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aboriginals, 77–80, 82 American Revolution, 6, 14, described, 78–79 20 smallpox victims, 87–88 Ann and Elizabeth (ship), 192, threat to Bryant escape, 194 121–22, 126, 127, 128, Anstis, Nicholas, 210–11n.2 130, 136, 137, 171 Australia abortion, 34, 93 aborigines, 77–79 Account of the English Colony British claims, 14 in New South Wales Mary’s heroine status in, 196 (Collins), 70 sail around, 115 Aitken, Captain, 102 smallpox introduction, albatross, 51, 52, 55 87–88 Alexander (transport ship), 29, See also New South Wales; 32, 33, 41, 45 Port Jackson convictCOPYRIGHTED escape attempt, MATERIAL 37–38 Baker, Elizabeth, 12 Allen, William, 113, 122–23, Ball, Captain, 117 138, 140 Balmain, William, 47, 91 return to England, 159, Banks, Sir Joseph, 14 170–72, 176–79, 184, 193, Batavia, 97, 103, 115, 117, 214n.1 159, 162

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Batavia (continued) malaria and death of, conditions in, 155–57 156–57, 162, 171 See also Timor Bryant, Mary (née Broad) Bird, John, 100 appearance of, 11, 170 Bird, Samuel, 100, 108–9, birth of daughter, 48. See 122–23, 214n.1 also Spence, Charlotte death of, 158, 171 birth of son, 94, 181. See black market, 82–84 also Bryant, Emanuel Bligh, William, 103, 115, Boswell benefaction, 141–42, 148–49, 213n.1 173–77, 179–80, 181–82, as Bryant escape inspiration, 183–84, 185, 192–94, 195 108–9 crimes and arrest, 2–7 Bond, Nicholas, 170, 171, Dunkirk imprisonment, 172 19–27 Bonner, Jane, 45 Dutch imprisonment, 147 Borrowdale (supply ship), escape. See Bryant escape 29–30, 45 party Boswell, David, 181, 184, 185 family’s inheritance, 187, Boswell, James, 173–80, 191 181–82, 183–89, 191–94, first trial, 10–14 195 “Girl from Botany Bay” Botany Bay, 57-58, 75, 77, 92, eponym, 178, 188, 194 102. See also Port Jackson hanging sentence, 12, 14, 170 Bounty mutiny, 103, 110, husband’s betrayal, 144, 148–49, 160 146–47 Bowes, Arthur, 55, 62 illness/death of daughter, Bridewell Prison, 166 161–63, 171 Broad, Dolly, 187, 188–89, illness/death of son, 156–57, 191, 193, 195, 217n.2 171, 192 Broad, Mary. See Bryant, Mary life as free woman, 181–94 Brown, William, 50 London celebrity, 172 Brownrigg, Elizabeth, 177 lost status in Port Jackson, Bryant, Elizabeth, 196 84–85 Bryant, Emanuel (Mary’s son), marriage, 63–65, 90–91 98, 105, 123, 125, 126, marriage advantages, 69–70 131, 132, 137–38, 141, marriage breakup, 144, 146 146, 150–51, 152, 154 in Newgate Prison, 169–70, birth of, 94 176–79

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pardon, 179–80, 181 reduced status of, 84, 89, 90 personality of, 138 severe flogging of, 84, 85, 91 pregnancy in Port Jackson, Bryant escape party, 118–23, 89, 91, 92 135–48 pregnancy on shipboard, 27, aid from Dutch ship captain, 31, 34, 39, 43–44, 47 118–19 public sympathy for, 171–72 Boswell pardon campaign reprieve to penal colony, for, 175, 179–80, 181, 16–17, 151 183, 193 return to Cornwall, 191–94 Boswell’s memorandum on, reunion with sister, 188–89 192, 196 survival instincts, 24–25, 26, Will Bryant’s betrayal, 144, 65, 114–15, 129, 138, 141 146–47 Timor comforts, 141, 142 Will Bryant’s log, 196, unknown ultimate fate, 213n.1 195–96 celebrity of, 159, 171–72, voyage on Charlotte, 34–39, 173–76, 178 43, 48, 49–55 challenges to, 119–20 voyage on Gorgon, 158–63 cover story, 140, 141–42, voyage on Horssen, 157–58 145 voyage on Rembang, 150–57 deaths of members, 158 Bryant, Mary Anne, 196 disguised identities, 139, Bryant, William 140, 141 background, 34–35, 70, 83 Dutch haven, 140–44, betrayal of escape partners, 145–46 144, 146–47 Dutch imprisonment, black marketing by, 82–84 147–48 death of, 157, 162, 171 Dutch turnover to British, discontents, 90–91, 144 148–54 disguised identity, 140, 144 embarkation, 122–23 elevated status of, 70, 84 equipment/resources, escape. See Bryant escape 118–23, 212–13n.1 party final weeks, 138–39 as fisherman, 70, 80–84, island stopover, 132–33 93–94, 126 Newgate imprisonment, fundamental dishonesty, 83 169–70 marriage, 64–65, 89–91, only surviving firsthand 105, 144, 146 account, 178

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Bryant escape party (continued) storm battering, 49–55 personalities, 138 cholera, 69, 88 planning, 85, 99–100, Clark, Ralph, 58, 62, 159, 108–9, 111–14, 118–19 160, 163 Second Fleet members, clothing 112–13, 138 convicts’ lack of, 31, 50, 60 survivors’ return to England, London gentility, 182 159–63 Port Jackson new supplies, trial testimony, 171 105 ultimate failure of, 146–48 Timor, 141 voyage hardships, 125–30, cloves, 140, 150 136–40, 171 Cole, Elizabeth, 12 Burke, Edmund, 173 Collins, David, 53, 70, 83, Butcher, John, 113, 122–23, 111, 205n.11 138, 214n.1 colonialism, 14–15 aliases, 212n.8 convicts. See crime and crimi- return to England, 159, nals; women convicts 170–72, 176–79, 184, 193 Cook, Captain, 14, 57, 58, as Sydney Cove free settler, 109, 115 212n.8 Coombe, William (“Kneebone”), 16 Canary Islands, 37 coral reefs, 133, 135 Cape Horn, 88 Corbett, Edward, 76–77, 79 Cape of Good Hope, 97, 160 Corday, Charlotte, 168 Cape Town, 48, 51, 82, 88, Cornwall, 4, 5–7, 11, 34, 70, 98, 103, 157–58 93, 170, 186, 188, 191, Carpentaria, Gulf of, 136, 139 194, 195–96 Castel, Mr., 186–87, 188–89 court-martials, 45, 149 Charlotte (transport ship), 29, Courtney, Viscount, 13 34–39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 58, Cox, James (“Banbury Jack”), 65, 150, 194 34, 35 birth of Mary’s baby aboard, disappearance from Horssen, 48 158, 171 Will Bryant’s status aboard, escape plot, 99–100, 108–9 35, 70, 84 crime and criminals convicts aboard, 34–35, 82, capital offenses, 3, 11, 13, 99 69, 71, 83, 147 scurvy outbreak, 52 colorful tales, 177–78

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increase in England, 4–5, Dutch colonizers, 14, 15, 155. 166, 169 See also Batavia; Timor See also penal colonies; dysentery, 25, 51, 60, 67, 69, women convicts 160

Daruks (aboriginals), 77 earthquake, 77 deaths Edwards, Edward, 148–52, aboriginal epidemics, 88 154, 156, 160 from falls overboard, 50 Endeavour (ship), 14 Port Jackson disease victims, England 68–69 colonial convict labor policy, Port Jackson starvation vic- 14 tims, 95–96, 98 ferment and riots, 4–5, 167, Second Fleet arrivals, 108, 168–69 109 See also Cornwall; London shipboard, 25–26, 32, 35, epidemics. See disease 39, 43–44, 45, 161–63, escape attempts 211n.2 Newgate prison, 178 debauchery, 61–64, 71, 91 Port Jackson, 75–77, 79–80, debtors, 177 111–12 de Veil, Sir Thomas, 199n.7 transport ships, 20–21, dingo dogs, 79 37–38, 110, 158 disease, 11, 143 See also Bryant escape party aboriginal deaths, 87–88 Exeter, 4, 14, 15, 151 Port Jackson, 68, 69, 114 Exeter Assizes, 10–14, 34, 82, shipboard, 25–26, 31, 32, 99 37, 39, 43, 60, 154, 156, Exeter Cathedral, 10 160–63 Eyre, Sir James, 10, 11, 12, 13, See also specific diseases 16 doldrums, 45 drunkenness, 45, 46, 47, 62, famine. See hunger 64, 91, 92 Farm Cove, 65, 79, 84, 88 Dundas, Henry, 175–76, Farrell, Phillip, 202n.12 179 feminist manifesto, 168 Dunkirk (prison ship), 19–27, First Fleet, 29–60, 61, 70, 100, 82, 99 106 conditions, 19–23, 26, 34, accidents and disorders, 35, 150 45–46

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First Fleet (continued) Cornish pilchard failure, Botany Bay harbor disap- 5–7 pointment, 57–58 Port Jackson, 68, 70, 71, Christmas Day observance, 80–83, 93–94, 97–98 53 flies, 60 conflicts among officers, flogging, 36, 45, 63, 72, 84, 46–47 85, 111, 178 convoy communications, Flores Island, 153 41–42 food deficiencies of, 30–33, 35, Bryant escape party, 118–19, 39, 43–45, 50, 52 120–21, 123, 132, 133, departure from Port Jackson, 138, 212–13n.1 82 Kupang, 142–43 embarkation, 33 Port Jackson, 67–68, 71, 73, end of journey, 58–60 81–84, 88–89, 92–94, escape attempts, 20–21, 95–99, 105, 116, 118 37–38 transport ship, 24–25, 31, fleet commander, 30–33 39, 42, 44–45, 47, 52, 53 mutiny attempts, 20–21, 33 See also hunger passenger makeup, 30 Fortunate Cove, 126 Rio de Janeiro landing, Fowey (Cornish town), 1, 5, 6, 47–48, 50 11, 174, 186, 191, 195 scurvy outbreak, 52 French Revolution, 103, ships comprising, 29–30, 33 167–69, 183 Tenerife landing, 37–39 French ships, 75, 102 Van Diemen’s Land sighting, Friendly Isles, 103 53, 55–56 Friendship (transport ship), 29, violence outbreaks, 45–46 41, 45, 58 women convicts’ plight, 31, Fryer, Catherine, 3, 12, 16, 65, 35–36, 43–44, 50, 52 120–21 See also specific ships Fishburn (supply ship), 29–30 gambling, 91 fishing George III, King, 5, 11, 14, 74, Bryant escape party, 120, 103, 173, 179, 181 121, 126, 133 birthday celebration, 72–74, Bryants’ black market, 83 76 convict ship provisions, 42, Golden Grove (supply ship), 45 29–30, 45, 54

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Gorgon (transport ship), Indonesia. See Batavia 158–63, 194 Ioras (aboriginals), 77–78, 79, Great Barrier Reef, 115, 133 80, 82, 121–22 Great Fear of 1789, 169 smallpox deaths, 87–88 Griffiths, Thomas, 202n.12 Guardian (storeship), 96–97, Jacatra. See Batavia 103 Jackson, George, 58 guards. See marines jail fever. See typhus jail overcrowding, 14, 15, 169 Hamilton, Surgeon, 152, 153, Java. See Batavia 154 Johnson, Richard, 61, 106–7, Handford, Susannah, 12 108 hanging, 3, 7, 12, 13, 170, Johnson, Samuel, 173 172, 173 Justinian (storeship), 105, 114, of Port Jackson escapees, 147 211n.2 as public spectacle, 10–11, 14, 169 kangaroo meat, 68, 73, 79, 81, Haydon, Mary, 3, 12, 16, 93, 97, 98 120–21 Keeling, Herbert, 91, 92 highwaywomen, 2, 3, 12, 24 King, Lieutenant, 33 Hoornwey (transport ship), Kupang. See Timor 158 Horssen (Dutch ship), 157–58, Lady Juliania (transport ship), 160, 194 101–3, 105, 107, 211n.2 Hotham, Sir Beaumont, 10, 11 escape of women convicts, Howard, John, 35 110 hunger Lady Penrhyn (transport ship), Bryant escape party, 131, 29, 31, 35, 41, 42, 45, 62 132, 136 Lakeman, Agnes, 2, 7, 12, 171 English famine, 5, 6 Le Pérouse, Jean-François de, Port Jackson, 68, 81, 93–94, 75, 102 95–98, 171 Life of Johnson (Boswell), 173, transport ship, 25, 44–45, 184 60, 106–8 Lilley, Nathaniel, 112–13, Hunter, Captain, 213n.2 122–23, 138 Hyena (frigate), 30, 33 return to England, 159, 170–72, 176–79, 184, 193, Indian Ocean, 115, 157 214n.1

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London escape plot, 99, 108–9, conditions in 1792-93, 122–23, 125, 138 165–69, 170, 177–78, personality, 138 182–83 return to England, 159, Mary’s life in, 181–85, 170–72, 176–79, 184, 186–89 193, 214n.1 public sympathy for Mayne, Anthony, 16 escapees, 171–72 Memorandoms (Martin), 178, riots of 1780, 4–5, 178 212–13n.1 Louis XVI, King, 167, 183 monsoon, 97, 109, 119, 126, 136 Maclean, James (“the Ladies’ Moondyne (O’Reilly), 203n.2 Hero”), 177 Morton, William, 112, 118, malaria, 115, 154, 156–58, 171 122–23, 125–30, 138, Marat, Jean-Paul, 168 214n.1 marine life, 135–36 death of, 158, 171 marines (convict ship guards), mosquitoes, 157 33, 71, 91 Muslims, 143 brutality of, 20–21 mutiny Bryant escapees as heroes to, Bounty, 103, 110, 148–49 159 convict ship, 20–21, 33, mutiny detection, 36–37 36–37, 46, 110–11 sexual assaults by, 61 unruliness of, 45–46 natives. See aboriginals marriage, convict Nautilus (sloop), 15 advantages, 64, 65, 71 Needham, Elizabeth, 61 annulment attempts, 71 Nepean, Evan, 176 new regulations, 90 Neptune (transport ship), 106, viewed as nonbinding, 64, 111, 211n.2 64–65, 89–90, 90, 144, 146 Newgate Prison, 169–70, 172, Martin, James, 13, 16, 34, 35, 176–79, 193 112, 214n.1 conditions, 177–79 account of Timor, 141 New Holland. See New South on betrayal by Will, 146, Wales 214n.3 New South Wales, 109 escape journal, 126–30, 132, first convict convoy. See First 137, 138, 159, 178, Fleet 212–13n.1 penal colony, 14, 15, 16–17

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See also Botany Bay; Port Plymouth Sound, 19 Jackson Pollock, William, 176 Nicol, John, 102 Port Jackson (Sydney Cove), Norfolk Island, 91, 96, 122 58–123 aboriginal threat, 77–80 Old Bailey, 170 antagonisms and cliques, 91 O’Reilly, John Boyle, 203n.2 arrival of Second Fleet, Osbridge’s machine, 32 101–3 arrival of Third Fleet, 160 Pacific Ocean, 108–9, 115, beauty of harbor, 59, 67 123, 132 cemetery, 68–69, 98 Paget, Joseph, 82, 84, 113 convict disappearances, Pandora (British ship), 148, 75–76, 79–80 152, 153 crime and unruliness, 63–64, Paris, Peter, 75 71–72, 74, 80, 82–83, Parker, John, 159, 160 91–93 penal colonies, 14-17, 151. See debauchery, 61–64, 71, 91 also Port Jackson disembarkment at, 59–60, Phillip, Arthur, 37, 48, 50, 53, 67 54, 69, 79, 80, 108, 117, escape of Bryant party from, 118 123, 125–30, 171 compassion, 38, 72 escape plots, 75–77, 99–100, convict marriage policy, 64, 111–12 65, 90 hardships, 60, 67–69, 71–72, kidney pain, 60, 73, 96, 114 81–82, 93–94, 95–98, 171 king’s birthday celebration, hospital, 114 73 isolation, 82, 122 Port Jackson carousing, king’s birthday celebration, 62–63 72–74, 76 Port Jackson food supply, married convicts’ benefits, 80, 82, 96, 97 64, 65, 71 on Port Jackson harbor, 59, natural hazards, 69 61 new convict arrivals, Second Fleet arrivals, 102 105–12, 114, 160 voyage concerns, 30–33 Night Watch, 91–92, 93, 111 pilchard harvest, 5–7 provision resupply, 88, Plymouth, 26 105–6, 116, 117 Plymouth Jail, 4

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Port Jackson (continued) Rio de Janeiro, 47–48, 50, returnees on Gorgon, 103 159–60 riots, 4–5, 167, 178 severe punishments, 72, 84, Rose, Mary, 24 85 Rose Hill (Parramatta), 92, tent assignments, 60–61 111, 120 weather extremes, 68, 82, Ross, Robert, 71–72 120 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 78 Portsmouth Harbor, 20, 110 Powell, John, 38 Scarborough (transport ship), Prince of Wales (transport 29, 33, 36, 41, 211n.2 ship), 29, 45–46, 54, 58 mutiny attempt, 110–11 prison overcrowding, 14, 15, second voyage, 106–7 169 scurvy, 68–69, 106, 108 private property, 168–69 effects, 52, 60 prostitution, 23, 35, 63, 91 prevention, 31, 68 Puckey, Elizabeth, 191 scurvy grass, 68, 81, 98 Puckey, Ned, 191, 192, 195 seamen, 33, 42, 45, 61–63, 68 punishments superstitions, 51, 52 for attempted mutiny, 111 tensions, 46–47 for attempted shipboard seasickness, 37, 55 escape, 38 Second Fleet, 101–3, 105–10 for British criminals, 13–14 Bryant escape members, by Newgate jailers, 178–79 112–13 of Port Jackson convicts, 63, convicts’ wretched state, 69, 72, 84, 85, 98 106–7, 110 of shipboard convicts, 34, 36 departure from Port Jackson, of ship guards, 45, 46 122 See also hanging hardened survivors, 109–10 sexuality Quarter Sessions, 10–14 female convicts, 15–16, 26–27, 35, 62–63 rainwater, 32, 128, 132 Port Jackson carousing, rape, 61, 63, 91 61–64, 71, 92 rats, 92 revolutionary views of, 168 rebellion. See mutiny; riots ship’s fever. See typhus Rembang (Dutch transport Sirius (transport fleet flagship), ship), 149–57, 160, 194 29, 36, 38, 41, 42, 72

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provisions mission, 82, Sydney, Lord (Thomas 88–89, 92, 98 Townshend), 201n.2 sinking of, 96 Sydney Cove. See Port Jackson Skull Cap, 179 smallpox, 25, 87–88 Table Bay, 50–51, 158 Smith, Ann, 75, 76 Tahiti, 112 Smith, Detmer, 117–19, 133, Tarawal (aboriginals), 77 138, 141 Tarwood, John, 111–12 snakes, 68, 69, 81, 92 Tasmania. See Van Diemen’s South Head, 94, 111, 123 Land Spence, Charlotte (Mary’s Tasman’s Head, 89 daughter), 53, 54, 60, 61, Tench, Watkin, 69, 76, 78, 63, 65, 79, 82, 85, 89, 90, 79, 80, 81, 93, 102, 103, 105, 123, 125, 131, 132, 115 137–38, 146, 150–51, 154, on Port Jackson starvation, 157–63 95–96, 97–98 birth of, 48, 49 return on Gorgon, 159 Gorgon voyage, 159, 160 Tenerife, 32, 37–39, 43, 103, illness and death of, 161–63, 110 171 theft, 3, 4, 10, 12–13, 112, Kupang comforts, 141, 143 177–78 malnutrition, 98 Port Jackson, 71, 74, 80, Spence, Mr., 27, 34, 163 82–84, 91–93, 98 starvation. See hunger Third Fleet, 160 suicide, 26, 45, 69 Thomas, Richard, 196 Summersett, Benjamin, 112 Timor, 133, 138, 140, superstitions, 51, 52 141–43 Supply (tender), 29–30, 47, 72, Bligh landing, 103, 108–9, 82, 122 142, 159 provisions mission, 97, 99, as Bryant party haven, 109, 117 108–9, 141–44 sail around New South Bryant party arrest, 145–49, Wales, 115, 133 171 Surprize (transport ship), 106, Torres Strait, 149 211n.2 Tropic of Cancer, 42 Sutton, Joseph, 111 tuberculosis, 25 sweet tea (herb), 81, 92, 119, turtle meat, 81, 132, 133 192 typhus, 11, 25, 32

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vaccination, 208–9n.1 as Will Bryant’s defender, Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 83–84, 85 53, 55–56, 57 personal conflicts, 47, 91 Vaux, James Hardy, 203–4n.6 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 168 Vauxhall Gardens, 183 woman question, 168 venereal disease, 69 women agitators, 4 Vindication of the Rights of women convicts Women, A (Wollstonecraft), colorful tales of, 177–78 168 convoy numbers, 30 criminal offenses, 12, 13, Waaksambeyd (Dutch supply 23–24, 35 ship), 116, 117–18, 122 escape plots of, 76 Wanjon, Timotheus, 141, 148, escapes, 76, 110 194 obstreperousness of, 22–23, water supply 35–36, 102 Bryant escape party, 119–20, penal colony sentence, 15–16 123, 127, 128, 131, 132 Port Jackson deaths, 69 Horssen, 158 Port Jackson lawlessness, 91 Port Jackson contaminants, scurvy victims, 52 67, 68 seaboard punishments, 63 Rembang, 154 sexual use of, 15–16, 26–27, transport convoy, 32, 43, 45, 35, 61–63 47, 52 shipboard births, 43–44 Watson, Thomas, 16 shipboard plight, 31, 35–36, White, John, 31–32, 37, 44, 43–44, 50, 52, 55 45, 65, 68, 73, 78, 88 Worgan, Surgeon, 88 on birth of Mary’s baby, 48 Wright, Henry, 91

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