L­ si,dered here because one usage of the plexes when plants are growing vigor­ name chrysocarpa was applied to the ously though not necessarily "when Poets' Ivy and still is used by some the leaves obtain their largest size" and authorities; and because of the "whit­ have often tried to perpetuate it by ish veins" in Hibberd's description. making nodal cuttings--cuttings with Later he made thi s name a "synonym" a portion of the stem with just that of his newly coined lu,cida and varied one leaf-but to date seven lobed his description. The leaves that were leaves have not appeared on any of my "the full size of the type" (Helix) be­ plants. Hibberd was drawing upon his fore now become "large" and "without imagination when he stated that this lobes, but a few are obscurely three- to plant was a native of India or that it -five-lobed" ; the "whitish veins" are no produced golden fruits. In his book he longer noted and the leaf color becomes drops hi s claim of yellow berries and "young leaves bright grass-green; the lays the Indian legend to statements in older leaves deep holly-green, over­ "trade catalogues." It was his business spread in winter with fine chocolate or as a writer claiming to be an authority purplish bronze." (The Ivy, p. 69.) on the ivy, he called his book a 1110no­ This is clearly not our plant; but as we graph, to verify "trade catalogue" state­ are trying to find it we needed to con­ ments and also to ascertain the coloa­ sider the suspicious "whitish veined" of the berries before going into print. ones and also those claimed to be " 22. Poeti-ca.-The 'Poet's Ivy' is a poets' ivy, which form in all literature, very pretty form of H. helix; the both botanical and historical, is yellow leaves are of the f~Lll size of the type, berried. Therefore our field is nar­ somewhat angular; the terminal lobe rowed to "himalaica"-in the 1863 li st a regular triangle; the side lobes very merely because of the name, it is not slightly marked. The colour a fresh until 1870 when the material for hi s bright ·deep green, glossy, and with book was published in The Gardener's whitish veins. Vveekly Magazine that the description "23. Hi1'nalatica.-N ot very diffe1'ent begins to fit in. Remember that so far from the type; habit sletlder, long­ we have no E uropean record or de­ jointed; leaves approximating ' to the scription of the ivy of Nepal which form of an isosceles triangle, the termi­ Wallich had di scovered. nal lobe being long and wedge-shaped. Up to the present writing I have This has no special e,Ycellence, and is been unable to find the name "hima- Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 219 laica" earlier than its appearance in central lobe is prolonged, and has a few the list of 1863; and as Hibberd states sharp subsidiary lobes and notches on he got his plant from a nursery we the side; the colour is greyish-green, must conclude that the name was in the lines of t he principal veins being a current use in some nurseries. In his lighter grey than the blade, and in­ book this name becomes a "synonym" clined to a milky hue." (The Ivy, p. of his "cinerea" and the description of 71.) \Vhy was not the plant conspicu­ it undergoes some drastic changes. But ous for its gray venation and leaf color before going on to that it should be in 1863? Did it grow too fast? O r was noted that in his remarks cited above Hibbard lax in his observations of both he states that a cutting "obtained ... hi s cutting and the mother plant? Why, in March last" was on December 8th at least in 1870, was there no observa­ of that year when he showed the plant tion of the deep lobing of year-old "two feet nine inches in height and leaves and their almost oak leaf shape? forms a tolerably regular pyramid." "VIThy is nothing said about the peculiar What he means by a pyramid is shown flu sh of pinkish purple along the edges on page 47 of his book; it is fo rmed by of the very young leaves and the grow­ placing fo ur stakes in the pot equi­ ing stem? Is it possible that Hibberd distant along the rim and tying their did not make daily or even weekly ob­ upper ends together, then training the servations but only spasmodic ones? A ivy's stem around and through the much better description will be fur­ stakes so as to form a pyramid. Any nished him in 1884 of thi s plant-and ivy that in from nine to ten months will he reject it, as we will later see. Or take root and cover a frame to even a was the plant Hibberd had a form "tolerably regular" extent, and to the different from ours? True, his plant is height of 2'-9", is q%ite a rapid grower; l'ilu ours but I do not consider it to be and I may be excused if like the envi­ the same-unless Hibberd was guilty ous Cassius I peevishly question, of forming a snap judgment based upon "Upon what meat doth this our too little observation; and this is pos­ Caesar feed, sible in that he says his was "long­ That he is grown so great?" jointed" in 1863 and fa ils to note later By 1870 this " not very different the peculiar manner of the growth in from the type" and "perhaps less effec­ that sometimes the stem wi ll grow with tive" plant "of no special excellence" long internodes and at others the in­ has become "very distinct and interest­ ternodes wi ll be very, very short. This ing" for now "the leaves are smallish Hibberd discl1ssion has taken us into and peculiar in form and colour ; in the seventies and we must return to some instances they are three-lobed 1864, and nearly triangular, in others the (To be [011 tinued) The Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture

By PERCY L. RICKER, Botanist Division of Pm'age Crops and Diseases U. S. Bureau of Plant Ind~~stry, Soils, and Agricultural Enginee·ring and MAGDALENE R. NEWMAN, Libra1'ian (Assistcpnt in the Division of Bibliography) Libra1'y, U. S. Depa1'tment of Agriculture

When the United States entered the in the collection of seed and nursery war in 1941, abnormal conditions trade catalogs in the Library of the throughout the world had already United States Department of Agricul­ blocked the flow of economic materials ture. in world trade. Many familiar raw ma­ The collection is a center of informa­ terials necessary to our normal stand­ tion for research workers and plant 'ard of living were now unobtainable, buyers, both in this country and abroad. and so were the unfamiliar raw mate­ It is used .by botanists interested in the rials needed for making war. Products history and distribution of plants, by previ,ously of little importance suddenly statisticians interested in price trends, became vital; yet these, as well as man.y in constant use, could no longer be had. and by plant breeders and landscape Substitu.tes had to be found among architects. The earliest published ac­ our own native products. Many of the count of a plant's origin, description, plants from which critical fibers, oils, and introduction, the rise and fall of a and drugs were derived could be grown plant's popularity, or the history of a in this country. Investigators at the ex­ nursery or seed house may be traced periment stations had shown that they through sliccessive catalogs. N ursery­ could be produced here, but it was men and seedsmen ask where they can cheaper to import them. Growers were obtain plant material needed for their willing to try the new crops-the ques­ stocks for sale, or inquire about cata­ tion was where to obtain stocks of the logs of their own which are mlssmg vital plants. trom their files. In addition, many domestic agricul­ In the catalogs themselves, detailed tural products had been diverted from descriptions and histories have super­ their normal uses to serve wartime seeded the brief statements of the early purposes. To replace these, and to issues. The catalogs of the 1860's show maintain agricultural production with the beginnings of color printing, which a reduced labor force, millions of peo­ may be followed through the years to ple never 'before' interested in garden-' the beautifully- wlored- illustrations' of ing planned Victory gardens. Their flowers, fruits, and vegetables found in problem was where to obtain seeds and modern catalogs. Increasing attention plants. The answers to many such is given to lists of plants for special problems of bQ) thcommercial growers places and conditions, to color schemes, and amateur gardeners were available tables of blooming and fruiting periods. [220] Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 221 and directions for planting, cultivating, the ones previously acquired and went and pruning. far toward completing the whole. Rare In the war years the greatest service catalogs which were valued by their of the catalog ,collection is in answering owners could not be obtained in the inquiries from buyers of economic original, but could often be photo­ plants. Seeds or plants thought to be graphed for the collection, and copies adaptable to war use-such as hemp, made for exchange. Second-hand stores guayule, and milkweed-are greatly in in many cities were sometimes unex­ demand. pectedly rich in old catalog material, Drug plants are urgently needed for and so were the lists published by deal­ medicines; and the collectors' lists in­ ers in second-hand books. cluded in the collection of catalogs are The most promising place to look for often the only means-except for an valuable catalogs was in the files and occasional advertisement in an agricul­ the attics of very old nursery com­ tural or horticultural journal-of locat­ panies. The nursery owned by William ing these, many of which have been Prince and Son, of Flushing, Long Is­ known only as weeds. Many forage land, was probably the earliest estab­ and field plants, for example, peanuts lished large commercial house of its and soybeans have also been the sub­ kind in America. It was founded in jects of inquiries. Foreign catalogs 1730, and issued catalogs up to 1865, hold the clue for those crops common when the nursery was sold. When the in other countries but little known in senior author learned that some early the United States. Most numerous of material, including four broadsides all are the questions as to where to contai~ing lists of nursery stock, dated obtain vegetables and fruits, sent in by between 1771 and 1799, was stored in people who want to share in the pro­ the attic of the old Prince home, he ob­ gram to in<:rease the Nation's food sup­ tained permission to have these photo­ ply and people who want to produce graphed for the collection and to have food to supplement rationed goods. duplicate prints made for exchange The collection of seed and nursery with other collections. catalogs in the Library of the Depart­ One of the employees of William ment of Agriculture was begun about Prince in 1826 was Patrick Barry, who 40 years ago through the efforts of the became one of the founders of Ell­ Office of the Economic Botanist of the wanger and Barry of Rochester. When Department. William P. Rich, the Li­ they were closing out their business, brarian of the Massachusetts Horticul­ they gave the Department permission tural Society, had a collection of sev,~ to select old catalogs from their attic, eral thousand old catalogs, covering for keeping only a single set for themselves. the most part the period from 1845 to Thus a valual:ile addition was made of 1890. There were many duplicates, and catalogs running back to 1857. from these the senior author selected Exchanges of duplicates made with several hundred catalogs to form the the Missouri Botanical Garden and basis of the Department collection. with U. P. Hedrick, horticulturist at He added many more as he was able the New York State Agricultural Ex­ to turn them up on his official visits to periment Station, also enlarged the col- nmseries ,in- many parts of the country. lection. . Although nurseries usually kept no In 1919 the collection came under more than a single set of their own the joint administration of the Library catalogs, odd copies could be picked up and the Division of Fruit and Vege­ here and there which dovetailed with table Corps and Diseases of the Bureau 222 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

,US'- }J.fPOR'T£D, Garden & Grars Seeds, &c~ INTON COLLINS.. r~dfully informs the ladies and gendemm of Richmond. Ma.ad it. ncinity, that M has juft ~ch'cd from LoDdoo, in the tllip Bo\VJn~n, aD affortmenl of the loUowiIl, SUDS, and a chOice col1...... ioo of nowl. aoo 1S, wflich are W21Tantcd.., he- of the lall (ummc;, 'a growth, ~nd may be had by ~lying to him 2t :\fr. Richard Dmoy'. dvce (only) at the 'Weft end of the: brid&e: Red &lid white cloY(T fc:ed, Lu«rn, burnet, and rye grafl, iUpe, ud Catw-y fe('d. Early York, fugu loaf. Batterfca, Scotch, Alm-ick and MadeirOi cabb.1gc {(-cd. Brocoli, and cauliflo"'cr, do. . Green and white crofs lett IKe, Large Roman and ~xed do. Spanitb aud wbite GIver idn'd onion, Salmon. alOft top a!ld tun ·!) rclddiOl. IloWld and prkkly fpinna~. and a variety oC other gardc:n feedt too t,,'

N ewspape·r advert1:se11/.e·nt of P lant Industry, Soils, and Agricul­ and seed fi rms cooperated by sending tural Engineering. Gaps in the collec­ missing copies needed to oomplete the tion were filled in as far as possible, sets of their publications on file here. both by purchase and request. N ursery Some of the rare old catalogs in the Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 223

collection were purchased-for exam­ papers, and in these the hi story of the ple, the collection bought from the es­ firm and the range of its contacts may tate of William Prince and Son, cover­ be traced even more fully than in the ing the years 1818 to 1860. It included catalogs themselves. For example, a number of letters, journals, and other some of the plants introduced by Wil- 224 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

SEEDS OF )IEDICUIAL PLANT,s. 13

S Trigonelfa FlI1fum Fenugreek ~ Gr~ctlm Feverfew Matricaria Parthenium Foxglove Digitalia /Iur/lurea Gromwell Lithos/lermum officinalc Ground Ivy Glecoma MikrOt:ea Hemlock CO'llium macutatum Horehound llfarrubiu1t,l vulgare Hound's-Tongue Cyuogl088'Um 'officina/I! Indian Physic Sjlir~a tnfo/iata Blue Lobelia' Lobelia nfthilitica Liquorice (roots) Glycyrrhiza glabra LQvage , Ligusticum Lroi8tiC'um Dyer's Madder Rubia tinctorum ManllMallow ,Aith.ca OJliciruU.i8 Sweet Milfoil .. Achillea Agerat'lu1t Horse Mint 11.fonarda /lunC'tata MUgWort .1rtt:miBia lJutgari¥ Nep, or Cat-mint Aepela 'Cataria Palma Christi Ricinu~ communis Red Chick-weed Anagalli8 arveTNJi.8 Carolina Pink-root Spigelia mariiandico: Poppy Paftq:ver 8Omniftrtm~ Rattlesnake-root PolygtJla Seneg4 Gal'denRue Ruta graveoien$ True Turkey Rhubarb Rheum /lai1natUTlt Common English do. " Rhaponticulii Monk's Rhubarb Rumex al/linu8 Officinal Scurvy-grass Cochlearia officinali8 Virginjan Snake~root Ari8tolochia 8t:rJlmtaria Southe11lwood ArtemiBia Abrotanum Virginian Speedwell Veronica virKiniC'a .. Tansey TanaC'etum vulgare Thorougbwort Eupatorium /Ierfoliatum Virginian Tobacco Nico.tiana TabaC'um English TobaccO " rWltica Holy Thistle CarduWl marianulf Winter Cherry Physalis Allcelrmgi Wormwood .Ilrtrmisia Ahlintlu'um \Vorm-seed, &ie. Sec. S Chen,t:ft.odium anthel. i mmtiCWa B

Bernard M'MahoJ1., Philadelphia, no da-te, bnt bef01'e 1807

liam Prince were brought back for him 1840's, among which was C. J. Vlol­ by sea captains from distant countries bert's Philadelphia Catalogue of Camel­ where their ships had stopped. The lias, Rhododend1'ons, Ca .ctus and 0 the-r purchases included some catalogs of .. . G1'eenhou.se Plants Just Arrived auction sales from the 1830's and pe1' Louis Philippe at New Y01'k ... Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 225

l II )

•• Cornua alba JHedera ' quin9ue~ ] Ampe- serieca roha ' pm canadensis l ~ordifi)lia ~'ch: ~. herhacea 5 "';"arborea v .. Corylua americana Hopea tinctoria ro8trata l lWuh. Hudsonia ericoides cornuto. 5 AuSh. t Hydrangea quercifolia v ,. Crategus coccinia a-lauca l W'rlId :., . ..,.. viridis ~c.~iata 5 . l f .tomentosa a • ..! frutescena ) , crus~alli v Hypericum kalmianum mnlti da macrocarpon t trilida _ .__ . _ -4frV.l~ Auth. v -+ilava GUgustifolium ~yrifolia Ii IIex opaca v6. Cupressus disticha S"" cassine ,.; ' thyoides vomitoria .... Diospyros virf5iniana g. y .anl{lIst ifolia ... t. Dirca palustris ..f.. Cens alba ~ Go~ODia pube~cens HWl. Varieties innumerable. Kew. . v Juniperus virginica Cordonra lascianthus ~ pseudosabina ""'Guilandtna dloica l . Aut"", Gymnocladu8 - 5 Mich. .. Kalmia latifoJia angustifolia t. fl' Hahe!lia tetraptera hirsuta I ...... ia. Hamamelis virginica i- glauca • LlDP_ call. thi. plane C,rUla race.iftnr,.; but w(, are of opinion tbat it beleaca IICidau to tae pDGI CJ'rilla eN' leca, bue a.Iwcald l:ODaeiwte a neW one.

John BartrawL & Sons, Philadelphia, 1807 to be Sold at Auction on Wednesday, valuable gift collections which began to the 15th of April, 1840. come in. Among these was that of The growing recognition of the L i­ C. R. Orcutt of La J olla, Calif. , a bo­ brary collection as a ce.nter .of plan.t..in­ tanical explorer and collector, the formation is shown by the number of founder of the Orcutt Seed and Plant Oct., 1944 226 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

5

ENGLISH JIMMER. ~ i 1~ 1 FBDI'OIl NJiltfES. ~ ~ ~~ NY baj; ; ~tk:I· ·· II '~"',5';';t>"'"ec"""'h"'el'B--Q~u-en-'o-u""'il::-'lea;-"-l""--"~' ~+St-;:a=n.4"'""7'ar~d7P';:""eac"'h;,~l!.I:::-·aiIy""';"":I!j:;"1ptJ~t::l«I"Tl:-- 31 Pourpree, Hative, 5 Purple. S 81 25 Do. do. Galande. Do. (ff BJJegarde.

50

32 bale 82 2!j Pechers Quenouilles Made- "l Standard PMCh, &!rig Magdalens. lcme Rouge. 5 .. lIS 25 Do. do. Blanche, Do. Whiie do.

;'i()

..s3 bale 84 25 Peooers QuenouiUes Admirable, StmdarJ Peaclt, Admirable. . Sf,, 25 Do. do. Petit Mignonne, Do. Littl~ Veloute. r ,)0

S4 bale a6 25 Pechers Quenouilles Avanl ~ StalUhrd Peach, Very Early Whitf. Peche Bfall('he, 5 87 25 Do. Sallguinole, Do. B·'ood Color. ..,v.:.n

35 bale 86 25 Brugnoniers QlIenouilleg Vio- ~ Stqndard JV-ectan'tle, E

.')0

-36 bale 90 :l5 Bl'ugnonieN 9-lIen~uille ~ J Standard .;Vec/an·lIe PurpLe Peach. Pourprc natIve, ' 91 25 do. do. Transparent, ODde, Do. Roum:l Trw/s/X!renl.

,i.: 37 bale 92 ~B, r,uglloniers Que, Ilouilles ~ Stall(iard NU((lrine, I!.nrly Whih, '0 Pourpre H"tive, 5 ;}3'W Do. do. Violet Tardif, DQ. Dalr Pllrp/r,

38 bale 94 25 Cojgnass iet·~ QUE'llollilles t StltlldarrJ (~uince of Port'lg(ll. . de P<)rtugal. S 9ii 25 Do. uo, .lo. I Do. ' (10, I .~o

From, an auction wtalog, Messl's. Mills a11Jd Minton; stock jl'01% Vil111b01'i11 And1'ie1£% & Co. ) N ew Yor7~ , 1825 (greatly 1'edu.ced)

Company of San Diego. Other gifts David L umsden, which was turned included the large collection of the Di­ over 2 years ago by the Bureau of En­ vision of P lant Exploration and Intro­ tomology and Plant Quarantine; the duction; the collection of domestic and collection of Edward J. Wickson, sent foreign catalogs and orchid lists, ac­ in 1926 by the University of California; quired largely .through the efforts of and the collection of catalogs listing Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 227

16 Bovey aNd COfll,jJ4fIY'S Catalogue rd'

/

NATIVE AMERICAN

TREE, SHRUB, AND PLANT SEEDS.

Order ••bould bq sont durio, tiN) b)OnUlJ of NOlP'ornbcr, Doeembc,. GJlJ J:uulArl.-·J"I,~ ""/11..:.1 t. a~ h

TWENTY-FIVE CENTS PER P,\PEII.

Acer rubrutn Scarlet Maple. sacharinum Su~nr. uigrum llI:~ck. Illontauum l\)ouOlain. lEsculus tlava Yclio\\' Flowercd lIor ~ c<'lIl> ~IIl"I. macrostachya Dmll'f While. Alnus sel'fulala Serrated 1..('a\'(: 11 :\ltI,: r. Andromeda paniculata , Pu"ielcd '\"droll,,', d;l. Azalea glauca "'hile {;latlcIJ", .\zalea. nudiflora Bcd Flo\\'('r\;t!. Berberis canadensis Catlacr~illlJl1()1I 1'11.1111. f'raxillus llcl.lmi,uata While :\~h. Gentil1na saponarill So;lI"\'ol'l (;(.'111; :111. I, (;nrardin (jucl'cilolia Oak 1. .. ,,,,,,.1 (;'T:lI'Ilia, Clcdilsia trhlcallthos 'l'hrt'c Thol'lle.! Acacia. Ihlcsia tetraptel'a Snowdrnp Tree. Ha.mmamelis virginica Wildll!

From a catalog of 1834/35 cacti, made by Joseph N, Rose, sent to not previously rep! esented in this col­ the Department in 1930, The Library lection, of the Brooklyn Botanical Garden re­ A list of duplicates was compiled and cently contributed more than 200 items sent to a number of libraries with the --copies .of issues lacking in the fil es request that they choose material lack­ here and publications of several firm s ing in their own files, and in this way 228 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

21 BIENNIAL, AND PERF.NNIAL FLOWER SEEDS. a-D.noles lbose whicb often lbloom the first year, and, therel'ore pos- 1KI88 all the advantages of annuals. c-denotea climberw. d-denotes species the seeds of which seldom vegelate lvell, .nq oRen fail entirely. AIYSllum,. Golden d Cr-o'wn imperial Amsonill, Broad leaved Dahlia, Single ~ued Willow leaved Double miKed d Anemone coronaria Dragon's head, Pink, Sylvan White V nriegated . d Aeiatic glooo lIower Eupntor:um, Celestial Aster, perennial, 20 species Red d A,uricula Verticillate aDd others Balm of Gilead a FeyerfclV, Double white Bartllia, Scarlet Flax, Purple Perennial .BelldolVer, Siberian Flower of Jove"Red Netted leaved Fo;tglove. Purple Pabicled White Azure Yellow /lowering American Blue Great 60lVerin~ a Bllldder Senna, Scarlet Oriental Boltonia, Starry flowered Iron colored Sootia, Sylnn d Frninelln, red and "hile Bugloss, Italian French honeysuckle, Rcd Caculia ~uaveolens White Campion, 'Bladder e Fumitory, pink Canterbury JiJell, Blue Garlick, Yellow /lowering , White White do Double blue Purple do Double lilac d Gentian, Purple Caper d Porcelain, &c. Cardinal Flower, Scarlet Geranium Cassia, Maryland d Gerardia, Yellow Oak lened Florida II Yello,,' Glaucous Catananche. Blue Geum, P,.r~neao Cinquefoil, Various le.red Broad leaved, and lit hers , Dark /lo1fering GiIIi6olier, Scarlet Brompton Hoary leaved Purple du Erect, &C . . White do Clary, Red t;opped TwickeDham Purple topped Scarlet Queen Columbine, Blue Purple do Roseale, or Pink White do Purple Persian Red Splendid German White Bl'9mptoD, in 12 'arielie! Double White c Gonplobium, Hairy C&nadian Scarlet Hibilcus, Ro.se colored Commelina ccelestis Pale pink colored Ooreo~, Trltoliato, and otber n" Halbert leafed neties White . Cor.! plant 'Vbile and crimson II. Cow.tip Rose and crimson, &c.

Willia111, P1-ince & Sons, 1835/ 36

the duplicates were divided among a nell University and the New York number of Eastern and Middle West­ Agricultural Experiment Station at ern horticultural libraries. Large num­ Geneva. Many of the fo reign duplicates bers of the older catalogs were sent to went to the Massachusetts Horticul­ the horticultural departments of Cor- tural Society Library. Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 229

38 D. MII.L:£B, JII.'S DESORIP'l'IVB ·OATALOO1Jl;.-&ASPBElIlIIJlS.

RASPBERRIES.

Many of the Raspberries are the beiter for being protected, in cold latitudes, during the wint~r. ' Directions for the same will be found on page 13.

Red Antwerp-Large, dne­ Aavored, tender .desh, but ",igor· OUB and produoti ve. 12! cis. eaoh ; $1 per dozon.

Crea.ten Red or GENE."£­ Ralher large, vigorous, hardy and producti ve. A profitable sort. 12i cents each; $1 per dozen. Franconia-Large, purplish red, vigoroU!' and productive. 12~ cent. each; $1 per dozen.

Fastolf-Lsrgo, porple, vi!;­ orout-: and productive. 12~ cents each; $1 per dozen. ' Xnevett'a Giant - Highly pral.ed. 25 oen Is. Brinckle's Orange - Largo yellow, sweet and delicious, vig­ orou.'S and productive; one of the very ticat. 21; cents e...,h J $2 •.50 per dozen. Vice-Pres. French-Large, Cirimson, good. 25 cents each.

Thunderer-Said to be very iine. 25 cents each.

Cnahing-Said to be good. 25 cents each.

(SRrN'C'KLE'S ORAN'GJ!l.)

Rivers' Antwerp-25 cellls each. Col. Wilder-Large, yellow, sweet, tender and good. 20 cents each. ~te ' Antwerp-L.rge' yellow, swee l, tendor and good; too 80ft in aesh to car"Y. P.-.lU'h.t $1 pc.r dQzen. 12i cents 15 ~:~; Yellow CBp-A small native ~ariety, very hardy, handsome, agreeable and good.

Black Cap-Our nati \'e ~Qr t, g,row ing \vild. 15 ce nts each. Ohio EverbeBring-~ 1 uch like th o abol'e, but produce. a fair crop in autump,. 15. cents. CBta.wiBsa-lIclong. to thc ..m e type as' the a!>Qvc but h larger .nd produces h. t at (· fOp. Quite hardy and vigorous. 25 coots each.' , a eavy au umn BBgley's' Monthly-Highly praised. K6t tested. . 25 cents • .Belle de Fon!~nay- \ory large, pnrplish rcd, very productive hardy and (under proper are) \0\'1 11 produce a bne autumnal crop. Ne.ed8 tll,inning as it 8ueke~ V ry' fr I 16 c $1.50pE'rdonn. ,e ,eey. cents each;

l Typical illustration, 1859/60

Tbe earliest li st in the collection is a firm covering the period from 1878 to forei gn one, a photoprint reproduction 1940. The earliest foreign catalog is an of a list of seeds and plants issued in E nglish one, Robert Furber's Catalog 1769 by Vilmorin-Andrieux, of Paris. of CuriMts Tl'ees and Plants, 22 pages. The collection has catalogs from this It was issued wi thout a date, bound 230 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

~v . . .

C A 'l'...t"- LOG DE

URM IMPUM[NTS &MICHIK[RY

Landreth~' "'ananted Ganlfn FRU!T &: ORNAMENTAL TREES .

• 'KO !If f. I. SCHWlll &BRO.

~o. 64 & 66 SYCAMOI{E STHEET,

with Phi Ii p Miller's Ga1-dener's and with the Department Library copy of Florist's Dictionary, edition of 1724. E. Regel's Garte'Jll;jlora, volume 3. Er­ The earliest German catalogs in the furt was the center .of an extensive collection are two lists published in business as early as 1668. Catalogs of 1854 by Friedrich Pabst of Ilversge­ Erfurt firms in the Library include the hofen, near Erfurt. These are bound 1865 catalog of Haage and Schmidt, Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 231

whose predecessors had been in .busi­ American and 3,185 foreign li sts, a ness since 1730; and catalogs of F. C. total of 19,529. At the end .of the 6- Heinemann from 1862 to 1938. year period following, it numbered ap­ The oldest A merican catalog in the proximately 34,000 li sts and occupied cCD J.i ection is a photoprint 'copy .of a about 430 feet of shelving. Since De­ list issued by the William Prince cember 3.1, 1926, it has more than nursery, dated 1771. O ther eighteenth­ doubled, go that it now includes more century catalogs .of which there are than 70,000 items. Most of the cata­ photoprint copies are those issued by logs come from Belgium, the British William Prince, dated 1790, 1793, and Isles, France, Germany, Holland, and 1799 ; J ohn Bartram & Company, the United States, though there are 1790 ; and Minton Collins, R ichmond, many from other European countries Virginia, 1793. Photoprint copies of and from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the catalog of Daniel Smith and Com­ South America. payn, Burlington, N. J., 1806, and of another of later date, are also in the Requests come in from Government collection. agencies, experiment stations, nurser­ The earliest printed American cata­ ies and seed houses, horticultural or­ logs in the collection are those issued ganizations, commercial organizati ons, by Bernard M'Mahon of Philadelphia, li.braries, schools and colleges, news­ published in 1804 ; Steadman & Floy, paper information services, and the 1806 ; and J ohn Bartram & Son, 1807. general public. Inquirers want to Among the old catalogs acquired in the know the names and addresses of nurs­ early days of the collection is that of erymen and seedsmen in certain places \i\Tiliiam Booth: Ca .ta,[og of K itc hen or handling certain plants; and where Ga1'den Seeds amd Plants, 26 pages, they can obtain seeds, roots, and plants dated 1810 at Baltimore. A Catalog of of ornamentals, vegetables, fruits, and Peach Trees., one page, issued by Mah­ field crops. Compilers of check lists of Ion Moon of near Attleboro, Bucks speci.fic plants use t he collection as a County, Pa., is dated 1845. This firm whole. was founded by James M.oon in 1767, Data contained in the catalogs are and the last catalog, an undated one, made available to the user by means of was received in 1935. card indexes by scientific name and The first catalog from the Grant common name and a card index of the Thorburn firm of New York City is fruit varieties listed in catalogs received dated 1821 , although the business was fr·om firms in the United States and established in 1805. Grant Thorburn Canada. died in 1863, and the firm name, con­ At the present time many firms are tinued by F. W. Bruggerhoff issued unable, on account of the curtailment catalogs until about 1930. This name of communication with occupied coun­ has pr·obably continued in business tries, to send their publications with longer than any oth.er in this country. the promptness and regularity of pre­ Peter H enderson, of New York City, war years. These will again partici­ wh.o was. employed.by this firm, estab­ pate after the war. The collection owes li shed his business in 1865, and it still its existence and its usefulness to the continues. 2,000 nurserymen and seedsmen who The growth of the collection since cooperate year by year by sending their 1919 has been steady. By the end of publications to the Department of Agri­ 1920 the catalogs numbered 16,344 culture Library. The Gardener's Pocketbook

Iris H oogiana and Friend within a radius of about ten rods. At last they were at home and rewarded Ever since World War I, my gar­ us with exquisite bloom and increase dening motto has been, perforce, "maxi­ mum effect from minimum effort" so the following Summer. This last time they were planted exotics needing attention of trained about six inches from a concrete cellar gardeners have been quite out of reach. wall under a vine covered brick house. However, on reading that the Regelia They are in .the full blaze of direct Iris H oogiana was a favorite of Mr. Dykes I was tempted to try it. I had southwest sunlight. The soil is poor no expectati,on of undertaking such and mixed with rubble and, being on a care as removing it to a hot bed for its side hill the drainage is perfect. A wide summer baking then back to its location overhanging roof three stories up keeps in the garden picture for blooming, but off some rain and snow but gives no believed some spot could be found in shade and the heat reflected from the a Western New York garden where a wall is intense. There is seldom more Regelia iris would settle down and feel than three or four inches of snow over at home. them in V\Tinter and that usually melts Following a visit to Col. J. C. Nich­ off once or twice in January or Febru­ oll's Iris Garden in Ithaca, N. Y, his ary disclosing the green iris leaves and H oogi(]jJ1,a was purchased and, on Col. the faithful markers. Hebe and Hoogi­ Nicholl's advice iris Hebe was added ana may be a bit choosey about where as a companion to grow with H oogi­ they live but no one can question their ana. Both were planted in ordinary hardihood. garden soil in a slightly sheltered sp ~t For three years they have bloomed south of a lilac bush. Here they lived happily here by the foundation wall and for three or four years in harmony but without the slightest further attention that was all, no blossom, no increase. beyond admiration. They are now a Then they were moved to the main great !: atisfaction and that too without iris border on an elevation falling away involvi ng labor troubles which means to the south and west. Here they had a lot in this day and age. clay loam in a lime stone countrv full MARY M. SELDEN, sun, and temperatures up to 104'0 F. Avon Park, N . Y in Summer and down to 34 0 F. below zero in Winter and no protection from Daylihes or H e1l11.e1'ocallis either. They were still too homesick to That "Lemon Lily" is one of the old­ blossom but they held their own for est of the daylily family. It is not a five or six years more, and would prob­ true lily at all, but is properly known ably have been forgotten ,and lost but as Daylily or Hemerocallis-which for their metal place cards that dis­ means "beautiful for a day." Each tinctly marked them. morning the day lily refreshes its beauty Finally, in spite of the short allow­ with newly opened flowers to give your ance for ornamentals in my gardeninO" border and garden a constant splash of budget of time and effort, I determined color. to give Hebe and H oogiana one more Daylilies came from Europe and the chance and moved them myself one Orient. In Europe the production of September to their third location , all horticultural Daylilies began about [232] Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 233

1890, and shortly thereafter hybridiz­ dryness of weather since I had them. ing and breeding began. Of these older They are the glory of my garden. varieties some of the best proved to be MATTIE MAE BARNES, . Apricot, Gold Dust, and Tangerine. Three Rivers, Mich. The important part of Hemerocallis as far as known are free from plant Home Made diseases and insect pests, grow in any "With all the land you have you soil from sand to muck, will withstand ought to buy some small nursery stock flooding to moderate amounts of mois- to use as you need it." . ture under conditions full sun and in That was a truly valuable suggestion partly shady spots, which makes this a made by the Scotch garden expert much. more important perennial that whom we always had when plants should occupy every garden. needing extra care had to be moved. The newer hybrids show a greatly On twenty acres "more or less" . '. ' extended color range, varied height four less by actual measurement ... we and foliage, and many" more flower tried to have a small farm. Failing to buds to the scape. achieve the right combination for that Color varieties come in various tones plan the place settled rather uncom­ of yellow and orange from light to very fortably into the "estate" class. deep and some pastel shades. It should Since we couldn't afford to have it be remembered that Daylilies do not regularly landscaped, the design just always show their true characteristic grew and we have been trying to cor­ coloring the first time they blossom af­ rect our mistakes the hard way. ter having been moved. By the secol1d Our lfirst, one which, unfortunately, season they are likely to show and is still prevalent, was the foundation surely the third season, their glory. planting. It was the nursery man's de­ They bloom from the middle of May light, a generous selection of things to October. which normally require a great d@al of Dr. A. B. Stout, Curator of Educa­ room. They look inadequate at first tion and Laboratories of one ot the but, all too soon, they are blocking out finest metropolitan botanical gardens in the doors and windows. Therefore the the United States, is a true pioneer in moving, fOT experience and garden club breeding new forms of Daylilies. Since lecturers were beginning to teach us 1912 he has produced more than 70,000 rapidly. Daylily seedlings. These have been The first plants were spread out carefully evaluated over a period of making new groups to screen Gut ugly years in New York City and at Weiser spots; to accent or define new vistas. Park, Pa. Then came the gardener's remark A very high standard was set by Dr. and a new order was started. We did Stout and, as a result, only 48 ton buy some small conifers and by the of these seedlings have been intro­ time they were large enough for perma­ duced since 1931. Sonle of these intro­ nent places there was a definite project ductions still exist in such small quan­ under consideration. When they had tities that they have 'been-- withdrawn all been utilized we' missed-our nursery from commercial lists and have been so much that the operation was re­ held for propagation. peated. I have to say that I have enjoyed my Soon another suggestion was too Conrad Weiser collections in groups tempting to ,be overlooked. This one of 3 in my perennial border even with came from a well known lecturer who 234 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

told us that if we were willing to wait ten quite unknown. Proba,bly the rea­ a few years for effect we could get very son lies in the fact that British growers small rhododendrons and azaleas in seem never to have been interested in quantity for a reasonable sum. establishing great commercial nurseries This year the rhododendron planting in the United States, such as have in­ which resulted from carrying out that troduced daffodils from other coun­ recommendation was a breath-taking tries. People are not going to ask for sight and the Schlippenbachii azaleas fl owers about which they know noth­ have been paying di vidends for quite mg. some time. Some years ago I began to realize The biggest thrill of all has come there were many daffodils which never from carrying out Mr. G. G. Nearing's appeared in the catalogues of leading directions for rooting cuttings.* flower distributors. A few articles As we were anxious to have some about these varieties began to appear holly we used the mixture indicated in the ,better class of garden magazines, three times without success. Other but when one tried to find out where things, however, have more than re­ to buy these fl owers, one came to . a paid us. When we take them out of dead stop. A few could be had at sort the coldframe they have a beautiful of amateur nurseries where, as one es­ root system and fine new top growth. taob li shment informed me when I asked Queerly, this year's cuttings have only to visit the garden, "'So and so' does top growth so we must wait another not admit the general public." year for roots to form. Finally came the great day when a It has been a great deal of fun and permit to import daffodils arrived from well worth while for there always the Department of Agriculture. H ow seems to be a use for the material when thrilled one was to have catalogues it is ready and it is amazing to find it from Mr. Guy L. Wilson and Mr. J. L. ready in just a few years. R ichardson in Ireland, and how one's This summer, after many year's ab­ arithmetic came forth to brush up on sence, the gardener came back and by pounds, shillings and pence. The next way of commendation said we would spring how eagerly one watched Carbi­ soon ,find that we have a ,botanical gar­ neer, Pinkeen, Red Abbot and many den. others unfo ld to usher in a new daffo­ Life is too short, perhaps, fo r that di l world. but it is something to work toward. Having an nounced the new varieties RUTI-I ADT STEPHENSON, in the "\i\T est Virginia Garden News, a New Haven, COIlIl. few visitors came to see them, but no one said, "I'll import some too." Sev­ Daffodils in West Virginia eral years later a man from Hunting­ In visiting gardens and talking with ton, Vv. Va., saw some of the fl owers fl ower growers, one is considerably dis­ in Doctor Barbee's office. They were appointed that there are so few of the not like any he had seen, so he asked newer daffodils from the present day to visit the garden. For several years hybridists of Great Britain and Ireland. he came every spring with friends and Even varieties that have beel;)' regis­ finally after my stock had increased tered for fifteen or twenty years are of- considerably, I decided to give about twenty varieties to these visitors. *First !"'esented in Real Gardening, :May 1939. At that tIme the New Jersey Agricultural Experi. Then about three years ago Hunt­ ment Sta,tlOn at New Brunsw ick had a detailed paper a yailable to anyone for the asking. ington, West Virginia, gave its first Oct ., 1944 TH E NATIONAL HORTICU LTURAL MAGAZINE 23 5 daff odil show. This year a really of the Prairies and P lains of Central creditable show was given in connec­ North America, evidencing further re­ tion with the annual meeting of the search, includes Maine, Florida, Sas­ W est Virginia Garden Club. Now I katchewan and Texas. Local authors, was a,ble to exhibit varieti es such as Stevens, of North Dakota, refers to its R uston Pasha, Carbineer, Market haunts in low meadows; Over mentions Merry, Diolite, Marksman, Polindra, the "wet meadows" of the Big Sioux Coverick Perfection, Forfar, St. Eg­ R iver valley at the eastern end of win, and a number of others. After South Dakota; Pool lists the plant for the meeting was over some very in ter­ the Nebraska Sandhills which lie cen­ esting visit ors from New York and trally or more to the west in that state. Pennsylvania stopped in to see these W inter, recording also fo r Nebraska, new daffodils hidden away in the far definitely states that H. hiTsuta occurs hinterlands of West Virginia, and gave as fa r west as North P latte, which is encouragement to my idea of starting somewhat west of the center of the other colonies of British daffodils in state, and the plant ranges over a simi­ different parts of the State. lar area in K ansas. T he Catalogue of After t he war I hope this wi ll lead the Flora of T exas indicates a continu­ people to import other beautiful varie­ ation of the approach to or slight over­ ties or buy them from growers in this lapping onto the Great P lains as country. marked by altitudes of 1800 to 2000 M RS. H . A. BARBEE, feet, dryer climate apparently bounding Point P leasant, W. Va. the western reach of the plant. F rom the approximate center of the H ypo%is hi1'suta state of Kansas I had fo ur plants of the W eeding- on a rainy June morning Star-grass perhaps seven or eight years -I came upon a s·omewhat neglected ago. T hey were set almost in the open, Phlo% "nitida" had fo ur or fi ve years yet with a little shade from pines which back, from \ iVisconsin. The few shoots also acted in reducing the natural mois­ of the P hlox were about fo ur inches ture supply. T heir spot is remote from high, and seemingly from the same the new plant lately discovered, and in base were a few grassy and sparsely that and unlikely place three of the hairy leaves a bit taller, with a six-point plants contin ue, as they have wi th no star of bri lliant gold- a fo rm and color suppli ed moisture through many ex­ tone that conveyed happiness and con­ tremely dry periods, and their bloom tentment as well as beauty. H ypo%is has been broug.ht fo rth faithfully. Yet hinuta, Golden Star-grass, modest, fo r our ·own enj oyment I could wish diminutive, and beloved- in a hi gher, that my plants might enjoy a more dryer portion of the Great P lains, well stimulating environment, in which they out of the native range of the species. could develop in to sizeable tufts with It is quite evident that a seed of the whole .bouquets of blossoms. I thi nk I A maryllid ·came in with the roots of now see the way clear to provide that the P hlox and in an improved soi l and better living for them. with some advantage in shade and Its persistence in my prairie garden moisture ·over the average of the prairie indicates an adaptability that quali fies environs had fo und suitable habitat. H 'ypoxis hirs££ta for wide use where a Speaking of range it may be noted quite low and very pleasant bit of that H ortus Second gives the range golden springtime bloom is desired . of the species as from Maine to CLAUDE A. BARR, F lorida and Texas. Rydberg's F lora Smithwick, S. D. 236 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

Hardiness in Plants shrubs of Continental origin that have not proved hardy at Kew are well Hardiness in plants is a quality that worth a trial here. Take Populus tristis seems difficult to define; and ability to for instance: Bean says of it, "Although withstand severe cold is not always a introduced in 1896 from Spath's Nurs­ guarantee that a plant will be hardy ery at Berlin, it has never succeeded; under local conditions. There are and although it makes vigorous growth many other factors to be taken into during the summer, it is frequently cut consideration; such as the length of the back during the winter, and it has growing season required to ripen up . growth properly, the moisture neces­ never got beyond a few feet high." Cuttings of this Poplar that I se­ sary for healthy growth, and whether soil of an acid or alkaline reaction suits cured from Kew before the war are the individual species best. now trees over 25 feet high and making Here at Dropmore we find that some annual growths of from 3 to 5 feet. of the trees and shrubs of the drier It would seem, therefore, that the problem of hardiness is rather a com­ plains to the southwest of us, such as plex one, and can only be solved by Pinus ponde1'osa and Juniper~£s scopu­ trial in the locality in which the plant lO1'U1% from the Bad Lands of J orth Dakota, cannot stand our winters when material is intended to be grown. F. SKINNER. grown on our more rich and retentive L. soil, even though they have to endure Dropmore, Manitoba, Canada. as much cold in their native haunts. Then again, the Sugar Maple from S0111 e lVlenfzelias of Colomdo near Fort William, with its moister The rough company with which climate and more acid soil, simply can­ these Rocky Mountain Mentzelias as­ not stand exposure to the dry air when sociate makes their beauty all the more grown on our calcareous soils. surpnSl11g. Then there is the difference in hardi­ On dry hillsides, by newly eroded ness in geographical forms of the same gullies, and most of all where new species, as was well illustrated in our roadway cuts have been made through plantings at Dropmore during the past the hills, Mentzelias move in and deco­ two years. Here we had a strain of rate the place with handsome lavish­ U l1n~£s P·b£11'/,·ila from Harbin, Man­ ness. churia, growing aJ,ong side the form JV! entzelia Hud·if/o/"Lfm is one of those from China that has commonly been lovely but weakminded people possess­ cultivated in the Great Plains area. In ing adequate petals, but unable to de­ the autumn of 1941 the Harbin type cide which st'amens shall remain sta­ had shed all its leaves while the Chi­ mens and "therewith be content," or nese type was still well clad with change to the status of petals. Plants leaves. The extremely severe winter of are from one and a half to two feet 1942-43, which destroyed so many high, erect and well formed, consisting plantings of the Chinese Elm through­ of many branched stems, each termi­ out our area, killed out entirely this nating in a well spaced group of daisy­ Chinese form that kept its foliage so like creamy-white flowers. The leaves late in 1941, while the Harbin type and stems have the usual family vis­ along side came through the winter cous stubby hairiness, unpleasant to alive to the tips. feel and encouraging them to stick to It may seem rather strange to East­ everything that they touch. Wom as ern readers, but I find that trees and a corsage, it carries its own pins. This Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTUE.AL MAGAZINE 237

K. N. Mar·r·iage M e11.tzeli.a decapetala specIes opens its flowers about mid­ suggestive of water lily substance and afternoon, earlier on cloudy days. quality. The uncouth company of The fairest ·of the family without cactus, yucca and the like with which question is M. decapetala (syn. ornata) it associates contrasts strangely with with refined flowers of exquisite beauty its regal flowers. Its rough stems and and dignity. Ten large petals of creamy leaves, stubbly to the touch as those of satin from whose center rises a cluster any of her sisters, give the lie to its of shiny yellow stamens, form a flower queenly blooms. 238 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

Small and almost dainty is the yd­ graceful white oak yet it has advan­ low-flowered M entzalia multiflora that tages in that a fastigiate form is avail­ wekomesus around the bend of mile 2 able, on Pike's Peak. Sparse and small There has always been something leaves and relatively long flower stems attractive about ·oaks from the time of give it an airy appearance. When kept the ancient Druids down through the on a very poor diet in full sunshine this ages. An oak woods with several spe­ one may be tolerated in the Rock Gar­ cies present will present an endless den. We find it usually on steep slopes variety of texture, and color in all sea­ of granitic gravel with Penste1110n al­ sons of the year. The majesty and pi1'bUS (glaber). Do you suppose they sturdiness of them make them one of know that their intense blue and clear the favorite of trees. However, most yellow together are good to the eye!' oaks are not too easily transplanted Or is it again some biological scul­ except in small sizes, The English oak duggery. You lure that moth for me does not seem to be more difficult than and I'll see what I can do with this bee others of the group and being nursery for you. grown should respond readily. I have These beauties all have long woody known this oak to grow satisfactorily roots with few fibers, so are not in on the sandy shores of Lake Michigan the easily transplantable class; indi­ and on the stiff gumbo clays of the vidual plants are impermanent. The larger part of this region. It is one of only satisfactory way to establish them my favorite oaks and one that should in the garden which must be very be more widely used wherever oaks are sunny and extremely well drained-is being planted. Growth in seedling to sow seed where we hope to have plantations has been relatively rapid plants to stay put. Sown on a sandy and nursery trees .have proved good surface in which peatmoss is mixed growers even under adverse conditions. they germinate fairly well and send For those who need columnar forms down six-inch roots before the obvious for landscape use the fastigiate form part is an inch above ground. Once will prove more useful than the forms established they go gaily on and self of Populus which have but a short life. sow. Inasmuch as the species has proved In regions of humid air they may be adaptable there is no doubt that the expected to sulk and be most unhappy, columnar will do equally as well. Oaks but if conditions are such as suit M. have been too often overlooked in decapetala she will repay tenfold all the .plantings in this region but this species effort spent to invite and to welcome as an additi.on to the native oaks in her. wooded areas or as a lawn tree will be KATHLEEN MARRIAGE, a desirable tree in every way. Colo'rado Springs, Colorado. A ce1' ginn ala FROM THE MIDWEST This maple may best be described as HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY a small maple similar in growth to a Que1'CUS 1'obur crabapple. The plant' in this region The English oak (Que 'rc~£s robur) grows in nJUch the same manner and will remind most people of a white oak would lend itself to the same uses as with smaller leaves and a slightly dif­ the native crabs. ferent growth, While this might be However, the Amur maple is more only attractive as a somewhat 1110re graceful with smaller branches and the Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 239 lobed leaves are more attractive for or in specimen treatment would be landscape use t han the crabs. The suitable uses. foliage colors a brilliant red in fall and Give each plant at least six feet of makes a delightful accent for several room on each si'de if you wish good weeks. The flowers while small as in results. most maples are more noticeable be­ . In cul~ure this is rather an adaptable cause the short stature of the plant pll1 e as 1t grows well in sand or clay, brings them to eye level, and the odor or loam is also noticed. In the summer the two­ While thi s is rapidly becoming one winged fruits Csee ds) are tinged with of the commonest pines it may easily red and the clusters of them are quite become the most disliked because of the apparent. improper use of it in the youthful sizes This shrubby tree seems to be rather and the invariable disappointment as easily cultivated and needs but little at­ it outgrows its limited space. tention. Its use seems to be as a small tree f.or screening purposes where something different from the usual I p011l/,oea pandumta line of coarse shrubs is desired or as The recent enthusiasm for morning an interesting break in the m o~otony glories has blessed many a fence and of material of too similar a height. Fall post with a display of beauty in the color is also a point of value. late summer and fall. While Heavenly Blue captured many fancies the later Pinus 111,UgO development of other colors has added This pine has come into rather wide impetus to the use of these ornamen­ tals. A few years ago my attention use during the past few years as a was called to a perennial morninG" rock garden plant or as a border to other evergreens in crowded fo unda­ glory with fl owers slightly larger tha~ the commonly planted sorts. The leaves tion plantings. While there is no doubt of the at­ are heart shaped and in general resem­ ble those of Heavenly Blue. The stems tractiveness of this plant in its juvenile are rather robust and sprinG" from larG"e stages yet its use in crowded areas is b b fleshy roots, that occasionally have the indeed questionable. There are plant­ ings in this region, especially in some habit of running underground for some of the older cemeteries where the mU"go distance. The shoots appear in early pine has been planted sufficiently long spring and make a rapid growth until to attain some of the size of age. the middle of July when growth slows Clumps sixteen fee t high and equall y and the fl owers appear. The flowers as wide are common enough· to one are borne in clusters of about six and who associates these with the diminu­ are white with a purplish throat. The tive ones sold fo r home use. Generally fl owers open in the morning and last the plants used around the home in con­ until the sun becomes hot, usually fined spaces soon lose some of the shortly after noon. Successive buds in branches on the crowded side and be­ the clusters open in rotation, for a come lopsided cripples. period of nearly a week. . The proper place for the l11ugo pine While li sted as a native it is one 1S where a clumpy evergreen is desired that I do not recall having encountered for landscape effect. A large rock gar­ in the wild. In cultivation it has' with­ den, a limited use in foundation plant­ stood extremes of heat and cold ings with due regard for development. drought and moisture. ' 240 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

Propagation is effected by trans­ making a faster growth in spring and planting portions of the root. No doubt so covering earlier and better. The pro­ other methods are equally as valuable. duction of flowers is several weeks The plants that I have observed spring earlier than the annual sorts and so from seed obtained from s'ome forgot­ gives a longer display. ten source through a magazine ad­ \Vith purple color present in the vertisement. As a plant for fence or fl ower this might be fertile field for the arbor where a permanent vine is needed development of some native flowering for summer ornamentation this has the vines in several colors. advantage of being a perennial and of ELDRED E. GREEN. INDEX TO VOLUME 23 Figures in itaLics represent illustrations A cer ginnala ______238 I mura ______.______6 Amlia spinosa ______l78 Mathetiana rosea ______8 Aristolochia gra11difiora ______38, 39 Prof. C. S. Sargent -______10 Aspleni$£111 viride ______171 , 173 Call1f,panula rotundifolia ------132 Bam boos ______178 Chi 0 nanth$£s vi1-giniana ______67, 68 Banksia gmndis ______101 , 103 Clad'rastis lutea ______172, 175 media ______10 1, 104 C10 111.atis add'isonii ------168 Me snen: ______10 1, 105 d O'Mg las ii ------134 oCC/:dental£s ______.10 1, 106 Close, A. W. et al : sp eciosa ______101 , 105 Sphagnum Moss as a Medium Barbee, Mrs. H. A. : for Growing P lants ------32 Daffodils in Vvest V irginia ,______234 Coombs, Sarah V.: Barnes, Mattie Mae : Silver Trees on the Cape Pin- Daylilies or Hemerocalli s ______232 ninsula ------19 B arr, CIau d e A .: C 01'11 %S fi orid a ------6S Hypoxis hi?'s${.fa 23S J(ousa var. chi11 ensis ______178, 181 Bates, Alfred: ------C 01"ydalis tha.l-ict1-ifolia ------166 TI III . I 4S 208 Crab, Bechtel's ______59, 68 le USlve vy . ------, Crab Apples, Some Recent Intro- Beach Plum, Its Written Record - 73 40 B egonia Evansiana ______167, 169 C r~~~c~~~~e; -:------BI~~:~~~T ~:~n~· : on Moraea iri- F lame ------41 Jay Darling ------41 doides ------11 6 Ka theri ne ______42 B Iueb erri es ______121 Prince Georges ______42 Boswell, V. R : Van Eseltine ______42 Disease Resistant and Hardy Daffodil s in \Vest Virginia ______234 Varieties of Vegetables Danks, Fred A.: SC), 138, 203 A "New Order" in the Gardens 124 Buckley, Hubert: Day lilies ___ _~ ______The Pelican Vine ______39 D1-yandra formosan a ______107 Camellia Classification ______1 Erigeron speciosus ______136 Camellias: Eri-ogonum 'subo.lpinu7n ______134 Can didissi ma ______10 Florida, The Coastal Region of Enchantress --______1 Northwestern ______Frau Minna Seidel ______8 Fox, Helen M.: Gloire de Nantes ______.______6 A Small Cool Greenhouse ______SS Oct., 1944 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 241

Low Growing Native American Irises, a A Review of the Louisi- Flowering Trees ______64 ana ______183 Shrubs that Herald the Coming Isopogon latifoliu11'/' ______111, 112 of Spring ______198 Ivy, The Illusive ______.______A5, 208 Franklinia alata11l/'aha ______70 James, W. M.: Fmxinus excelsior ______121 A Few Protoaceae ______98 Fruit Varieties for the Home Gar- Jefferson and Plant Introduction 127 den ______158 Koelreuteria paniculata ______182 Galiu11'/, vent1n ______167 L eu,cadend1'on arge11-teu1n G emnium Ric har ds 0 nii ______132 20, 21 , 98, 99, 100 Gilia aggregata ______134 discolo1' ___ . _____ .______101 Glass, Powell: L eucosper11'I-um refie xum ______98, 102 Jefferson and Plant Introduc- Lilies in the Upper Middle South 153 tion ______127 Lilies, Minor Species of European 195 Graves, George: Liriodendron chinensis ______182 The Beach Plum, Its Written L01'/,icem fragr-antissima ______126 Record ______73 Lorenz, Karl K. : Green, Eldred E.: A Seven Year Study of Orien- A c er gin1wla ______238 tal Poppies ______146 B1 ueberries ______121 Lupin, Dwarf ______135 F1'axinus excelsior ______121 M acada11'/,ia ternifolia ______112 H ibis cus sy1'iacus ______122 Magers, Mrs. H . P.: [po1no ea pandwrata ______239 Rock Garden in the Making _____ 120 Lonicem fmg1'antissima ______126 Magnolia nigm ______40 Magnolia nigm ______40 stellata _____ ~ ______123, 201, 202 st ellata ______123 vwg'/,mana ______69 Malus Eleyi ______.______39 Malus Eleyi ______39 PhYSOca1'PUS opulifolius nanUL 176 io ensis va r . plena .______68 Pimts 1nugo ______239 Marriage, Kathleen: sylvestris ______123 Some Colorado Mentzelias ______236 Quercus Robu1' ______238 Ai e1'tensia subglabm ______137 Ribes alpim£m nanum ______40 M oraea bicolo1' ______116 Rosa setige1'a ______. __ 122 iridoide s ______116, 117 Salix cap1'ea __ ___ . ______. ______176 Robinson-iana ______116 Greenhouse, The Small Cool ______55 Morrison, B. Y.: Grevillea Banksii ______101 New Quinine from This Hemi- obtusifoliua ______-107, 112 sphere ______21 robusta ______101 Nelson, Ira S.: H akea laurina ______108 Review of the Louisiana Irises 183 suaveolens ______109, 112 Newman, Magdalene R. and H alesia carolina ______66 Percy L. Ricker: Rardiness in Plants ______236 The N ursery and Seed Trade · Hibiscus syri,aots ______122 Catalog Collection of the U. Rome Made ______233 S. Department of Agriculture 220 Hume, H. Harold: New Order in the Garden.______124 Camellia Classi,fication ______1 Niere1nbergia hippomanica ______167 H ypoxis hirsui a ______235 N ursery and Seed Trade Catalog Ipomoea pa11dtwata ______. ______239 Collection of the U. S. De- his H oogiana and Friend ______232 partment of Agriculture ______220 242 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1944

Nymphaea "Midnight" ______180 S orbus a111,ericana ______.71, 72 Ornithogalum, thynoides ______168 S phaemlcea 1'iv'ula1'is ______132 , 133 Pelican Vine ______39 Sphagnum Moss as a Medium for Petrophila biZoba ______112 Growing Plants ______32 serruna ______112 Sphagnum of Old ______125, 126 Pfeiffer, Norma E.: S p'i1'ea densifiom ______134 A Note on the Contributions of l ~£cida ______134 Dr. Abel Horsford in the Stephenson, Ruth Adt : Field of Lilies ______43 H ome Made ______233 X Philadelphus, Bouquet Blanc Stewa1'tia 11w.lachodend1'on ______70 174, 179 ovata ______70 Phlox caespitosa ____ : ______137 Stoutemyer, V. T. and others: Physocarpus opu-hfolius namtL ____ 176 Sphagnum Moss as a Medium Pinus 1%UgO ______239 fo r Growing Plants______32 sylvestris ______123 Stymx iapo11Jica ______174 , 177 Poppies, A Seven Year Study of T ali11w/% fer eti foliu111, ______170 O riental ______146 Tharp, Mary Frakes: Pro tea lepidoca1,podendroIL ____110 , 112 Ha ve You Seen?______143 Protoaceae, A Few______98 Townsendia Parryi ______136 Purple Foliage ______.___ 128 Trees, Low Growing Native Qu,e1'cus Rob'ur ______238 American Flowering ______64 Red bud -----______66 T ricyrtis h:irta ______170 Reid, F . R. and others : Trundle, Elizabeth B.: Sphagnum Moss as a Mediu1ll Lilies in the Up per Middle for Growing Plants ______._ 32 Sou th ______,_ __ 153 Ribes alpinum nanu111,______40 Vaccini~(. 11'f, Vitis-Idaea var. 1%inus Ricker, Percy L. and 171 , 172 Magdalene R. Newman: Vegetable Seed Industry in the The N ursery and Seed Trade U. S. ______13 Catalog of the U. S. Depart- Vegetables, Disease Resistant and ment of Agri culture ______220 Hardy Varieties of ______59, 138, 203 Rosa setigem ______122 V erbe'na aubletia ______167 Rowntree, Lester: b-ipinna,t i-difoha, ______167 The Long Look.______. ___ 132 e1'inoides ______167 Salix cap rea ______176 Walker, Violet Niles: Scutellaria, baicalensis ______169 Waves, Floral ______163 Selaginella Braunii ______166 Waves, Floral ______163 Selden, Mary M. : Wilson, Warren c.: Iris Hoogiana and Friend ______232 Cranberry, The Mountain ______171 Senior, Robert M. : Spleenwort, The Green ______171 Sphagnum of Old ______. ____ 126 Wyman, Donald: The Coastal Region of N orth- Some Comparatively R ece n t western Florida ______193 Crabapple Introductions ______40 Silver Trees in the Cape Peninsula 19 Youngman, Wilbur H . : Skinner, F. L. : Fruit Varieties for the H ome Hardiness in P lants ______236 Garden ______158 Slate, George L. : The U. S. Vegetable Seed In- Minor S p e c i e s of E uropean dustry ______13 Lilies ------______195 Zinnias ______.______180 The American Horticultural Society

I NVlTES to membership all persons who are interested in the devel· opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HoaTIcuv "ruRAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. I t is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendrons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. C., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.