Four Feminists Itineraries Introduction Dedicated to all the people that fought for to be a city of Freedom.

These Feminists Itineraries in the city of Lisbon, are integrated on the project “Memories and Feminisms: Women and the Republic in the city of Lisbon – Memórias e Feminismos: Mulheres e República na cidade de Lisboa”, and was born from the partnership established between UMAR – Women Union for Alternative and Answer, and the investigation team “Faces of Eve - Faces de Eva” from Universidade Nova de Lisboa, winners of the first edition of the award Council awards Madalena Barbosa, in the same position with AMI foundation – International Medical Aid. Our gold with the Feminists Itineraries, following the Feminist Agenda/Calendar for 2010 entitled Women and The Republic, is to break the walls of oblivion that all women that fought for emancipatory movements have been drawn. With this edition of “Four Feminists Itineraries” we start an adventure through the city of Lisbon with a special magnifier, so we can find and turn visible the voice and the leading roles of women, both in their individual paths and in collective fights, helping building and historical feminist memories. We focused on the First Republic period, but we didn’t limited ourselves to it strictly, because we don’t want to limit generations, school of thoughts, social activisms that co- existed and still coexist. One running the streets and doesn’t care about boundaries, we are faced with outstanding figures that took our way by their musicality, commitment in social change, examples of citizenship and revolutionary power.

Mary Wollstonecraft, feminist pioneer more than two hundred years ago, was in Lisbon in the year of 1785. But many others joined their names to the feminist causes. Before and during the First Republic, in the fights with the Dictatorship within the New State (), and even after the 25 Abril 1974, the most important revolution yet unfinished, they were there: in the streets, in the rallies, on the literary events, in the republican school centers, in the feminine and feminist associations, in the editorial offices, coffee places, in the theaters, in the parks, in courts and on the barricades that took place on the 5th of October of 1910, when the Republic arose. It’s not enough to add the name of women and other relevant people, also silenced, so the city history has also a feminist perspective. It’ s necessary to go beyond and start enquiring the current values hierarchy established, that reflect women and other minority groups in a stereotyped and discriminating way, opening this way the thought to new types of knowledge and new cultural and social practices. The four itineraries suggested in these pages, follow the hills of Lisbon. In the Graça Hills we have itinerary one and two, that from the Graça and Senhora do Monte viewpoints, you can observe itinerary 3 and 4 laying on the Chagas Hill (Carmo square and surroundings), Santa Catarina (Camões square until Calçada do Combro) and São Roque (). We wish you enjoy the city in the company of these relevant people that gave life to these streets, squares, gardens and built Lisbon history.

(poema MC prosa poética , 2010 não traduzida)

Patios and Graça vilas

Página 1 The industrialization process that accentuated in the second half of the nineteen century, localized initially in the riverside areas, such has Alcântara and Xabregas, turned old fishermen into factory workers, and attracted migrants from the rural parts of the countryside to Lisbon. These people faced severe precariousness “the big majority of these men and women had precarious temporary jobs, with no kind of contractual security, let alone social assistance. Social assistance was addressed only to more qualified workers, provided by their Unions, and provided for specific purposes, such has funeral costs or diseases. Jobs in the industrial sector extended to several areas, not only in Lisbon, also on the surrounding areas of the city, specially in the south margin of the river and the city of Setúbal. Along with the big companies, small factories and shops expanded, with their doors open to the streets, to patios and alleys. The Services sector that was also expanding offered jobs in offices, Railway company, Electricity and Telecommunications companies. Since 1875, the associative movements under the influence of socialist and anarquist ideas, will influence the creation of associations, Unions, groups based on solidarity and social values, educational, cultural and recreational groups, with the main gold of improving the working class life conditions. Even though most of the male and female workers were illiterate or had a very low educational level and having a low sense of collective class, Oliveira Marques states that “ it was in the middle of these people that was growing a small active group of socialists and anarchists (more numerous), and even communists since 1918”. Just 32 days before the Republican Revolution, the newspaper O Mundo presented an article titled “The telephone slaves”, that described the terrible conditions of the female workers, emphasizing the big working hours schedule that could go to 9 or 10 hours per day along with miserable wages. We should remember that one of the resolutions of the newly created Republic created was an 8 working hours per day schedule. Women that didn’t belong to higher classes of society, usually worked in the hat industry, tabacco industry, canned goods, textiles, chocolate industries, as well as taylors and needlewomen, ironing, laundry workers, fishwives, and market sales, unpacking coal from the docks, housemaids, always with very small wages that were barely enough to survive with. The endemic poverty spread vigorously, living alongside with the richest areas of the city where the wealthy lived. At the doors of coffees shops, train stations, big groups of beggars of different ages fought for their survival, and it was usual at that time to “clean the streets” as a social measure to control poverty. In the newspaper Correio da Manhã, Raul Brandão (1867-1930) that worked for the newspaper since 1893, in his nocturnal strolls through the city, urged by strong critical spirit and social and ethical responsibility, denounced the poverty and misery in the streets “at night, as soon as it gets dark, the city lamps dispersed through the city , and as soon as the addiction opens the heart to the begging, only then poverty is creepy, mournful the groups of hungry and criminals. Liberty Avenue, is filled with infamous creatures, submitted to the unfair struggle upon them, the hunger that destroys them. It´s closely observing them, enquire them and some will say the livid stories of their bitter, desperate and moving lives.” The underpaid working families would gather, majority of them, in the Lisbon neighborhoods of Alcantâra, Graça, and Xabregas. Nevertheless some neighborhoods were showing some concerns about hygiene, especially because the Typhus, under nutrition, hunger, and tuberculosis, were killing part of the city population.

Página 2 Elina Guimarães (1904-1991), in 1930 when emphasizing the importance of Feminism, mentioned the unworthy life conditions of women, by saying: “in , feminism has an important and useful roll to fulfill. In a country where thousands of female workers are underpaid, lacking of hygiene conditions, the lack of maternity wards, child day care centers, that because of ignorance and poverty of the mothers, child mortality rate is so high and shameful, it’s an imperative duty of all women with higher education and better life conditions to speak out and defend their sisters of these miserable conditions“. It was estimated that by 1940, the mortality rate was higher than 150 per every 1000 children, and that life expectancy estimated was around 40 years old. Nowadays these values are 3,4 per every 1000 children for the child mortality rate, and 78,70 years old (81,74 for women and 75,49 for men), which shows us the big improvements in Portuguese life quality, after Aprils revolution (the 25th of Abril 1974).

Itinerary 1 Address: Senhora do Monte pointview Location: Senhora do Monte pointview Description: the first records of the existence of people settlements in Graça Hill go back to the middle ages, during the Muslim period, and it was designated as “almofala”. The main activity for inhabitants was agriculture, and there were plenty of olive trees, orchards and vegetable gardens. In 1147 D. Afonso Henriques, taking advantage of the strategical location, settled his troops here, to attack the city. From the hillside between São Vicente and São Gens, he was able to develop an attack strategy, in cooperation with the foreign Crusades that made camp on the opposite hillside (Mártires). Additional information: to access by public transports can be made by taking the buses 12,26,35,107 and the tram 28.

Address: São Gens street, 41 Location: Angelina Vidal House Description: “Woman with an unusual talent, spent her life teaching people and fighting for the humbles, resembling them in the tragedy of their daily lives”, so it said Raul Esteves dos Santos, president of the Association Voz do Operário, in the commemoration of the centenary of her birth. Teacher, Writer, Poet and Lecturer, she had the gift of the spoken word, conquering any assembly, scientific or literary, passing through republican rallies and workers rallies. In the period of her political activity she defined herself has being a federalist republican and a free-thinker, and she was present in the worker centers where the republican ideas and the organization of the working class was taking place and getting stronger. Her lectures on the inauguration of Rodrigues Freitas Club in Oporto in 1880, became famous. They were audacious and new for, women in those times. She sang “La Marseillaise” at the piano, recited her poem “The Hunger” and lectured about “ “The Poverty” and “The Positivism”. In 1881 she starts her collaboration with the newspaper “ A Voz do Operário”. She defends education for women as a platform for feminine emancipation, and makes the Church responsible for the ignorance in where women lived. More important than the right to vote, it’s to finish with the unhealthy conditions female workers had to cope in the factories they worked, factories were the main source of tuberculosis, and take care of the abandonment their children were being raised.

Página 3 Politically she joins the socialist line of thought, writes about popular education, social assistance, defending the 8 working hours/day schedule, consumption taxes, the frightening emigration, the decadence of the industries and commerce, defends Unions intervention, and advises the Bourgeoisie not to repress strikes and to solve conflicts through social negotiations. She dies in 1917 with 64 years old, with strong facial lines, wrinkled, like she was a 90 year old lady she was. Additional information: between 1904 and 1905 she lived in Diário de Notícias 127, moving afterwards to São Gens street 41, where she died. She lived her life in the area of Graça/Sapadores. She unfolded herself between conferences, rallies, recitals and classes at the Federal Republican Center in São Paulo street 7, Travessa das Bruxas at São Bento street 393, Tobacco handlers Association, Beco de Froes to Menino Jesus number 3, Lisbon Worker Center at Paraíso street 38, Taylors and Needleworkers Association, Quintinha street , Escolas Gerais 12, Civil Records association at Silvia Albuquerque square 18, Harmony and Hope Association, travessa do Conde da Ribeira to Santo Amaro 24, Musical Association Alves Rente students at Junqueira street 22.

Address: Josefa Maria Street Location: de Ouro neighborhood Description: This is a group of buildings constructed in the beginning at the 20th century (1908) ordered by the merchant of pastry, the Galician Agapito Serra Fernandes. They are 2 to 3 story buildings with the distinctive aspect of having staircases from each floor directly connected to the street, following already the hygienically ideas and standards of that period. This neighborhood/workers vila has 2 distinctive aspects, the profusion of starts from the buildings to the sidewalks, and the name of the streets being all women names.

Address: Estrela de Ouro neighborhood Location: Vivenda Rosalinda Description: Built by the same merchant, and projected by the arquitect Norte Júnior (1907), this house (vivenda) has a small chapel attached to the main house. The front side of the chapel represents “art nouveau”. Additional information: currently the Vivenda Rosalina is an old age retirement Home.

Address: Graça street Location: Royal Cine Description: The Royal cinema, turned into a supermarket, shows its better periods on the front side of the building. It was initially a neighborhood movie theater with 900 seats, and was built by the merchant Agapito Serra Fernandes, and it was meant to be a place of cultural entertainment. It was inaugurated in 1929-1930, and presented the first movie with sound in Lisbon, and had the presence of the Republic president, Óscar Carmona.

Address: Bela Vista street to Graça street, 124 , 1º left Location: Kindness league (Liga da Bondade) Description: These “kindness leagues” were created in our country in 1917, and intended to “promote the moral and political progress of the Portuguese race.” Their main objective was to teach principles of good morality to children between the age 5 and 12, while in their primary school. These leagues were composed by students of both sexes of these primary schools and their teachers. By that time, they had seen the merit and the good result of other leagues of foreign countries, such has in the USA or the

Página 4 UK, where they found their inspiration. The feminist magazine ”Alma Feminina” promoted these leagues by saying “these kindness leagues founded in 1911 and approved by Haia International Congress in 1912, are today implemented in , Switzerland Belgium and Spain, and many other nations, with very good results”. As above mentioned, their main gold was to enrich good moral values in the children, promoting acts of kindness in any possible way, developing a good citizen and a good patriot. According to their article number 2 of their regulations, it states: ”the main objective of these leagues is to promote the protection and love for our equal, independently of their gender, race or social status, for the animals and plants. All associates compromise to follow these regulations and also to not to damage any school material, not to write or damage the walls, and in general avoid doing any act that may deserve any reprehension”. In order to make sure these regulations were followed, a committee was created, that were part: Ana de Castro Ósorio, Ermelinda da Silveira, Aurora de Castro Gouveia, Júlia Antunes Franco and José Fontana da Silveira. They wrote the regulation and this was published in the magazine “A Semeadora” in 1917. By that time, the committee worked in the Bela Vista to Graça street, number 124, 1º left. Following number 6 article, the rules determined that all leagues should associated themselves to the Federation of the Kindness Leagues, the minute these were created, making sure that all leagues across the country were connected. Some of the schools that joined since the very beginning were: school from Ponte de Sõr and Casa Branca, that had teachers such has Vitória Pais , Amélia Romão de Freitas and Amélia Zuzarte. We believe that these leagues had a big influence of Freemasonry, due to the filiations of some members of these committees. An article that was included in the magazine Alma Feminina in 1923, shows how well the reports from these leagues were received in the International Congress of Moral and education of Genova, that took place in June 1922, emphasizing the moral education values implemented and the success of these leagues in Portugal. Following an unanimous vote, our Portuguese leagues became affiliated to the International League, linking our leagues to the ones spread across Europe. The main offices of the Portuguese Women National Council was in 13, 2º floor, and this was the place for the first meeting held by the Kindness League. These offices ended becoming the main offices for the Kindness League. The committee of this league was composed by Maria O’Neill, that was the president, but also included important individualities such has Arnaldo Brazão, Berta Garção, Sara Serzedelo Schult Correia, Dinah Santos Lima, Regina Santos, Angélica , the coronel Óscar Cybrão and the lieutenant David Branquinho.

Address: between street to Graça until Travessa da Pereira Location: vila Berta (1902-1908) Description: Between Sol street to Graça until Travessa da Pereira, a vila with 2 different sides develops what Teotònio Pereira names a vila turning into a street. The vila is integrated in a small road network , has a lot of luminosity and is ventilated. It´s an elaborated esthetic proposal.

Address: Verónica Street 94B to Graça Location: Grémio Excursionista Civil do Monte – Ex Círio Civil do Monte Description: Maria Veleda had some of her speeches delivered at Grémio Excursionista Civil do Monte between 1906 and 1908. Her speeches were published in leaflets and magazines, made by the Grémio, with the objective of being hand out amongst their

Página 5 associates in their annual excursions. The contents of the conferences “Educational Mission“ and “Feminin Emancipation”, delivered by Maria Veleda on the 8th and 10th anniversary of the Grémio Civil do Monte, in January 1907, along with other textes written by her, are shown alongside with textes written by Agostinho Fortes, Pedro Muralha, Heliodoro Salgado, Magalhães Lima, Fernão Botto Machado, João de Deus and citations from Tracy de Proudhon and Manuel de Arriaga. The Círios Civis (sem tradução) were created in 1895, after the Anticlerical Socialist Congress, and where organizations that wanted to be the opposite of the Círios Religiosos (sem tradução). They wanted to integrate in a single organization the socialist militancy, secular, and free-thinking and anti-clerical activities into juts one. They promoted conferences, workshops, pilgrimage to cemeteries and public demonstrations to honor anti-clerical figures. They also had annual excursions to historical places and/or monuments, this way they would develop social interaction and cultural education of their associates. This intense activity didn’t pleased the authorities of the time, and on the turn of the century XIX, the Círios were persecuted and forced to legalize their activities or change their designation. The Círio Civil do Monte changed to Grémio Excursionista Civil do Monte, and continued with their activity after the implementation of the Repuplic, survived our fascist regime Estado Novo and made it to our days. Addicional information: this Grémio had its first head office in the Beco das Olarias 11, in Socorro.

Address: Graça Square Location : Workshop school number 1 (1905-1930) “Workshop school number 1 of promoter society of Asylos, day care center and schools : truly liberal and progressive with their objectives and their teaching methods, that have been perfected year after year, and are showing feasible results”. This is how the school is referred in the newspaper O Mundo, date the 28th of December 1906. This newspaper was founded and directed by França Borges. At that time, it had been registered in general assembly around 60 new entries, among individual men and women, or collective applications. These data reflects a growing interest, and the drive the initiative had. The first group of students approved in the exam of the 8th of December 1905 was composed by 7 boys. This number gradually increased, and went over 100 once the new teaching method took place, after 1912. Allows us to remember part of the history of this emblematic institution, that underwent distinct cultural, political and social periods, that obviously had an impact on the teaching methods. The Workshop school number 1 was located at Graça square and was active between 1905 and 1930, and the building still exists. It´s António Candeias that says “the institution was created by Freemasons in 1905, to be woodwork /carpentry school, to form carpenters. But since the very beginning, and even though it worked very closely to the traditional educational method, there was always space in the school for other alternative teaching methods”. This institution was developed in the middle of a republican spirit, and took form on “libertarian educational teaching model”. We have to go back to the century XIX to find the origins of this school: “Its origin stands on the Daycare Promoter Society, created in 1876, to integrated the daycare center of Santa Eulália that was managed by José Gregório da Rosa Araújo, that was Council president between 1878 and 1893 (…) and from the philanthropic spirit of the Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido of 1869, created a daycare center in Graça Square. It was created in a time of social and political stability, fed by the expectations of

Página 6 regeneration and on a moment that parties political revolving, seemed to be efficient for stability and development”. But this daycare center didn’t have a good life and in 1904, the promoter society of daycare centers started to be named as Promoter Society of Asylums, Daycare centers and Schools, and one year after developed into the first workshop Scholl number 1. Some of the most important names of education are linked to this school. A diverse group of teachers with diverse political views, are linked to this school, and they were republicans, communists, socialist, anarchists, libertarians and even some renown feminists. We can name Adolfo Lima, António Lima (his brother), Aurora de Macedo, Deolinda Lopes Vieira (Quartin), César and Angélica Porto, Luís da Matta, Rosa Araújo, amongst others. This was an innovator educational project in those times, that was acknowledged by the most renown names of Education of those times, a distinction was given by the founder of the Modern School Ferrer y Guardia (1985-1909), that went to the school when he visited Portugal. In the workshop school it was given prominent importance to the education and because it was entitled has a workshop school, it was also important the active method of learning by performing/doing. Only an unusual school could have united such unusual but complementary spirits, because the only dream of these individualities, was to educate and teach citizens. Nevertheless the end of this school didn’t take in consideration all the effort made by these teachers, and in 1987 the school was closed. Nonetheless the education historian António Candeias stated: “it was a school that pushed boundaries in their times, that put in practice libertarian aspirations, a full complete education that added the technical, scientific, literary and artistic skills put together, on a same educational plan. That was developed very smoothly by very competent educators”. Additional information: The current housing estate in Graça square, was built on top of the old ruins of Abelhos Palace.

Glícinia Quartim to Luísa Paiva Boléo “My mother was born in Beja 1888, on the 14th of July, the same as the French Bastille Day. Her mother, my grandmother was from Algarve, from a town called Boliqueime. My mother came to Lisbon to study, and completed highschool in Liceu do Carmo, nowadays Sara Beirão school… was very small, but I remember my mother taking me, once a week, to this building number 13 in Restauradores, on the street corner. It was where the ladies met, and the National Council of Portuguese Women had their meetings. It’s interesting that people speak about my mother more from her republican and freemason side, but for me above all she was a great pedagogue. She graduated from her course of Primary Education in 1910, in Alcantâra, and graduated from her course for Normal School in in 1919, where she specialized in children education. Therefore she had completed the entire course of Teaching. We lived in Graça, in a house with 10 rooms along with my grandmother. My father was a journalist, but because of his political ideals he had to leave for Africa (Angola) and so my mother had to take care of the household. She worked a lot. My mother had a true passion for Education, but because the teacher role in not glamorous, she was forgotten in this area. She founded, alongside with pedagogues such has César Porto, Adolfo Lima, António Lima, Luís da Mata the Sociedade Promotora de Escolas, that had a relevant role in the history of teaching in Portugal. This school was part of an important movement, because it was a social school. It had nothing to do with the old method school being applied at that time. The school had a freemason inspiration and influence. I remember my mother went to some freemason reunions, and was part of Loja

Página 7 Humanidades, that was part of the National Council of Portuguese Women, where she was a secretary for a year. The school where I studied, and where my brothers studied was Escola Oficina number 1, and the badge we wore was the freemason one with the masonic symbols, such has the compass, the plummet and the Olho de Providência, etc… It was´t hidden, we wore it openly. Our hymn was A Sementeira, from the author Luís de Mata. In that school there was big connection between teachers and students. It didn’t existed that old concept of the Teacher grand authority; therefore we didn’t have our school desks aligned in a row with the teacher in the bottom row. We sat in a round set of desks where the teacher would seat with us, and that didn’t create any lack of authority or disrespect. The educational movement from that time was precisely a new school where the intellectual part wasn’t separated from the practical one. There were workshop schools where you could learn a profession. They also gave importance to the Arts, and we had dance classes, a lot of theater where the plays were written by our teachers, music and fine arts. It was school for everybody and not available just for an elite. There was a lot of boys and girls from the Alfama neighbourhood, because the school was in Graça and it was financial accessible. This school was so innovating that we had educators coming from abroad to visit it, because our school was considered a role model. And the school didn’t teach only the standard 4th grade, instead the students could study there until the age of thirteen or fourteen. We were totally independent from the other schools, and so we could do the exams in the school and didn’t have to go to other state schools. The school was financial supported by merchants and intellectuals, freemasons, that as we know it’s a movement that comes from the East, from ancient times. I remember my mother got along with the president (LRMP), . Only when I turned eighteen, nineteen I started to attend the National Council of Portuguese Women, by that time they had other political view, where the main concerns was the suffrage. I remember quite well , as she used to frequent our house. She was younger than my mother; still I’m convinced my mother was influenced by her, when it came to her social concerns. You know it’s curious that those women that I’ve met like Adelaide Cabete, considered to be revolutionaries and the pioneers of feminism, to me were women of great tenderness. They weren’t unpleasant, like many men said (and still say) and that they had male clothes or male attitudes. Men and women complete each other.” Excerpt from an interview done in 2004.

Address: Graça square Location: Vila Sousa Description: Linked to the old palace Vale dos Reis ( and Loulé), Vila Sousa is located in Graça square and it was built in 1890. In this vila, we have to point that both interior and exterior have the same access: an iron gate. This gate accesses an entry, quite bourgeoisie, that through an iron and wood staircase, connects the buildings facing the square, to the exterior tile side of the building. Through the same gate one can access, an interior four sided pateo, that links four buildings, with four floors.

Address: Graça square Location: Botequim Bar Description: Emblematic bar from Lisbon night in the seventies and eighties. We must point out Natália Correia (13/09/1923 – 16/03/1993) as its alma mater. A different gathering, every night. Founded in 1971 by Natália Correia, Isabel Meirelles and

Página 8 Helena Roseta, Botequim bar for two decades, gathered most of Portuguese intellectuals. “Natália Correia, the nights matriarch, proclaimed open gatherings. Between a salon and a gathering, there was a piano, and it was played. And there was literature, the one you read out loud. And politics. And random singing. (in José Cardoso Pires book, Livro de Bordo). Addicional information: “Sophia de Mello Breyner” viewpoint (before named Graça viewpoint). Bust statue author is Sculptor António Duarte.

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andersen (1919-2004) Portuguese Poet and fiction writer, she was born in Oporto in an aristocratic family. Since very young she started writing poetry. Her rich imagination was developed in her stories “Nau Catrineta”, as well as Gulliver adventures, in “Sindbad, the saylor”, and “Mil e Uma Noites”. In love by the sea and the greek culture, Sophia studied languages in Lisbon, a degree she never finished. She wrote “Poesia” in 1944, to which followed “Dia do Mar”, “Coral”, “No Tempo Dividido”, “Mar novo”, “O Cristo Cigano”, “Livro Sexto”, “Geografia”, “Dual”, “ O Nome das Coisas”, “Navegações” and “Ilhas”. Married with the journalist Francisco Sousa Tavares, she had 5 children and for them she started to write the best sellers for the youth, “A Menina do Mar”, “A Fada Oriana”, “O Cavaleiro da Dinamarca”, and “A Floresta”. Politically from the left-wing, Sophia had several problems with the political police from the regime. She fought for freedom, and was elected congresswoman to the Constitutive Assembly in 1975. She is considered the most important poet of our contemporary literature, and has received several awards. (Poema não traduzido)

Address: Travessa das Mónicas Location: Convent das Mónicas Description: This convent is located in Graça and it was inhabited by the religious followers of Santo Agostinho since 1586 until the hearth quake of 1755 (Mónica was the name of Santo Agostinhos´s mother). With the extinction of the religious orders in 1834, the convent turned into a correctional center for boys, and later on for women, and from 1917 onwards was turned into a jail. Nowadays is used for cultural purposes. Maria Veleda and other women from the Republican League, visited several times the inmates held in Monicas prison, so they could see the prisons conditions and also to give some support to their suffering. The first boy adopted through the Obra Maternal José da Costa, was abandoned when is mother was arrested. Ana Maria Gonçalves Dias, Lénia Loyo Pequito and Maria Veleda visited her in prison to inform her they had adopted her son. In Monicas, they created a boarding school destined to under aged girls, that were under the guard of Child Protection Law. Maria Veleda was nominated by the government Responsible of Surveillance and Central Tutorship of Lisboa, in 1912. Later, Maria Lamas (1893-1983) organized the “Arraiolos tapestry made by the Monicas inmates exhibition” where she was able to get the inmates to visit the exhibition with no guards. All women cried when they saw their work being recognized and admired by the audience. Maria Lamas also cried by the joy and dignity that she awarded those women. Additional information: The ruins of the original convent is currently the gate of the lateral entrance, and the tiles from the main entrance. In front of the Monicas convent, lived for a while, Sophia de Mello Breyner.

Página 9 Address: Voz do operário street, 28 until Graça freguesia Location: A Voz do Operário Description: “A Voz do Operário – the workers voice” is a reason to name two women, that found recognition in spreading the republican and socialists ideals, and on the defense of associations, as method of fighting against social injustice and inequity. They used writing to spread ideas and principles and were committed in the construction of a free, democratic, solidarity society. Angelina Vidal (1853-1917), teacher, journalist and writer, worked in the newspaper “A Voz do Operário” and was one of the women that most fought for the oppressed and weak. In this newspaper she defended the popular education, women education, social aid, and the 8 working hours/day schedule. She is named as one of the most enthusiastic and pro-active of the teaching and charity society “A Voz do Operário”. Maria Veleda (1871-1955) teacher, feminist, republican and free thinker, that always defended the humanist ideals of freedom, equality and solidarity, enrolled as a member of “A Voz do Operáro” because she believed in their founding values. In the newspapers she denunciated the capitalist exploitation, and the difficult lives of the working men, and above all the double shifts of women. She suggested the creation of the Work Federation and was committed to the Caixa Geral do Trabalho propaganda, and had as an objective the workers union in fighting for better wages, the decrease of the working hours and the aid in unemployment, sickness or old age. In her Will she stated “the desire to be buried in a civil way, with no interference of catholic elements, or any other dogmatic religion”. The family honored her last desire, and who was responsible for the funeral was “A Voz do OPerário”. The teaching and charity society “A Voz do Operário” appeared following the increase of the work force and the spreading of socialist ideals, that encouraged the association movement, as method of fighting for better life conditions of the working class. It’s the forth association in Portugal with a mutualist agenda, that is founded from the newspaper “A Voz do Operário” in 1879, thanks to original concept of Custódio Gomes, and initiative of Custódio Braz Pacheco, workers of the tobacco industry. The survival of the newspaper, determined the creation of the cooperative association “A Voz do Operário” on the 13th of February 1883. The members paid a weekly fee of “20 reis”, that supported the newspaper and the creation of support structures, for the increase of the economic, social and educational of the working class. In a few years “A Voz do Operário” increased the number of members, even though many were not working on the tobacco industry, and this forced the change of the rules and the denomination from Cooperative Society to Teaching and Charity Association. Situated in Beco do Froes 3, 1º floor, then changed to Calçada de São Vicente in July 1887. The increase of the income allowed to develop the most expensive project ever, in 1891, the creation of the first school. The association kept growing, the facilities started to become smaller for all the projects they had. They had the necessity to build their own building, so that could take in all the projects, the schools, and the growing services. This happens in 1907 when the government conceded a part of Cerca das Mónicas, in 1907.

The construction of the building started during the first Republic period, the first stone was set in 1912 with the presence of the republic president Manuel de Arriaga. It’s in this period the association has a big development in the educational activities, as well in the social aid provided to the ones in need, and the community. The association creates schools in Lisbon and suburbs, creates vocational training courses that include the areas of sewing, has a library and public bathroom, has the newspaper active and funeral

Página 10 services. The increase of member and sponsors allowed them to increase the number of services and activities, and the association “A Voz do Operário” became a reference and a example of association. Their estate and intellectual and moral legacy, allowed them to survive the dictatorship period of Estado Novo. With the revolution in April, the 25th of 1974, they increased their education levels, their projects of social aid to help the community and to the poorer, and also invested in sports and cultural projects.

Address: Rua Voz do Operário Location: Caixa Económica Operária Descritpion: Caixa Económica Operária was founded in 1876, was the spot of events that involved the Portuguese feminist movement. The most important one was the introduction of “Tese Feminismo” to the First National Congress of free thinking, in April 1908, document initially developed by Ana de Castro Osório, then Maria Veleda added some modifications, before presenting the document to the congress, as her book “A Conquista” reveals. The “Tese Feminismo” had 3 main subjects: 1) Women physical, moral and intellectual education, 2) Gender equality in the civil rights law, 3) Women political rights. Beside the thesis, Maria Veleda also presented to the congress for approval: demanded women right to vote, the creation of the Portuguese Feminist Party, the organization of a work federation of feminine workers against capitalism, the decrease of the working hours, demanded intellectual and civil education for the feminine workers, as has means of freedom. In this event also participated Adelaide Cabete, Amélia Levy de Sousa Lobo, Ana Maria Gonçalves, Judite Pontes Rodrigues, Lucinda Tavares, Maria Clara Correia Alves, Rosalina Ferreira and Sofia Quintino, which most of these helped with the administrative work of the event. Adelaide Cabete presided one of the sessions, substituting doctor Ramos da Cruz. This doctor supported Ermelinda Rodrigues when she defended enthusiastically free love. Maria Veleda, as woman and member of the organization committee, disputed this idea and was supported by Dr Agostinho Fortes, and received a massive applause from the audience. In the end of the event, students laid their robes in the floor, so she could walk on them. It was in his same place that in November 1906, that Maria Veleda met in person, Angelina Vidal, Magalhães Lima, Feio Terenas and gregório Fernandes, conference members of the second session of republican propaganda, that attended with its adoptive son, Luis Frederico Viegas. In that day Magalhaes Lima complemented her in her writing abilities and supported her in to continue the path that would lead to the Republic. Additional information: In March 1909 by initiative of Maria Veleda, Grémio Humanidade made in Caixa Económica Operária a commemorative session of the death sentence of António Jose da Silva, the Jew. Ana de Castro Osório, Maria Clara Correia Alves, Lucinda Tavares and António José de Almeida had their speeches in the session. Lídia de Oliveira, Cândido Xavier da França and Carlos dos Santos Couto recited the dialogue “ Atruísmo” which author was Maria Veleda. This was printed and handed to the audience.

Adress: Campo de , 87-90 Location: Escola profissional number 1 da Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas Description: The Escola profissional number 1 da Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas school was founded in 1917, by Cruzada das Mulheres, and was destined to the daughters or dependent girls, of soldiers that were drafted in the 1st war. This school

Página 11 was included on a bigger project that was supposed to happen across the country, since it was a general idea that children and youth should stay in their hometowns, where they should learn and work in a specific profession, for the improvement of the Nation. Elisa Dias Freitas Rodrigues was nominated president of the committee responsible for the creation and administration of the this school. Addicional information: In 1912, the Escola profissional number 1 da Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas changed to the headqurters building, in Caetanos street 18, nowadays named João Pereira da Rosa Street.

Adress: Campos de Santa Clara Location: Botto Machado garden/ Jardim de Santa Clara garden Description: This garden was created in 1892, and the wall that surrounds it, was rebuilt in 1870. The animation in Campo de Santa Clara has been ongoing since 1882, weekly (Tuesday and Saturdays), it’s the flea market! There you will find everything. It’s a fair that has been happening since the beginning of our nationality. It started to happen in Chão da Feira, it passed to Ribeira Velha when D. Afonso III was ruling the country. When D. Manuel ruled, the fair was closed to Paço da Ribeira, and then on the sixteen century passed to . And finally, after the hearth quake of 1755, passed to Praça da Alegria square. It passed through Bemposta, Campo Santana and the Passeio Público. In 1938, the garden paid tribute to the republican Amaral de Botto Machado (1865/1924). From the garden we have two magnificent views above Tejo river and the Santa Engrácia church (national pantheon). A few meters ahead we have São Vicente de For a Monastery. Additional information: The public transports you can take are Buses 12,35,107, and tram 28.

Address: Paraíso Street 1, 1st floor (São Vicente de Fora - Santa Clara) Location: Botto Machado republican school center Description: It was founded in 15 January 1906, and had for a patron Fernão Botto Machado, politic, journalist and diplomat that supported the feminine emancipation in the beginning of the movement. In that year, he challenged Maria Veleda for a confrontation about “Feminism” with the objective of awakening the consciousness and attention of Portuguese women, that were apart from this issue. In his perspective “the democracy cause was also a feminist cause. You couldn’t be a feminist without being a republican” (Botto Machado, A mulher e a criança, n11 Abril 1910:1913). This was the first center with a feminine and feminist element in the management board: Maria Veleda (1908). It was in this center that in November 1906, that Maria Veleda started her role as speaker, lecturing about “O Imposto do Consumo” by invitation of the center patron. This first experience has a speaker in a male audience, was a mark in this womans life, that made a commitment to the defense and consolidation of the republican ideals, and that always believed and defended and alliance between feminism and politics. In 1908, Maria Veleda, created in this center the “curso dominical” for women, delivered on Sundays between 10am and 1pm. The decision of this schedule wasn’t innocent, the purpose was to make women visit “the democratic mass” instead of the “catholic mass”, illuminating the brains that the Church wanted to be darken. “Tribuna Feminina, A Républica, 22.10.1908:2) In 28th of January 1949, took place in this center, the electoral session of the presidential candidacy of Norton de Matos.

Página 12 Address: Salvador Square, 2A (alfama) Location: Dr Magalhaes Lima Republican School Center Description: Founded in 1911, had as a patron Sebastião Magalhaes Lima, Grão Mestre do Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido, republican and free thinker that supported women demands for their feminist emancipation. In 1907, initiated in the freemansory Adelaide Cabete, Ana de Castro Ósorio e Maria Veleda. He was minister of Instrução Pública in 1915, and great defender of secular and rationalist education, following the Escola Moderna of Francisco Ferrer Y Guardia philosophy. In November 1914, the Republican League of Portuguese Women, joined the homage to Leote do Rego, campaigning in favor Portugal intervention in the First World War, that took place in this center. Ana Castilho, Filipa de Oliveira, Maria Veleda and Mariana da Assunção da Silva participated actively in this campaign, with speeches in the patriot propaganda sessions in Lisbon and others. Additional information: Originally the center was located in the Salvador Square 25. Still exists today as Centro Cultural Dr Magalhaes Lima, in Salvador Square 2A.

Address: Travessa da Nazaré 21 – Graça Location: Republican School Center António José de Almeida Description: Founded on the 1st of July 1906, had as a patron Doctor António José de Almeida, one of the biggest republican tribune, that had some of the most important political positions. He was a congressman, a minister, and the Repuplic president. He was the only one that completed his entire mandate, on an era of lot of political instability. He is responsible for the first republican reform of public education, founded the Evolutionists party, and the newspaper “A República” that had its bases on the principles, values and republican ideals, and survived the regime Estado Novo. In 1907, Maria Veleda created and directed night courses in this center to instruct and educate civically women. On the day the king was killed, when she was about to start her class, without knowing already the king was dead, she found weird the her students absence and returned home. She heard about the news through the newspapers the following day. In this republican center other feminist events took place, such has: 28th of August 1908 the launch of the Republican League of Portuguese Women, between April and May of 1909 the conference cycle in favor of divorce, Ana de Castro Osório was the lecturer. On the 26th of August 1911, homage session to Maria Veleda, promoted by the Republican League of Portuguese Women, presided by Bernadino Machado. In the period of the regime Estado Novo, on the 7th of February 1949, took place a general meeting supporting the the candidacy of Norton de Matos to the presidency of the Republic, to decide if he would run the elections or not. Because of the lack of conditions the Opposition decided the candidacy of the republican general should not go ahead.

Itinerary 2 Address: Almirante Reis Avenue 14 Location: central bookshop Gomes de Carvalho Description: Gomes de Carvalho was a publisher and famous republican head. He published the book “A Conquista” written by Maria Veleda, and was part of the committee headed by Magalhães Lima, that handed to this republican feminist a message signed by thousand of citizens, that decided to show their appraisal publicly for

Página 13 the success of the article “A Propósito”, published in the newspaper “A Vanguard” in February the 9th of 1908, soon after the regicide. This article criticized the conventional mourning, false and exhibitionist that aristocracy women were displaying throughout the city of Lisbon, that this way wanted to publicly show the pain for the kings death. Maria Veleda, the narrator of the people, that was not sorry for the kings death says “… a kings death, specially if he knows not how to love his people, is a common fact has the death of one of his last subordinates”. The several salutation and praise letters sent to Marias Veleda, for her courage and audacity in publish such article, were address to Gomes de Carvalho, because it was in his publishing house there was an open book, where people could sign whoever wanted to show praise Maria de Veleda. It was in Gomes de Carvalho name that in 1908, Maria Veleda presented a motion to the first national congress of free thinking, about “the abolition of the oath defending religion”, that public staff was forced to do. Additional information: The same bookshop worked in Prata Street 158-160. The access to the avenue can be made through the green line of the subway, Martim Moniz stop, Intendente, Anjos , ) by buses 34, 40, 708, and by tram 12 and 28.

Address: Palme street 246 Location: Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa – arquivo fotográfico. Photographic Archive Description: Created in 1942, the photographic archive has as an objective centralize the photographical production, saving , treating and preserving all documentation related to Lisbon.

Address: Benformoso street 50 , 1st floor Location: Republican School Center Almirante Reis Description: Founded on the 1st of April 1911, had as a patron the admiral Cândido dos Reis, one of the heads of the 5th of October revolution 1910, that committed suicide the day before the republican victory, because he thought his the fight was lost. It can be the successor of the Republican School Center Almirante Reis mentioned by Maria Veleda in “Memórias”, where we can’t find other references. It was in this center that in 1906, Maria Veleda saw for the first time a propaganda republican session, following Alves Torgo request, representing the direction committee of the Republican School Center . The conference man was Botto Machado, his opponent in the issue of feminism that took place in the newspaper “A Vanguarda”. Maria Veleda presence and her colleague and friend Judite Pontes Rodrigues caught Botto Machado curiosity, because they were the only women on a male assembly. After he found out who the ladies were, he thanked their presence, complimented the qualities of his opponent and implicitly invited her to join the republican ranks. This conference marked the beginning of a path to serve the republic purposes. On the 8th of October 1945, took place in the Republican School Center Almirante Reis the founding meeting of MUD. Addition information: The entrance is through Terreirinho street 77, except on the days of launches.

Address: Intendente Pina Manique square 45, 1st floor (and Travessa dos Remolares 30, 1st floor)

Página 14 Location: Civil Registry Association, editorial room of the newspaper “O Livre Pensamento” Description: This can be the most emblematic para-freemason running through the beginning of the Republic. The Civil Registry Association was founded by the freemasonry in 1895. Their first name was changed in 1911. The new name reveals their new objectives: Civil Registry Law Promoter Association. Among the thousands of members, there was Manuel dos Reis Buíça and Alfredo Luís da Costa, the nation story entrust to be the regicides. Beside the fact this event was reflected in the media as a tragic event, it’s true that many women fighting for the implementation of the Republic at the time, were in favor the of the regicide. And they were solidary with the widows and sons of the revolutionaries, associating themselves to the events developed by the The Civil Registry Association. Maria Veleda in the “A Vanguarda”, in a text edited on the 9th of February 1908, targeted to “Ás Mulheres Portuguesas”, claimed with vehemence: “for whom are your excellences mourning, my ladies? Is it for the king? For the man that if he was still alive, would have sent in despair 300 families of political prisoners, threatening them with deportation to faraway countries, exposed to abuse and violence, making death the only freedom available.” In strictness, the feminine militancy revealed itself in this association, as fighting platform, because it defended the divorce law (approved in 1910), trying to remove religion from the daily routine in the main acts, such has: birth registry, marriage registry, obituary. The secular state, was the banner of this social movement, that greeted the separation of the church from the state, vigorously in 22nd of April 1911. This day become so emblematic that the schools of this association implemented a week of holidays, to celebrate with dignity this event. This fact made that some members showed that they were just free thinkers and didn’t want to associated themselves to any political organization. Joined this association women like Deolinda Lopes Vieira e Sofia Quintino. This organization developed an intense civic activity, created many schools and organized 4 national congresses and an international one. It was closed in 1938 by the regime (1926- 1974). On the 5th of April 1907, the republican bastion “O Mundo”, announces that they are gathering funds to buy a funeral wagon and matching flag, for the funeral rites of “liberals and free thinkers. We call the attention of the liberal and the free thinkers of the public fundraising this organization is developing, for the construction of a special funeral wagon, that will differ from the catholic wagons, and also the elaboration of a flag that will be displayed in the association to show respect and appreciation to the deceased.” The lists for this fundraising were displayed in several shops.

Address: Intendente Pina Manique square Location: Viúva Lamego Description: Factory founded in 1849, where you can find the main store of the company. In the beginning of their activity, the factory developed a diverse production in red clay (product demand that started to decrease in the beginning of the 20th century), and white clay (with the increase of the importance of tile). In the 30’s the production passed to Palma (where it stayed until 1992), and this phase corresponded to the increasing collaboration of the factory with plastic artists. Additional information: Visits from Monday until Friday from 10am until 4pm, €2,50 with the offer of hand painted tile, closes on Sundays and Saturdays.

Página 15 Maria Keil (1914) painter, illustrator, and Portuguese ceramist, born in Silves (Algarve), attended Painting classes in Escola Superior de Belas Artes de Lisboa – Fine Arts Superior School of Lisbon, and was a student of the painter Veloso Salgado. Married at the age of 33 years old with the architect Franscisco Keil do Amaral, grandson of Alfredo Keil. The couple had one son, also an architect. Maria Keil painted several still life paintings and portraits still very young, and in 1937 she participated in Portugal Pavilion in the International Exhibition. In 1940, participated in the Portuguse World Exhibition with a mural. In 1941 she received the award Prémio Revelação Amadeu de Sousa Cardoso for her self-portrait. In the launch of the Lisbon subway, during the 50´s, 60´s, Maria Keil started to develop an intense work as a creator of tile panels, to decorate the subways statiosn. We owe her the recuperation in public spaces of tile panels, that many considered a lower type of art. Her sympathy and creativity granted her the nickname of “the tile lady”. She worked for 19 subways stations of the Lisbon subway, and made the factory Víuva Lamego to reborn, in crises by then. She is mainly an illustrator for children books. Participated in many exhibitions in Portugal and abroad. She was multivalent artist, also left her art form in stamps, upon the in the Women International Year. In 1989, the tile museum dedicated her an expressive retrospective exhibition. In 1977, she decided to exhibit photographies under the theme “roupa a secar no Bairro Alto”. Through her interviews and conversations, Maria Keil reveals herself beyond an artist for her sympathy, absolute simplicity and a direct honesty.

Address: Anjos street 6, 2nd floor Location: Headquarters of Republican League of Portuguese Women in 1916/1917 (Foto)

Address: Andrade street 39, 2nd floor Location: Headquarters of Republican League of Portuguese Women in 1911 to 1913

Address: Maria da Fonte street Description: In every one of us, exists a Maria da Fonte? Maybe. Many are the women that could have impersonated this legendary woman, with origins in very concrete facts. The death of a woman called Custódia Teresa, in the town of Simães, Fonte Arcada – Póvoa do Lanhoso, lead to a popular revolution, that started in 22nd of march 1846, from the discontempt with the laws from Cabral Costa, D. Maria II minister, that stopped funeral rites in churches. The law of fees and cemetery construction came from 1835, but had never been applied, because of poverty and economic crisis that didn’t allowed the implantation of the law, since the deceased outside the churches were considered unprotected. The event that incited a group of women to revolt following the new health services regulation, that determined that the health inspector would come to declare the death of the person and receive a funeral fee. The heads of this revolt were arrested on the 24th of March, and the result was the hundreds of women armed with scythes and sticks. They forced the justice officers and the gravediggers that were conducting the exhumation of the Custódia cadaver to run for their lives. After reuniting, they decided to free the colleagues that had been arrested. On the 27th of March, after the bells tolls, they marched to the town and with axes they broke in the prison. Maria da Fonte or the Revolução do Minho, were the titles used to name this revolt in the spring of 1846, against the government, presided by Antonio Bernardo da Costa Cabral. The insurrectional movement awoken by the social tensions and by the popular discontempt

Página 16 raised by the new military draft laws, fiscal modifications and the prohibition of making the burial inside the churches, spread throughout the country and lead to the substitution of the government of Costa Cabral. Later on, a new insurrection appeared leading to the Patuleia, a civil war, that lasted for 8 months. That only finished with the signing of the Gramido convention (30-06-1847). Additional information: On the 15th of September 1920 the Teófilo Braga garden was inaugurated, in neighborhood, a monument statue of Maria da Fonte. This was to celebrate the hundred years of the proclamation of the liberal regime.

(Operários da Ideia poema não traduzido)

Address: Castelinhos street 6, 2nd floor Location: Headquarters of Republican League of Portuguese Women in 1909 Description: In August 1908, while the political fight for the regime change was intensifying, the republican women, under the direction of Ana de Castro Osório organized themselves and created the Republican League of Portuguese Women, the feminine association with bigger influence in the first two decades of the 20 th century. They associated the feminist point of view and the political determination, had nucleus across the country and gathered in a few months, hundreds of activists. The association fought for the law divorce, and the alteration of the civil law, they fought for the creation of institutions that would defend women and children rights. Fought for the spread of education, the economic independence of women, and the conquering of political and civil rights, centering their fight, after the Republic in October 1910, for the right for vote, still restricted for women. In 1918 she presented several petitions with the main ideas, trying to work as pressure group near the new political powers.

Address: Campo dos Mártires da Pátria Location: Medical Cirurgical School of Lisbon Description: In 2011 we had the centenary celebration of the creation of Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa – Medical College. Celestino da Costa “ the students generation that started studying here in 1911, didn’t have an idea of what was the Medical Cirurgical School of Lisbon, that on the 22nd of February of 1911 was transformed into the Faculdade de Medicina - Medical College“. Even though the first women doctors weren’t many, the importance of their studies has a lot of meaning and importance. The Medical Cirurgical School of Lisbon and the Medical College, associated the women doctors to the development of sciences and the first feminist movements in our country. The journalist Virgína Quaresma, a bit before the Republic implementation, stated “a group of distinctive female doctors, poets of great value, intelligent educated women, that defend the ideal of peace. Doctor Domitília de Carvalho, had a degree in mathematics, philosophy and medicine, director of the only feminine high school, and Doctor Emília Patacho, distinctive doctor and director of Casa de Correctial - correctional house.” Mentioning Adelaide Cabete, Carolina Beatriz, Maria do Carmo Lopes e Sofia Quintino, not mentioning many others that also had qualifications to practice medicine, such has Elisa Augusta da Conceição Andrade, the first lady doctor with a private practice, specialized in women and children, that was located in São Roque square 3, 1st right floor, since 1889. It’s the newspaper “Diário de Notícias” from the 1st September 1889, that salutes the first female doctor in Portugal “the lady doctor Doctor Elisa Augusta de Conceição Andrade, that concluded her studies this year in Medical School of Lisbon, opened her practice for ladies and children. This is the first big step for

Página 17 feminine emancipation in Portugal! In the next year, two more lady doctors will finish their studies in Oporto School and they will join Doctor Elisa Andrade, and these doctors will set example, and many other women will follow and finally the this will common in our society... We leave behind the lace coif, and apron, the tricot and the needle we leave behind the pot of feu! Honor to science! Honor to the scalpel.” Actually the newspapers of that time will report the advances of this female doctor, mentioning the success and the amount of ladies that went to this doctor. As predicted this also happened to all the other female doctors, they also had many patients. All these doctors created their own paths in a male universe that had been closed for so many centuries. Writing about them in these feminist itineraries, is devoting our respect and admiration for their work, and for conquering of own merit, and vocational victory in the feminine. The paths of the lady doctors in Lisbon has to be pointed out. Different motives changed the places there they had their practice. We want to point out some of them because they were emblematic since they gather many civil and political activities in them. If we had to choose just one, we would choose dos Restauradores square 13, 2nd floor, because of the diversity of organizations gathered in the same location, along with the medical consultations made by Doctor Adelaide Cabete and her niece the dentist Maria Brazão. Let’s remember some of the places named in the press at that time. Additional information: private practice of some doctors: Sofia Quintino, Palma street 206, 1 left. Adelaide Cabete, Prata street 153, 1st floor and then in 1908 changes to Áurea street 267, 2nd floor. Afterwards Restauradores Square 13, 2nd floor Maria do Carmo Lopes Arroios square, 170 Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Nova do Almada street 109, 1st floor and then number 64 , 1st floor Domitília de Carvalho, Rossio 74, 2nd floor

Address: Júlio de Andrade street, close to campo dos Mártires da Pátria Location: Torel garden Description: This garden and pointview has a panoramic view of Lisbon. From the other side we have Liberty Avenue, São Pedro de Alcântara pointview and Príncipe Real Hills, with Tejo on the left side. Created in 1930, renovated in 2009 this garden welcomes us the moment we pass the entrance gate, with all the plants and trees that spread their fragrance since the beginning of summertime. The garden has a playground, pic-nic area, drinking fountain and statuary. Additional information: The garden is open from 7am until 7pm. You access it by taking the buses 23, 30 and the Lavra lift. It’s close to Faculdade de Medicina - Medical College.

Address: Alexandre Braga street Location: Estafânia club Description: Where it took place the vote of Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, on the 28th of May 1911. Additional information: today is situated in Alexandre Braga street 24A.

Address: Antonio Pedro SD street since 1916, number 167 and 169 Location: Living address of Carolina Beatriz Ângelo (16/04/1878, 03/10/1911). She was part of a feminist quartet liders that emerged in the first decade of the 20th century. Lived part of her short life in Guarda city, and then moved to Lisbon in the last decade

Página 18 of the 18th century to enroll the Escola Politécnica and Escola medico-cirúrgica. Doctor Carolina Beatriz Ângelo became between 1906 and 1911, and activist of pacific, feminist, freemason, republican and suffragist movement. Participated in the foundation of the Portuguese Group of Feminists Studies, from Republican League of Portuguese Women and the Feminist Propaganda Association. She got involved along with Adelaide Cabete, in the secret mission of sowing dozens of green and red flags to be used in the revolution. The Republic showed an evident suffragist Carolina, heading all the fights for the feminine vote. She remained in our history to be the first woman to vote, that took place for the Constitutive Assembly on the 28th of May 1911.

Address: Calçada de Arroios 7, 1st floor Location: Doctor Afonso Costa Republican School Center Description: Founded in the 30th of November 1900, had as a patron Doctor Afonso Costa, of the republican heads most admired by the feminists. In 1905, Maria Veleda took the place of regent teacher in this school center, and had the opportunity of meeting and familiarize with some of the republican chiefs that went there for meetings and gatherings, namely Afonso Costa, Agostinho Fortes, Ricardo Covões. There she converted to republican ideals, to the free thinking and this incited her collaboration with the newspaper “A Vanguarda” where later on she had her own column “Democratic Mass” dedicated to the feminine emancipation, to the political education of women. It was in this newspaper that in 1906, she proposed to create the feminist libertarian party. At that time, the president and director of the school center was Doctor Alves Torgo “a person that was an example of integrity, firmness and kindness, beyond measure”, that children loved, according to “Memórias” written by Maria Veleda. On the 19th of March 1908, Ana de Castro Osório made a speech in this center “Womens Civic Education”, the first conference of a cycle promoted by Maria Veleda, following her night courses, that had been created to fight illiteracy and contributing for women the political and civil education. This conference was published in fliers, and it was the first publication of the Portuguese Group of Feminists Studies. The group had as an objective create a library from diverse areas “destined to instruct and educate Portuguese women, unfortunately that were absorbed in false life statements and distracted from their main objective in life as educator of future society” (Maria Veleda “Tribuna Feminina” A Repùblica 1908).

Address: Arroios Street 162, 1 left Location: Headquarters of Republican League of Portuguese Women in 1914 and Solidarity and Feminine School .

Address: Açores 78, 2nd floor Location: living address of Maria Veleda Description: Maria Veleda lived in the house in 1908, according to the information stated on the “tribuna feminina” from the newspaper “A República”, following the publications of the Portuguese Feminist Studies Group, adivising any requests could be addressed to Maria Veleda or Ana de Castro Osório, secretary and president of the association. They developed a flier where they published the content of the conference “Women Cicic Education Conference” from Ana de Castro Osório, and the book “A Conquista”, a gathering of speeches and conferences delivered by Maria Veleda in diverse locations, and a gathering of textes from Beatriz Pinheiro.

Página 19 The group wanted to publish diverse studies about feminism and create a library, so they could fill in an existent gap for women reading. For a long time Maria Veleda had been fighting that the literature available to women, didn’t educated, nor they awaken women for greater social issues in society, nor did they prepare women for the emancipation fight that would need to happen. They should fight preconceptions and study like men, so they evolve and learn all types of jobs and professions “let the clothes shops and the Ponson romances to the idiots. We, women of this century, must walk towards the light of the big revolutions, emancipate from the heavy burden of the emancipation and preconception” (Maria Veleda “Tribuna Feminina” A República 16/7/1908). It was in this address that Maria Veleda continued to write the newspaper A Vanguarda, and started a collaboration with the newspaper A República, in which she had personal columns called “Missa Democrática”, and “Tribuna Feminina”. In these columns she wrote about the issues that most concerned her, women, educator, feminist, republican and free thinker, fighting for freedom, equality, justice and democracy. In the A vanguarda, she spoke about education, feminism, right to vote, emancipation, republicanism, free thinking, very sharply, in the newspaper A República, she was more soft and contained. In the column “A Tribuna Feminina”, Maria Veleda created feminists profiles of her colleagues, such has Adelaide Cabete, Ana de Castro Osório, Beatriz Pinheiro and Sofia Quintino. She gave voice to writers that identify themselves with the feminist cause, modern education and informed about the struggles and conquers of the international feminist movement, opening the eyes of Portuguese feminists. She stimulated the debate. It’s in this newspaper that she publishes “Plebiscito ás Mulheres Portuguesas” wanting to “stimulate Portuguese women spirit and make them interested by the democratic cause, and awaken them from this sleep of indifference, that has diverted their attention of our social problem” (Maria Veleda Tribuna Feminina 10/10/1908). The participation of the summoning demonstrated that Portuguese women had released them from the old prejudices, showed loyal and bravely their opinions and ideas, and showed interest in being participative in the triumph of democracy and the emancipation. This summoning, because of the amount of women that were involved (834), prepared the grounds and the paths to the foundation of the Republican League of Portuguese Women, feminist organization that started their headquarters close by in Arroios street 162, 1st floor. Before moving to Açores street, Maria Veleda lived in the Alfredo Costa Republican School Center, where she teached and where she arranged the political and civic educational conferences. At the same time she delivered night courses and conferences on Sundays in the Botto Machado and Antonio José de Almeida Republican School Centers. On those times these centers were points of children and adult education. They were places of meetings and anti-monarchy conspiracies, where people could share ideas, discuss them and decided for strategies of action. To Maria Veleda these centers were points of freedom, dynamic, and spreading faster and faster secular rational and scientific education, that aimed to teach conscious citizens, active and useful to society, as well as important points of political, social and educational revolution, that was coming ahead. The teaching boards of these republican centers were mainly constituted by women, following the 1878 reform of feminization primary education, and this way women represented the biggest share of the teachers in the country. Maria Veleda, like many other teachers of free education, defended a modern education, following Froebel theories, and mainly Francisco Ferrer y Guardia, that allied critical spirit, justice civic

Página 20 values, equality and solidarity. These and other teachers of the established educational system, they argued about the current system because of the strictness of the catholic doctrine influence on the educational sector, they dared to innovate pedagogical practices that could allow the development of the children and the teenagers. “Education has to offer the evolutional power of progress, if we want reform this society, and prepare it for a brighter and better future. What good a Republic will be , if it that doesn’t have a new education based in new molds and standards (Maria Veleda, A vanguard 17/01/1909).

Itinerary 3 Mary Wollstonecraft in Lisbon

Even though she didn’t spent a long time with us, it is a proven fact this feminist spent some time in Lisbon. She arrived on the fall of 1785, and the city spirit contradicted with the sadness she carried in her soul. She disembarked a little bit before the 29 th of November, the fatidic date of Fanny Blood death, her best friend, that she had wanted to share her life with. Travelling in the 18th century, showed the adventurous spirit (because the transportation methods, and because the resources weren’t very good for long routes), the cultural and scientifically spirit assumed by the liberal concept, spread a desirable Pleasurable Instruction. However the fundamental reason for her travel was to assist her childhood friends disease, that was far «away from her home country and her friends and family. Fanny Blood was her close friend, with which she had founded in 1783 a childrens school in the United Kingdom. She came to our country to find relief and cure for her tuberculosis, following medical advice. At that time Portuguese climate was seen as good for pulmonary diseases, and so she follows her husband Hugh Skeys, that had business in Lisbon. Actually this Irishman was admitted as a member of Lisbon Factory on the 20th of February 1782. To proof the connection of the couple to the British elite established in Lisbon, at that time, here is a sentence of William Godwin in memoirs: ”She (Mary Wollstonecraft) was presented to the finest class of the British factorship”. This fact shows that the connections with the Lisbon Factorship was real. It’s important to mention that at this time the factorship had no specific headquarters. The studious mentioned that in the first decades of the 17th century the headquarters could be located in the beginning of Flores street, but after the hearth wake on the 1st of November 1755, the other possible location could be Alecrim street, close to Barão de Quintela square. A.R.Walford portraits Lisbon city and her surroundings in the end of the 18th century: “Lisbon was, at that time, a confusion of streets that bordered with the river margins, and that laid to north and west from the Terreiro do Paço and Alcântara. The main commercial areas had their hot spot around Baixa, that is part of the riverside part of the town, and had connections with Santos and São Paulo neighborhood and Cais do Sodré. São Paulo street, Flores street, Alecrim street, Ourives de Ouro street until Fanqueiros street and their surroundings were the commercial center, and it was precisely in this congestied area that many British merchants had their stores and homes.” So São Paulo street was one of the many streets that Mary Woolstonecraft walked through, when she arrived to Lisbon port. From there to the Loreto church the distance wasn’t long. Knowing her taste and pleasure in art and painting, and remembering the references she made by seeing the hearth wake ruins, it’s possible she walked through Alecrim street, close by to Loreto church, Mártires, , and many other emblematic buildings after hearth wake that could satisfy her historical and artistic

Página 21 tastes. The British colony lived mainly in specific neighborhood named Buenos Aires. Mary Wollstonecraft brief staying in Lisbon she must have walked through other paths, like the ones British use for their funerary rites, that had to be discrete since they followed Anglican rites, which at that time was against the Inquisition and the catholic tradition. John Delaforce stated : ”One of the clauses of the article 14th of the 1654 treaty, conceded the British Protestants the right to have their own cemetery. Still in practice this didn’t happen because of the Inquisition and Jesuits opposition”. Ferreira Lima, in 1944 during the dictatorship, signed an article about the visit of Mary Wollstonecraft to Portugal, mentions : ”It’s funny to mention that in 1806, few years after her death, the Portuguese Doctor Henrique Xavier Baeta 1776-1854 doctor by the Edimburg College, where he graduated in 1800, when he moved there in 1797, because he as persecuted in Coimbra along with other students that defended the ideals proclaimed in the French Revolution, spreads the name of this British writer among us”. Maria Aline Ferreira (1989) also mentioned Mary Wollstonecraft visit to Lisbon: “She was considered one a pioneer of the English feminists, and symbolic founder of the feminist movement, with her book Vindications of women rights, published in 1792, three years after the of the French revolution eruption, that Mary testified in first hand, travelling to Paris all by herself, and embraced the French ideals”. We will never know if author and translator didn’t meet in Paris, due to their ideological affinity? “Mary Wollstonecraft was born in Epping on the 27th of April 1750. Her father was Eduardo João Wollstonecraft and her mother Izabel. Since her early years she demonstrated good thinking and sensibility, firmness of character, that until her death was her main values”. It’s this way Xavier Baeta shows us a notable feminist, with who we cross on these and other feminist itineraries. It is curious the attempt in finding the first translation of Wollstonecraft in . Constância Lima Duarte states: the first book that Nìsia Floresta (1810-1885) published, was also the first in Brazil to mention women rights to education, work and demanded women to be considered intelligent and worthy of societies respect. This book was published in Recife in 1832, with the suggestive title “Womens rights and the men injustices” when she was only 22 years old, and most of Brazilian women lived closed, trapped in prejudice with no rights and having to obey every male authority. In the front cover, the author had the attention of mentioning it was a “free translation” of Marys Wollstonecraft book, that was a big success titled Vindications of women rights. Nísia Floresta “the first Brazilian feminist” takes the head of the feminist movement in brazil, like our feminists here, fighting for women rights and using Mary Wollstonecraft has her main reference. Paths and people ... to remember! Let’s start in Lisbon.

Address: Escola Politécnica street Location: “França Borges garden” or Príncipe Real garden Description: the name “Príncipe Real” was given to this square in 1859, as homage to D. Pedro V (1837-1861), first born child of D. Maria II (1819-1853). The garden was planted between 1859 and 1863 on the upper side of Bairro Alto, and it conquers any person that visits it. The garden has the first tree in Lisbon that was awarded on the 12th of February 1940 the classification of public interest. In this garden we can find several types of trees and plants, and many people visit it for various purposes, from elderly people playing cards on the benches, to the children playing. On one of the sides of the garden we can find the entrance to the Reservatório de Água Patriacal, dated 1864, a

Página 22 project of French engineer Mary, a big underground gallery where several water flows with origin in Aqueduto das Águas Livres and that is nowadays patrimony of Museu da Água of EPAL. Its current denomination was given by the republican journalist Antonio França Borges (1871-1915), to whom a homage was made by putting a statue in his honor. This garden is part of an urbanization project under influence of the British landscape school. Additional information: the access by public transportation is by taking the 58, 92, 773, 790 buses. The Reservatório Patriacal is open from Monday to Saturday from 10am until 6pm.

Address: Século street 13 Location: Cardaes convent and Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Cardaes church Description: From the right side - Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Cardaes church. This church almost passes unknowable among the houses built, mainly because of its simplicity. We can only notice a baroque door. Contrasting with its interior, where the architectural work under the influence of golden giltwork and blue and white tiles work. The tiles panels that were documented, represent life scenes of Santa Teresa de D’avila, from dutch artist artist Jan Van Oort. It’s part of the Cardaes convent, and was built under instructions of D. Luísa Távora, to be occupied by the religious order Carmelitas Descalças Religious Order. The construction started in 1677 and finished in 1703.

Location: newspaper O Século Address: Século street 51 to 63 Description: Maria Lamas (1893-1983) writer and journalist worked in this newspaper for 20 years. She started her job has a journalist not far from here in news agency Americana, in Antonio Maria Cardoso street 26, directed by Virginia Quaresma. In 1928, following suggestion, Maria Lamas was invited to direct the supplement Modas e Bordados in the O Século newspaper, of João Pereira da Rosa. She innovates the supplement. Adds to the title feminine life, wanting to enlarge the space dedicated to women in number of pages and contents, giving women more information about the world they lived. She gave women a voice with exhibitions and events where women were the main figure. Two years after she joined the newspaper, she organizes the event “O certame das Mulheres Portuguesas. Exposição da obra feminina, antiga e moderna de carácter literário, artístico e científico”, that occupied 11 rooms and lasted 2 months, with the objective of showing women work, from handmade to intellectual. After that she organized “Exposição de tapetes de arroiolos feitas pelas presas da cadeia das Mónicas – tapestry exhibition developed by the Mónicas inmates”: she made possible the inmates to visit the opening of the exhibition with no guarded protection and all of them cried to see their work being shown and admired by a vast audience. In her own house she taught illiterate factory workers, to write and read. In 1935, she enrolls in the Feminine Portuguese Association for Peace. In 1945, the war was finished, and so she signs the list for the formation of MUD youth. In the same years she is elected president of the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas – National Council of Portuguese Women, under her direction the association gathered more than 2000 members. She opens affiliations across the country and promotes classes for professional education and alphabetization for women. In 1947, she organizes the exhibition “Mulheres escritoras de todo o mundo – Women writers across the world“. Books, pictures and texts are brought from several places and the exhibition was a success in Lisbon. She was inquired by PIDE and called to the newspaper director, she was given 2 options, the presidency of CNMP or the direction of Modas e Bordados.

Página 23 She chooses the CNMP and consequently loses her job. Eight days after, the CNMP is closed as well. At the age of 54 found herself jobless twice, with her daughters to take care of, Maria Lamas starts the most emblematic work of her life: making the survey of the diverse occupations of women across the country. This occupation could be from farm worker to embroidery. It was 24 chapters that Maria Lamas would write along she would go through the entire country by car, truck, donkey or by foot. She took photos, gathered data, listened to people, she would hand in the drafts in the typography, would receive the money and would continue her pilgrimage throughout the country of working women, forgotten women. She did this throughout 2 years, from January 1947 to December 1950. Then she faced exile in 1962. She only returned to the newspaper “O Século - Modas e Bordados” after the Revolution of April 1974 with 80 years old, in October 1975, as honorary director and stayed there until the closing of the newspaper.

O Século de Virgínia Quaresma Virgínia Quaresma was the first Portuguese woman to be a journalist reporter. She would edit the news, she distinguishes herself in interviews and reports, two genres that make the passage to the modern journalism. She was born in 1882 and was along with Berta Gomes de Almeida, one of the first women to graduate in Literature (1903). “Virgínia Quaresma starts working in O Século newspaper by invitation of Manuel Guimarães in 1908, following the kings death D. Carlos that had forced the closure of the newspaper Jornal da Noite, where she started to work as a journalist. She work in other newspapers but she alway returned to O Século, where she became the head of General Information and special reports department. In 1910, Manuel Guimarães leaves the newspaper to found another one . This new newspaper was located in a corner building in Norte street number 3, to Camões square, where previously was located the Regenerator Center. He invited Virgínia Quaresma to join him in the new newspaper and she accepted the invitation, where she becomes one of the best collaborators. She worked along side Mayer Garção , Hermano Neves, Herculano Nunes, Jorge de Abreu, Silva Passos, Avelino de Almeida, Garibaldi Falcão, the elite of journalism in the beginning of the century. Camilo Sousa e Almeida was the editor an on the editing room Virgínia Quaresma and Hermanao Neves were leading people. These two usually did the most important reports, street interviews, crime reports and interviews (Vírginia rented a place in front of the newspaper in Norte street). On an interview to A Capital on the 26th of August 1911, Virgínia said she loved her job and that all men fellow workers always welcomed her very well in all the different newspapers she worked, and that she wanted to see other women earning their lives as journalists, since she was the only one in Portugal. “One day, in Paris, it occurred me the idea of crossing the ocean and work in Brasil. The appearance of a female journalist raised the attention of the newspapers and immediately the newspaper A Época proposed me an interview with Pinheiro Machado, the only Brazilian politician that had never accept a journalistic encounter. Following a “truc” I won his resistance from the statesman and since then my career was assured”. She completed an excellent careers until 1917 and she returned to Rio, organizing big events , in 1922 taking the republic president Antonio José de Almeida to Brazil. As well as in 1933, organized by O Século “A Semana de Portugal – Portugal week” in Feira de Amostras do Rio do Janeiro – Fair, with a program of conferences, poetry recitals, concerts, as well as an exhibition of documentaries. Two organizations that made more for the cooperation between Portugal and Brazil, that many other treaties. She wrote , gave opinions, fought for the feminist cause and equality, the right to vote, right to work, equal access to the same professions than men,

Página 24 to personal assets administration, to divorce, were her main issues of her articles, and the pages of all the newspapers she worked for: she was principal editor for the magazine Sociedade Futura, from Olga Morais Sarmento, directed the Alma Feminina, a magazine where for the first time women factory workers had a place of expression. A fourth of this magazine was composed by education: education facing work problems, family, marriage, love, divorce, the educational role of mothers, the history of the feminist movement in its diverse genres, pacifism. The magazine was concerned with unusual issues like blind people education, physical education for girls, prevention and home treatment of childhood diseases and domestic hygiene. Virgínia assumed herself more as a feminist than a republican, but she made a speech in the General Assembly of Republican League of Portuguese Women in 26/10/1910, assembly that approved the feminist fight causes, document to be presented to Afonso Costa. Along with other feminist she broke the maximum political tribune for men, and she made a speech in numerous sessions of Republican Propaganda in school centers, before and after the 5th of October. Encouraged the creation of the Portuguese section of A Paz e o Desarmamento pelas Mulheres – Peace and Disarming by Women , after she attended Portuguse Peace League. She made a speech in the pilgrimage to Carolina Beatriz Ângelo grave, as well an homage to Madeleine Pelletier, incentive women never to give up in fighting for economical independence and education. After an invitation of Óscar de Carvalho Azevedo that she met in Brazil, Virgínia heads the American agency delegation in Lisbon, a news agency created by Olavo Bilac to report the most important events in South America, with importance for Brazil. It was in A Capital newspaper and specially in O Século that Virgínia Quaresma started developing reviewed publicity “a new aspect of journalism in Portuguese, making surveys to the economical, industrial and financial life of the two countries and turning public the wealth creation of these two nations”. During the War, she added publicity in the American news agency, following the help of Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas, promoting the help to the war mutilated and war orphans and war widows. In the headquarters of the news agency, as well as in Terrace, Virgínia promoted cultural vernissages to present pianos students, fado singers, female poets, that had a very big audience, and that were mentioned in several newspapers. They spread the name of these young women, that were starting their careers. Virginia died with the age of 91, victim of an heart attack. She resumed her life this way “I was only and editor in love with journalism, and that lived for my job journalism”.

Location: Liga dos combatentes – cruzada das mulheres portuguesas / Fighters League – Portuguese Women Crusade Address: João Pereira da Rosa street 18, former Caetanos street Description: The palace situated in this address was the headquarters of C Portuguese Women Crusade, founded in March 1916 by initiative of Elzira Dantas Machado, wife of Bernadino Machado, to the date President of the Republic. This lady had already been a member of Portuguese Women Republican League and she was the president of the association Feminist Propaganda Association (1915-1917). She was mother of 19 children, but this didn’t stop her from developing and intense and exemplar civic and patriotic activity. Some of her daughters, Rita, Maria Francisca, and Joaquina Mariana followed her in the feminist and feminine associative movement. The Portuguese Women Crusade appears following Portugal joining the first world war and the feminine committee “plea patria”, that had members such has Ana Castilho, Ana

Página 25 de Castro Osório, Antónia Bermudez and Maria Benedita Mouzinho de Albuquerque Pinho, to orientate female labor in the war effort. The founding nucleus of the Crusade was constituted by 80 women, wives, daughters, widows, relatives close to most important republicans of the União Sagrada government, with a highlight to the ones part of the Democratic Party, the most aggressive Portuguese Belligerence defenders. Republican women, individually and collectively supported and joined the Crusade objectives , “ humanitarian and patriotic institution destined to provide moral and material assistance to everyone that need it because of the war with Germany”. (estatutos da CMP Lisboa Imprensa Nacional 1916). The Crusade was then the only organization that gathered women close to the governmental and parliament elite, that had never joined feminine associations along with the “old” activists of the feminist and republican propaganda. Together they felt that it was a patriotic duty to join forces together and minimize the bad effects and consequences of war. The feminists decreased their interventions fighting for the right to vote, instead to defend the country and the consolidation of the republic prestige. The Crusade intended, like in many other countries involved in the war, mobilize women to support the soldiers and their families, and direct the work productivity of that would support the countrie. Ana de Castro Osório, was the secretary of the committee of propaganda and labor organization, wanted the association to be the glue that would developed based on will power, labor, cooperation, innovation of Portuguese women, to the service of the war efforts and in the best interests of the country. The objective was that in the absence of men, women had a bigger social intervention, that exercised the right to work, and contribute to the countries development, and achieve some of emancipation wishes. The Portuguese Women Crusade, was split in many committees and sub-committees spread across the country, across the colonies and some of the Portuguese communities across the world, mainly in Brazil. The centerpiece was the central committee with directive functions , that had as president Elzira Dantas Machado, the administrative committee with executive duties, had as president Maria Luísa Cunha Braamcamp Freire, the fund raising committee that had a president Estefânia Macedo Dias Macieira, soldier support committee had as president Ester Norton de Matos, Hospital committee had as president Alzira de Abreu Costa, the nursing committee had for president Maria Isabel Mesquita de Carvalho, soldiers wives support committee that had for president Maria Joana Queiroga de Almeida and propaganda and labor organization committee that had for resident Adelaide Menezes Fernandes Costa, followed by secretary Ana de Castro Osório. Under the government protection, specially the war minister general Norton de Matos, the Crusade was authorized to found a Nursing school , for military hospitals and expeditionary corps, that was under technical direction of Doctor Sofia Quintino and Doctor Tovar Lemos. The hospitalization committee organized and equipped the medical and cirurgical assistance institute in , in the facilities of an ancient Jesuit school. The support soldiers committee had permission to move the reeducation of war amputees institute into the ancient Arroios convent and the Portuguese Hospital for the recoverable in Hendaia. This committee subdivided in war godchildren, a French idea imported that had the support of Jeanne Bensaúde, that initiated a national campaign, that gathered republican women, catholic and monarquic women together. In the event of not having as many godmothers as soldiers, the Crusade was the main godmother of all soldiers at war. They delivered the letters and filled in envelopes to the solders, so they could write to their families, and small bracelet with a metallic tag, used as an identity tag. To the war they sent, books, newspapers, clothes, tobacco and

Página 26 “everything that represents the country they are fight and sacrificing for” (Ana de Castro Osório in Tempo de Guerra, Lisboa ed ventura & Ca, 1918 page 83). The soldiers wives support committee created and directed the Labor house in Xabregas, to teach a profession and guarantee means of survival for all women that could work, or redirected them to available jobs, and gave subsidies to the elderly and the sick women, when the government didn’t pay the pensions they were entitled. The propaganda and organization committee founded the first Professional School Number One, installed in Campo de Santa Clara Lisboa, and the “agriculture feminine school” in Alcobaça. To incentive traditional arts crafts, they created small Lace schools in Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Farminhão close to Viseu. The Crusade took responsibility of legalizing marriages, children affiliation so they could have the right to claim “blood pensions”, as well as managing a money deposit that would help orphans when they got to their adulthood. They created nurseries like the “Viveiro” in the Labor House, orphanages, in which they sheltered and educated 285 children , war orphans. When the war ended, the Portuguese Women Crusade didn’t ended their patriotic mission, and stared the “social dispensary” with the objective of decreasing the social and economic consequences of war, that were reflected in unemployment, food and other essential goods shortage, increasing inflation, and a lot of material and moral poverty. The Portuguese Women Crusade continued “in peace to be a patriotic and humanitarian institution, within the responsibilities and the rights of Portuguese women” (estatutos da C.M.P. 1921). The merit of this association for their efforts developed throughout the war, were recognized by the republic government in 1919, that granted them the Grã-Cruz da Torre e Espada. In 1938, the patrimony and the charity work of the Crusade passed to the Great War Fighters League hands.

Address: rua Pereira da Rosa, 6A Location: The house were Ofélia Marques lived (as well as José Gomes Ferreira, Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins, Ramalho Ortigão, António Ferro and Fernanda de Casto) Description: Ofélia Marques (1902-1952). Ofélia Gonçalves Pereira da Cruz was born in Lisbon, 14th of November 1902, and was one of the first women to attend college in Portugal. She enrolled the Romanic philology in Literature University, but gave up in the 3rd year. Ofélia, started and developed her artistic career and integrated the second Portuguese modernism. She marries the plastic artist Bernardo Marques, and takes his surname, and using this surname to sign all her artistic work. Her artistic work is diverse and goes from painting to drawing, to illustration or caricature. Technically she develops more drawing. Drawings where women, children and cats “are mixed up together exchanging affectivities and metaphors”. She assumes herself as being self-taught. Like many other modernists from the same period, she collaborated with many magazines. She worked with “Atlântico”, “Panorama”, “Revista de Portugal” and “Civilização”. In this last magazine in 1928 she illustrates stories written by Rosa Silvestre (pseudonym of Maria Lamas). In 1925 she illustrates the first version of “As aventuras de João sem medo “ written by José Gomes Ferreira.

Página 27 In the 30’s, she elaborates a collection of friends caricatures, with some hints of sarcastic details, moving away from the stereotypes she was given of “children’s painter.” In regards to painting, Ofélia had her debut in 1926, in the second Autumn salon, in the modernist salon within the Bobone house. Afterwards she joins several collectives exhibitions, but never had her own individual one. Nevertheless in 1940 she receives the award Souza-Cardoso. At the same time her public work, she develops another more privately- the self-portrait and the erotic drawings. In this private space Ofélia assumes drawing as a mean of expression. In the self portraits, Ofélia transfigures herself and has no space for the innocence and sweetness she shows on her public work. In the erotic and homosexual scenes, she passes the puritan rules, imposed to women in an oppressive and castrating society, that was the life in the dictatorship period Estado Novo. It’s in this private space that that artist reveals the most important aspects of her work, until today forgotten. In December the 17th Ofélia commits suicide.

Address: Grémio Lusitano street, number 25 Location: Palácio Maçónico – Masonic Palace Description: Situated in the city center of Lisbon, on the top of a hill, close to the viewpoint São Pedro de Alcântara, one of the city favorites, we have the Masonic palace, in which we still have the museum nowadays. Its story connects as well to the story of women, because we believe it was in this temple that started the initiation of the republican feminists. But let’s focus a bit in the story of Professor Oliveira Marques. This historian, brings back the beginnings of the feminine entry in the freemasonry in Venus Mason, points to the middle of the 18th century. And he explains the method how this entry had begun, in an initial stage through the creation of Para- masonic “as feminine and as androgynous, copying male freemasonry legends and the rituals. In these organizations women got used to the freemasonry behavior accepting equality between members that led to an harmonious gathering among diverse human beings, fraternity, the main goal of the Freemasonry. This happen with Sociedade de Rosa, introduced in Portugal by the Alorna Marquis, and with the Maçonaria de Adopção, much closer to the masonic philosophy, that appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The other method used was the simple entry of women in some regular male shops, with the same rights and duties that men had. Even though rare this practice happen to the Viscondessa de Juromenha and her connection to the Grande Oriente Lusitano (1814) and with Gertrudes Magna dos Santos with degree 30 and regular worker in Capítulo Franco Lusitano (1889) that followed the Grande Oriente Espanhol”. We saw, mainly in the first decade of 1900, with special incidence in the year of 1906 and 1907, the initiation of women that became the liders of the first wave the Portuguese feminism, under the Grande Oriente Lusitano Unido, actually Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, adopting the symbolic name of Lígia, Ana de Castro Osório of Leonor da Fonseca Pimentel, Adelaide Cabete the name of Louise Michel, and Maria Veleda the name of Angústias were all part of the most important group. In this phase it was hard to separate the political activity from the freemason one from these feminists and their fight for the Republic implementation. We even know that Carolina Beatriz Ângelo and Adelaide Cabete were the trustees of their revolutionary peers for the Republic conspiracy. This way Carolina and Adelaide were the ones that showed the first republican flags, that were used after the revolution victory. They were red and green and until today they stay as a national symbol. Reflecting this episode, there is a text written by Cabete in 1920 in the Notícias do Norte , that is enlightening. Even though

Página 28 Marques da Costa mentioned that these 2 feminists had been in charge by Doctor Miguel Bombarda of making these green and red flags, (as Ana de Castro Osório mentioned before), celebrating the 10th year of the revolution birthday, Adelaide states very clearly that they were asked to accomplish this task by José de Castro. This freemason, born in Valhelhas, was the Grão Mestre and substituting Magalhaes Lima, that was in England negotiating supports for the next republican regime, that they intended to implement in the country. The role of the republican feminists in the fight against monarchy and for the social emancipation forced, also inside the freemasonry, the defense of women’s rights and men, and this led to the creation of the “feminine independent stores, with individual elective representation power. The feminine freemasonry progressed 38 years before the first feminine independent stores formed after the 2nd world war”. Nonetheless and after 7 years of the exercise of the equal rights, in Loja de Humanidade had a fundamental role, the feminine stores passed to a second place accepting the denomination of adopted in 1914. In 1923 Adelaide Cabete decides to create the Portuguese section of the Maçonaria Mista – Le Droit Humain- and got their permission to create the Loja Humanidade nº776, and started to get members since the 24th of May from the same year, and accepted both men and women. Her nephew Arnaldo Brasão, lawyer and feminist had an important role of setting up this new store. Nowadays it still exists: Ordem Maçónica Mista Internacional “Le Droit Humain”, and the Grande Loja Feminina de Portugal (GLF). The first feminine freemasonry store was founded in 1983, following the Grande Loja Feminina de França, and in 1977 founded the Grande Loja Feminina de Portugal (GLFP). Additional information: the freemansory Portuguese museum is open to visits from Monday to Fridays from 2:30pm until 5:30pm telephone number: 213424506.

Address: Luísa Todi street (1753-1833) Description: Luísa Rosa de Aguiar, portuguese Mezzo-Soprano, and the most famous until today. She was born in Setúbal in 1753, daughter of a music teacher and instrumentalist, that moved to Lisbon in 1765. Luísa started in musical theater, Bairro Alto theater in the play Tartufo from Moliére. With other sister she started early to sing comic operas. She married in 1769 with the napolitan violin player and her big admirer Franscesco Saverio Todi, from whom she took the name. She took singing lessons with the composer David Perez, master in the Portuguese court (between the reign of D.José I and D. Maria I). Luísa Todi owes to her husband the professional perfection and international recognition, that made her reach throughout Europes courtships, as a classical singer. She started in 1771 in the Portuguese court of D Maria I and she sang in Oporto between 1772 and 1777. In 1777 she moved to London to perform, in the King’s Theater, without no great recognition from the English audience. In 1778 she goes to Paris , Versalhes and the French court. In 1780 she is acclaimed in Turim in the Teatro Régio, and she signed a contract as a prima-dona and in 1780 she was already considered by the critics as one of the best voices ever. She shined in Austria, Germany and Russia. She came to Portugal in 1783 to sing for the portuguese court and returned to Paris, and it became famous the duel between her and another signer called Gertrudes Mara. The critics and the public became divided. Invited by the powerful Catarina II (1784-1788) she leaves with her husband and children to , Saint Petersburg, Russia. The empress was a big fan of her, and gave her many jewels to show her appreciation. To show their gratefulness the couple wrote an

Página 29 opera named Pollinia, dedicated to the empress. Berlin fell to her knees when she was passing to Russia, and in her return Luísa Todi was invited by the emperor Frederico Guilherme II from Prussia, to stay with him. She lived in the royal palace and was granted a marvelous contract that made her stay there between 1787 and 1789. Many German cities applauded the Diva, she sang in Mainz, Hanover, and Bona, where the story tells that Beethoven might have heard her. She also sang in Venice , Genova, Padua, Begramo and Turim. From 1792 to 1796 she enchanted Madrid. In 1793 she returns to the Portuguese court, in the same time on of the D. João V , who was married to D. Carlota Joaquina, daughter christening. The singer needed a special permission to sing in public, at that time it wasn´t common for women to take the stages. Luísa Todi has the amazing ability to sing in perfect French, English, Italian and German. In 1779 she finished her careers in Napoles. She returned to Portugal and still sang in Oporto in 1801. Luísa Todi became a widow in 1803, and she lived in Oporto and there would be the city where she lost her jewels in the famous and tragic accident “Ponte das Barcas” when the French invasion took place by Napolionic troops in 1809. She lived in Lisbon in 1811 until the end of her days, some say «she lived with some financial difficulties and blind, taken care by a daughter. Setúbal didn’t forget her and raised monument in her honor, gave her name to the main street. In the book from António Reicha, Tratado da Melodia- Melody Treaty, Luísa Todi was considered one of the best singers from the last century and we can say she was a singer for all eternity.

Itinerary Four

Address: São Pedro de Alcântara Street Location: António Nobre Garden or São Pedro de Alcântara Garden Description: This panoramic garden, a balcony over Lisbon, with two main steps, that make the city a living painting. The first step an extraordinary point view, has a central fountain, and a view over the of São Jorge castle, Liberdade Avenue, Pombalina downtown, and Tejo river. Since 1904 in this point view there is a monument of the journalist, founder of Diário de Notícias Eduardo Coelho and a popular paperboy. If we go down to the second step of the garden, we have many busts and statues of Greek mythology and Gods, side to side with statues from relevant historic Portuguese figures. As an example we have Venus and Camões side to side. Ulysses and Vasco da Gama, in this garden we have it’s memory the visits of the D. Maria II, along with many factory workers, seamstresses, and vagabonds. This garden was named after António Nobre (1867-1900) to honor this writer. This is one of the most characteristics places in Lisbon and was claimed by the council in 1836, had underwent requalification work between 1839 and 1840. The space was initially used for a fair and then for a vegetable garden for the Policy. Recently the garden underwent more requalification work. From the viewpoint we can see Graça hill, and the Torel Garden, and from this place we can cross sights between the city hills and the feminists itineraries. Additional information: we can access this garden by taking the buses 758, 790 and the Gloria elevator.

Address: Trindade new street, number 7A Location: Trindade Theater Description: it was in this theater, in the 5th of July 1914, that the play “Único Amor” written by Maria Veleda, took the stage. The play was in benefit of the Obra Maternal, created by the Republican Portuguese Women League to recover orphan children or

Página 30 living in the streets, raise them and educated them. The play condemned the religious celibacy and the main story was based on the Monarchy incursion lead by Paiva Couceiro in 1911-1912. Since the theme was so contemporary the play was a success. For actresses we had Ângela Vargas, Cândida Galante, Filipa de Oliveira, Gertrudes Caldas, Lídia de Oliveira, Júlia Teixeira, Maria Veleda e Olímpia Soares. The newspapers O Mundo, O Século, and Os Ridículos, advertised the play and published photos of the theater group of the Republican League. In this same theater on the 4th of June 1916, women from the Republican League of Portuguese women organized a patriotic matinée, in benefit of the Portuguese Women Crusade. The program was diverse, from a conference “Patrióticos - Patriotic” and “Mulheres Históricas - Historical Women”, led by Ana de Castro Osório, extracted from the magazine “ O dia do Juízo”, from the author Eduardo Shawalbach monologues, poetry reading, singing, fado songs and duets. Acting was delivered by professional actors and the matinée had the presence of the Republic President . The theater was built in the 19th century.

Address: Trindade new street, number 5 Location: Gimnásio Theater Description: It was in this theater that on the 22nd of June 1913, the dramatic group of the Republican Portuguese Women League, took the stage with the play “Mulher Ideal – Ideal Woman “ and “A minha menina – My girl”, the plays were written by Maria Veleda. The play “Homens nos Bastidores – Backstage Men” was written by Ana de Castro de Osório, and the play “Monólogo - Monologue” written by Alice Moderno. This session was in benefit of the Obra Maternal. These and other plays were written and performed with the goal of raising funds for the Obra Maternal organization, but also to spread new ideas and revolutionize mentalities and habits. Maria Veleda said this was a “feminist, educator and reformative theater”. The building dated from the 1846, and still has the same façade, with some French influence to the civil public and eclectic façade, has 3 stories and stained glass window. In 1921 had a fire that partially destroyed the building, but this was reconstructed in 1993 and was destined for a commercial area and residential area. It was considered a building of public interest in 1983.

Address: Gáveas street 61, 1st floor O Mundo newspaper. Also in São Roque street and Mundo street 95 to 103, currently Misericórdia street, building 25 de Abril Association. Location: Newspaper O Mundo and O Jornal da Mulher (between 1906 and 1910) director and owner França Borges, founded in 1900. Description: In June 1900 the newspaper O Mundo opened a section dedicated to women, named O Jornal da Mulher. In the editorial records it shows O Jornal da Mulher has being a newspaper dedicated to spread the feminist cause without forgetting the typical housewife, reaching a wider feminine audience. It was also receptive to any feminine help or cooperation, and this allowed for women to reach the journalist profession. “O Jornal da Mulher puts in paper all initiatives from congresses to legislation, that reflect an step forward in women rights. From this newspaper we can find out about the state and the evolution of the feminist fight, not only in Portugal but also across Europe, namely U.K. USA France and Germany. When choosing poetry, texts, news, there was always the concern of choosing many political and religious different points of view.

Página 31 News from the Peace Portuguese league and the auxiliary Committee in Portugal for Peace and Disarming from Women, were frequent. The fight for peace, through meetings, texts and public manifestations, were used of method for women to be projected to other newspapers and having some attention put on their causes. In the article “Crónica Feminista” they published feminist texts from diverse authors. Among many of them there was Ana de Osório de Castro, she wrote about the injustices of the civil code when it came to women rights. Lucinda Tavares fought not only for the right for women to vote but also to be elected. Virgínia Quaresma fought for feminine schools, so all of them to have access to the same education and profession and to reach emancipation. Olga Moraes Sarmento fought for equality among both genres. At the same time the newspaper Jornal da Mulher published women work, feminist or not, specially literature, arts, science, etc.”

In her articles Virgínia showed the importance of women in society came from long in the past and had specific characteristic. Therefore the literary salon was a feminine creation and it was a very important spot of spreading new political, philosophic and literary ideas, and these were on the base of many revolutions and social changes. O Jornal da Mulher wrote about women and children education and about feminine professions. Contributed also for spreading of the movement in favor of divorce, and published many name of their supporters, opening their pages to favorable opinions and to the discussion of the law, showing how unfair it was for women not to have access to divorce has men had.

Location: Luís de Camões Square Description: Luís de Camões statue is in the middle of the square, was inaugurated on the 10th of June 1880 with great popular enthusiasm. The republicans used this event to promote their fight against monarchy. On the 2nd of august 1909, the square was the meeting point for the Republican Portuguese Women League, so they could participate in the public manifestation promoted by the Liberal Group and the Civil Registry Association, and followed them to the Parliament to demand the law that extinguished all convents and religious orders to be banned, this law was promulgated by Joaquim António de Aguiar. It had the presence of Ana de Castro Osório, Maria Clara Correia Alves, Maria Emília Carvalho Gonçalves, Maria Veleda and Mariana Assunção da Silva, amongst many others. Curiosity: In this square was the Marqueses da Marialva palace, that was destroyed in the earthquake of 1755. When building the underground parking lot, archeologists found tile walls, stairs and windows from the palace, still intact. They studied the findings and everything was covered again. Modern demand or arguable options if we take in consideration the preservation and historical of this patrimony.

Address: Garrett street number120, Chiado Location: A Brasileira coffee place Description: In the coffee place esplanade we find Fernando Pessoa sited. Maybe he is waiting for Almada Negreiros, Sara Afonso, Mily Possoz, Santa Rita Pintor, Eduardo Viana and many others. Here it comes Sara Afonso, beautiful with her French braided hairdo. Men are surprised; they can’t believe a single girl is walking through a coffee place alone. How is this possible? Almada falls in love for her irreverence. He is also irreverent and provocative. He walks with his dog, painted in green. He stands on top of the tables and recites the poem he wrote last night. Disgusted by the offensive words of

Página 32 an acclaimed writer, by Lisbon bourgeoisie, he reads with fury the poem “Manifesto Anti Dantas”. (Poem) Founded on the 19th of November 1905, the coffee place “A Brasileira” was a meeting point for many artists, and intellectuals since the beginning of the 20th century, and became a cultural place when decided to place paintings of renowned painters on their walls, such has Almada Negreiros, Eduardo Viana, Jorge Barradas, Stuart Carvalhais, among many others. These paintings are now in the Chiado museum and on the Modern Art Center of Calouste Gulbenkian, and were worth thousands of escudos to Teles, the owner of the “A Brasileira”. In 1971, these pieces were substituted by pieces from other artists, equally important and that are now artistic references nowadays: A.Paolo, João Hogan, João Vieira, Joaquim Rodrigo, Manuel Baptista, Noronha da costa, Níkias Skapinakis, and Vespereira, among others.

Address: Garrett street, number 33 Location: “Marrare” coffee place (do polimento)

Description: Referring to this coffee place, that no longer exist, its due to the story that Miss Júlia has entered this coffee shop dressed as a man, provoking the sexist society in the beginning of the 19th century. She was the first woman to break the established rules, of separating leisure locations by genders. The coffee place Marrare do Polimento was founded in 1820 by António Marrare, Italian merchant, that according to many came, to Portugal by the end of the 18th century, to be the butler of Marquise de Niza. But many other claim he came from Galicia. It really doesn’t matter his origins, but that António Marrare was a wine merchant in São Carlos, founded the café Marrare in Garrett street. At that time this street was named Portas de Santa Catarina street, he also founded 2 other coffee shops, one in Sapateiros street and other in Cais do Sodré. Nevertheless the Café Marrare in Chiado was the most refined one, and it attracted politicians , artists, intellectuals, and bohemians. The coffee and the famous stake Marrare were served by employees finely dressed, and with silver tableware. At this time Marrare was the center of Chiado and the Chiado square was Marrare coffe place.

Address: António Maria Cardoso street, number 38-58 Location: Republic Theater- São Luís theater Description: This was inaugurated in 1894, with the name D. Maria Amélia, named after the queen of Portugal at that point. With the revolution on the 5th of October, this theater was renamed Republic Theater. The Republican Portuguese Women League took the stage with the Play “A Lei- The Law” from the author Maria Veleda on the 26th of May 1912. The play talked about divorce, a pending and hot issue after the implantation of the Republic, and since the law that approved divorce on the 3rd of November 1910. Maria Veleda received many letters insulting her, and anonymous threats of bombing the theater because of this play. Still, this didn’t scare her, even though some actresses were scared of leaving their houses to do the play, like Judite Pontes Rodrigues. Some republican leaders offered to protect the theater and that helped for the play to be conducted with some peace of mind and calmness. The program also included the comedy “A mãe e a Filha – Mother and Daughter” from Baptista Machado, the simbolic act of “Escrava - Slave” from Maria

Página 33 Veleda, that had been on stage on the 13th of February 1910 in the theater Etoile, and some singing acts from Beatriz Baptista and Maria da Madre Deus Dínis and the performance of the Tuna Democrática da Liga. In the event were present some of the republican leaders, among many the President of the Republic Manuel de Arriaga and Afonso Costa. On the 5th of October 1913 the league promoted a celebratory session of the 3rd year anniversary of the Republic, and had the presence of the most prominent republican leaders. The architectonic work was made by French architect Louis Reynoud.

Address: António Maria Cardoso street, number 17-19 Location: PIDE/DGS headquarters (political police of the dictatorship) Description: The PIDE headquarters, the political police from Salazar and Caetano, was extinct after the restoration of the Republic of 25th April 1974. For over 50 years people were savagely tortured, by this sinister police ”actually the resource of torture methods-admitted since the yearly years by himself Oliveira Salazar- assumed a systematic character, was a regular form of obtaining information, to the political lawsuits”. We insist in the necessity or remembering that in these place, many anti-regime supporters were tortured and many died. Additional information: In this place we can find a sign indicating this was the headquarters of this awful police. The citizenship movement Don’t Erase Memory along with the Council and the owner of the building, achieved the creation a space for the memory of all citizens that fought for freedom, democracy and people rights and to self-affirmation - independence of the African Nations. Nevertheless this is yet to be open to the public.

Address: António Maria Cardoso street, number 26 Location: Seara Nova Description: Bi weekly magazine, the magazine was founded in Lisbon on the 15th of October 1921, by left wing republican intellectuals that searched for the transformation of the regime looking for more advanced aspirations” among the many founders there was Raul Proença, Antonio Sérgio and Jaime Cortesão.

Address: Anchieta street, number 5 Location: A Luta – The Fight Description: The editorial office of this newspaper was conducted by Brito Machado, was up and running between 1906 until 1935, following the revolutionary movement, that preceded the republic implantation. It was from the editorial office that they printed the 4 pages of the Junta Revolucionária leaflets.

Address: Serpa Pint street, number 9 Location: São Carlos National Theater Description: The São Carlos National Theater was initially named São Carlos Royal Theater and it was built to replace an opera place, that was destroyed by the 1755 earthquake. The theater was inspired in the great opera place Teatros Alla Scala of Milan and San Carlo from Napoles, and it was inaugurated in 1783 with the opera La Ballerina amante from Cimarosa (1739-1801). We should point out that Cimarosa after completing his work as an composer in the court of Catarina II in Russia, he returned to Napoles where he participated in the revolution of 1791 against the power of the Bourbon. He could have crossed paths with Leonor Fonseca Pimentel (1752-1799). This fearless Portuguese revolutionary woman, inspired by the French revolutionary ideals,

Página 34 participated in the foundation of the republic of Napoles. We remember her words, upon the scaffold in 1799, greeting her companions that had been decapitated or hung, reciting Virgil poems “Forsan et haec olim minimisse juvabit – maybe one day it will be good to remember all of this”. Since its inauguration, this theater has been an emblematic place of Lisbon aristocracy and bourgeoisie. It was also the scenario for many successes, and many failures, and was also a remarkable scenario for many episodes of the Eça de Queiroz fiction. In this theater many beautiful operas premiered, as well as many famous operas singers, unforgettable orchestras, and vibrating choirs. Nevertheless women were never appeared as individual creators or authors. Catherine Clément remind us that “women are the unforgettable ornament for any party. They sing, and even better, they own the scene: with no singer there is no opera. But the appearance, the decorative roll it’s not the determining place for women: and women in opera sing perfectly their eternal defeat”. Let remember a good example of this, with the opera La Traviata on stage on the 27th of March 1958, where Maria Callas with her geniality filled the São Carlos Theater. The happy tone of the first areas shows since the beginning the unsettling feeling and that it will lead to a tragic ending. The boldness of the heroin will be rewarded with death because society won’t accept a prostitute to access a regular life and to be integrated on the society as normal woman. Women in many operas are under the male authority , always portrayed as objects, and always shadowed by the creator subject. But alongside this showing of women across History, there was also other operas that that reflected the emancipatory movement of women, such has: Flauta Mágica - Magical Flute, Fidelio and Blimunda. The Magical Flute of Mozart (1756-1791) with libretto of Schikanader was on stage of this theater many times. According to Professor Oliveira Marques, this piece “shows the initiation of women in the freemasonry”. Fidelio the only Beethoven (1770-1827), was presented in São Carlos only on the 9th of February of 1952. With Libreto of Joseph FriedrichSonnleithner, Stephan von Breuning and Georg Friedrich Treitschhke, following the original text of Jean –Nicholas Bouilly, Léonore or L’amour conjugal and with major influence of the French revolution ideals, represents the triumph of freedom, love above the discretionary power. Blimunda is a lyric opera split in 3 acts, was presented worldwide on the 20th of May 1990, in the theater Alla Scala of Milan with music from the Italian composer Azio Corghi (1937), and extracted from the novel of José Saramago (1922-2010), O memorial do Convento. One year after, this opera was presented on the stage of the São Carlos National Theater, that Saramago was a frequent visitor when a younger man, with the help of the doorman, as it was his father friend.

Address: Ivens street Location: Democratic Republican Center Description: Democratic Republican party headquarters, leaded by Afonso Costa in 1915. The Feminine Democratic Propaganda Association had their inaugural session there on the 3rd of January 1916, as well as many administrative sessions. There they promoted patriotic sessions and conferences in support of Portugal intervention in the war. Orators in these sessions were Teófilo Braga, general António Xavier Correia Barreto and João Camões, and the secretary was Olímpia Machado and Sofia Machado. There was a session where Ana de Castro Osório was supposed to speak, but apparently never took place because the association extinguished. Feminine Democratic Propaganda Association was directed by Maria Augusta Ravasini, Maria Veleda, Maria

Página 35 da Conceição Martins, Florinda Rosa do Carmo, Lucinda Crisóstomo, Margarida Alves Lima, and Judite Franco da Silva.

Address: São Franscisco street, number 39, Boa-Hora Square, number 1, Almada new street, number 17-45 Location: Boa-Hora County Court Description: Boa-Hora County Court worked on an ancient convent founded in 1633, and was rebuilt after the 1755 earthquake. In 1834 with the extinction of the religious orders, this convent was occupied by the 1st battalion of the volunteers of commerce, headquarters of the Lisbon National Guard, and after all this, by the County Court. The plenary Court worked here from 1945 until 1974, with many trials of political prisoners. Professor Borges Coelho (former political prisoner) named this place in honor of all fascism victims, that were prosecuted on this Court on the 6th of December 2006. In the closing ceremony where a memory stone was presented, to remember the existence of these plenary courts, in Boa-Hora: “remembering old memories, here today it’s an example of exemplar citizenship. Many men and women that were presented to the bars of this court, were not subdued people, they have undergone the dangers of the fight against the dictatorship, and the rigor of undercover lives. They had survived beatings, months in isolation in holes in Aljube or in Caxias, many of them were presented to court still with marks of physical torture”.

Here worked the Plenary Court between 1945 and 1974- the dictatorship period - many opponents to the regime were condemned , accused of crimes against national security. Justice and Human Rights were “not dignified here in this court”. After the 25th of April 1974, the memory remains, and justice won. To the dignity of men and women that were judged here, for opposing to the regime. Civic movement Doesn’t Erase the Memory!

The publication of the Satirical and Erotic Portuguese Poetry Anthology, published by Edições Afrodite in 1966, was apprehended and was accused of freedom abuse by this plenary court, and it was considered “offensive to general modesty, of decency and public morality and good habits!”. In this trial, that ended on the 21st of March 1970, were condemned the editor and many poets included on the anthology such has Natália Correia, who organized the book. The many books that were apprehended were destroyed by the government. Another arbitrary trial was As Novas Cartas Portuguesas, from Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Velho da Costa. This work was published in 1971, and it was forbidden by the regime of Marcelo Caetano. The book was removed from the bookstores, yet it was published in many other countries, and the authors that were forbidden to travel abroad, received national and international support, for their work. “ It´s an rupture book and it is only considered a feminist book, when feminists started to give it some importance and support. They read it and identify themselves with the book. We didn’t intend to write a feminist bible. It’s a literary work”. It’s this way Maria Teresa Horta expresses her opinion about the most controversial Portuguese book in the 70´s of the 20th century. The authors were accused of pornography and “public offenses to the public modesty”, on the court trial they were submitted. The book was mentioned by Maria de Lourdes Pintassilgo, as reference work like had been Virginia Woolf in the beginning of the 20th century and Simone de Beauvoir in the middle to the 20th century.

Página 36 The international solidarity developed around the book Novas Cartas Portuguesas was to Maria Teresa Horta very surprising and it wass great example of the feminine solidarity. Here we dint’ have the same wave of solidarity because the dictatorship stopped it. There was no news on the papers, and therefore women didn’t know. After several delays and impediments, in 1973 and the beginning of 1974, with the 25th of April revolution, these trials free the authors. One of the feminist fights especially in the 60’s and 70’s was to the right of abortion. In Portugal in June of 1975, in the book named “Abortion, the right to our body” from the author Maria Teresa Horta, Célia Metrass and Helena Sá de Medeiros, the authors and the activists of the women liberation movement (MLM), considered abortion an individual right. In the same way, this feminist association leaflet, also published in 1975 mentioned “ the right to our bodies and to our own sexuality”. Nevertheless this fight was not easy at all, and many women were arrested and prosecuted for defending this right and putting it into practice. One of them was journalist Maria Antonia Palla author of the report news for RTP channel about abortion, along with Antónia de Sousa. This piece was transmitted on TV on the 4th of February 1976 on the Tv show Nome-Mulher, and it was because of this Maria Antonia Palla was suspended and prosecuted for accusations of “inciting a crime and to attempt against modesty”, she was judged in the 1979, but was absolved, supported by «big solidarity movement”. Still in July of the same year, another trial where male authority was trying to be imposed Conceição Massano 22 years old, and mother of one child, was reported by an anonymous accusation, of having made an abortion. Her husband José Hélder Mestre and an former colleague Maria Engrácia Santos (that according to the accusation was the person who gave her the midwife address) were also prosecuted. The wave of solidarity supporting Conceição Massano, the Contraception and Abortion National Campaign (CNAC) increased and had an important role, and this young women was absolved. But the fight extended until the 11th of February 2007, memorable day when by national referendum for the liberation of the abortion won. In 2010 the Boa-Hora Court was transferred to new Lisbon justice campus, in Parque das Nações. We hope the name of all the people that were prosecuted and ashamed is not forgotten.

Address: Sacramento street, number 14, 1º floor Chiado. Location: Vigilance and resistance committee from the group Pró-Pátria. Description: In this address worked the vigilance and resistance committee from the group Pró-Pátria, organized by the free-masonry. Maria Veleda and Madalena Cândido were invited as orators and to integrate the patriotic mission that passed from the north to the center of the country, upon the monarchy incursions leaded by Paiva Couceiro in 1911 and 1912. According to the ”Memórias Maria Veleda”, they had speeches in defense of the Republic in Vidago , Chaves, Braga, Vila Verde, Torozendo, Fundão and Covilhã.

Address: Carmo street, number 43 Location: Madame Brouillard practice Description: Between superstition and belief- the feminine voice. Since the beginning of times, there has been episodes and stories of how to treat body and soul not recurring to science but to other types of art. Healers, fortune tellers, occupied many hidden places in Lisbon, but also in small towns and villages.

Página 37 It was used as an alternative to traditional medicine, that in many cases was too expensive to many people, or even as the continuation of superstition that was passed from many generations. People used prayers, herbs, or many other methods, but that’s why a group named “o grupo das 13” was created in 1911, that had as major goal to fight ignorance, superstitions, and religious dogmatism, that have been affecting Portuguese society, and prevented the liberation of the consciousness. Many other voices gather to stop these popular practices, like Adelaide Cabete, that since she beginning joined the republican revolutionaries, fought back fortune tellers, and other obscure methods, that were impeding the emancipatory movement to move forward. She used science and the power or argumentation against Madam Brouillard. This fortune teller, with many ads through the press alongside with medicine practices ads. Journalist Carlos Ferrão claims that the dictator Franco was a frequent costumer of Madam Brouillard, among many others she consulted every day from 9am until 11pm, on her the address Carmo Street number 34. The newspaper of that time referred to Madam Brouillard as the following: “The famous Madam Brouillard made fortune in Lisbon, was a very smart person. She could entertain her costumer with long conversation that could take 1 hour, talking about the past. She never let the costumer take control of the conversation and this way the person leaves without the impression of what she did, was a false science. A famous lady doctor, still alive and in disguise went to consult Madam Brouillard. She complained about un-corresponded loves affairs and other trivial things. Madam Brouillard did recognized the lady doctor, and uncovered her. The lady doctor left embarrassed, but until today this lady doctor still speaks of Madam Brouillard with admiration. Do you think this Madame was a rich with education, this French woman? No, this is a woman that came from Aveiro, and started her days a maid. The republican and feminist lady doctor, that had her medical practice in the same square, noted very quickly the movement to the rival practice. The way she does it, is revealing because she has a great social concern: “there is a big number of fortune tellers that thrive upon people ignorance and moral weaknesses, and to these ones there should be no tolerant law. In the capital, and its fancy streets, many characters offer their services, such has Madam Brouillard. The client groups are composed by rich individuals, according to the main newspapers”. In the Almanach das Senhoras, books and consultations – by Madam Brouillard 1913, Lisbon page 340, one could read: The past, present and future revealed by the most famous fortune teller of Europe. Speaks about the past, present and future with accuracy and fastness, peerless fortune teller. From the studies he underwent of phrenology, physiognomy and the application of the theories of Gall, Lavater, Desbarolles, Lombroso and of Arpentigny.

Madam Brouillard has travelled through the main European and American cities, where she was admired by many costumers of the finest and highest social status. Speaks Portuguese, English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. Gives daily consultations from 9am until 11pm in her office in Carmo Street, number 43”

Address: Ouro Street, number 266, 2º left Location: LRMP headquarters in 1909

Description: please check Graça itinerary – Republican Portuguese Women League

Página 38 Address: Augusta strett, number 44-54 Location: partnership António Maria Pereira, the oldest publishing house, founded in 1898.

Address: Augusta street 50, 52, 54 Location: Almanaque para senhoras …Portugal e Brasil - Ladies Year Book for Portugal and Brazil.

Description: Year book published until 1928. Founded in Lisbon by Guiomar Torrezão in 1871, the Ladies Year Book offered articles dedicated to culture, mentioning “all lady books published in that year”. In its second year the year book had 139 articles. Among their collaborators was Antónia Pusich (that had founded in 1849 the literary assembly to which she was the owner and lead editor), Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Belmira de Andrade (the first poet from , born in São Jorge island) and Maria José Canuto. Among the male collaborators there were Alexandre Herculano, Antero de Quental, Bulhão Pato, Camilo Castelo Branco and Eça de Queirós.

Additional information: The Ladies Year Book ended by Felismina Torreão in 1910. It was published in the Sousa & Filho typography, in Norte street 445 (in Bairro Alto). It was the time of year books: Borda D´água, Bertrand, O Mundo, O Século, illustrated year book of A Capital.

Maria O’Neill

She became an important figure of the Republic because her life and her work crossed the lives of the biggest majority of republican women, that fought against monarchy. Nonetheless, it wasn’t because of this aspect that History gave he a particular place in it. She was born in Lisbon in 1876, Maria da Conceição Infante de la Cerda Pereira d’Eça Coustance. Her place of death was never determined. In 1932 travelling in ship at the shore of Cape Verde, her ship sinks, and she loses her life like many others on the same ship. Her family had Dutch and Irish ancestors.

Her careers start with the publication of a poetry book, with immediate success. Nimbos, published in 1908, doesn’t reflect her full and precocious literary talent. We know she published, at the aged of 10, O Morgado do Juncal. Her connection with the main newspapers is regular and with dedication. She was literary editor of the Ladies Year book between 1910 and 1925, besides the fact she kept active and participative in other similar publications, such has: O almanaque ilustrado, O Intransigente, Brasil e Portugal, Jornal da Mulher, Correio da Europa, Zig-Zag, Serões, IIustração portuguesa and A Sátira. The emblematic partnership of the editor Antonio Maria Pereira, reveled many relevant literary figures, and Maria O’Neill wasn’t set aside. She collaborated, namely on the translation of French, as she was fluent. She was also a pioneer in crime fiction novels writing, with great success. The amount of work written by her, or translated by her, is enormous, yet didn’t compromised the quality of her work. At the same she also kept writing poetry.

Página 39 She joined the Portuguese feminist movement, the first ones appearing in Portugal, she fought for human rights and specifically women rights, especially the ones from the lower social statuses. She was a socially interventive woman, was a committed fighter, and it was consider her poetry the best one dedicated to the deceased, companion, doctor, freemason and friend Adelaide Cabete. “Woman whose soul I worship, like everything that is big, fair and strong!” There are many other poems dedicated to other relevant women from the arts, Emilia Santos, Braga is one of them. She was associated to CNMP for many years, and so she crossed paths with many other relevant figures from the republican movement. In the committee she took leadership in the education committee, and was of the person that organized the 1st feminist and educational congress. This congress took place in Lisbon in 1924, and these thesis were presented: ”labor and assistance” and “kindness leagues”. With these interventions she emphasized the protection of the unprotected, she focused on the shamed and hidden poverty, fighting the unfair inequality. We can point out the program she created with the purpose of defending “casas maternais”, to help orphans and abandon children.

These “kindness leagues” where she is the president, they reflects what it seem to be her motto in life: educate and raise children for good, the common good, in citizenship, and freedom, creating a new order and a new society. In children she has all hope for the future and she committed her work, energy and commitment in them. She didn’t avoid the social criticism denouncing the frivolous and the luxury most upper class women, doing it recurring the a particular type of humor. Along with Stuart Carvalhais, she illustrated many of her texts, and Maria O’Neill finds a space where the can make fun of fashion itself, and all the fashion victims. There is a funny episode where she associates the fake hair rich women would put on the famous hair salons, came from dead women. She is also interested in spiritualties and she actually joins the Portuguese Spirit Federation, and she represented the association in many trips abroad, as editor chief of the magazine Espiritismo. Her grandson, the surrealist poet Alexandre O’Neill (1924-1986) was very proud of this grandmother who he inherited talent and mordacity.

Maria da Cunha Zorro (1873?-1917)

Poet, Maria da Cunha Zorro, is commonly known as Maria da Cunha. This was the name she used when signing her texts, poetry and translations. She was born in Lisbon, with Portuguese nationality, unlike her parents that were Brazilian mother and Spanish father, Francisco Zorro. She was considered very educated, taking in consideration the average level of education women had in the beginning of the 20th century. She publishes her first poetry book in 1909, named Trindade.

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It was because of her uncle, famous philologist Cândido de Figueiredo, the appreciation showed to her by Júlio Dantas and Monsaraz Count. The success was so big, that her book was published in a second edition in 1911, this second edition had a personal

Página 40 critique and personal opinion of Mister Doctro Sílvio de Almeida, famous Brazilian publicist. He made his personal remarks: her imagination is so fertile that D. Maria Cunha knows how to create new stories from old images, her verses, following the modern currents, she also has a distinctly and singular characteristics (…) my humble appraisal is minor compared to Julio Dantas and Monsaraz Count compliments. The decision to leave for Brazil was the result of many different circumstances. Nevertheless is licit to accept that the homophobic environment helped her making this decision. Her mother follows her. Still, only a few mention that fact the Maria da Cunha follows de departure of journalist of Vírginia Quaresma (1882-1973) to whom she had a loving relationship. In 1912 they leave for Brazil. Their job was just another link that united them. When they reached Brazil they both started working the in the newspaper A Época. They worked there for many years. Maria de Cunha during her life always kept publishing her works, her poetry work, and cooperated with many magazines and newspapers both in Portugal and Brazil. She did many conferences were she was a respectful orator. Far away from her country she died in São Paulo on the 10th January of 1917, where she thought she would find a very good job as a teacher. She was a very educated woman and she was an exceptional translator, especially with French. The book from Marguerite Sevray Family Laroche, can prove her talents as a translator. This was a free interpretation of the book, and was presented to the public in 1910, by the partnership António Maria Pereira. Fântome is the title of a poem that she publishes in French, that we quote here: il fait calm ce soir…reste, pour la bercer. Sous ttes ailes d’argent… redis-lui des chansons… “l’eau dormant” ne dor qu’á la surface! Au fond Son couer pleure en silence, -il faut le consoler.

Address: 1st December street, number 123 Location: Avenida Palace Hotel Description: Avenida Palace Hotel was designed by architect José Luís Monteiro in the 19th century. He also designed other major buildings in Lisbon such has Rossio train station, and the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa building. The hotel was inaugurated in 1893, and its named Avenida Palace symbolizing the European courts, since this hotel was destined to rich people, specially aristocracy and European bourgeoisie. It was and still is, one the most glamorous hotels in Europe. Her French influenced façade, and the inside the salons had the rooms all decorated under the belle époque tendency. This hotel was an important window for many important historical events in Portugal and Europe. In this emblematic hotel, many relevant artistic and intellectual figure of that time, such has Princess Maria Ratazzi (1833-1902), that stayed in the hotel for 3 days. She published a book in 1879, named “Portugal de Relance” that didn’t pleased Camilo Castelo Branco (1825-1890), Ramalho Ortigão (1836-1915) and Antero de Quental (1842-1891) and many other people, since the book didn’t portrayed the Portuguese society very well. Virgínia Quaresma (1882-1973) was another important hotel guest. This feminist and journalism pioneer lived there for a while until her departure for Brazil, in the decade of 1910, where she could live freely her relationships with women. Manuel de Arriaga (1840- 1917), the first Republic , also stayed in this hotel, as well as Jânio Quadros (1917-1992), the President of the Federative Republic of

Página 41 of Brazil. The writers Teixeira Pascoais (1877-1952) and Thomas Mann (1875-1955), (1885-1979) (1885-1941). In 1917 Sergei Diaguilew (1872-1929) and the russian ballet company also stayed in this hotel, and they were visited by figures from the Portuguese artistic scene such has Almada Negreiros (1893-1970). Writers, journalist, diplomats, Republic Presidents, princes and princesses, spies and leaders, and young women that attend the dancing tea salons in the tree decades of the 20th century, all talked and enjoyed each other’s companies, in the rooms of this hotel.

Nevertheless one of the most important and relevant episode of this hotel was the exit of a German diplomat with a white flag, running towards the barricades in the Rotunda, in the morning of the 5th of October 1910. It was this flag that rushed the events to the proclamation of the Republic … that also had many women involved in this major event. In that morning, along the barricades we could find Amanda dos Santos holding a gun. “Under the image of a fragile and dedicated women. Enslaved by prejudice, banned from any social fights, how many feelings of heroism were hidden! The history of modern revolutions are showing the feminine intervention across them. Are showing and teaching the future generations the names of these women that joined with men, brothers, sons and daughters, willing to die for the cause (…). Tree of these women were in the barricades since day one of the revolution, in the camping site of the Rotunda, she held guns in their shoulders and swords in there waist, helping the wounded and the injured, and helping them to get to the ambulance available. In this ambulance directed by Doctor Macedo de Bragança. All these women had husbands, and children among the revolutionary movement. Their dedication and bravery took a very important role, since they witnessed through the sleepless nights the pain of the injured, the moral defeat.”

Additional information: One can request to visit the Hall of the hotel, in the cold winter months (from November until April) on Tuesdays and Thursdays tea is served to the public. The hotel bar is open to the public across the year.

Address: Restauradores square, number 13, 1º floor Location: Adelaide Cabete practice, CNMP headquarters Description: Adelaide Cabete (1867-1935) was “a very important figure in the history of women in Portugal. As a woman she knew how to impose herself in a closed society, traditionally patriarchal, that enclosed all that was feminine in a small place, that many other women didn’t survided”. Physician, hygienist, publicist, sociologist, freemason, republican, socialist, free-thinker, educator, and feminist. She had in this address her practice, the most emblematic one. She delivered free consultations to poor women that had no money to pay, this practice was also used for meetings of feminist groups and associations that triggered social change. As an example the CNMP Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (1914- 1947). This place witnessed many feminist meetings that left a mark on the feminist movement of the first wave.

Even though with her death in 1935, this place continued to be the headquarters of the feminist organization that was eventually closed by the dictatorship regime in 1947:

Página 42 “Had has major concerns women and children living conditions. This organization had economic and social concerns like the improvement of the living conditions of working women and the wages issue.”

Elina Guimarães (1904-1991)

Important feminist and “heir of the values of the first generation of Portuguese feminists, survived through the dictatorship regime, and highlighted them after the revolution of 25th of April 1974. Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães, suffer many episodes of discrimination because she was woman, event though she fought together with many other while the dictatorship regime was ruling the country, for 48 years.

This revolt against the patriarchal system, lead her to go study law, and this made her along with Aurora Castro and Carmen Marques, a pioneer on the legal feminism, that according to Elina was “the name we can use to determine this current fight of equality in legal terms”. When she remembered the college times she started her studies in 1921 and got her degree in 1926, with the grade of 18 values, Elina mentioned: my course was hard because the feminist teacher used me as an example for their theories. The others tried to make me suffer for my boldness”. Still in college her boldness was challenged by a fellow colleague that affirmed that women were less intelligent than men. Angry Elina Guimarães, challenged him for a “duel” in public, where the dean and some teachers were the witnesses. The result was brilliant, Elina won this duel with 18 values, and her sexist colleague lost by getting only 16 values!

Adelaide Cabete read about this incident in the newspaper A Capital, and decide to write to Elina Guimarães inviting her to join the CNMP. This feminist organization had been created in 1914 by Adelaide Cabete, and had for associates: Aurora de Castro Gouveia, Maria Clara Correia Alves, Maria Lamas, Regina Quintanilha, Sara Beirão amongst many others. Nevertheless in 1947, with the dictatorship regime, the organization was closed.

It was like this Elina narrated this episode: “the Portuguese feminists don’t have like foreign women sumptuous infrastructures. All our assets are a small cubicle with no light nor air, in Restauradores Square number 13, 2ºfloor. In Portugal the CNMP intervenes in any case a woman is a victim of prejudice.” Elina Guimarães integrated this group very young and always had an active role in it. Was general secretary in 1927, board vice-president in 1928, 1929 and 1931, and general assembly vice president in 1946. She was also responsible for the Juridic section and the Right to Vote section.

She was an only child of Alice Pereira Guimarães and Vitorino Máximo de Carvalho Guimarães, she was educated by her grandmother and her father under the freedom values, independence, critical sprit and active citizenship. This convict republican was a personal friend of Afonso Costa, and had relevant political position in the 1st Republic period. This made him to be persecuted by the dictatorship regime and made him run to Azores and then Cape Verde on the 28th of Mario 1926.

Página 43 Since a little girl Elina Guimarães shows concern for social equality and justice, and this obviously lead her to the feminist movement. With only 8 years old she read her first article about the suffragists movement, since she knew she couldn´t ask her mother about it, she waited for her father to return home and ask him. This is a small quotation of the conversation she had with her father:” Father: they are very brave women as they are fighting for the right to work and study like men do. Elina: girls don’t study like little boys do. Father: usually they don’t, but you, if you want to study you can, so that you can be like these women”. And she was a important feminist.

She had an unstoppable spirit and when respect equally and dignity were questioned Elina Guimarães wouldn’t stand silent, and this episode will show this personality. Very young Elina refused to declaim a poem from Julio Dantas, a close friend of the family. The poem had for title “a minha boneca, my doll”, misogynous influence, like this small verse shows “only one thing makes me sad When I go to give her a lesson Says she wants to the be a suffragist And wear shorts”

Years later was a sexist article written by Julio Dantas, entitled “The third gender”, to which he referred to women that studied, worked, that made her join the feminist movement. Important to remember her reply in 1922, in the newspaper Vida Académica, to Júlio Dantas article entitled “The Art of Love”, where he disrespected women by writing that there will be no happiness in a marriage if women don’t accept the superiority of their husbands”.

But Elina Guimarães came to accept in her husband, an equal human being, very respectful, and worthy. She married in 1928 with her colleague Adelino de Palma Carlos (1905-1992), and had 2 children, Antero and Guilherme. She remembers them on the following words: “I have good memories of my wedding day, it even rained like traditions says. Adelino is a person who I truly admire, for her intellectual value. He’s not sexist because if he was, I would have never married him”. We should mention that Elina kept her maiden name.

In the fight again discrimination, Elina always showed her support towards the women right to vote, minor wages, low educational level, and even during the dictatorship regime continue with the prohibition of women to conduct a job where there was no male offer, prohibition for the divorce , etc among many others. In 1928, she was 23 years old and open with her speech the 2nd feminist congress developed by CNMP, she mentioned “what do we want for women? Very simply the full development of her personality, that in her childhood she has access to education and that in her adulthood she can have a job, and none of these to be denied just because she is a woman. We also want her effort and work to be acknowledge and reward according to her merit”.

Because of this episode where she openly about the feminist movement, she was point out by the regime as a dangerous element. But she never gave up and always fought against the dictatorship regime, in 1945 she joined in MUD party (Democratic Unity Movement), this was a social with no political filiations that gather many anti regime

Página 44 organizations. 1969 she participated in the republican and democratic congress, and in 1973 in the democratic opposition, she was part of their national committee. After the revolution of the 25th of April, she became president of the Women Civic Rights league, and was an honor member of Women International Federation (FDIM). She celebrates the Portuguese Republic constitution with the revolution of the 25th of April 1976, and she mentioned that the civil code of 1978 was “a great advance in the history of Portuguese women”. It was always through the newspapers and magazines, that Elina Guimarães fought for the feminist movement, for women workers, civic education of women, and denounced discriminatory laws. She wrote in Alma Feminista magazine that was part of the CNMP, and she was a director while Adelaide Cabete was abroad in Angola, between 1929 and 1930. She also wrote in Análise Social, Diário de Lisboa, Diário de Notícias, Gazeta da Ordem dos Advogados, Gazeta da Relaçao de Lisboa, La Française, Le Droit de Femmes, A Luta Máxima, Modas e Bordados, A Nossas Escola, O Rebate, Seara Nova.

She defended an international perspective in the emancipation of the women and fought for democracy, she also joined international feminists groups, like International Council of Women, Alliance for Women Suffrage, International Federation of University of Women, Federation International des Femmes Diplomées en Droit and Phi Delta Legal Society.

It was common to see her walking the streets of Baixa and Chiado, visiting the bookstores Portugal, Bertrand and Sá da Costa, and also going to coffee places such has Nicola and Brasileira, where they had literary assemblies. She was an avid reader and music lover, gifts she inherited from her father, and that she passed to her own sons. Elian Guimarães always proclaimed the importance of feminism and was considered one of the “tireless fighter of women rights since the 20’s until nowadays”. She was distinguished in 1985 by the Freedom Order by the President of the Republic Ramalho Eanes, six years before her death on the 24th of June 1991 in Lisbon. This was a fair homage to this exemplar citizen, that since her yearly years fought for equally, freedom, peace, social justice and feminist values.

Address: Portas de Santo Antão street, number 1, 2 Location: Geografy Lisbon Society Description: Since 1987 that Geografy Lisbon Society created in 1875, is located in a building design the architect José Luis Monteiro. This society has a scientifically character, was created with the goal of promoting in Portugal the knowledge about fauna, flora, the human societies from the colonies, especially the ones located in Africa. In the current days, their estate is constituted by 66 thousand titles, as well as many hand written documents.

Portugal room was used for many feminist conferences. Less known but also important , there was conference in Algarve room on the 13th of April 1907, that had as orator the respectful Borges Grainha that mentioned “he accepted the invitation made by several ladies that wanted to create a school“. In this society, many initiatives took place, namely the first public feminist episode, on the 18th of May 1906. In the session they created the feminist section of the Portuguese

Página 45 Peace Leage. The LPP was founded in 1899 and had for president Alice Pestana. This renowned feminist was president for LPP, had her fixed address in Madrid, where she will continues to support the feminist movement. On the 18th of May 1906, the date they founded the feminist section of the LPP, Olga Morais Sarmento da Silveira (1881-1948) had prepared for speech an article entitled “the feminist problem” where she showed a restrict part of feminism, by only mentioning women education to activities associated to maternity. This monarchic feminist was president of the Feminist section of the Portuguese Peace League and supporter of the campaign of LRMP in favor of the divorce, but she started to move apart from the movement, when the republicans separated from the monarchists. Before the 1st world war, she moved to Paris where she kept in touch with international lesbian circles.

The national educational movement also had its headquarters in this building, between 1906 and 1917, period where they developed a lot of national educational work, against illiteracy, through the construction of both genders schools, innovation of the pedagogical practices, , and many civic educational activities. We have to point out that the president and the vowels of the specialized feminine education committee, were Ana Castro de Osório (1865-1938), Carolina Beatriz Ângelo (1878-1911) Amália Luazes (1865- 1938) and on the hygiene section was Adelaide Cabete (1867-1935).

On the noble room of the Lisbon Geography Society was stage of four big pedagogical congresses, promoted by the National Educational League in 1908, 1909, 1912 and 1914. Also the Pedagogical Congress was made in this same place in April 1909, and had the participation of important personalities from the Republican Party. We should also mention the name of some members like Louise Ey (1854-1936), she promoted a lot Portuguese culture in Germany and Austria, and Adelaide Cabete, renowned feminist republican, member number 9162, since the 14th November 1911.

Additional information: The museum visit to the SGL are free, and they take place on the first Tuesdays, if a working day, of the month, at 3pm. Previous enrollment is required until the previous Monday in the administrative office of SGL (tel 213425401 or via email: [email protected]).

The pacifism of Virgínia Quaresma

On the 18th of May 1906, Olga Morais Sarmento for the celebration of the creation of the International Peace and Freedom League delegations in different countries, and as the responsible person for the Feminine Portuguese section league, she speeches “The Feminist Problem”. Her speech caused problems because it wasn’t supposed to be mentioned the feminist cause on a speech about peace. It´s Virgínia Quaresma that will defend Olga, remembering everybody she was a fearless member of the Portuguese feminist movement, and that she founded the magazine Sociedade Futura. Six months after this episode, the Portuguese pacifists invite Madame Frondoni Lacombe to organize in Portugal a nucleus of the pacifist organization “Le Paix et le Désarmement pas les Femmes” – “Peace and Disarming by Women”.

Página 46 On the 6th of December 1906 in the Santo Antão street, number 193, 3º floor, in Lisbon, took place the first session promoted by the Peace and Disarming by Portuguese Women committee. This session had the presence of Frondoni Lacombe and they determined the following names and positions:

Vice –president: Madame Frondoni Lacombe, writer General secretary: Virgínia Quaresma, literature graduated Treasurer: Maria do Carmo Lopes, physician Vowels: Adelaide Cabete, physician, Albertina Paraíso, poet and journalist, Aureliana Teixeira Bastos, poet, Carolina Beatriz Ângelo, Claúdia de Campos, Domitília de Carvalho, physician and dean of the feminine high school Maria Pia, and Emilía Patacho, physyican.

The creation of the portuguese section of “Le Paix et le Désarmement pas les Femmes” – “Peace and Disarming by Women” made the feminist to be criticized. It was only constituted by women, the main organization was French, and had as a president a woman. This committee had every elements to endure “our association is founded in hope of preparing women for the future, to help disappear international disagreements, and create a long and lasting peace state and the progressive substitution of wars for mediation, and avoid the big costs and the increase of taxes, that cause many nations to go bankrupt (…). And this way Virgínia Quaresma had the possibility of showing her commitment to the feminist movement and the peace movement, without receiving many critiques. “The feminist cause has been finding many support among the pacifists. So it’s not weird that these two movements walk hand in hand. The pacifist problem is very complex, its irradiation is very vast. The pacifist flag shouldn’t arise only to the sound of guns, of the wounded, of pain and agony. Pacifism should arise against hatred, passions, prejudice, selfishness, from all of this it will arise social war, where women is the main victim and martyr.”

The great war of 14/18 changes a lot of things. Virgínia was in favor with the ending or armies , to end war, but when the war starts, she puts helrsef on the side of France and against Germany. Starts as a war correspondent from Portugal for the journal Época from Rio de Janeiro, and helps Ana de Castro Osório in Portuguese Women Crusade, through the American agency that she was the president of the Portuguese delegation. She posted posters to raise funds for the war widows orphans and injured.

Address. Portas de Santo Antão street, number 109. Location: Politeama Theater Description: In 1913 “Valsa do Amor” operetta has it premiere. This event had the presence of the Republic President Manuel de Arriaga, and the prime minister Afonso Costa. Thoughout almost a century, this gorgeous show room that was designed by the architect Ventura Terra, and owned by art lover Luís António Pereira, had many plays in its stage, and theater companies such has Amélia Rey Colaço and Robles Monteiro. Actresses like Amelia Rey Colaço, Palmira Bastos, Maria Matos, Luísa Satanela, Laura Alves, and Luzia Maria Martins, took the stage.

Also in this theater there were some episode of public intolerance, as an example with the play “O Lodo” of Alfredo Cortez. The play, that was only on stage one night,

Página 47 Amélia Rey Colaço, had the role of a prostitute, and this infuriated the audience. “Salomé” of Oscar Wilde, played by the first time in Paris by Sara Bernardt, was one of the last plays that Amélia Rey Colaço in Politeama stage. In this play, the sensual Salomé, scared the conservative audience that considered the play too immoral and bold, and to the portuguese reaction was as bad as in other Europeans stages. This show room, didn’t offer just theater. Music, cinema, ballet, and even the recording of radio shows, were part of Politeama. In regards to the music events we have to point out Guilhermina Suggia (1885-1950) impressive concert on the 25th of January 1937. This amazing cello player interpreted, pieces of Tartini, Sammartini, Boccherini, Ravel, Glazunov and Saint –Saëns. Besides the concert for cello in D minor and the Lalo orquercha, directed by the maestro Pedro Freitas Branco.

Amália Rodrigues also sang in the theater, some of her most amazing fado songs. During the cinema season, they played Casablanca of Michael Curtiz, that premiered on the 17th of May 1945. When the audience started to listen to the Marseillaise, the audience enthusiasm, went against the Nazi audience, and a fight took place in the audience. This happen close to the end of the II World War, and 29 years ahead of the our revolution, the 25th of April 1974. Nowadays the theater is rented to the director Filipe La Féria since 1992.

Address: Portas de Santo Antão street, number 110 Location: Ateneu Comercial Description: In Ateneu Comercial, some feminists events took place, organized by some republican women. In 1911, in the high of the suffragists movement, Republican Portuguese Women League, promoted many propaganda sessions here. In the same year, many teachers of the republican school centers and the liberal schools, started a fight against the descrimination they suffered with the reform law of primary instrutction of 29th of March. They felt disappointed in their expectations, because they had dedicated their entire life to education and republican propaganda, the provisional republic forgot their life work and didn’t include them on the official school system. They met in Ateneu Comercial on the 27th of April 1911, to discuss their problems and decide strategies of action. Maria Veleda was the presided of the session, and they decided to present to the president of the republic and the minister that approved this law, Antonio José de Almeida, how they wanted all teachers of the free-teaching system to be included on the official educational system, as part of the exam jury panel, and their working years should be taken in consideration for retirement purposes. On the 27th of march 1912, the Portuguese Republican Women League celebrated in the Ateneu Comercial their 3rd anniversary, and the inauguration of an Ana de Castro Osório portrait.

In this same place on the 17th of March 1913, Rudolphe Broda gave a conference dictated to the theme “Womens right to vote in Finland and Australia”, and this was important event for the portuguese movement. With the beginning of the war in Europe, in August 1911, the Portuguese Republican Women League, supported the creation of the feminine committee “Pela Pátria”, that had as members Ana de Castro Osório, Ana Castilho, Antónia Bermudez, and Maria

Página 48 Benedita Mouzinho de Alburquerque Pinho, to mobilize women for the Portugal’s war effort. The supporting propaganda to Portugal participation in the war, promoted by the league started with a patriotic conferences cycle in Ateneu Comercial, and the themes were “Portuga e a Guerra- Portugal and the War”. Agostinho Fortes spoke about “Patriotic Dedication from Portuguese Women” and Ana Castro Osório spoke about “The Lack of Civic Education among Portuguese Women” on the 18th of October 1914. She would speak about this same theme in this same place on the 2nd of November.

Address: Rodrigues Sampaio Street, number 192, 1st floor Location: Feminine Portugal Description: Had as director and owner Maria Amélia Teixeira, this illustrated monthly magazine offered their readers cultural articles and also had a section named “Feminist Action”. In the year 6 of their publication, number 64 May of 1935, MAT dedicated this section to the feminist work of Ana de Castro Osório.

Address: Barata Salgueiro Street, number 36 Location: Sociedade Nacional das Belas Artes de Lisboa - Fine Arts National Society of Lisbon Description: This was another location for many feminist activities, starting with the exhibition between the 4th and the 12th of January 1947, with the title “Books Written by Women (from all over the world) promoted by the CNMP. Led my Maria Lamas, had a vast program, spread throughout the media “in the night of the 9th, with a full room, the writer Manuela Porto speaks about Virginia Woolf. She owns the audience for more than an hour”. It is probably unknown that the following day Manuela Porto was called to testify to PVDE (later on named PIDE). She was a well-known opponent of the dictatorship regime. She was a member of the International Women Council, and she denounced “devaluation of the feminine qualities and underestimation women were voted”. And in 1974 this was more than enough to be called by the political police to testify. Additional information: First autumn saloon on the SNBA in 1925. Exhibitions Mondays to Saturdays from 2pm until 8pm, except bank holidays. Summer schedule (August) Mondays to Fridays from 2pm until 6pm, except bank holidays

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Location: Rotunda da Avenida - Roundabout from the Avenue (Marquês do Pombal square) Description: The 5th of October revolution 1910, led to the proclamation of the republic in the Paços do Concelho, at the Munícipio Square. In the following year, the first stones was placed for the monument of in honor of the republican revolution heroes, in Republic Avenue. Between 1914 and 1917 the initial projects were developed and the work started in Marquês do Pombal. The design is responsibility of the architecs F. Santos, A. Couto and Adães Bermudes and sculptors Leopoldo De Almeida and Simões de Almeida. The inauguration took place in 1934.

Página 49 The End.

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