Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

~.rt~~-A ~ - .....P. P. L E APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM LIBRARY EXCHANGE A Washington St.tl' Non-Profit Corporation Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine

Issue Year

1982

Issue Month

July

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0001 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TM II _ Volume V, Number 7 July 1982 $2.50 ($3.00 Canada, £1. 75 UK.)

A IS FOR APPLE: Executive

Text Files Page 9

A CALL -A.P.P.L.E. TUTORIAL: Examining

Directory Sectors PagelS

EXPLORING THE WORLD OF A.P.P.L.E.:

Ins and Outs Page 19

A CALL -A.P.P.L.E. REVIEW:

Word Processors Page29

\.0 Apple PugetSound Program Library Exchange

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0002 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TM

II II II Volume V, Number 7 July 1982 52.50 (53.00 Canada, £1. 75 UK.)

A IS FOR APPLE: xecutive

ext Files Page 9

A CALL -A.P.P.L.E. TUTORIAL: Examining

Directory Sectors PagelS

EXPLORING THE WORLD OF A.P.P.L.E.:

Ins and Outs Page 19

A CALL -A.P.P.L.E. REVIEW:

Word Processors Page29

\.0 Apple PugetSound Program Library Exchange

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0003 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 THE PROWRITER COMETH. (And It Cometh On Like Gangbusters./ Evolution. It's inevitable. An eternal verity. lust when you think you've got it knocked, and you're resting on your laurels, some­ body comes along and makes a dinosaur out ofyou. Witness what happened to the Centronics printer when the Epson MX-80 came along in 1981. And now, witness what's happening to the MX-80 as the ProWriter cometh to be the foremost printer of the decade. SPEED MX-80: 80 cps, for 46 full lines per minute throughput. PROWRlTER: 120 cps, for 63 full lines per minute throughput. GRAPHICS MX-80: Block graphics standard, fine for things like bar graphs. PROWRlTER: High-resolu­ tion graphics features, fine for bar graphs, smooth curves, thin lines, intricate details, etc. PRINTING MX-80: Dot matrix business quality. PROWRlTER: Dot matrix correspondence quality. with incremental printing capability standard. FEED MX-80: Tractor feed standard: optional friction-feed kit for about $75 extra. PROWRlTER: Both tractor and friction feed sta ndard. INTERFACE MX-80: Parallel interface standard: optional serial interface for about $75 extra. PROWRlTER: Parallel and serial interface standard. PRICE Heh, heh. DIstributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products. Inc .. 225 Turnpike Street. Canton. Massachusetts 02021. Call: tollfree 1-800-343-6833.­ or in Massachusetts call collect (6171828-8150. Telex 951-624. LEADING EDGE:'

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0004 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

...... ~~ ., .,."".~'

..

.., ,., ~.»,.~ , .. ioldlY Go ,.... ". No Drive ' ) Has Taken You Before ... Give your APPLE II® a Fourth EXTENDED WARRANTY - We offer TAKE YOUR APPLE TO THE LIMIT Dimension - the totally compatible a 12 month parts and labor warranty WITH A FOURTH DIMENSION DRIVE. 5114" drive that takes your system extension at no cost to you. Ask for additional information. Dealer farther, faster. With read/write elec­ inquiries invited. Contact: tronics so advanced that reading IMMEDIATE DELIVERY - Immediately Fourth Dimension Systems errors are virtually eliminated. With available in quantity. We offer same­ 3100 W. Warner Avenue, #7/Dept. A a track zero microswitch that keeps day shipment if your order is received Santa Ana, CA 92704 boot and track access smooth and by noon (PST). (714) 850-1228 quiet. With the ability to read half­ track software and up to 143,360 S30 FACTORY REBATE - Receive bytes on DOS 3.3®. With similar a $30 factory rebate if the warranty ;~~i performance on DOS 3.2.1®, Pascal® card is received by us on or before or CP/M® operating systems. And, August 31, 1982. See participating "'bH#.'tit·'.'7svSTEMS the disk enclosure mates perfectly dealer, or call direct. Suggested with APPLE cabinetry. Retail Price: $419.00. Mastercard and Visa accepted. APPLE. APPLE II . DOS 3.2.t and DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer, Inc.: Pascal is a trademark of UCSD; CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0005 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM LIBRARY EXCHANGE: CLUB INFORMATION

GENERAl OFFICES EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES 304 Main Ave. S., SUite 300 6708 39th Avenue S.W. Grawin Publications Renton, WA 98055 - (206) 271-4514 Seattle, WA 98136-(206)932-8288 1020 Lloyd 8uilding SUmmer Hours: 8-6 Monday - Friday Hours: 8-4 Monday - Friday Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 223-0861 Thursdays till 7 p.m. Member SeNices/Dealer Orders

MEETING NOTICES CAll -A.P.P.L.E. HOT LINE cation blank, order form and description (206) 932-6588 sheet of club products. 7:30 PM, Tuesday, July 20th, 1982 Hours: 9 AM - 3 PM and Please allow up to 30 days for a turn around Omega/Bellevue 6 PM - 10 PM 7 days per week on membership and orders. Pacific Time 835 106th N.E., Bellevue Call -A.P.P.L.E. is mailed free twelve times Guest Speaker See page 85 of the June '82 issue for per year as benefit of membership. Wayne Erickson/DB Management information on use of the Hotline. Subscriptions are not available. Please also check our list of consultants 1982 back issues available at 52.50 each. Special Meeting below for a specialist in your field. 7:30 PM, Tuesday, Aug. 3, 1982 Call -A.P'p.L.E. bound volumes for pre­ vious years are available as indicated on the Guest Speaker Mike Markkula/President Apple Computer, Inc. Membership Information member order form on the last page. Contact office for reservations Please direct telephone questions on membership and orders to (206) 271-4514. Institutional memberships are now avail­ 7:30 PM, Tuesday, August 17, 1982 One Time Apple-Cation Fee .... 525.00 able. Contact General Office for details. Computer Empire Annual Dues ...... •...... S20.oo 616 S.W. 152nd St., Seattle Total 545.00 Prospective authors please send self­ Special Interest Groups Additional postage required for foreign addressed stamped envelope (3 7¢ memberships and shipments. postage) to Editorial Dept. for a copy of BUllETIN BOARD Author's guidelines. A.P.P.L.E. CRATE Membership is on an annual, 12 month basis, commencing with the month of en­ (206) 935-9JJ9 rollment. Upon receipt f)f total membership Cover and interior design by Vic Warren (4 pm - 9 am Pacific Time) fees, new members will receive an Apple- Design.

Officers and Directors Grawin Publications ...... Production, Advertising ..... (206) 223-0861 David B. Garson ...... Program Editor ...... 1714) 452-7524 Dick Hubert, President ...... (206) 271-6939 Bob Huelsdonk. Vice President ...... (206) 362-4910 Consultants Dave Ungwood. Secretary ...... (206) 244-9360 Bob Clardy, Treasurer ...... (206) 641-1917 Bob Huelsdonk ...... Apple /// ...... (206) 362-4910 ValJ. Golding, Director ...... (206) 932-6588 Dennis Baumgarte ...... Assembly I Eastern U.S.) ...... (914) 473-3210 Ken Smith, Director ...... (206) 322-4199 Don Williams ...... Assembly IWestern U.S.) .... (206) 242-6807 Fred Merchant, Director ...... (415) 921- 7792 Michael Thyng ...... Business ...... (206) 524-2744 Ted Perry ...... CA.1...... (916) 485-1690 Office Staff William P. Steinberg ...... DOS IEastern U.S.) ...... (212) 921-()663 Dick Hubert ...... Executive Director Art Schumer ...... DOS (Northern U.S.) ...... (701) 696-2574 Dave O'Leary ...... Administrative Assistant Lee Meador ...... DOS ISouthern U.S.) ...... (817) 469-6019 Sally Davies...... Admin. of Information Systems Kurt Thams ...... DOS/Gen'IIWestern U.S.) ... 1714) 870-9316 Arliss Sword ...... Dealer Orders WM. Reynolds III ...... DOS/Tech IWestern U.S.) ... (503) 472-4028 Patti Hoffmann ...... •• ...... Special Projects Coordinator Murray Arnow ...... •.... Engineering Applications .... (312) 291-9210 Gunter Hirt ...... Bookkeeping, Member Records Cornelis Bongers ...... European Consultant. 010-525511 Ext. 3275 Joff Morgan ...... Technical Support Alan Robinson ...... Fortran ...... (503) 757-8234 Cheryle McCalmant ...... • ...... Order ProceSSing Tom Deal, MD...... Handicapped Applications .. (206) 634-2847 Kris Mortenson ...... Order Processing Randy Halvorson ...... Hardware Interfacing ...... (206) 783-9040 Gayte Rank ...... Secretary/Receptionist Ed So ...... Hi-Res ...... /4081267-3448 Mike Christensen ...... Systems Development Stowe Keller ...... Mathematics ...... (804) 293-9441 Gina Mocko ...... Shipping/ReceMng Fred Merchant. MD...... Medical Group ...... (415) 921-7792 Stephen F. Lee ...... MJsic...... 1704) 289-4102 Magazine Staff Tom Woteki ...... Pascal IEastern U.S.) ...... (202) 54 7-0984 Carl Winter ...... Pascal (Western U.S.) ...... (206) 454-2720 Val J. Golding ...... Editor ...... (206) 932-8288 Randy Warrens ...... Pilot L3nguage ...... (608) 837-9566 Kathryn Haligrimson ...... Office Administrator ...... (206) 932-8288 Hersch Pilloff ...... Stock Market ...... (301) 292-3100 Ron DeGroat ...... Pascal Editor ...... (303)442-4794 Mark Robbins ...... Telecommunications ...... (303) 755-6440 Kevin 0. Donohoe ...... Production Editor ...... (206) 223-0861 Clifton Howard, MD...... Utilities ...... (201) 768-9274 Paul Mosher, MD...... Staff Writer ...... (518) 765-4118 Jim Hockenhull ...... 'v1deo Interfacing ...... (509) 334-4137 Lee Reynolds ...... Staff Writer ...... (305) 722-2639 .Jerry Brieger ...... 'v1siCalc ...... (206) 881-1241 Charles Rusch ...... Staff Writer ...... (503) 484-4618 Jeff Finn ...... Word Processing ...... (206) 325-0430 Ralph H. Swerdlow, MD.. . Staff Writer ...... (916) 920-8709 Dick Curtiss ...... Z-80 Card, CP/M ...... (206) 784-8018

2 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0006 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 Call·A.P.P.L.E~ Volume 5, Number 7 July 1982/Menu Val J. Golding, Editor ENTREES 9 A 15 FOR APPLE: 19 EXPLORING THE WORLD OF APPLE: Executive Text Files Ins and Outs: Part 2 Ralph H. Swerdlow/Call -A.P.P.L.E. Staff Writer Tom Uttle

15 A CALL -A.P'p.L.E. TUTORIAL: 29 A CALL -A.P'p.L.E. REVIEW: Examining Directory Sectors Word Processors David Huffman Jeffrey K. Finn

A LA CARTE 41 III CORNERS 59 CALL -A.P.P.L.E. TECHNIOUE: Keypad Joystick Dynamic Loading and Linking Richard V. Grant John L. Shanks 43 A CALL -A.P.P.L.E. UTILITY: 65 Dual Drive Master Create Restore To A Line Number Routine David L. Deever Lee Reynolds/Call -A.P'p.LE. Staff Writer 67 APPLE MASH: 45 SO WHAT DID YOU EXPECT? In aMIDSt Strings Unraveling An Applesoft Puzzle Michael Thyng Corne lis Bongers 75 DOS Patch for 80 Column Cards 49 Patching DOS the Easy Way Glen Bredon Leighton Paul 77 A CALL -A.P'p.L.E. UTILITY: 51 CALL -A.P.P.L.E. TECHNIOUE: Binary To Text Converter Imbedding Machine Code In Val J. Golding with Dave Ungwood Applesoft Program Files 79 Moving Big Mac Symbol Table William J. Cheeseman Thomas G. Williams

HORS d'OEUVRES

3 A.P.P.L.E. Club Information 81 A.P.P.L.E. Meeting Minutes Michael Thyng/guest secretary 5 The Editor Bytes Back 83 WRITE -A.P.P.LE. 5 BOOT The Readers Craig MacIntosh 87 Advertiser's Index 7 Bytes From A.P.P.L.E 87 A.P.P.L.E. Order Form 65 So What Did You Expect Dept. 7 88 Call -A.P.P.L.E. Unclassifieds 69 Tomorrow's Apples Today

Apple user groups may reprint without prior permission any portion of the contents herein, provided author, title, and publication credits are given and a written notice of such use furnished to the editorial office. For commercial applications of programs herein, the author should be contacted c/o General Office. Call -A.P.P.L.E. is published monthly by Apple Puget Sound Program library Exchange, 304 Main Ave. S., Renton, WA 98055. Subscriptions are not available but copies are mailed free as a benefit of A.P.P.L.E. membership.

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 3 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0007 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

No video monitor has ever combined Apple II compati­ What is DVM? The DVM, or "Digital Video Multiplexor," bility with exceptional performance like the new 13" is a low cost interface that allows the Apple II computer Color-II monitor from Amdek. to be used with an RGB monitor, such as our Color-II. Color-II features our optional new DVM peripheral board Amdek's DVM is software programmable to allow trans­ for easy interfacing with your Apple II. And look at the parent operation, and is parallel with existing Apple other top-of-the-line features Color-II offers: text and graphic modes. Three of its channels are used to multiplex the existing Apple text, low resolution and high • RGB, TTL input for high resolution graphics. resolution graphics. The 4th channel allows the use of an • 80 x 24 character display capability (with expansion 80 character line video board. card by Vydec). Our DVM is also color channel software programmable, • 560 (H) x 260 (V) resolution. enabling you to turn the three color channels on or off • Molded-in carrying handle for easier portability. by software control. For example, the red and blue • Front-mounted controls for faster fine-tuning. channel can be turned off when the 80 character So if you want to get the most from your Apple II channel is turned on, resulting in a green phosphor system, get the "most" monitor. Ask your dealer about video presentation. Amdek's new Color-II monitor with the optional DVM For convenient operation, the DVM board may occupy interface board. any slot in the Apple II. The DVM also features low-power consumption and low-power schottky logic. ~I 1f**1C:~...... Amdek Corporation, 2420 E. Oakton Street, Suite "E" Arlington Heights, Illinois 60005 (312) 364-1180 TLX: 25-4786

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0008 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 THE EDITOR BYTES BACK

the editor all

UL Y br.ing. s. with It thOUgh. ts of continuing series of word processor Last month we gave you a sneak sWimming holes and balmv reviews, hosted bV Jeff Finn. This time preview of our new feature: Tomor­ summer nights; to computer around around, reviewers Troci Wynn row's Apples Today. This time we J buffs It IS an opportunltv to Collins and l. K. Bumgarner look at have a number of interesting items, head for the [usuallv freezing] base­ Executive Secretary and The Corre­ mostlv gleaned from our Journev to the ment and catch up on postponed pro­ spondent, respectively. Boston Applefest. Each month we will gramming projects. Now IS the time to In brief, those are our cover stories, trV to report on a select group of new tvpe In David Deever's Dual Drive but far from our total offering. Our Euro­ and unusual products. Members should Master Create or Binary to Text Save pean consultant Cornelis Bongers note, however, that publication of by Dave lingwood and ourselves. Or, returns with the solution to his So What these items does not imply our en­ if its plain Just too hot, you can find vour did you Expect from last month, In dorsement. It is suggested when a favorite shady spot, pour a tall one, sit Unraveling an Applesoft Puzzle; as member finds an Item to fit their needs, back, relax and devour thiS month's usual, his explanation is impeccable. that theV investigate thoroughly, both offerings. Furthermore, for those readers inter­ thiS and competitive products, through Ralph Swerdlow, whose A IS FOR ested in a preview of Apple's Super H, their dealer and/or product distributor. APPLE series IS absolutelv Indispens­ Bongers has submitted an In depth That's onlv half the storV. The whole able for nOVices, provides instructions review of the German Basis 108, which story can be found by flipping back a on how to use EXECutive Text Files, will appear in the August Call-A.P.P.L.E. page to see what else we have cooked unravelling a hitherto unexplored If vou've gotten tired of swapping up for you on the menu. mystery. Tom little continues his diskettes in the drive every time you run We would like to remind our readers exploration of the World of Apple with Master Create, David Deever has the again that theV can get a copV of our Part 2 of Ins and Outs, where he solution with his Dual Drive Master Author's Guidelines by sending a self­ delves Into the IntricaCies of Apple's I/O Create. For those of you whose addressed envelope with .37 postage operations. machines sprout wings whenever an 80 to the editorial office. Our page rate re­ For a tutorial, let us recommend column card encounters an inverse mains $50, and we pay a $15 minimum Dave Huffman's Examining Directortl catalog, Glen Bredon has a patch to for material submitted for our Call Sectors, If learning more about DOS IS DOS to solve the problem in DOS Patch -A.P.P.L.E. Quickies and our So What your bag. On the other hand, If your In­ for 80 Column Cards. This applies not did you Expect features. terest leans more to applications and only to copies of Big Mac.LC that were As a last word, don't pass by those word processing, take a look at our shipped out, but to any 80 column card "So What's," there is a lesson In every having problems with inverse characters. one. See you next issue. ~ INTRODUCING

BOOT By Craig Macintosh COIN DE:.TE.CT~D rM NOT GOING Cl-l5-AP RSL-UCTANT POCKST. 10 BE::. CAUGI-IT ~UMAN De:.TE:-CT~D. __~~ __~ TAL-KING TO SOMES DUMB MACl-lIN~.

Crown Syndicate, Inc., Five Crown Road, Weatherford, Texas 76086 Telephone 817/594-5125

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 5 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0009 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Completely Redesigned. The Grappler + Features: Now, the Grappler + • • Dual Hi-Res Graphics • Printer The original Grappler was the Selector Dip Switch • Apple III first graphics interface to give Compatible> • Graphics Screen you hi-res screen dumps from Dump· Inverse Graphics your keyboard. The new • Emphasized Graphics. Double Size Grappler + with Dual Hi-Res Picture • 90° Rotation. Center Graphics • Chart Recorder Graphics adds flexibility with a ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100 Mode • Block Graphics • Bell side-by-side printout of page 1 Control • Skip-over-perf. Left and and page 2 graphics. With The Right Margins. Variable Line Interfacing the Grappler + to a Length • Text Screen Dumps. wide range of printers is easy The Grappler + works with Pascal as changing a dip switch. 4K of and CPM. exclusive firmware makes the Grappler + the most intelligent, The Grappler + Interfaces with full-featured Apple Printer the following printers: Interface made. And, the • Anadex • Centronics. Datasouth Grappler + is Apple III compatible.* • Epson·· • IDS • NEC • C-Itoh • Okidata· • The imitations are many, so ~ insist on the #1 Apple Graphics • Orange mic~g Interface on the market. Insist 3150 E. La Palma. Suite G Anaheim, California 92806 on the Grappler +. Available (714) 630·3620

now at most Apple dealers. CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc • Require. Idditional software driver . Apple II and Apple III are registered trade names of • ·Requlr•• gr.phici upgrade. Apple Computer Inc.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0010 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 BYTES FROM A.P.P.L.E.

Val J. Golding

LOBAL Program Line Editor Next item is one we have been Lastly, we are pleased to announce is our big story for this issue. deluged with inquiries on, after the coming availability to our mem­ GPLE debuted at the Boston members read "Keep your Cool" in bers of A.P.P.L.E. Source, a GApplefest and, so we have the May issue, " ... where can I get a special closed system of the Source been told, was the "hit of the show." fan"? We have the answer to that one Telecommunications, for access by We had a sign up at our booth which in the Ap.Coolkit. Specially priced members only. There will be special read: "You've seen the rest, now get for our members at just $22.50, features designed strictly for the best." No exaggeration, this, no Ap.Coolkit contains a slow speed A.P.P.L.E. members, and members wild promo. Simply stated, GPLE is Torin fan, a line cord and mounting who already belong to the Source without peer. tape. Give this some serious consider­ only need contact us to gain access to We have pretty much kept the ori­ ation if you are running into heating the closed system. Best of all, ginal PLE in memory whenever our problems. members who sign up now for the system is up; we would never want to If your subscription to So/talk is Source will receive a 25 percent dis­ be without it. Now, with the addition about to run out, watch for our forth­ count from the regular Source initi­ of global line edit, search and replace, coming mailer, which will announce ation fee. Watch this spot next month plus typeahead, 80 column compati­ a very, very special renewal rate for to find the effective date of this new bilityand 1100 bytes of escape func­ A.P.P.L.E. members. service. tions definable from the keyboard, trI GPLE too will become our pride and joy. Member price for Neil Konzen's boon to editing is $38.50.

Power input through SYSTEM SAVER. Line surge SYSTEM SAVER provides suppression protects programs SYSTEM SAVER contains two correct cooling. Fresh air is Convenient front mounted heavy­ and data by smoothing out switched power outlets. You can drawn across the mother board, duty power switch with pilot light. dangerous power surges control yollr printer and monitor over the power supply and out Switch controls SYSTEM SAVER, and spikes. from the front mounted switch. the ventilation slots. Apple II, and both rear outlets.

$8995 at your local dealer Kensington Mlcroware Ltd. When ordering by mail include payment of or order direct by 300 East 54 Street $89.95 plus $2.50 for handling. New York phone or mall from: SUite 3L State residents add 5%% sales tax. New York, NY 10022 By phone payment can be charged to (212) 486-2802 VISA or MASTERCARD. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0011 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

How to chart your company's fortune without spending one It's a fact. Asingle chart or graph can tell you instantly what it You can also save and modify your graphics through takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data. Strobe's menu-driven programs. Abroad selection of Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Software software-including a VisiCalc * -compatible program­ package, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directly is now available. from your computer. And you can do it for a fraction of the cost When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your of most other systems. computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak any­ The Strobe System transforms complex data into one's language-visually. Visit your local dealer and learn dynamic, colorful visuals with a how to start charting your for­ few simple commands from your tunes today. Because a perspective computer. Charts and transparen­ on the present can also be your cies that once took hours to pro­ window on the future. duce are plotted within minutes. Information can be presented as bar charts, pie charts, curves or isometrics in a variety of colors. II STROBE And with a resolution of 500 INC PORATED points per inch, the Strobe 100 Strobe Inc, matches or surpasses the quality 897-5A Independence Avenue of plotters costing thousands of Mountain View, CA 94043 dollars more. Telephone 415/969-5130 The Strobe Graphics System Seeing is believing ·VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp. Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0012 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A IS FOR APPlE: Executive Text Files

Ralph H Swerdlow/Call -A.P.P.L.E. Staff Writer

o best understand and most 5. At the command of "EXEC" Line 20 creates a string, N$, that effectively use EXECU­ with the name of the file that contains the "NAME" that we will TIVE TEXT FILES, the was created, the Apple will give to the Text file. Any time you T APPLE programmer must "PRINT" all of the commands wish to create a Text file with a dif­ fix five facts firmly in mind. These that were in the original BASIC ferent name, it is very simple to are: program, as if they were being change only the contents of the 1. Text files consist of nothing "typed at the keyboard by a live string N$. more than a series of bytes, one person"!! If these commands following another, separated by 70 PRINT O$O$N$ returns, into· fields. Each byte EXECing a file is like typing 80 PRINT O$;"OELETE";N$ can represent either data (arith­ from the keyboard 90 PRINT O$O$N$ metic and/or alphabetic) or in­ 100 PRINT O$W$N$ 1000 PRINT O$C$N$ structions. Executive text files consist of a program, they now contain only instructions that can be treated as any other nor­ These lines first Open the Text are identical to commands in mal program, and run, saved or file that has the name in the String BASIC. listed!! If the commands con­ "N$," then Delete the same file, so 2. There are two types of BASIC sisted of immediate execution that had there been a Textfile of the commands; those that require a types, they will be carried out at same name on your disk, it will be once . ... deferred commands With the ground work out of the ... semi-colons are optional require a line number; way, let's start writing some EXEC in PRINT statements ... Immediate do not. Text files, and see how they perform. You will need to have a disk booted, erased. Note that we may write our line number in a program (de­ as the Text files are saved to disk for Strings one after another and that ferred) and those that do not later EXECing. We will call the Text semi-colons are not needed; this (immediate execution). Some files we are to create by the name of technique reduces both typing time, commands, such as "HOME" "PRACTICE". If you wish to save and the risk of typing errors. or "CALL-936," may be used the files we create, use the name Then they open the file again, and in either the deferred or imme­ "PRACTICE. 1, PRACTICE.2" and write to the file; line 1000 ends the diate modes. so on to later identify which is which. program by closing the Text file that 3. All text files are created by Here is how to create our first file: was created. We will leave sufficient writing a BASIC program using space to add more lines, thus the last the commands of "OPEN, 10 TEXT:HOME line is numbered 1000. WRITE and CLOSE," with a 20 N$ = "PRACTICE" Save this to a disk, using the com­ NAME of the text file that is to 30 0$ = CH R$(4) mand "SAVE TO MAKE PRAC­ 40 0$ = "OPEN" be created. The BASIC pro­ TICE." This BASIC program will gram used to create an Execu­ 50 W$ = "WRITE" 60 C$ = "CLOSE" serve as the skeleton upon which you tive Text file consists of a will hang the flesh to make Exec number of "PRINT" state­ Line 10 first sets the screen to its Text files in the future!! A catalog of ments that become the com­ the disk now shows a BASIC program mands desired when when that full width, and then clears it. The next five lines establish String called, "TO MAKE PRACTICE." Text file is to be EXECed. Now, add line 110: 4. When the BASIC program is statements that we will use to make our program writing easier by reduc­ first run, a Text file is created 110 PRINT "HOME" on the disk, with the name that ing the need to type each expression. was selected in. the BASIC pro­ gram. If a catalog of the disk is now made, there will be such a name present, with a "T" pre­ ceding it, indicating that it is a Text file.

call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 9 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0013 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

EXECUTIVE TEXT FILES

List the program, and then run it List several times, and fill the The commands "HOME," "NEW," by typing, "RUN." Note that the screen with words. Type, "EXEC "PRINT" and many others may be disk drive light comes on and that PRACTICE," and as expected, the used in the immediate or deferred you can hear the drive motor. This screen clears. So far not much differ­ mode, thus they do not require a line alone should tell you that something ence from the first program we number to function. When they are different is happening because most EXEC'ed. However if you try listing "typed" as the Text file is EXEC'ed, BASIC programs do not start the the program, it is gone!! The com­ these commands are EXECuted at disk drive when they are run. Do mand in line caused the trusty Apple once by the computer. This might be another catalog, and now there is to type, "NEW," and our computer a good time for the reader to review both the "TO MAKE PRACTICE" did so!! BASIC to remember which instruc­ and "PRACTICE" on the disk, with Now add line 130 and 140 to the tions are used only in the deferred a "T" preceding the latter. List the program, "TO MAKE PRACTICE." mode, which only in the immediate, program once more. It is still there!! and which in both. Now type: 130 AS = "ISN'T THIS FUN." 140 PRINT "PRINT A$" ... commands are executed "EXEC PRACTICE" Save this program, (by typing, in the order they were If all went as expected, your "SAVE TO MAKE PRACTICE") entered ... screen cleared, as if you typed and then run it, creating a new Text "HOME." Here is what happened. file, but one with the same name of The commands are EXECuted in When the command "EXEC PRAC­ "PRACTICE." Now when it is the order that they were first entered TICE" was EXEC'ed, the Apple EXEC' ed, the Apple will print the into the BASIC program that was used printed out the contents of the Text contents of the String "A$". to create the Text file, but if they have file, which at this point consisted only You can demonstrate the same line numbers, our computers arrange of the command "HOME", and the thing by just typing: the commands into proper sequence. computer did what it was told to do, Now change the contents of the cleared the screen. "AS = "ISN'T THIS FUN." String A$ (in line 130) to anything Now type "LIST," and there is "PRINT AS" else and rerun the program. The con­ your program once more, demon­ tents of your new String will be strating that EXEC'ing a Text file because these are immediate com­ printed. does not erase a program in memory. mands that will be executed by merely What would happen in you now Try it again, list several times, or fill typing each, followed by a RETURN of course, at the keyboard. Your change line 130 of the last program the screen with garbage of some sort. Apple just did the work for you when to: Type, "EXEC PRACTICE," and the the file was EXEC'ed!! Many lines in a BASIC program 130 ISN'T THIS FUN ... EXEC files do not destroy look like this: and delete line 140? programs ... PRINT "ISN'T THIS FUN" Note the lack of quotation marks and omission of the world "PRINT." screen clears. This is a very impor­ The easiest way to print such lines Go ahead and try it; first run the pro­ tant characteristic of Text files; they is to make a String which contains gram and then EXEC it. You will get do not destroy programs nor does the expression, as we did earlier. the message, "?SYNTAX ERROR." listing a BASIC program or in fact, Here is another method of doing the Do you know why? You can do the the running of a BASIC program, im­ same thing. Add lines: same thing from the keyboard of pair the later EXEC'ing of a Text your Apple. Clear the screen, and 150 QS = CHR$(34) file!!! type, ISN'T THIS FUN, (without Now lets add more flesh to our 160 PRINT "PRINT";Q$;"AND EDUCATIONAL ALSO" quotations) and a return; the same original program, by adding line 120. error message is printed, because this Load the program "TO MAKE This concantenates Goins to­ statement is not recognized by the PRACTICE," and add line 120: gether) the statements inside the ["] computer as a legitimate BASIC with the String Q$; CHR$(34) is the command!! So when the same state­ 120 PRINT "NEW" quotation mark! After running the ment is part of the data contained Now run this program. The disk previous program, you can prove this within a Text file, and then that file is drive again comes to life, and a new by typing, "PRINT CHR$(34)," EXECuted, it is exactly as if you Text file, though with the same name followed by a RETURN, and a ["] typed the same sentence at the key­ of "PRACTICE" is created, but this will appear. this is a fine way to put board!! The lesson to be learned by new Text file contains an additional quotation marks into statements that this example is that the data state­ command, line 120. you wish printed. ments in any Executive text file must contain only legal commands that the Apple can execute.

10 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0014 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

How then to enter deferred mode effect. The command, "NOMON The program called "CAPTURE" commands into the "MAKE PRAC­ C,I,O" makes the the EXECing of a is a BASIC program that creates a TICE" program? Here is how: Text file invisible, except for the Text file when it is run!! You can find First load the program, then list it. Applesoft prompts. This new pro­ it on page 76 in the Apple DOS You should have lines 10-100, and gram may be saved (for example, Manual. CAPTURE is added either the line 1000. If not, then delete all type: "SAVE PRACTICE.A") and at the beginning or the end of a other lines, and save MAKE PRAC­ then listed or run whatever desired. BASIC program in memory. The TICE so that you will have it on disk It is very important to use a different Text file that it creates will have for later use. name for the BASIC program that the name, "LISTING" which will be Now add these lines: was created, if it is to be saved to the found in the catalog after the pro­ disk, else there will be a Text file and gram is run. The data statements of 110 PRINT "10 HOME" a BASIC file with the same names; a this Text file will consist of the lines 120 PRINT "20 FOR 1=1 TO 20" very confusing situation for both you in the BASIC program that was in 130 PRINT "30 PRINT I" and your Apple!! memory when CAPTURE was run! 140 PRINT "40 NEXT I" For all practical purposes, Text You can then use the RENAME com­ 150 PRINT "50 END" 160 PRINT "DEL 1,9" files may be of any length desired, mand to change LISTING'S name to 170 PRINT "DEL 51,2000" limited only to available memory. something more appropriate to what The skeleton of MAKE PRACTICE the Text file does; remember to use a Now run this program and a new has sufficient space between lines different name than that of the Text file will be created, still with the 101 and 999 to make almost any Text original BASIC program. I prefer to name of, "PRACTICE." Can you see file that you may need, limited only what will happen when you EXEC by your imagination and require­ ... add the prefix "TEXT." to a PRACTICE? Lines 110 to 150 will be ments. Remember that by changing text file. printed to the computer. When you the contents of the String N$ in line 60, and the data in lines 101-999, you first EXEC the Text file, nothing will add the prefix "TEXT." to the Text can create as many EXEC Text files appear on the screen except for a file name; this tells me what it is and as you want. series of Applesoft prompts, and that it is and that it is a Text file based Why use Text files at all? They nothing else. At this point, you may BASIC program still saved on my are very useful for many program­ list the program, and there is the disk. I also have renumbered "CAP­ ming purposes. For example, work­ BASIC program typed in lines TURE" to start at line 30000, ing on a long BASIC program that 110-150 in our last MAKE PRAC­ because most of my programs are may require frequent changes. The TICE. Now the new BASIC program much shorter, and thus there are no program may be retained as a Text can be run and it will print the digits line number conflicts when CAP­ file, and then EXECed as needed. as expected. You may merely EXEC TURE is appended to the end of of The changed program then can be the Text File, then type, "RUN," my program in memory. I have also saved (again with another name) to and the Apple will do so. To see what changed old line 6 of the Apple the disk. This process can be the computer is doing, type the com­ Manual to read "LIST 1,29999." I repeated as often as necessary, mand, "MaN C,I,O," and you will be have created a Text file called, without the need to retype the pro­ able to see each line being "typed" "MAKE CAPTURE" which is kept gram each time. If you have many by the computer as the Text file is on a utility disk. It is very easy then EXECed .... favorite subroutines, they can be to EXEC "MAKE CAPTURE", made into Text files and EXECed First, line 110 is EXEC'ed print­ which creates a BASIC program and into any programs under develop­ ing, "10 HOME." Next lines 120 to append it to any BASIC program that ment. Some programmers keep a 150 (which continue the printing of I am working on. Here is how to do disk which contains only Text file our new BASIC program) are typed the same. to the screen. These lines of the Text subroutines that are of importance to file create the lines of the BASIC pro­ them. 30000 REM TO MAKE CAPTURE gram with line numbers; next lines EXEC'ing a Text file does not 30001 DS = CHR$(4) 160 and 170 delete all that created destroy a program in memory as 30002 PRINT DS;"OPEN the Text file leaving only the BASIC loading or running a program does, LISTING" program in memory. The command so your program is not lost, but is still 30003 PRINT DS;"WRITE "DEL" can be used in both immedi­ present for you to use. The com­ LISTING" ate or deferred modes, so lines 160 mands in the Text file will be added 30004 POKE 33,33 to the program in memory, and 30005 LIST 1,29999 and 170 could have printed line 30006 PRINT DS;"CLOSE numbers to the BASIC program. The become part of your new program; this is very useful in program LISTING" entire process may be watched if the 30007 TEXT:END command "MaN I.C,O" had been in development! 31001 PRINT DS;"OPEN MAKE If there is a potential conflict due CAPTURE" "NOMONCIO" will hide the to identical line numbers, the 31002 PRINT DS;"WRITE MAKE RENUMBER utility may be employed CAPTURE" EXECing of a text file ... to change the line numbers to avoid 31003 POKE 33,33 this problem; PROGRAM LINE 31004 LIST 30000,30008 EDITOR will also do the job. 31005 PRINT DS;"CLOSE MAKE CAPTURE" 31006 TEXT:END

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 11 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0015 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 EXECUTIVE TEXT FILES

When this program is RUN it will each of your working disks, (using 4. Text files are created using the create a Text file called, "MAKE F.LD, for example) and whenever DOS commands of "OPEN, CAPTURE." Lets study this program. you need the BASIC program of WRITE, AND CLOSE," with Lines 30001 to 30007 are the lines "CAPTURE," all you need to do is Control "D" or CHR$(4) that constitute the Text file "CAP­ EXEC MAKE CAPTURE, and there preceding each command. A TURE." Note that each data state­ it is; CAPTURE will be appended to specific name must be incorpor­ ment consists of an immediate type any BASIC program in the Apple's ated into each command. The of command, and thus does not re­ memory at the time!! Text file created will have the quire a line number. When these lines Not everyone has a MODEM, but name that was chosen. are EXECed, they create a Text pro­ those that do, are able to send Text 5. If a data statement in a Text file gram, "LISTING" that captures a files by phone to others who also have is not a legal BASIC command, BASIC program in memory. one. BASIC programs can not easily an error message will be printed Lines 31001-31007 capture the be sent by phone, but with CAP­ by the computer, saying earlier lines in a Text file called, TURE, an Apple user is able to con­ "?SYNTAX ERROR" when­ MAKE CAPTURE. Thus, we have vert any BASIC program to a Text ever the Text file is EXEC'ed. written a BASIC program that file, and later transmit the created creates a Text file that captures a Text file over the phone. The receiver Text files are not difficult to Text file that creates a BASIC pro­ can then save the Text file, EXEC the master, and they do offer many gram that captures a BASIC program file, and have the BASIC program. benefits to the Apple user. Text files into a Text file!!! containing legal BASIC commands Save this program, with the name In summary: add great power to our computers. of "TO MAKE CAPTURE." When 1. EXECutive Text files are Text Go ahead and try them; you not only it is run, it will create a Text file with files that contain in their data will have fun, but you are sure to the name of "MAKE CAPTURE." lines legal BASIC commands learn something helpful to your com­ Now, whenever this Text file is that may be either deferred or puting. t!i EXECed, the BASIC program called, immediate types. "CAPTURE" will be appended to 2. Commands that are of the * In fact one could say that RUN will run a any BASIC program in memory, deferred type must have a line deffered mode program and EXEC will run an starting at line 30000. When you run number. immediate mode program .... ed. this BASIC program, a Text file con­ 3. The command "EXEC" is sim­ taining the commands of your BASIC ilar to the command "RUN,"* program will be created. As an inter­ and when issued causes the con­ esting experiment, once "CAP­ tents of the data statements of TURE" has been appended, typing: the Text file to be printed "RUN 30000" will accomplish the without erasing the program in same task. The Text file, "MAKE memory. The BASIC program CAPTURE" can be transferred to may then be run, listed or saved as can any BASIC program.

INTRODUCING THE AUTOMANIAC SYSTEM - It runs your Apple 24 hours a day! - It runs programs and series of commands that you schedule! - It brings Apple's Exec facilities to the Programmer and Non-Programmer! -It can control electrical devices in the Apple's environment on a scheduled basis! Why not run some of those routine programs at night when the computer is free, so that during the day it is free for you! FOR EXAMPLE: During the night, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, you can schedule the program that sorts your Accounts Receivable data. On the 15th of every month you can schedule a series of programs that will turn your printer on at 7:00 P.M., printout the bills at 7:05 P.M., and after all the printing is finished, the printer is turned off. During the day, your computer won't be bogged down doing file maintenance but instead will be free to access information. The AUTOMANIAC SYSTEM is compatible with anyone of the following clocks: • Applied Engineering Time 11* • Mountain Hardware Apple Clock" • Mountain Hardware CPS card" • Superclock II" • CCS Calendar Clock" • Computime Compuwatch" • Thunderware Thunderclock" • Prometheus Versacard* 'Trademarks The system requires: 32K or 48K Apple II Plus*, 3.30.0.5., An 80 col. printer and Mountain Hardware Introl/X-10 card* are optional. PRICE $100.00 • Order now and become an AUTOMANIACI You'll get a GSW notebOOk, a 34-page easy-to-use operating manual, and a 3.30.0.5. diskette. Cal. (15115) 280-7818 to order by M_terc_d or VISA. Send check or money order. to: THE GEEGERY SOFTWARE WORKS ..----- GSUJ P.O. BOX 8028 DES MOINES, IOWA 50301

12 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0016 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 A Fast, Easy, Inexpensive Approach to Word Processing PIE Writer: Word Processing System

Hayden is thinking about your future. We know Learning to use PIE Writer is as easy as learning you're concerned with saving time and money .. . to type. There are many user-oriented features, with increasing efficiency and productivity .. . designed for first-time users as well as serious and that is the reason for PIE Writer! programmers: an easy-to-understand, indexed instruction manual, a carefully designed refer­ Now you can turn your Apple II into a complete ence card, an interactive tutorial with each word processing system. PIE Writer, a powerful diskette, a "help" screen listing key command editor and formatter, offers the versa- descriptions for reference as text tility and machine efficiency of is edited, and an easel binder for the larger systems-at a fraction at-a-glance aid. of the cost! If you're looking for high-quality at Now all your documents and corre­ a low cost, PIE Writer is your best spondence-reports, memos, direct investment. Order yours today! mail pieces, even "personalized" 12009, Standard; 13409, Smarterm, form letters-can be composed, Sup'R'Term, Videx edited, formatted, and printed quickly and accurately. Simple keystroke commands let you alter characters, words, sen­ tences, even entire paragraphs I

Take a look at some of PIE Writer's powerful new features:

• Incremental Spacing-adds fractions of space or order direct; between words for text justification. 1-800-831-0888 • Fast page scrolling. in New Jersey 201-843-0660, ext. 382 • Call command-allows access to machine language subroutines. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;Ilnlayden • Saves formatted output on disk file. • Works with 40 or 80 column display boards. Mail Dept. #CA 626· Hayden Book Company, Inc. To: 50 Essex Street· Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 • Word Tabbing-cursor stops at beginning of every Please accept my order and send me the PIE Writer System word, in addition to set stops. for the following display board. • Tab stops can be saved on file. Please 0 40 column 0 80 column Check: (#12009) (#13409) • Word Delete-deletes entire words at a time. o My money order for $149.95 is enclosed; or • Lower case capabilities. o Please charge my 0 Visa 0 MasterCard • Prints BOLD. Name ______• Centers. Address ______Apt. ___ City ______All this and more State ______Zip ___ MasterCardlVisa# Expires __ for only $149.95! Signature ______upgrade your PIJI a.o: Send $75.00, check or money order, Residents of NJ and CA must add sales tax and or1g1nal disk (at sender's risk) for upgraded version.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0017 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

GET FREE SOFTWARE FOR YOUR COMPUTER! HOW? JUST ORDER ANY OF THE ITEMS BELOW, AND SELECT YOUR FREE SOFTWARE FROM THE BONUS SOFTWARE SECTION, USING THE FOLLOWING RULE: FOR THE FIRST $100.00 WORTH OF MERCHANDISE ORDERED TAKE 1 ITEM; FOR THE NEXT $200.00 WORTH OF MERCHANDISE ORDERED TAKE ANOTHER ITEM; FOR THE NEXT $300.00 TAKE A THIRD ITEM, ETC. ALL AT NO COST.

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Dlthertlzer269 ALF 9-VolCe MusIC Bd 155 Camp Sta VideoCamera375 Maxell5" Soli SSSD/bx 31 Maxell8" Sofl SSSD/bx 35 Spellguard 219 Spellslar CPI M 149 DYSAN 5" Soft SSSD/bx 37 DYSAN 8" Sol SSSD/bx 49 Word Handler (Gives 80-Col & Lower-Case With no board' I 199 ALF 3·VolCe Music Bd 199 Camp Stal Both above 599 BONUS SOFTWARE SECTION! Let us acquaint yOu with MESSAGE-MAKING SOFTWARE Just place the disk. in the Records of files can be printed, if desired. Additional modules coming are a STATISTICS APPLE, enter the lext. and colorful, dynamic messages appear on the screens of TV sets INTERFACE. CHECKBOOK. MAIUNG LIST & DATA·ENTRY connected to the computer. Use the software to broadcast messages on TV screens in REOUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT $40 schools, hospitals, factories. store window. exhibit booths, etc. The following program is APPLE LITERATURE DATABASE: Allows rapid retrieval (via keywords) of references from our latest release total APPLE literature thru 1980, on 5.25" disk. Each entry in the data base consists of the SUPER MESSAGE: Creates message~ in full-page ··chun~s". Each message allows article, author-name, periodical-name, date of issue, &. page nos. The database is statements of mixed typestyles. Iypeslzes and colors, In mixed upper and lower case intended to support large magazine files which would require lengthy manual searching Styles range from regular APPLE characters, up to double-size, double-width characters to recover information. Annual updates will be available with a heavy, bold font. Six colors may be used for each different typestyle. 'lkr~ical and REQUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT $60 hOrIZontal centenng ~re avaIlable, and word-wrap IS automatIc. Users can chaIn p~ges WORDPOWER: Is a simple, powerful. low cost, line·oriented word-processor program. It together to make muUI-page messages. Pag.es can be adva~ced manually or automatlcal offers a fast machine language FIND & REPLACE. Text can be listed to screen or printer. Iy. Multl'page messages can be stored to dISC or recalled Instantly. with or without line-numbers. Lower-case adaptors are supported. You can merge files, REQUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT. . $50 move groups of lines. and easily add, change, or delete lines. WORDPOWER can be used APPLE PLOTS YOUR DATA & KEEPS YOUR RECORDS TOO' APPLE DATA GRAPH 2.1 to create and main lain EXEC files. 11 can also be used as a rapid, unstructured. informa Plots up to 3 superimposed curves on the Hi-res Screen both X & Y axes dimensioned lion-storage and retrieval system via its rapid search capabilities REQUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT $50 ~~he~Y;:I~~~~i~~~~:i~~t~~2?op~~e~r~~~~t~a~r~~hs~~~endb~~\~~~~~~i~~:c~dd~eca~llf~~ LABELMAKER: Allows users to Quickly create address labels. A given label may be gen Stock·market Charting, BUSiness Management, and Classroom instruction! erated in any Quantity from 1 to 32767. Space is allowed on labels tor a personal and REQUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT. . $35 company name, bul the space is automatically closed up it only a personal name is APPLE RECORD MANAGER: Allows complex files to be brought into memory so that re~ord searche:s and manipulation.s are instantaneous. Re~ords within a.ny file can c~n ran~:r:~or ~~~~~t~~:,I~~r~~~~~~r~O~nf~~~~I~mceosus~~~ss~J~~ a~r.~~rJ;H .~.a.~F~I:~ I~~~,~~~e taln up to 20 fIelds, WIth user-defined headings. InformatIon can be stnng or numenc A self·incrementing feature allows theatre·tickets to be produced, with a date. and Users can browse thru files using page-forward, page-backward or random-search com numbers running from aOOO to z999. An editor is provided for editing labels prior to print mands. Records can easily be searched, altered or sorted at will. Files can be stored on ing. All labels may be saved to disk for instant recall the same drive as the master proQram. or on another, if a second drive is available REQUIRES 48K & ROM APPLESOFT $35

Above software for APPLE DOS 3.2/3.3 only. Call for BONUSES for other systems. TO ORDER: Use phone or mail. We accept VISA, MASTERCARD, COD's, personal checks & CONN. INFO. SYSTEMS CO. money orders. Add 4% for credit card. Customer pays handling on COD orders. Foreign (203) 579·0472 orders must be in American DOllars & include 10% for handling. Connecticut residents add 7.5% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. 218 Huntington Road, Bridgeport, CT 06608 Not responSIble for typographical errors. Prices subject to change without notice

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0018 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A CALL -A.P.P.LE. TUTORIAL: Exall1ining Directory Sectors David Huffman

HE DOS Reference Manual with the address (in hex) of the first symbolized in the table by "TT" and (DOS 3.2 or 3.3) explains the byte in the line, followed by the hex "TS". They give the track and sector arrangement of the informa­ codes of eight bytes of the sector, loca tion of the beginning of the track­ T tion in a typical sector of the followed by the ASCII representa­ sector list for the file. The track/ diskette directory on pages 129-131. tion of the eight bytes. When you sector list is just a list of the tracks However, we can usually only ex­ examine a directory sector using and sectors where the contents of the amine this information directly by such a program, the only part of the file are stored. A large file may be loading each sector into memory and sector which will make much sense spread out across numerous noncon­ examining it with a hex-ASCII dump at first is the ASCII representation of tiguous sectors if it is SAVEd onto a which is formatted very differently the file names, but the other non­ diskette containing many other small from the examples in the DOS printing bytes contain very Im­ files and having a history of numer­ Manual. Finding your way around in portant information. The table at the ous file DELETEions. In such cases, the hex-ASCII dump by consulting end of this article was designed to the drive will make numerous sliding the DOS Manual can be quite a chore facilitate interpreting a typical direc­ noises as it bounces back and forth as I found out several months ago tory sector from a hex-ASCII dump, between these widely separated while trying to restore a master and it has since proven so useful in tracks during a LOAD. If the same diskette that was somehow damaged my work that I thought I would make file were SAVEd onto a diskette that by an accidental reset during a copy it available to the Call -A.P.P.L.E. has not had a history of DELETE­ operation (even though the jacket membership. I keep my copy on the ions, the track/sector list will consist was not notched!). The damage first page of my collection of "DOS mostly of numerically contiguous caused the CATALOG command to Notes". sectors and access time may be con­ list the first file name correctly and The directory of a normal 3.3 siderably improved. An entire disk then list garbage for the second file diskette begins with track $11 (17) may be cleaned up this way copying name and quit. I first tried RECON­ sector $OF (15) and continues back­ it with program FID from your DOS STRUCT VTOC, but the disk drive wards to sector $OE (14), $OD(13), ... 3.3 master disk, rather than using made strange groaning noises I had to sector $01(1). The first 11 bytes of the other copy programs available, never before heard, so I quickly each sector of the directory do not which usually copy the disk as is, abandoned that method with a reset. pertain to any particular file. Byte sector by sector rather than file by The next step was to examine the $00 is not used. (All unused bytes are file. If "DeMuffined", FID is usable VTOC from a hex·ASCII dump and it coded "XX" in the accompanying in a 3.2 DOS environment. seemed to be OK. However, an table.) Bytes $01 and $02 ("LT" and "IT" is the file type (and lock examination of the diskette directory "LS") give the track and sector, code). If the first hex digit is $0, the revealed a collection of garbage respectively, of the block where the file is unlocked; if it is $8, the file is following the entry for the first file. I directory is continued from the locked; if it is $1, it is an "R" or re­ had to rebuild the first sector byte-by­ current sector. If you dump track locatable binary file such as can be byte using the DOS Manual as a $11, sector $OF, these bytes should be produced by the DOS Tool Kit. The guide and kept thinking, "There $11, $OE. If bytes $01 and $02 are second digit is file type with O=text, must be an easier way". The both $00, the CATALOG command I=Integer, 2=Applesoft, 4=binary, accompanying table is an outgrowth will list only the files included up 8=the mysterious "S" file (Does of that desire to find an easier way. through the current sector, and files anyone know anything about "S" There are several good utilities with entries in other sectors of the files??), and 16 ($10) the "relocatable" around, including DAN'S DISK directory will be unavailable to DOS. binary file used by the DOS Tool Kit. UTILITIES, DISK FIXER and DISK Bytes $03 through $OA are appar­ If you are tempted to try converting a ZAP, which will allow you to read in ently padded with zeros so that the file from Integer to Applesoft by a specified sector of the directory, last byte of the current sector will changing "IT" from $?1 to $?2, recall examine it with a hex-ASCII dump, turn out to be the "end mark" code that while listings of Integer and selectively change the sector data for the last (seventh) file in the sector. Applesoft programs may look very and then write the modified sector The black lines across the table similar, the programs are very dif­ back out of the disk. The format of all mark the beginning and ending of a ferent in terms of their organization the hex-ASCII dumps I have seen file's en try in the directory . The first in memory. If you change the 10FT" of involves 32 lines, each line beginning two directory entries for each file are an Integer program from $?1 to $?2,

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 15 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0019 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

EXAMINING DIRECTORY SECTORS the CATALOG command will list the change any file's type code to $00 and with trailing blanks (hex code $AO). file as Applesoft, and LOADing the it can then be read as a text file, but You can enter inverse, flashing, or program will automatically switch reading will stop at the first occur­ control characters into a file name on the Applesoft interpreter if you rence of a null byte ($00) anywhere in using the hex codes from page 15 of have both BASICs in ROM, but the the file. This eliminates a FP file. the new Apple I Manual. program will arranged improperly in "fn" stands for the hex code of one "SC" stands for the number of memory and will be totally useless. letter of the file name. Names shorter sectors the file takes up, but this Try it! It is, however, possible to than 30 characters are appended number is apparently not used by DOS for anything but the CAT ALOG SYMBOLIC GUIDE TO HEX DUMP OF ONE command. The track/sector list will SECTOR OF DISKETTE DIRECTORY still be read by DOS all the way to the $0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 end when you LOAD a file, regard­ $00 XX LT LS XX XX xx xx xx $80 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn less of the value of "SC". $08 xx xx xx ITT TS FT fn fn $88 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn "EM" is normally $00 and serves $10 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $90 fn fn fn fnCfjj) SC EM ITT as an end mark for the file's entry in $18 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $98 TS FT fn fn fn fn fn fn $20 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $AO fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn the directory. The DOS 3.2 Reference $28 fn fn fn@Se EMrTTTg $A8 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn Manual explains on page 130 that the $30 FT fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $BO fn fn fn fn fn fn fnCIn) DELETE command does not actually $38 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $B8 se EM TT TS FT fn fn fn delete the file from the diskette, but $40 fn fn fn fn fn fn~fn $eO fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn merely marks the file's entry by $48 fn fn fn fn fn fnLtnJSe $e8 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $50 EM TT TS FT fn fn fn fn $00 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn changing the "TT" value to$FF. The $58 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $08 fn fnC1P)Se EMITT TS FT file name and the data are still there $60 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $EO fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn unless you subsequently SAVE an­ $68 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $E8 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn other file, in which case the old file $70 fnCfQ)Se EMITT TS TF fn $FO fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn name is replaced by the new file $78 fn fn fn fn fn fn fn fn $F8 fn fn fn fn fnC1D)SC EM $8 $9 $A $B $e $0 $E $F $8 $9 $A $B $e $0 $E $F name, and at least part of the old file data may be overwritten. At the "EM" = End Mark: Last byte of directory entry for that file. Always bottom of page 130, the DOS 3.2 equal to $00. Manual explains that when a file is "FT" = File Type: First digit is $0 if unlocked, $8 if locked, $1 if a DELETEd, the value of "TT" is Reloca table file. Second digi t is file type with $O=text, $1 =Integer, transferred to "EM" for safe keeping. $2=Applesoft, $4=binary, $8=special, and $lO=relocatable. This is wrong! Check for yourself. "fn" = File Name: These bytes are the hex codes of the characters in DELETE a file and then note that its the file name. If the file is DELETEd, the last fn byte (circled) is "EM" value is still $00. What used to store the old value of "TT". actually happens is that the value of "LT" = Link Track: Track where directory is continued. This is usually "TT" is transferred to the position of $11 (or $00 indicating no more links). the last character of the file name "LS" = Link Sector: Sector of track "L T" where directory is continued. (the last "fn"). Then if you run a file­ "SC" = Sector Count: The number of sectors occupied by the file. restoring program like lAC's DISK "TT" = Track/sector list Track: Track where track/sector list of this HELPER, the value stored in the last file starts. Converted to $FF by DELETE. "fn" is transferred back to "TT" and "TS" = Track/sector list Sector: Sector of "TT" where track/sector the file is suddenly restored! In the list of the file starts. process, the last character of the file " "= Boundaries between the entries for successive files in the name gets converted to a blank (hex directory. code $AO) regardless of what it was previously. I have circled the last "fn" position of each entry in the For AP.P.L.E. Members Only table to serve as a reminder of its unique role. This error in the DOS A.P.P .L.E. SPECIAL 32 Manual was corrected in the DOS 3.3 Manual with no comments about You Get: Must be ordered by 8/31/82 the change. BIG MAC.LC $28.50 A.P.P.l.E. Orders I hope you find the directory guide 304 Main Ave. S., Suite 300 useful. Make a copy of one of your Assembly Lines $16.50 Renton, WA 98055 diskettes with many different kinds Using 6502 $17.00 (206) 271-4514 of files on it and begin experimenting Overseas shipping weight: 29 oz. around using one of the sector access $62.00 programs available. You would be Washington state residents add 6.5% sales tax. amazed at what you can learn about MEMBER PRICE: $52.50 DOS by just messing around with All foreign orders (including Canada) will require additional postage and shipping. the directory sectors! ~

16 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0020 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

II

DataLinkTM communicates. We recently came across the frame error-checking protocols, r------:----, above message on the Source DataLink makes sure your trans­ I want DataLink to network, Seems that quite a missions are virtually error-free, trip my trigger! few people are discovering DataLink saves time too, You o Please rush me more informafion. what we already know­ can send any size file you want Apple II_Apple III_IBM_ nothing communicates like at 4800 baud computer to o Dealer inquiry computer, Or up to 1200 baud o Send me (quantify)~~=-=~ DataLink, DataLink'· for Apple II at $99,95 each Sophisticated yet simple to over phone lines, CA residents add 6% tax, Shipping use, DataLink from Link Systems DataLink works with most any in U,SA $3,00 for first copy, 501t each additional copy Foreign, add can be applied to a broad card or modem available for an additional $10 shipping and variety of functions, You can your Apple, Send us the cou­ handling charge per order, access timesharing systems, pon and we'll send you all the Payment by o VISA 0 MasterCard 0 Check data bases and Apple bulletin details, But to really appreciate Credit Card # ______board systems, Transmit the power and ease of this Expiration date ______electronic mail. Send and new system, see your computer Interbank #(MC only) ____ receive Pascal files, Access dealer. Signature ______university computer systems, Word's getting around­ Name ______Even "chat" with friends, nothing communicates like Company Address ______Just one keystroke sets DataLink, City environment, dials you in and State Zip ___~ logs you on-or automatically Mail redials if you need to try again, to. ~~~sr~:~TtS By using sophisticated main- Santa Monica, CA 90404 LIN~ L c~ _ ~1~4::-1~1 ____ J SYSTE mSm ~i~~pil~ ad~~~t~:dd~~~:;ark Simply powerful. software that links it all together"

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0021 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

You get 85,000 • The Su~r Text ™ version works THE SENSIBLE SPELLER package with Super Text. Super Text II. and includes: words on disk with the new SO-column version of Super • an easy to read instruction manual THE SENSIBLE SPELLER Text. • two copies of THE SENSmLE SPELLER program and a Random House • The CP/M ™ version works with dictionary to boot! WordStar. ED. Magic Wand. Type • a maln dictionary diskette. contaIning Master. and any other word processor 45.000 Of the most commonly used that does not compact text. English language words (there is room THE SENSmLE SPELLER ™ is the first to add approximately 10.000 or your COMPLETE spelling verification pro­ • The Pascal TM version works with the ownwordsl gram for the Apple Computer. NO other Pascal Editor. and Prose. • a supplementary dictionary diskette. spelling program includes as many op­ contaIning the remaining 40.000 tions. or has a dictionary (on diskette) as Numerous options are provided throughout the program to enable you words in the CONCISE EDITION of the large as ours. and includes a well known RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY dictionary. too. THE SENSmLE to completely control all activities of THE SENSIBLE SPELLER. These in­ • the hard cover RANDOM HOUSE SPELLER now features the complete DICTIONARY. CONCISE EDITION CONCISE EDITION of the RANDOM clude the ability to ignore both format­ HOUSE~ DICTIONARY. If you question ting commands and control codes. THE SENSIBLE SPELLER requires an the definition. pronunciation. or spelling multiple options for the action taken Apple TM III Apple ™ II + equipped with of any word. you can simply look it up with each misspelled word. and the use 4SK. DOS 3.3. and 1 or 2 disk drives. in the supplied hardcover dictionary. of multiple dictionaries. An alphabetical Two disk drives are required to delete or listing of misspelled. unknown. and/or add words to the dictionary. The price is Four versions of THE SENSIBLE all words in your document along with only 8125.00. SPELLER are available. There is no need usage frequencies may be listed. A to MUFFIN or transfer your flIes from verification mode is provided to allow one operating system to another. you to examine and dispense with • The DOS 3.3 version works with misspelled words while viewing them in Applewriter (I or II). Apple Pie. The the actual context in which they ap­ COrrespondent. Executive Secretary. peared in your file. When you encounter Letter Perfect. Magic Window. Screen­ an unknown word. you can even search 6619 Perham Drive. Dept. C writer (formerly Superscribel. Text the dictionary for the correct spelling West Bloomfield, Michigan 48033 (313) 399-8877 Editor. TXTIED. Write-On. Word (using wildcards). In the near future. Visa and Mastercard Welcome. Power. or any other word processor. Sensible Software will be releasing well Add $1.25 postage and handling per program. editor. or program that generates stan­ known legal and medical dictionaries to For a complete catalog, send dard DOS 3.3 TEXT or BINARY flIes. complete this professional package. $1.00, refundable with your first purchase. -APPLE is a registered trademark of APPLE Computer Company-CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.- -SUPER TEXT is a registered trademark of Muse Software-APPLE PASCAL is a registered trademark of U.C.S.D.- RANDOM HOUSE and the House design are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. Copyright 1982 Random House, Inc.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0022 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

EXPLORING THE WORLD OF A'p.P.L.E. Ins and Outs

Tom Little -

Part Two is displaying the primary page of text it is not so. All the positions in a N the last article we talked (which is nearly all the time), all the single line of text correspond to about the way in which the information on the screen is kept in memory locations in sequence, but Apple uses its internal address memory locations $400 to $800. To the sequence is broken when you I bus to control input and output move from one line to the next. operations. Methods of controlling The primary page of text is the address bus from BASIC and stored in locations S400 - Screen memory is not Assembly Language were shown, S800. entirely sequential. and examples were given illustrating the Apple's "on-board 1/0" (key­ output a character to the screen, all The TEXT MEMORY DEMO board, speaker, game paddles and so you need to do is put the numeric program Oisting number 1) illustrates on). The 110 addresses not covered code (see page 15 of the AppleRefer­ this. When it runs, it shows you the last time all cause signals to be sent ence Manual) for that character in the memory address which corresponds to the peripheral card slots. proper memory location in the to each position on the text screen. To understand about peripheral $400-$800 range. This would be a Some of the memory locations in the cards, we should digress first into very simple thing to do if the posi­ range $400 to $800 do not show up on software, and leave the hardware tions on the screen corresponded to the screen at all! Notice that $400 waiting. The Apple comes with stan­ the locations in memory in a nice, (hex) is the same as 1024 (decimal). dard programs in permanent memory sequential manner. You might ex­ The GRAPHICS MEMORY (ROM) for doing input from the key­ pect, for example, that the upper left DEMO program (listing number 2) board and output to the TV screen or corner of the screen would be an im­ shows the same information, but for video monitor. These built-in pro­ age of memory location $400, the the Hi-Res graphics screen instead. grams are part of a larger program next charactt:jf position would be Notice that each memory location for called the Apple System Monitor, or $401, and so on. Since there are 40 the graphics screen shows up as just just Monitor for short. columns of text on the Apple screen, a narrow line on the video display. Let's first consider the problems you would expect that the first posi­ of putting a character on the video tion of the second line would be $400 display. The video circuitry gets its + $28 (= 40 decimal), or $428. Alas, information from the Apple'stempo­ rary (RAM) memory. When the Apple Listing 2 lL 1ST Listing 1 10 REM lL 1ST HI-RES MEMORY DEMO BY TOM LITTLE 10 REM TEXT MEMORY DEMO BY TOM LITTLE CALL -A.P.P.L.E. : JULY 1982 CALL -A.P.P.L.E. : JULY 1982 50 HGR : HOME : VTAB 24 100 VHITE • 255: REM ALL PIXELS 50 TEIT : HOME : VTAB 24 LIT 100 IS = 32: REM INVERSE SPACE 110 BLACK. 0: REM NO 'IXELS LIT 110 NS • 1'0: REM NORMAL SPACE 120 Tl • 1024: REM BEGINNINC OF 120 Gl • 8192: REM BEGINNING OF TEXT MEMORY HI-RES GRAPHICS MEMORY 130 T2 • 2048: REM END OF TEIT 130 G2. 16384: REM END OF HI-RE MEMORY S GRAPHICS MEMORY 140 REM 140 REM 150 FOR LOC • Tl TO T2 150 FOR LOC • Cl TO &2 1 U POKE LaC, IS 1'0 POKE LOC,WHITE 170 HTAB 1: PRINT "LOCATION ." i L 170 HTAB 1: PRINT "LOCATION ." iL OCi ac; 180 FOR PAUSE. 1 TO 100: NEIT P 180 FOR PAUSE. 1 TO 10: KElT PA AUIE USE 190 POKE LOC,NS 190 POKE LOC,BLACK 200 NElT LaC 200 NElT LaC 110 END 210 END

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 19 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0023 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 INS AND OUTS This is because when text is dis­ long, so CSW really includes the two Ah! Peripheral cards! It is now played, all we need to store m locations $36 and $37. The Apple time to talk about the rest of Apple's memory is a code for the character. A stores numbers with the last (least special I/O addresses, which refer to character generator chip then significant) byte in the lower memory peripheral cards. After all, KSW and changes this code into the group of location, so if CSW contained the ad­ CSW are supposed to contain the ad­ dots which make up an image of the dress of COUTl, $36 would contain dress of a program. How can a character. When graphics is dis­ $FO, and $37 would contain $FD. peripheral card be a program? What played, we cannot use a code; every The Apple makes use of CSW by do PRj and IN# really do? dot must take up some room in means of the subroutine COUT, Nearly all of the Apple's 4096 memory. located at $FDED in the Apple separate I/O addresses refer to So it is not an easy task to print a System Monitor. When an Assembly peripheral card slots. Surprisingly, string . of characters in successive Language program does a ]SR though, each slot only gets three screen locations, which is what we COUT, it jumps to $FDED, where unique signals from the Apple. The must do if we want to display a there is an instruction that does an in­ names of these three signals are message on the screen. direct jump through CSW. This DEVICE SELECT, I/O SELECT, Don't lose any sleep over it means that the program will then and I/O STROBE. The I/O STROBE though, because there is a Monitor continue executing at whatever ad­ signal goes to all the peripheral card routine called COUTI which does dress is stored in CSW, usually slots, but each slot has its own special just that. An Assembly Language $FDFO. Admittedly, this is a round­ DEVICE SELECT and I/O SELECT. programmer can load the accumu­ about way to get to COUTI ($FDFO), To be perfectly accurate, it should be lator register with the code of the but it allows us to intercept the out- noted that slot 0 doesn't get an I/O character he wants to print out on the SELECT signal. screen and then call COUTI (JSR You could write a short The Apple's built-in I/O addresses $FDFO). COUTI keeps track of the program to do customized each do specific tasks, like reading output . .. the keyboard. What, then, do the (OUT1 keeps track of the peripheral card I/O signals do? The next available screen put process. You could write a short answer is that it depends on the location. program to do customized output, peripheral card. A card can be built to and put its address in CSW. After use its three signals however it likes. next available screen location for a you did this, all calls to COUT would character to be printed, and stores end up running your program instead You have no idea what the code in the proper memory loca­ of COUTl. Since nearly all Apple referencing a peripheral tion for that screen location. It also software uses COUT for output, address will do ... understands that a carriage return most output would then be done character means that the output cur­ through your own program. You have no idea what referencing a sor (the next available screen loca­ Keyboard input works the same tion) should be moved to the first col­ peripheral I/O address will do unless way. There is a monitor subroutine, you have documentation for that par­ umn of the next line, and that a bell KEYIN, at $FDIB, that reads the character should beep the Apple's ticular peripheral card which tells you keyboard. It is a rather simple the answer. speaker. It also "scrolls" the screen routine. It doesn't display a flashing upward if there is no more room. In This is a good time to look at cursor or do anything fancy. Most in­ Table 1 to see which addresses pro­ short, COUTI does everything a put is done through a different good SCreen output program should. duce which signals. routine, RDKEY, at $FDOC. This The DEVICE SELECT signal for Almost every time the Apple prints routine displays a flashing cursor, text on the screen, it uses COUTl. each card is produced by referencing then jumps through KSW. KSW is one of the sixteen addresses indi­ The folks who designed the Apple for input what CSW is for output. It were smart. They realized that if all cated in the table. Most peripheral is a location in memory ($38 and $39) cards use these addresses to get com­ output was done through COUTl, it which contains the address of an in­ would be very difficult to get output mands from the Apple. If you have a put routine, normally KEYIN. Language Card (in slot 0 I hope!), you to go to a printer, a modem, Or what­ Because most Apple programs get ever. Also, they reasoned, if the user will recognize the addresses $C080 to their input by calling RDKEY, chang­ $C08F as corresponding to the com­ did not like the way COUTI handles ing KSW changes the Apple's output, he should be able to write his mands you can give to the Language method of getting input. Card about whether it should be own character output routine. So If you're still paying attention and they invented CSW. enabled for reading and writing and haven't been off daydreaming, you so on. All the peripheral.card slots CSW is a location in the Apple's will realize that all of this talk about have access to the Apple's entire ad­ temporary memory ($36). This mem­ redirecting input and output sounds a dress bus, so when a card gets the ory location contains the address of lot like the IN# and PRj commands DEVICE SELECT, it can check the the routine which should be used for in BASIC. Well, it's true. IN# address bus to find out which partic­ output. Ordinarily, it contains $FDFO changes KSW and PRj changes ular address was used to produce the (the address of COUTl). Notice, by CSW, so that I/O is done through the DEVICE SELECT signal, and act ac- the way, that addresses are two bytes peripheral card of your choice.

20 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0024 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Table 1

Apple II I/O Addresses

ADDRESESS (HEX) (DECIMAL) NAME FUNCTION

COOO to COOF 49152 to 49167 Keyboard Data allows the keyboard to place its data on bits 0-6 of the data bus; bit 7 is on if a key has been pressed

COlO to C01F 49168 to 49183 Keyboard Strobe tells keyboard to wait for the next keypress; should be done after each time a character is obtained

C020 to C02F 49184 to 49199 Cassette Output toggles the cassette output (produces a "click" on a cassette recording)

C030 to C03F 49200 to 49215 Speaker Output toggles the speaker output (produces a "click" on the Apple's speaker)

C040 to C04F 49216 to 49231 Utility Strobe sends a pulse to the Utility Strobe connection on the game I/O port

C050 49232 Graphics mode tells the Apple's video circuitry to display graphics on the screen, as opposed to text

C051 49233 Text mode tells the Apple's video circuitry to display text on the screen

C052 49234 Nomix tells the Apple's video circuitry to display graphics only (no split screen); graphics mode must be on

C053 49235 Mix tells the Apple's video circuitry to display graphics and text together (split screen); graphics mode must be on

C054 49236 Page 1 tells the Apple's video circuitry to display the primary page (either graphics or text)

C055 49237 Page 2 tells the Apple's video circuitry to display the secondary page (either graphics or text)

C056 49238 Low Resolution tells the Apple's video circuitry to display la-res graphics (stored in the text pages); graphics mode must be on

C057 49239 High Resolution tells the Apple's video circuitry to display hi-res graphics; graphics mode must be on

CO 58 49240 anO off turns off the "annunciator 0" output on the game connector

CO 59 49241 anO on turns on the "annunciator 0" output on the game connector

C05A and C05B 49242 and 49243 Annunciator 1 likewise

C05C and C05D 49244 and 49245 Annunciator 2 likewise

C05E and C05F 49346 and49247 Annuciator 3 likewise

C060 49248 Cassette Input puts the current state of the cassette input on bit 7 of the data bus

C061 49249 Pushbuttom 0 puts the current state of the pushbutton on paddle 0 onto bit 7 of the data bus. (Don't ask why the Apple Reference Manual calls it pb1)

Call -A.P.P.l.E. July 1982 21 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0025 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

INS AND OUTS

C062 49250 Pushbutton 1 likewise

C063 49251 Pushbutton 2 likewise

C064 49252 GC 0 puts the current state of the game controller 0 input on bit 7 of the data bus. Refer to the text on how to use this to read the game paddle dial.

C065 49253 GC 1 ditto

C066 49254 GC2 likewise

C067 49255 GC3 likewise

C068 to C06F 49256 to 49263 repeat of C060 to C067

C070 to C07F 49264 to 49279 GC Strobe Resets the timing circuits for use with the Game Controller inputs.

C080 to C08F 49280 to 49295 DEVICE SELECT 0 sends the DEVICE SELECT signal to slot O. The peripheral card in that slot can interpret these addresses however it chooses.

C090 to C09F 49296 to 49311 DEVICE SELECT 1 likewise

COAO to COAF 49312 to 49327 DEVICE SELECT 2 likewise

COBO to COBF 49328 to 49343 DEVICE SELECT 3 likewise

COCO to COCF 49344 to 49359 DEVICE SELECT 4 likewise

CODO to CODF 49360 to 49375 DEVICE SELECT 5 likewise

COEO to COEF 49376 to 49391 DEVICE SELECT 6 likewise

COFO to COFF 49392 to 49407 DEVICE SELECT 7 likewise

ClOO to C1FF 49408 to 49663 110 SELECT 1 sends the 110 select signal to slot 1. Ordinarily these addresses will refer to a permanent memory chip on the peripheral card, which is activated by the 110 select signal.

C200 to C2FF 49664 to 49919 110 SELECT 2 likewise

C300 to C3FF 49929 to 50175 110 SELECT 3 likewise

C400 to C4FF 50176 to 50431 I/O SELECT 4 likewise

C500 to C5FF 50432 to 50687 110 SELECT 5 likewise

C600 to C6FF 50688 to 50943 110 SELECT 6 you guessed it

C700 to C7FF 50944 to 51199 110 SELECT 7 uhhuh

C800 to CFFF 51200 to 53247 110 STROBE sends the 110 strobe signal to all slots. Several cards can have a permanent memory chip accessed by these addresses, but they must cooperate, since each slot does not get its own unique signal.

22 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0026 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

cordingly. So any peripheral card by referencing anyone of 256 differ­ when it gets this signal. A printer could do up to 16 different actions ent addresses. That's a lot of ad­ card would almost surely have a per­ when it gets a DEVICE SELECT sig­ dresses. Most peripheral cards do not manent memory chip on it, so that nal, depending on which particular use the 110 SELECT signal to get jumping to $ClOO would run the pro- number is on the address bus at the commands from the Apple (which is a time. common use of DEVICE SELECT). . . . jumping to would This means that peripheral cards $Cl00 Instead, many peripheral cards have run the program on the generally have to have decoding cir­ a small permanent memory chip (a cuits ("gnomes") of their own in PROM) which is activated by the 110 chip ... order to receive any reasonable SELECT signal. In this way, each of number of commands from the Apple. the special 110 SELECT addresses gram on the memory chip, and hope­ For example, a printer interface in corresponds to an actual memory fully turn the printer on and output slot 1 might use its DEVICE location on the peripheral card. the character. SELECT addresses ($C090 to The idea behind this is that each So although the BASIC manual $C09F) to do things like put the peripheral card can have a short pro­ will tell you that PR#n will send all printer on line, control echoing of gram which is permanently on the subsequent output to a peripheral characters on the video screen, blow card, so you may not need to load in card in slot n, it would be more up your computer, or whatever. It's special software to use a peripheral accurate to say that PR#n will send all up to the interface card. Depend­ card. an 110 SELECT signal to slot n the ing on how the peripheral card is Now you can see how PR# and next time output is requested. There designed, it might totally ignore the IN# work. When you type PR#1, is a difference. The disk controller DEVICE SELECT signal, although BASIC puts the address $ClOO in card, for example, does not print a this is not likely. CSW ($ClOO is the first address in character on the disk when you say The next signal that goes to the the range which produces the 110 PR#6. It does, however, run the pro­ peripheral cards is the 110 SELECT SELECT 1 signal). Now the next gram on its own permanent memory signal. By the way, if you're trying to time the Apple tries to output a char­ chip (activated by 110 SELECT 6). figure out the significance of these acter by calling COUT, the program This program boots the disk. names, don't bother. They had to call will jump to $ClOO. This jump puts The point of all this is that them something, but it's hard to $ClOO on the address bus and acti­ although many peripheral cards in name something when you don't vates 110 SELECT 1. We now pray fact do perform 110 when you type know what it'll be used for! Each that there is a peripheral card in slot 1 PR#n or 1N#ri, they don't have to. slot's 110 SELECT signal is produced which can do something reasonable Again, it is up to the designer of the card. Apple" users. THE SOURCE"" and TRANSEND: Together for the first time for only $89. Buy our $89 Transend state-of-the-art data communications software and membership in THE SOURCE, AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITysM, is included. This combination allows you to easily access one of the world's largest information services for up-to-the­ minute news and sports, stock prices, travel services and much more. An optional 260·page Source User's Manual is available for $19.95. Your dealer has complete details. Call 800-227-2400, ext. 912 (in Calif. 800-772-2666, ext. 912) for the name of your local Transend dealer. Offer expires Oct. 1, 1982. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. THE SOURCE and AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITY are service marks of Source Telecomputing Corp., a subsidiary of The Reader's Digest Association Inc. The 1ransformation People. ~~~ SSM Microcomputer Products Inc . .., ~III 2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA 95131

call -AP.P.LE, July 1982 23

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0027 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

INS AND OUTS Because each slot has its own 1/0 ory area, the Apple would be TYPE's parameters only after you SELECT signal, several cards can be unable to determine which one to initialize it with the PR# command. active at once. Of course there can look at. To resolve the problem, the If you're beginning to think the only be one address in CSW or KSW Apple designers made it clear that all process of outputing a single char­ at a time, but an Assembly Language peripheral cards should interpret the acter is astonishingly complicated, program (or even BASIC) could call address $CFFF as a command to turn you're right. But, as they say, You programs on different cards. More on off their $C800 memory if they have ain't seen nuthin' yet. There is a this later. one. One peripheral card can gain powerful software life-form known The final signal, 1/0 STROBE, is control of this address range by as DOS (Disk Operating System, for sent to ALL slots whenever a nwnber referencing address $CFFF to deacti­ the uninitiated), which has its claws between $C800 and $CFFF is on the vate the $C800 memory on the other into everything you try to do. DOS is Apple's address bus. That means cards. not content to let you play around that there are 2048 addresses (that's The mechanics of how this all with peripheral 110 all by yourself. half of the Apples total 110 addresses) works is of interest mainly to people DOS gets its commands either that activate the 110 STROBE. The who design peripheral cards. But the through input (when you type them fact that this signal is sent to all the programmer must be aware that the from the keyboard) or through output peripheral cards means that they addresses $C800 to $CFFF may be (when your program says PRINT have to come to some kind of agree­ "shared" among several peripheral D$"CATALOG" or something simi­ ment about what it means, or else cards. The addresses will refer to liar). For this reason, DOS feels that disaster will ensue. whichever card thinks it has control. it must have control of CSW and The intended use of 110 STROBE For example, the Apple SILEN­ KSW so that it can grab any DOS is to enable a large permanent TYPE printer uses some of these ad­ command as it goes through. To memory chip on one peripheral card. dresses to store its parameters achieve this goal, DOS puts its own This way, a peripheral card could (margins, intensity, etc.). When you addresses in CSW and KSW, and it have 2K memory for a program or give the printer control (by "PR#I", tries very hard to make sure you data, which would always correspond for example), then it will make sure don't change them. DOS would to $C800-$CFFF, regardless of that addresses $C800 to $CFFF refer rather look at everything first, then which slot the card happened to be in. to memory locations on its own card. decide whether it should go on to the But if several cards used this mem- This is why you ma.y set the SILEN- screen, printer, or wherever you had in mind. So DOS keeps its own CSW and KSW. Doing output when DOS is COUT Monitor ( JMP (CSW\ ( around consists of jwnping through COUT1 CSW (as usual). But CSW now points to a routine in DOS. The DOS routine looks at the character, and if it is not BASIC a DOS command, it effectively jumps through its own internal version of 1. BASIC interprets the CSW which contains the address of DOS PRINT command and the real output routine. In essence, calls COUT DOS is censoring your mail. You can see all the trials and 2. COUT jumps through tribulations associated with printing CSW out a character in Figure 1. However, PR# and IN# still work 3. CSW pOints to DOS User P.. NJ pretty much as advertized. This is Program 4. DOS jumps to COUT1, because they are DOS commands, as which prints the char­ well as BASIC commands. The DOS acter and returns to PR# command has the effect of BASIC changing DOS's pr'ivate version of CSW, leaving the real CSW pointing into DOS. Anything you type from the keyboard is interpreted as a possible DOS command, so IN# and PR# in immediate mode work just ( fine. However, from within a pro­ I gram, IN# and PR# are considered BASIC commands and usually will do CSW nothing more than make DOS angry with you. If you want to do things right, your program should issue the Figure 1. Character Output corresponding DOS command (e.g. PRINT D$ "PR#l"). Assembly Lan-

24 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0028 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Best of all, with jus't th,is s'tarl string, regardless of have the graphics and sOlJlnd in mediately! Also inclluded Apple:soft ONERR handling. using module to hnnic:t"'l tl- demons" forever! To round : ~~II~~~c.~c~omputed state­ In X *50r GOSUB we've also inclu sort routines (for Slrll'llH Search: 1000 elements i .... ~I CO,""l"\r orw lhin,mv file 5 times faster 'mell, I~i-r.~es pictures load in .* .. *** *** * *** *** .. *** ...... , '...... • • OUR GUJ~RAI~TEE : TrE~at~; RE:SET with ONERR; or : IF YOU DON'T SAVE or reboot disk, : CHASE PRICE OF 'RC)U'1lIN CrlarCJctler set for mixing text : YOUR OWN PRC)GRAr : FIRST 30 DAYS : TURN IT FOR A COMPILE Ie!.: 'v'ers;atile Hi-Res graphics • drawing of Hi-Res :.. ~~;:!~<;~: ..~~~;~! ...... '... H""'~!>IV*~

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0029 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

INS AND OUTS guage programmers can also keep There is a small problem, though. this program with a printer other DOS happy by simulating the DOS $C100 is indeed the address that is than a SILENTYPE in slot 1. This PR# command. This is done by placed in CSW when you do a PR#1. address, $C107, is the address of the loading the real CSW with the appro­ But most peripheral cards need to do SILENTYPE's output routine. Other priate value (say $C100 to simulate some initialization work the first time interface cards cannot be expected to PR#l), then doing a ]SR $3EA. This they're called. After it does its initial­ have an output routine in this same subroutine copies the real CSW and ization, it then changes CSW to be location. The PR#l command in the KSW into DOS's personal versions, the address of just the output routine, main program is necessary to allow and then DOS puts its own addresses sans initialization. This way, the next the printer to do its initialization. back into the real CSW and KSW. time COUT is called, the initializa­ You can call any peripheral card The programmer working under tion part is skipped. without going through the IN#/PR# DOS has basically two choices: let A user program, then, should not business, but you must be careful of DOS take care of it all for you (the call $C100 for every character, but in­ the following things: first, you must DOS PR# and IN# commands), or stead only the first time. You can find find out the addresses of the routines else totally disconnect DOS from out where the "real" output routine you want within the card itself (such CSW/KSW by putting his own ad­ is located simply by looking at CSW as the $C107 in the example), which dresses there (the BASIC PR# and after the first character has been is not always an easy task; and sec­ IN# commands). In order to do the sent. It's best to do this without DOS ond, you should not reference the latter, it is necessary to change both bothering you. locations $C800 through $CFFF, CSW and KSW before any I/O takes Program listings 3 and 4 show a since the cards share these addresses place. Unless you cut off DOS at both program which calls a SILENTYPE and you may not know which card places it will reconnect itself and con­ printer directly, without going you're referring to at any given time. found your best attempts to redirect through CSW ("PR#"). Listing 3 is We've now covered ALL of the 110. nothing will do but a stake the Applesoft program which sets Apple's special I/O addresses ($COOO through the heart! things up, and listing 4 is the to $CFFF), and taken some excur­ We can make use of DOS to some Assembly Language routine that ac­ sions along the way. Admittedly, advantage, though. We can use sev­ tually does the output. They need to there hasn't been much in these ar­ eral peripheral cards at once if we call be run together. This program prints ticles that couldn't be found in the them directly rather than through the same message on the screen, on Apple manuals (the Reference Manual CSW/KSW. Remember that a printer the SILENTYPE printer, and into a in particular). However, I've noticed it interface's output routine is located DOS text file, simultaneously. It does is rather difficult to get very far in the in a permanent memory chip on the this by telling DOS to open the text Apple Reference Manual if you're card. If the card is in slot 1, then this file. After this, DOS will take care of not up on flip-flops and pinouts. routine is in the $C100 to $C1FF all output through COUT and CSW, The I/O features of the Apple are memory range. So we can call it sending it to the file. But the some of its strong points. Because directly: ]SR $C100. Assembly Language routine also every peripheral card has all those sends the character to COUT1, addresses associated with it, design­ which prints it on the screen, and to ers can make cards that communicate Listing 3 $C107, which prints it on the printer. with the Apple in an easy, straight­ 1L I ST Do not, I repeat DO NOT try to run forward manner. The Apple un­ 10 REM doubtably owes much of its success KULTIPLE OUTPUT DEMO: TOM LITTLE to the fluency of its communication CALL -A.P.P.L.E. : JULY 1982 with the outside world. 70 REM (CALLER PROGRAM)

100 OS = CHU (4) 110 PRINT DS"PR.l": REM INITIAL I IE PRINTER Listing 4 lZO PRINT DS "PUO": REM BUT TUR N IT OFF 130 REM :A5M ******************************** 200 HOME PRINT "MULTIPLE OUTPU 2 * * T DEMO" 3 * MULTIPLE OUTPUT DEMO * U 0 PRINT PRINT "WARNING - USE 4 * * u 5 BY TOM LITTLE ONLY WITH SILENTYPE : PRINT * * "PRINTER INSTALLED IN SLOT • 6 * * 1 -": PRINT "SEE ARTICLE TEl 7 * Call -A.P.P.L.E. : Ju 1 y 1982 * T FOR MORE INFORMATION" 8 * * 220 PRINT 9 * (Output subroutine) * 23 0 PR I NT DS" OP EN MUL T OUT TEXT" 10 * ********************************* 240 PRINT DS"WRITE MULT OUT TEXT 12 * H 13 ORC S300 2S0 CALL 7&1 14 * 260 PRINT DS"CLOSE"

26 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange TPage 0030 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

15 PRINTOUT EOU $C107 ; forSILENTYPE in slot 11 ONLY 16 eOUT EQU SFDED 17 COUT1 EOU HDFO 18 CH EOU $24 19 CV EOU $25 20 0300 AO 00 21 * LDY 100 0302 AS 25 22 LOA ev 0304 48 23 PHA 0305 AS 24 24 LOA CH 0307 48 25 PHA 26 * 27 * It is necessary to save the coordinates of 28 the cur sor ( CH a.nd CV) so that COUTl does 29 * not become confused 30 * 030B: B9 2B 03 31 *LOOP LDA MESSAGE,Y 0308 : 20 07 Cl 32 JSR PRINTOUT 33 34 * send the character to the printer 35 * 030E: 20 ED FO 36 * JSR COUT 37 38 * then to the f i Ie via CS'J 39 *'II 0311: &8 40 PLA 0312 : 85 24 41 STA eH 0314: 68 42 PLA 0315 : 85 25 43 STA ev 0317: B9 2B 03 44 LDA MESSAGE,Y o 3lA: 20 FO FO 45 JSR COUT1 46 'II 47 then to the screen 48 * 031 D: A5 25 49 * LDA CV 031£ : 48 50 PHA 0320 : A5 24 51 LOA CH 0322 : 48 52 PHA 0323 : C8 53 INY 0324 : CO 41 54 CPY U5 0326: DO EO 55 BNE LOOP 0321 : 68 56 PLA 0329: 68 57 PLA 03 2A: 60 58 RTS 03 2B: 04 C8 C9 o32E : 03 AO CD 0331 : C5 03 03 0334 : Cl C7 CS 0337 : AO 07 C9 o 33A: CC CC AO 03 3D: C2 C5 AO 0340 : D3 CS CE 0343 : 04 AO 04 0346 : CF 59 MESSAGE ASe "THIS MESSAGE 'JILL BE SENT TO" 0347 : 80 &0 HEX 80 0348 : 04 C8 C5 o 34B: AO D3 C3 03 4E: 02 C5 C5 0351 : C£ At AO 0354 : 04 C8 C5 0357 : AO DO 02 03 SA: C9 CE D4 0350: C5 D2 At 0360 : AO C1 CE 0363 : C4 AO C1 0366 : AO C6 Cf 0369 : CC C5 61 ASe "THE SCREEN, THE PRINTER, AND A FILE" 0368 : 80 &2 HEX 8D

--End assembly-- 108 bytes Errors: 0

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 27 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0031 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

DOIT'! BLOW YOUR BUmes Oil Locked-Up Software! Beagle Bros Apple Utilities are Listable, Backup-able Customizable and Compatible with Normal Apple DOS. DOS BOSS DISK COMMAND EDITOR by Bert Kersey & Jack Cassidy A classic Apple utility you will ENJOY I Rename DOS oommands (CATALOG can be "Cat". etc.). GOTOyour PROTECT PROORAMS: any unauthorized save· attempt produces a "Not Copyable" message. Also Apple Dealer. LIST-PREVENTION & I -key program-run from Most Apple Dealers carry catalog. Custom catalogs: Change Dis k Volume our software. If your dealer Apple message to your title; Omit/alter file codes. Re­ write error messages: Syntax Error can be ckJesn't, he can have our disks in his store for you within 2-3 ~ "Oops!!" o r anything! Fascinating docume ntatio n by caJling BeICl' IrOi or 8oftIeI. Or you can order dirECtV from Mechanic included; Hours of good. Apple reading! Shape Writer/Byte-Zap Utility us. can em Toll Free Number (below) or us a note with a Dos Boss's change features may be appended to check or your VISa/MasterCard by Bert Kersey your programs. Anyone u s ing yo ur disks (booted Another hot multiple-utility diSk- Nine useful. or not) formats their DOS as YOU designed it. number & expiration date. listable. copyabJe & customizable programs­ SHAPE EDITOR: Put professio nal hi-res ani­ matioo in your programs. Keyboard-draw any NOW WILL YOU MARRY ME . shape & let your Apple write a shape table & store VICKY? NOW THAT IVE it on disk. Design large/ small custom typefaces GOT MY OWN BEAGLE BROS too, with special characters. Many (onts o n disk. LIST-able demos show how to use shapes to ani­ PEEKS. POKES CHART? mate games. displays. and CHARTS & GRAPHS. A valuable time-saving utility/learning tool. BYTE ZAP: A MUST utility. Rewrite any byte Bonuses With on a disk by loading a sector onto the s creen for EveryDiskl inspection. HEX/ DECIMAL/ASCn display option­ al. Examine bytes via cursor control; enter hex. Poke your Apple all ~t dec or ascii to Change. Create illegal filename s. with restore deleted files. change greeting program long this free name. repair/protect disks. change DOS. examine reference pceter! ---,.,... program file s. Clear illustrated instructions show The meet useable PIIKS, how disk data is stored and how to access it. MORE: AdlskPACKEDwith useful music. text POKIB, PODI'lIlIS and & hi- res tricks FOR USE IN YOUR PROGRAMS. CALLS, scrounged up from Demo-writer. hi-res utilitiesandexcellent. educa­ fNfJry source imaginable! tiona!. e ntertaining documentation. Utility City OIlLY 0 Apple Mechanic disk (48K min.) 21 Useful Utilities on One Disk Apple tip Books ~­ *a980 g~!f~~ ~~:sTt =~:.~ ~~a!-1s.} by Bert Kersey F.ach disk oomee with a Gold Mine of valuable Apple LIST FORMATTER makes properly-spaced and information and hours of entertaining reading matter. indented lis tings with page breaks: each state­ ment on new line. if-thens & loops called out; a including OOzens of tq:6 and keyboo.rd experiments on all great de-bugger I MULTI-COLUMN CATALOG in suQlectB- 000,

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0032 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A CALL -A.P.P.LE. REVIEW: Word Processors Jeffrey K. Finn

VERY time we think we've take a test drive to get a feel for the Feedback finally located all the word word processor which appears to Program developers' reactions processors which operate on meet the need. Testing a word proces­ and comments to our procedures EApple computers, a couple sor should be done using the type of have been extremely rewarding. One more appear. We located several documents which the user intends to mentioned that they had found out more at the West Coast Computer produce on the system. The testing alot about their product when they Faire which brings the total to al­ process can take from one hour to were forced to verify that our Word most 50 word processors to be four or more hours depending on how Processor Characteristic Checklist reviewed. well the program works with the par­ was correct. Still another word "I've read the word processing ticular user. The user should review processor developer brought up the reviews and I still don't know which at least two word processor programs point that in order to implement one one to buy. Please help me." This is a in this way, in order to get a feel for word processor or another some very plea I hear many time when I answer how differently these programs can crucial trade-offs have to be made. a phone call from a fellow A.P.P.L.E. operate. There is no way to avoid He mentioned the specific example of member. I truly wish there was an spending this time, short of hiring previewing on the screen what is sup­ easy answer. Because word proces­ someone else, if you want to have a posed to be "exactly the way it will sors must allow for so many different word processor which truly meets print" when doing a mail list merge. situations and there are so many of your specific needs. them available, it is impossible to find a good fit for an individual situation without personally taking the time to What learn about word processors or paying someone else to do the job for you. The information provided in our would you give reviews have two purposes. First, they attempt to give the reader an to have overview of what is available and sec­ ond, they try to make the user aware of the complexity of the programs unlimited UNITS from which the user must eventually chose. The bottom line is that there is on your no easy answer. Time and effort will have to be spent to locate the word Apple II*? processor which best meets your needs and personal preferences. Let me make it clear that I don't just hang up on the caller. Instead I try to give them a process to follow. So here in the great cookbook tradi­ tion, let me tell you what I tell my callers. Start by reviewing the Call A.P.PLE. Word Processor Character­ istics Checklist to identify those features which are most valuable to you. Then take this sub-list and add anything you think of which is miss­ ing. Using your specially adapted characteristics checklist, decide which of the programs has the most of what you are looking for. At this point, the shopper should

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 29

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0033 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WORD PROCESSOR EVALUATION

If long sets of data and sometimes contents is organized as twenty five away their hours fiddling with their even short ones are to be merged into lessons and a "COMPLETE editor's code - "improving" it, or the final document, the displacement INDEX." An appendix refering to adding their own "custom" enhance­ could have disasterous effects when "installation" is where it won't get in ments are advised to buy a different least expected. The developer felt the way during day to day use. Hav­ system. The Executive Secretary is that a screen preview ltilled the user ing used other microcomputer word simply not for them. 'Vhile Sofsys, into a false sense of security when the processors, I know how frustrating it Inc. promises to provide some tech­ final printed document could be sig­ is to continually search for the real nical information upon request, so nificantly altered by a single letter. beginning of the manual behind the that someone like myself could solve Therefore, it was their decision to technical information which was only their modem problem, there is no only approximate the final printed important once; When I read that the source code, and no advertised sup­ document in preview mode and warn author was going to teach me how to port for that type of activity. This the user that this was the case. A use the program to perform 1) edit­ program is not a general purpose debate of these trade-offs could ing, 2) layout, and 3) production, I solution to every problem that any­ make for an interesting discussion. knew that I had finally discovered a one might ever have on a computer. microcomputer word processor writ­ It is a nicely designed, completely This Month's Reviews ten by and for typing professionals. self contained tool, for those people The Correspondent is a word It is extremely difficult to write who have a text problem. processor whose reliable perfoI1ll­ this review without comparisons to The Executive Secretary system ance is the kind of program users other microcomputer word process­ includes an internal "cardfile" or have come to expect from Roger ing systems. For it is in comparison database management system, an Wagner's Southwestern Data that The Executive Secretary stands "electronic mail" system, and all of Systems. The Executive Secretary is out, not merely useful, natural, com­ the utilities necessary for disk man­ loaded with features to meet a variety fortable and well thought out, but as agement such as formatting and of needs including form letters and simply amazing. I am writing this copying. It provides a total environ­ access to certain data base files. review on a commercial text process­ ment for text management, gently Extra special recognition should ing system running on a PDP-1170 at prompting and guiding the user from be paid to the folks at Sofsys who work, where the Diablo is. I am curs­ the moment the Apple is turned on bring you The Executive Secretary. ing the lack of a Hayes Micromodem and the program disk autostarts. One Right on the diskette label the words which is all that stands between me important consideration for the pro­ "USER SUPPORT" are printed and preparing the text at home using spective purchasers is that these are followed by a telephone number. The Executive Secretary for trans­ standard, not extra cost features. That's as clear a statement of com­ mission to the 1170 using its built in Since I lack the appropriate modem, I pany policy as I've seen with respect electronic mail utilities. This won't was unable to test the communica­ to word processors. There is nothing work without an Executive Secretary tions facilities. I will briefly discuss like seeing something done right to Program at the other end .. .]KF. The how the other subsystems are used, make you feel good inside. program is simply better than the followed by a section on the disadvant­ one at work. In the past I have used ages of the system, and a summation. Wonlstar and WP. Daisy extensively There are two distict functional The Executive Secretary on CPM systems. I am familiar with modes in the editor: typing mode and Word PrOCessor the features of The Electric Pencil and editing mode. The creation of text is Trati Wynn Collins/reviewer Scriptsit on the TRS-'80. I own a copy accomplished in the typing mode. of Easy Writer - The Professional Typing under the Executive Secretary Writers are especially advised not Package. This program is better than works just like normal typing on a to judge a book by its cover. In the any. of them. typewriter. Corrections in the typing case of The Executive Secretary, how­ Better does not mean that The mode are limited to destructive back­ ever, the notebook containing the Executive Secretary has more spacing. The system does generate users manual was a good indication of "features" than any of them. its own carriage returns and word the great news inside. Flipping over Everyone of them has at least one or wrap and it is fast. There is no need the cover creates a professional copy two features that it lacks. The CPM to slow your typing down so that the holder so that a typist can easily refer based systems in particular, have program can catch up with you. to the manual while typing. Even if many more features. Better means One distinctive feature which can you aren't a secretary, everyone who that the features which are impli­ be unsettling unless you really did has ever struggled to type corrections mented are in a straightforward easy­ read your manual first, is that at the into a program while juggling man­ to-use, easy-to-remember fashion, bottom of the page the typist is uals in their laps can appreciate the and better also means that this pro~ presented with a new blank page to value of a finishing touch like that. gram has all of the features that a type on with a single context line at Glancing inside the manual is professional typist or writer is going the bottom. Nothing unusual about even more reassuring. The table of to use day in and day out, over and that to a typist, but if you are expect­ over again. ing the text to continue to scroll it is a Programmers who are looking for shock. an editor, and who desire to while

30 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0034 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Entering edit mode is accomplished implemented through embedded com­ These infomation management via the ESC key. Once in edit mode, mands which will disrupt the visual capabilities in addition to the condi­ over 90 percent of all of the com­ impact of the text in your file while tional printing capability make this mands are single keystroke entries. you are editing it. You can preview program the system choice for clubs, For example, pushing the M key the document on the screen, but you organizations, or political parties. causes a marker to be placed in text do that by printing to the screen, not This combination of decision making at the current cursor position which in the editor. logic and text processing is certainly marks the beginning or the end of a The data management facilities of unique in my experience and extreme­ block. Likewise, pushing the Ctrl-U the program are fairly powerful. In ly valuable for any type of public rela­ in typing mode marks the beginning addition to the creation and recovery tions or direct membership appeal or the end of an Underline. The cur­ of text files organized as cards with campaign. sor is restricted to the page it is on, lines rather than as records with There is, however, a worm in but there are other, single key com­ fields, the system can create search every Apple and there are disadvan­ mands to move from page to page, to and sort indexes on any of the lines tages to any system. Specifically, The the end of the file, etc. There are very for the purposes of using a subset or a Executive Secretary does not hyphen­ few two keystroke commands, and specific order. It can also read the ate, nor does it automatically or semi­ no three or more keystroke com­ files that are produced by most of the automatically handle footnotes and mands in the editor. popular data mangagement systems citations at all. Hyphenation is a mat­ Although much of your justifica­ sold for the Apple, such as CCA, D.B. ter of aesthetics. I have always hated tion is performed while you watch Master Utility Pack, Visifile, Infor­ it, and I have always disabled it on during text entry, and a paragraph mation Master (most Dif files), or the any system I used which provided it can be cleaned up before your eyes Data Factory. Up to one hundred as an option. If the right and left hand after editing, The Executive Secretary fields or lines per card or record can justification is attractive, and it is in draws a fairly clear distinction be­ be inserted into images of your text this case, then hyphenation is an tween editing and layout. The user file. If it is appropriate, a line in the abomination, at least to me. If it isn't can specify broad layout guidelines to built-in card file can be summed and to you, then, you are forwarned. cover the entire document at print totalled or sub-totalled and reports Footnotes are another matter, time, but almost every conceivable can be generated directly from the although they are seldom useful in command and flexibility is permitted card files by the user's specifications. business reports or letters, they have to be locally exercised through com­ a firm position in academic writing. mands which are typed into the body of the text. One example would be >cn which turns on centering until you type in >co which turns it off. These commands are placed on a line of their own and do not appear in the What final document. The value of this clear distinction would you give between editing and layout really does not become obvious .until you can see the power the system has to to have your conditionally modify text at print time. You are not only able to merge Apple II data from a file such as a mailing list to get the name and address, but you can print specific areas of text based able to configure upon the value of a variable in the data file. For example, if you declare to any a title variable in one of your card files to contain such information as Ms., Miss, Mrs. or Mrs., you could peripheral? branch on those values and send a dif­ ferent letter to unmarried, but socially conservative women than you would send to the men on your mailing list. In addition to conditional printing, the system will keep track of num­ bered items you might refer to such as slides or illustrations finally assign­ ing numbers to each of them at print time, once you are sure they are all there, as well as indexing and abbre­ viations. All of these features are

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 31 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0035 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

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Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0036 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

EVALUATION What This is slowly changing, but may be would you give critical to specifications within the body of the text. What few footnotes you have the courage to present to an to have editor are included in an appendix so that he can worry about formatting TURTLEGRAPHICS, them on his type setting machine. I am fortunate in that they are a prob­ lem I will never need to force upon with my system, others of you are prob­ ably not in that position. automatic scaling, The Executive Secretary was designed to use two disk drives, an 80 column display board with software and switching, and a shift key which is implemented in hardware. The no­ four graphic solder shift key modification provided with the program for newer Apples is the only feature which is absolutely m9des, required, various compromises have been implimented for single disk including systems. These are compromises. Every step you take away from the target system increases the HIRES and LORES, awkwardness of the system, but it is possible to grow into your ultimate on your system slowly. I have a single disk system and 80 column display with­ Apple II? out the software switching. In fact, my dealer never told me about soft­ ware switching options. I found the display switching more irritating than the lack of the second disk drive and I plan to remedy that situation almost immediately. This opportunity to move upward in hardware within the same system is a significant advan­ tage over other packages which may have one program for 40 columm display users and another different and additional cost program for 80 column display users. If you haven't noticed, I am sold. I hope I have made it clear that this program is probably not right for every Apple owner, but if you are one of the individuals that word proces­ sors were originally desiiOed for, I can not recommend it enough. There is finally a microcomputer word processing system which should make the commercial vendors ner­ vous. The quality of the documenta­ tion and the user interface compares quite favorable to anything on the market today, and the information management capabilities are rare if not absent anywhere else.

Call -AP.P.LE. July 1982 33 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0037 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WORD PROCESSOR EVALUATION

The Correspondent produced doubt in the user's mind as The scroll mode is comprised of to correct procedure, this symptom is no less than 37 separate commands, LK. Bumgarner/reviewer likely to produce the "reset reflex", each accomplished by the press of a causing the user to abort the copy single key or a control key and letter. The Correspondent, evaluated prematurely. Twenty alphabetic keys are used here as a word processor program Another minor irritant we found singly, and fifteen control key se­ needs to be considered more correctly was that some new features had been quences are used. This makes it as a "text editor." This is the descrip­ added to the programs after the docu­ almost impossible for the user to tion which its own creators have mentation was printed. These were remember whether he wants a "d" or given it, and certainly one which to be covered in a text file supplied a control "d," unless he uses the pro­ better fits it. The program is typical that could be read by the Corre­ gram frequently enough to etch the of many that have been created for a spondent program and printed out for commands into his mind. To com­ single purpose and been expanded reference. Unfortunately, we could pound this problem, some keys are over time to satisfy the desires of only view this material on the screen, cancelled by a return and some previous purchasers. That is, the pro· since attempts to print it out resulted operate on a toggle basis. gram, while quite sophisticated and in obtaining about half of the text The edit mode is similarly de­ flexible in the many features it pro­ followed by endless line feeds. A call signed. Nineteen control key se­ vides, fails to provide the essentials to the vendor (long distance) produced quences are used, two different of a true "word processor." In fact, a suggestion we might try to correct escape sequences for capitalization, its creators intended the program for the situation, but it did not work. This and three special control codes using the casual user having an occasional leaves the user in the position of hav­ dual control key sequences on two of letter to write. That function it can ing to manually copy pertinent infor­ them. All of this provides a lot of perform quite well, and it certainly mation from the screen. Again, not capability, but renders the program has use in other text editing fuctions good testimony to the computer art. almost unusable unless a list of all that are not too demanding. Con­ Enough griping about the usual these codes and their functions is sidered in that light, the program is a mundane deficiencies we so often kept handy during operation. The good value at its current price of find in commercial software these authors have wisely included two $44.95. days. Let's get to the essentials of help menus to aid the user, but it is The program comes on one disk, this program as a word processing still necessary to consult the manual supported by a 66 page user manual. device. for further description in many cases. Surprisingly, these 66 pages are none The program is divided into two As far as speed of the program, I too many to describe the many primary modes; one for scrolling and found it to compare very well with features and controls within the pro­ one for data entry and editing. This the faster word processors so far gram. In fact this evaluator would provides the ability to include many tested in virtually every category. like to have seen a bit more descrip­ more features to the user, but also Search time is remarkably fast, but tion provided in selected areas. This makes for confusion by the use of requires the operator to examine is one of those programs that can be similar control codes between the each occurrence and either retype for copied up to three times, and as usual two modes. Also, considerable replacement or carriage return to it is recommeded that a copy be made switching between the two modes is move to the next qualifying occur­ to work from and the original disk necessary for the user to know where ence. No global replace is available. saved. The new purchaser will soon he is within the document being One notable deficiency of this ap­ find that the program instructions are prepared. This becomes frustrating proach is that the program always a bit vague, yet force the user to since fundamental movements of the begins the search at the beginning of answer a YIN question to continue cursor respond to different control the text, and gives no provision of before he is advised of the proper codes in the two modes. page or line numbers when an occur­ position of disks and drives. This pro­ Most commands are mnemonic, ence is found. This necessitates a duced that instant sinking feeling but still confused by whether they re­ switch back to the scrolling mode that responding to the question will quire a preceding control key or not. where page and line numbers are pro­ blow one of the precious three copies Most notable of the commands that vided, with a consequent return to that are allowed. Well, it does not; are not mnemonic are those that the edit mode in order to achieve the but in a package of this type, such govern scrolling, compounded by the replacement. Nowhere in the edit/data vagueness should not exist. fact that they are also different be­ entry mode are line and page number Unfortunately the manual makes tween the two modes. For example, provided. Consequently, when typing no mention of what will happen next, to scroll down in the scroll mode, the in text, one never knows just where once this question is answered and left arrow is used. In the edit mode they are without switching back and the copy process begins. The disk this is achieved by a control "]. " forth to the scroll mode. This is not drive produced no less than six con· Other movements are equally non­ particularly difficult, but certainly secutive buzzes which smack of the similar between the two modes. We irritating and counter-productive to dreaded 110 error sound, over a period also found the cursor to both dis­ speed of entry. of several seconds. Having already appear and lag behind during fast editing moves.

34 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0038 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

EVALUATION What One feature described in the man­ ual as "scroll down one page" actu­ would you give ally turns out to be 21 lines. Another reference in the manual says this is to develop programs 21 lines. If it were, three consecutive keystrokes would bring the top of the next page to view, given that one for the started at the top of the previous page. Such a feature would have been IBM PC, useful indeed. But at the present scroll of 21 lines, three strokes brings us to line 64 of page 1; succeeding TRS 80 Model II, multiples of three keystrokes contin­ ue to accumulate this error, requir­ T.I.99/4 ing the user to arrive at the next page top. Somehow it seems that this should be correctable. Home Computer, A feature I really liked was the ability to "freeze" up to nine lines at and Xerox 820 the top of the screen. This feature becomes very useful in forms design and other columnar work, where one on your may not wish to utilize the tabs that are available in the program. It also Apple II? allows the operator to compare differ­ ent sections of text quite readily. Another nice feature is an op­ tional display mode. When entering text in 80 columns, the screen auto­ matically switches back and forth between the right and left sides as typing takes place. In order to facili­ tate proofing via the screen, the pro­ gram allows the operator to select an optional display of 40 columns, there­ by cutting each line in half and folding it underneath for easier reading. This works quite well with the exception of an occasional split word. The procedure described in the manual to reset left margins did not work as indicated. We later found that this was covered in the disk addendum provided, but was in the portion which we were unable to print out. A call to the support organization cleared this up for us. It is possible with this program to embed control codes within the typed text to perform printer control func­ tions. I found that I was able to acti­ vate many of the nifty features of the Epson MX-80 Graftrax with this feature. Some experimentation could prove quite rewarding in this area.

Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 35 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0039 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WORD PROCESSOR EVALUATION Perhaps the most noticeable Some cases in point. Mr. features missing from the package Reply to Bumgamer's review Bumgarner mentions that The Corre­ are the absence of page breaks, spondent is "one of those programs generated page numbers, automatic Roger Wagner/Southwestem Data Systems that can be copied up to three double spacing, and page and line times .... " For heavens sake! The indicators in entry mode. In this Thank you for sending me a copy Correspondent was The First pro­ respect, The Correspondent functions of the upcoming review of our pro­ gram ever to offer the user this much like a regular typewriter, i.e., duct "The Correspondent." I appre­ option, and S.D.S. as far as I know is the operator must actually type ciate the opportunity to have Call the only company to use this system where he wants the page to end and -A.P.P.L.E. evaluate our products for the majority (if any) of their soft­ begin, etc .. and inform their membership about ware line! At least a little credit when Such features as block text move the relative merits of the items we we do something right, OK? and copy are available in this package offer. After spending a considerable and work very nicely. It can be used I would like to make a few com­ amount of editorial space on the in many ways as a data base manipu­ ments, however. These are offered shortcomings of the copy program, lator, a letter generator, and can more as observation and opinions, he then mentions his difficulty in perform such features as columnar rather than a specific request that any printing out the addendum file. I do addition for checking. All in all it is of the editorial material be changed. apologize for not having located quite flexible and versatile, but it is After reading the review, I couldn't S.D.S. in his home town (so as to not suitable for the professional help but feel that this particular avoid the long distance phone call), typist as a word processor. For the reviewer felt that the prime purpose but his inability to print out the file computer hobbyist with some text of his job was to find any short­ would seem to be one of "pilot error" editing requirements who is not overly comings of anything reviewed, rather in this case, as we have never had concerned about speed, and willing to than present a balance of its advan­ anyone else experience any difficulty spend some time with the manual on a tages and disadvantages. I believe with the file, and there is nothing periodic basis, it should serve fine. the result fails to give your readers complicated in printing out the file what they deserve in both fairness that has slowed anyone else down. In and complete information.

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The people that brought you the Professional Timekeeping System are proud to announce the introduction of another valuable, time-saving office System FunctioDs: management tool. , ..the C.C.S. Trust Account Management System. Designed - Open a new trust account with consultation from bankers and legal office managers, this System incor­ - Enter deposits and withdrawals porates all of the principles of basic trust account management into a simple, - Print withdrawal checks yet powerful office accounting tool. It expands on these basic principles to give - Print account transactions the user instant access to often-requested data such as client trust balances - Print check/deposit registers - Void entries and audit trails for individual client accounts or entire trust accounts. - Analyze an entire trust account - Analyze a client's account As an additional feature, C.C.S. has provided a function in this system - Reconcile monthly bank statement which will automatically transfer funds from any Trust System account into a - Purge an existing account client account in the Professional Timekeeping System, making this System a - Directory assistance perfect complement to that already powerful legal office management system. - Edit account information - Change System parameters As is our tradition, this system was designed for professionals by profes­ - Change System password sionals. See your local Apple dealer for details. Capacities: One trust account per disk. The System will accommodate any number of accounts. Speeifie capacities are dependent on the number of client Hardware RequiremeDtI: APPLE II PLUS (48K), DOS 3.3 accounts within the trust aeeount. Dual Disk Drives, Printer Typieal eonfiguration: 200 elients 1600 aeeounts entries C.C.S. also produces a PROFESSIONAL TIMEKEEPING SYSTEM 8 entries per elient, average which simplifies and optimizes the timekeeping and billing process, (These figures are for aetive aeeount entries. and provides a professional firm with valuable management infor­ Records from elient aeeounts with zero balanees are mation. Call or write us for information. periodically removed with the Purge funetion.)

36 Call -A.P.P.LE. Julv 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0040 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Would• Uyou'recurrently you gIV~availableasanadd~n) using Apple Pascal* on your And it I?rovides support for A pie II, you're probably aware $ 29 dynrulllc memory man- o(some noticeable limitations. agement and multitask- And you'd probably give a lot for ing, with a full arsenal an \'!pgrade package, induding of enhancements. And if the UCSD p-System: UCSD Pascal* that isn't enough, your and TURTLEGRAPHICS, that would get existing Apple Pascal your Apple* to do what it's capable of. programs are upward Upgrade to the UCSD p-System compatible with the Version IV from SofTech Micro~stems. p-System, and simply It's got all the features of Apple Pascal, have to be recompiled and then some. For instance, Apple Pascal's to execute. All your Apple UNITS must be linked in at each compilation, II needs is 64K of RAM the p-System's do not. And instead of being lim- and two disk drives. ited to 32 UNITS, like Apple Pascal, the p-System Last but not least, there's allows a virtually unlimited number. the price. Normally, you'd have How about peripheral support? The p-System to pay as much as $825 for such supports all the peripherals that a package. Apple Pascal does, plus a dock, But, for the next two months, and a lower case adapter. And, we're making this special upgrade we get more out of the periph- offer to Apple Pascal users for a erals you've already got - mere $295. That's a savings of shiftware modification on the over 60%. keyboard, alpha lock key, So just send in the coupon typeahead and characters below, with your proof of pur- not even on the Apple chase and check, money order keyboard. or Visa or MasterCard num- And when it ber, and you'll be on your way comes to~Jlhics, our to getting more out of your TURTLEGRAPHICS ApIlle II than you ever dreamed has everything in Apple's of. But you'd better hurry. graphics, plus automatic Your two months have already scalin~ and four gra})hic modes, started. indudmg both HIRES and LORES. Then there's portability. The p·System lets you develop gen­ uinely portable, high-level applications for nearly any microcomputer around. It allows you to work in any combination of UCSD Pascal and BASIC

, ~------Okay, SoITech Microsystems, here's my $295. I want my Apple II to have software it can really appreciate. Please send coupon to: Apple Upgrade Dept. My check is enclosed 0 PO. Box 27179, San Diego, CA 92128 Please charge to my Acct. #~ ______Or call (714) 578·6995 I Visa 0 Master Charge 0 Expiration Date Name on card ~ ______I hereby certify that I am an Apple Pascal Owner. My proof of purchase is Signature 0 invoice 0 receipt 0 disk label 0 other I Name ______Title ______~ Company Telephone~ ______Ext. ____ Address City State Zip ~ ___ I OFFER VALID JULY 1 to AUGUST 31, 1982 (California residents please add 6% sales tax [California Transit District-6.5%1 Massachusetts residents please add 5% sales tax.) ~ ·tJCSD p·System and UCS D Pascal are trademarks of the Kegents of the University of California. Apple, Apple II. and Apple Pascal are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. ~ ~------~ Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0041 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WORD PROCESSOR EVALUATION

fact, I remember his specific call, 2) In a time of rapidly increasing 8) The fact that compared to because it was so unusual in the prob­ software prices, The Corre­ Applewriter, The Correspon­ lem he was having. I do think, spondent offers a very dent is an extremely viable especially as a reviewer, he should attractive alternative to some­ competitor, allowing much have pursued the problem to its one who doesn't want to spend more flexibility in terms of the solution to determine if it was a $200-$300 to type a letter. final document created. The software error, or a matter of having 3) The Correspondent is one of Correspondent also gives the forgotten to turn his printer on. the few products at any price user complete flexibility as to Unfortunately, the rather nega­ that gives an accurate repre­ whether to save his file as a tive tone persists throughout the arti­ sentation of what the final text binary or actual text file format. cle, in spite of his final conclusion will look like, without requir­ 9) The ability to link files to that the program in the final analysis ing additional hardware. For unlimited sizes. This is useful will be quite suitable to a number of producing highly formatted for printing documents, but people. It is sad that towards the text such as forms (or tests, takes on tremendous potential end of the article some of the nicer etc. for teachers) the program when using The Correspon­ features of the package seem to start has very few competitors - dent as a free-form database occuring to him. especially at the price! (examples provided both on To perhaps even out the informa­ 4) The Correspondent is easily disk and in manual). Combined tion, I would like to offer at least a LISTed and modified, and we with a hard-disk, it is possible few of The Correspondent's positive provide a full-time support to search 10 Megabytes of points: staff to help users in any area data for a single occurence of they require. Although I do a string, located anywhere 1) User tutorial at beginning of not expect a person to have to within the file. manual allows a computer modify any part of my pro­ novice to easily get far enough grams, his own particular pref­ The Correspondent has two main in the program to enter, save erence about how many lines drawbacks. It does not automatically and print a letter. the "page-scroll" should be break pages, and words are not auto­ could have been easily handled matically moved as whole units to the while he was calling about his next line when a character insert or difficulty on printing out the remove is done. (See the accompany­ file. ing flyer on the package if you are 5) The Correspondent is one of a interested) Other than that, it com­ very few programs that auto­ pares quite well against a variety of matically configures itself for a packages. Even the reviewer's own Benchmark Tests for the variety of user preferences (in­ chart show that. A.P.P.L.E. Word Processors cluding printer control and Well, I certainly have gone on Evaluations overall program operation), here, and I appreciate your patience with a minimum of effort from in bearing with me through all this. I the user. have very personal feelings about our 6) the manual includes a fairly products, and particularly the ones I good practice exercise section have written, but I think I am still that goes into the TECH­ reasonably objective in the points I NIQuEs of using the varius have raised. I look forward to your commands available in the pro­ comments. Perhaps we could try another. Timing (in seconds) gram. Many software products explain the raw commands Sincerely, Initial boot·up 37 21 Roger Wagner Retrieve text 21 10 available in using the package. Store text 26 8 Few offer advice on how to Search 1 2 combine commands to achieve Not Not a desired goal. Search & Replace Auto. Auto. 7) The Correspondent offers a Printing Go to print mode tremendous number of addi­ from editor mode 0 55 tional utilities and items of Go to editor mode interest. These include the from print mode 0 55 ability to send letters to other Print time for test 201 415 Apple users directly on disk­ document (Approximately 8,000 characters) ettes, to put bi-direetional 3 Keystrokes Required: scrolling in a user program, Search 1 along with Correspondent Search & Replace Req. operator each occurrence generated text, a form letter Change a letter 2 driver example, and many others.

38 Call -AP.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0042 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 OATA CAPTURE 4.(1 The most advanced and ~asiest to use telecommunications program for use with the MICROMODEM lIeT ..) or the Apple COMMUNICATIONS CARD@).

" you use your Apple I~ computer to communicate with other Apples or with timesharing systems, then you need Data Capture 4.0. If you want to save stock quotes, airline schedules, electronic mail, or other data from a remote computer system for future use, then you need a smart terminal program for your Apple II~. Data Capture 4.0 is the most user friendly and most flexible program of this type. It is specifically designed to take advantage of all the features of the Micromodem II~, but it works equally well with the Apple Communications Card@> and several other popular serial interface cards. Data Capture 4.0 is the only Apple II~ smart terminal program available which is fully copyable and modifiable. This means that you don't have to worry about backup. Go ahead and make all the backup copies you need. The unprotected format and helpful documentation make modifications to Data Capture 4.0 very easy to perform. In addition, full technical support is available by phone from Southeastern Software. Data Capture 4.0 has many other features. Incoming data files are automatically captured regardless of length. Data in the memory buffer can be vieWed, edited, printed, saved to or loaded from disk, or transmitted to the remote system at any time. An unattended mode of operation is provided so that you can call your Apple from another location and send data to it or load data from it. Data Capture 4.0 is fully compatible with the Apple III~ in

emulation mode. It is also compatible with all popular lower case adapters for the Apple II@>, including the widely used shift key modification. An automatic logon utility for use with the SOURCE is provided with Data Capture 4.0. Also included is a HELP text file containing the latest tips and suggestions on using Data Capture 4.0 effectively (many of these are the result of feedback from customers). See your local Apple dealer today for a demonstration of Data Capture 4.0 or order direct from Southeastern Software at the address below. (Please include $2.50 for postage and handling.) If you presently own a previous version of Data Capture you may upgrade to the new version for the difference in price plus $2.50 for postage and handling. MASTER CARD or VISA orders may be placed by phone. DATA CAPTURE 4.0 ...... $65.00 Requires DISK II@, Applesoft II@ and 48K of Memory DATA CAPTURE 4.0 I 80· ...... $90.00 DATA CAPTURE 4.0© 1980-Southeastem Software ·Specify either Videx, Smarterm, Double Vision or • AppIe

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0043 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WORD PROCESSOR EVALUATION c C cGI GI GI '0 '0 '0 C C C 0 0 GI 0 GI a. .~ a. .~ a. .~ III 'S III 'S III 'S u>- u~ u~ ~ GI ... ~ ~ 0 )II III 0 ::1 0 :,! 0 wGi 0 w~ 0 WGI GI GI ~ GI GlU GI ~ ~GI ~ ~ 1!¥ I- 1-0 l- ~~ I- 1-0 INITIAL REQUIREMENTS 1.10 Reset page speclfica- 2.2.3 Search and Replace Program Cost $59.95 $250 tlons In text Search Only Margins X X Command finds and RAM 4SK 4SK Tabs X X displays' Language Card or Page breaks X First occurrence X Applesoft in ROM X X 1.11 Accept text flies It All occurrences X Opt. 40 Col. didn't create X X "n "th occurrence Lower case adapter Mode 1.12 Accept text from Search and Replace Number of disk drives 1+ 1+ telecomm. port X Command replaces' 1.14 Formatting for text First Occurrence X Other hardware output modifications Shift Key All occurrences X Opt Center lines X X "n" occurrences Partial Underlining User Embeds X Action completed: Use Opt. CTRLCHRS SO-column Bold printing Used by X Automatically Z-SO Softcard Alternate color ribbon Printer X Manual override X X Two-pass printing RAM Board X 2.4 Operates on multiple Super-scriptlsub-script X Ille document Special Printer ~ X 1.A Automatic checking 2.6 Can edit: Special interface card lor spelling Page breaks X 1.B Maximum text length Full disk TEXT INPUT FEATURES in 3,400 word Page number location X In one file ? Sub-files Headers (page title) 1.1 UpperlLower c ... 1.C Drops characters display location X from fast typist Date Opt. Upper case only w/clock Inverse upper case X EDITING 2.7 Columnar editing Hardware adapter Opt. X 2.1 Underlying document Swap columns High resolutior, screen lormat Addition checking X VIP card File 1.2 Shift key operation Line oriented editing X 2.8 Are edit macros Escape key sequence X Auto adjusts sub- available for: Control key sequent lines X Inserting formatting Equipment modification Opt. Req. Document oriented commands X Other keys used editing X Inserting phrases into 1.3 Shift lock operation I nsert text at cursor the text X Escape key sequence X position X X 2.A Indices capabilities Control key CTRL "L" Delete text from Automatic creation Equipment modification cursor by: of indices X Other keys used Character(sj X X TEXT STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL 1.4 Screen display Input Word X Maximum line length 40 or 40 or Sentence 3.1 Uses display 80 w/card 80 w/card Paragraph 3.4 Program accessible With scrolling for whole Document page lor modifying line End of document 3.5 Program back-up 1.7 Automatic lormattlng Beginning of document Disk copyable by std. Up to of words Screen line X X copy util. 3 copies Moves full word to Top of screen page 3.6 Text IIle back-up next line X X Bottom of screen page Prompts user X Automatic indentation X Text marker X X Automatic procedure First line of new Automatic adjustment Can use std. disk copy paragraph X of text: utilities X Temporary for full On screen X X 1-drive copy program paragraph X In document X X provided X X Hyphenation 2.2 Cursor positioning - 2-d rive copy program Prompt only move by: provided X User approves each case X 2.2.1 Character X X 3.7 Form letter capability Fully automatic Multiple characters Included in basic program X X 1.8 Tabbing Word X Extra cost item Available X X Sentence 3.8 Text file documentation Text shows effect Paragraph Length of document title 30 15 during entry X Document page X Content description Justification End of document X X phrases Left X X Beginning of document X Allowed X Right X X Scre~m line X X PortIon not Length of phrase used for tItle Center X Line number X Indication of document Decimal Point Top of screen page X author 1.9 Status displayed for: Bottom of screen page X Dating Current operating mode X X Scroll forward through Document originated CCS clock Cursor at column "n" X text X X Document last worked on CCS clock Cursor at text line "n" X Scroll backward Total time document Left margin X through text X X worked on Right margin X 2.2.2 Copy text within file X X Size of the document X X Top margin Move text within file X X 3.9 Amount 01 text actively Approx. Bottom margin Save portion of text to in memory 18,000 16,000 Tabs stops X X new file X X 3.A Does the program Space remaining for I nsert text from another Automatic support: more text X File Extension file X X D.I.F. data formats X Other Other data base files X X

40 Call -A'p.P.LE. July 1982 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0044 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

III CORNERS KEYPAD JOYSTICK 'E GI '0 Richard V. Grant C 0 GI a. .!: III "5 OUR numeric keypad can be ~ u~ 0 ::s . an eight-direction joystick! 0 WGI ~ GI GI U Any group of keys can become ~ ~GI ~ ~CI) a joystick with enough "IF" 3.B Displays remaining 5.4 Operator assistance Y statements. The numeric keypad, space on disk X X Operation and error OUTPUT messages with its regular pattern of numbers, English X 4.1 Printer configuralion: Std. Apple lends itself to a dramatic short-cut. Computer jargon Automatic Messages Numbers only for table Consider the following: Seml-automatlc:choices look up 10 GET A$: A=VAL(A$) from list X X Help file on-line X Prompts operator In 20 UY=INT((A·1)13)·1:UX=· 5.5 Structure 01 program detail Separate edit and print 3*UY +A·5 User changes lines in programs 30 X = X + UX:Y = Y + UY program Available 5.6 Emergency recovery 4.2 Prlnler control provided lor: Line 10 accepts a keystroke and Incremental spacing System crash - Not generates the numeric value "A." Top-of-form alignment X power outage X Line 20 is the meat of the program, Tabbing X Memory full error X Change print fonts in generating unit vectors in the X and document· DOCUMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE Y direction. Line 30 updates the X Pause for print wheel 6.1 Allows program to be exchange X used easily by: and Y values controlling point position. Reconfigure dot matrix Average computer The actual graphic commands are on fly X hobbyist X different on the Apple III and the 4.2.1. Letter space Apple user (not hobbyist) justificalion X Average clerical Apple II and also depend on the in· 4.2.2 True proporlional personnel X tent of the programmer. spacing 6.2 Identiliable documenta­ In our simple example, we may 4.4 Forms control tion parts Continuous form X Intro.-Program purpose wish to add the line: Single sheet X & theory o Variable length X X Tutorial 15 IF ASC(A$) < 49 OR ASC (A$) 4.5 Page numbering Written - using examples o o >57 THEN 10 Suppressed any page Computer assisted Continue any page instruction Line 15 makes the routine ignore Chapter relative Each function-detail all keys except 0-9. On the other 4.6 Footnotes description o Completely automatic Technical Data hand we may wish to insert special Semi-automatic System requirements options for some letter keys .... but 4.7 Responds to printer Structure of files that gets into a whole, "You-draw-it," problems Interfacing with Out of paper peripherals program. Here we just have a short Out of ribbon Annotated source routine which can be used in many Other program listing programs. 4.8 Print Spooling FJlllisting Can print a file while Part: for user modifica· ~ editing another tions 4.A Screen preview 01 Iinal Index to documentation o A CALL -A'p.P.L.E. QUICKIE: document Quick reference Maximum line length 40 or Specific section in PATCH FOR FILEDUMP displayed 80 w/card 84 manual With scrolling for whole Pocket reference card o William Steinberg line X Keyboard function chart Pause key X X Keyboard key function Pause at page labels The June 1982 Call -A.P.P.L.E. breaks X On-line screen display has a great article on a new DOS Escape from viewing 6.6 Program supported by entire text X telephone X X command "Filedump". As it now Edit page breaks at this stands, however, the call to print is to NOTES: time Numbers in left-hand column refer to word COUT1 at $FDFO, the Apple screen. 4.B Chains Illes into one processor evaluation criteria published in document - (automatically) X X This will cause the text file to be Call -A.P.P.L.E., September, 1980. HUMAN ENGINEERING A letter suffix indicates an printed to the 40 col screen, even if 5.1 Mnemonic quality 01 addition since September, 1980 you have an 80 col board or a printer commands Average Excellent Key "hooked". To have this routine print 5.2 Verifies dangerous X = Characteristic present commands to anything hooked to the DOS va, R = Required Delete document file X X change the patch at byte $BCEB Opt = Optional Save file with same name X Not Allowed from $FO to $ED. This will change Quit program + = Good Clear memory space for o = Acceptable the print call to COUT at $FDED, new text X X - = Poor and if your printer is on, the file will Load file that overwrites Not blank = Characteristic not present memory Allowed be printed... If you're using an or not applicable • 5.3 Recover from com- external terminal, or an 80 col card, mand errors or even a modem, the file dump will Unwanted deletion of text Unwanted deletion of file go there too. ~

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 41 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0045 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0046 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A CALL -A'p.P.L.E. UTILITY: RESTORE TO A LINE NUMBER ROUTINE

Lee Reynolds/Call -A.P.P.LE. Staff Writer

OR quite some time I've been might contain your first category, 30 POKE 11,0:POKE 12,3 looking for a good application lines between 200 and 300 your sec­ The first two lines above put the for Applesoft's USR function ond category, etc. Now, if you have machine language USR routine into Fand at last I've come up with done this, wouldn't it be convenient memory by use of S.H. Lam's one. The routine described in this to be able to have a statement like method. The third line sets up the article also adds a nice extension to RESTORE 200 in order to place the USR vector to point to the start of the the language, In allowing you to current DATA pointer back to the routine. The routine has been stored RESTORE to a line number, rather first item in category 2? Unfortunately, in "page 3" (hex $300 to $330), but it than always to the very first DATA Applesoft doesn't allow this. The is entirely relocatable, so you could statement in the program. following short routine can be in­ place it somewhere else instead. If This capability of choosing which serted in your program in order to be you do this, don't forget to modify DATA statement to RESTORE to able to set up the USR function to act line 30 above also! could be quite useful; I'm sure that just like this sort of statement: Now, as to how you use it; this is any creative programmers who might an example: n~ed this sort of thing will be able to 10 A$ = "300:2052 E7 20 1A 06 90 21 AO 04 B1 9B C9 83 00 80 X = USR(NUM) : REM RE· think of an application. The general 1918 A5 9B 69 04 8570 A5 STORES TO LINE NUMBER idea behind it is this: suppose you 9C 69 00 85 7E A5 50 85 7B A5 NUM have several categories of things in 51 85 7C AO 00 FO 02 AO 01 A9 Now your next READ will take its your DATA statements, and also 00 20 F2 E2 60 N D9C6G" DATA from the first item on line suppose that you have grouped them 20 FOR 1= 1 TO LEN(A$): POKE NUM. The value returned by the by line number in each category. 511 + I,ASC(MI0$(A$,1,1» + 128: USR function (and put into X in the That is , lines between 100 and11_. _____200 *_** __NEXT: * __ *_****** POKE 72,0: __ CALL *_* __ ·144 above example) is either zero or one. If zero, everything worked O.K. A 32 * _ RESTORE to a I ine number _* value of one means an error, which 4 II by Lee Reynolds * can be one of two kinds: 1) the line 5 II II NUM isn't in your Applesoft pro­ 6 * Call -A. P . P . L . £. : J u 1 Y 1982 _ gram, or 2) it is, but that line is not a 7 11*11*11*_*II __ * __ ***_**** __ ********** DATA statement! While you're 9 * checking your program out, you 10 L INNUM EQU $ 50 should probably test the value X. 11 DATLIN EOU $7B Here is an assembly listing with 12 DATPTR EQU $70 comments explaining my routine; it 13 LO\olTR EaU $9B 14 FNOLIN EaU SD61A makes use of several routines within 15 GIVAYF EOU SE2F2 the Applesoft interpreter itself: 16 GETADR EaU $E 752 Anybody got any other neat ideas 17 II for using the USR function? If so, I'm 18 /I 19 ORG $300 sure the readers would like to hear 20 from you. Pm 0300 : 20 52 E7 11 JSR GETADR iConvert USR argument to integer .:. 0303 : 20 1A 06 22 JSR FNOLIN iFind the Applesoft line 0306 : 90 21 23 BCC ERR iBranch if not found 0308 : AD 04 24 LOY 1$04 iMake sure fifth byte in line is 03 OA: 81 9B 25 LOA ( LO\olTR) , Y the DATA token 030C: C9 83 26 CMP 1$ 83 03 OE: DO 19 27 BNE ERR iBranch if it isn't 0310 : 18 28 CLC 0311 : AS 98 19 LOA LO\olTR 0313 : 69 04 30 AOC 1$ 04 iPoint Applesoft's current data 0315 : 85 70 31 STA OATPTR iaddress to the new DATA token 0317: A5 9C 32 LOA LO\olTR+1 0319 : 69 00 33 AOC 1$ 00 0318 : 85 7£ 34 STA DATPTR+1 03 10: AS 50 35 LOA LINNUM ;Update Applesoft.'s value for o31F: 85 7B 36 STA DATLIN icurrent DATA line number 0321 : AS 51 37 LOA L INNUM+ 1 0323 : 85 7C 38 STA DATLIN+1 0325 : AD 00 39 LOY 1$ 00 iLow byte (Iero) of value to return in "X" 0327: FO 02 40 BEG OK 0329 : AD 01 41 ERR LOY 1$ 01 iLow byte (one) to signal error 0328 : A9 00 42 OK LDA • $ 00 iHigh byte of integer 0320 : 20 rz E2 43 JSR GIVAYF iConvert from integer to floating point 0330 : 60 44 RTS iReturn to Applesoft program --End assembly-- 49 bytes Errors: 0

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 43 • Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange TPage 0047 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

: II, ,I ~\, \,)" WITH APPLESOFT? B.E.S.T. Our original Applesoft Optimizer (AOPT) has now been en­ understandable. No longer do you have to remember the line hanced to bring to the Applesoft programmer the most comprehen­ numbers of subroutines and procedures; instead, just "DO sive set of software tools available today-B.E.ST The BASIC GRAPH IT" and APLUS does the rest. APLUS adds the following ENHANCED SOFTWARE TOOLS is a machine language program to structured programming commands to Applesoft basic: aid in writing, analyzing, and debugging Applesoft Basic programs. WHEN .. ELSE .. FIN, UNTIL, WHILE, CASE, SELECT, and OTHER­ B.E.ST Will certainly increase programmer efficiency for improved WISE. Multi-line IF .. FIN statements are also supported. APLUS productivity. B.E.ST offers: 1) Variable Cross-Reference, 2) Line includes functions to output indented listings to clarify logic flow and number Cross-Reference, 3) A Complete Cross-Reference, 4) Opti­ converting source code to standard Applesoft commands. mize variable names with recognition of both short (two characterl Requires Applesoft, 32K of RAM, and DOS 3.3. Only $25.00. Applesoft standard) and long labels, 5) REM Optimizer-with an option to "protect" specified REM statements, 6) Line Optimizer to BUILD USING. Do you have trouble printing charts, reports, or for­ join short instruction lines of specified length, 7) Merging two pro­ matting numbers on the screen? If you do, BUILD USING can solve grams, 8) Automatic line numbering, and 9) A powerful, yet easy to your problems BUILD USING is a powerful Applesoft utility which use Renumber function. Implementation of B.E.ST can reduce provides a "print-using" type routine for numbers and strings By memory requirements by up to 50% and increase execution speed of creating simple "formats", you tell BUILD USING how to format the Applesoft programs by up to 100% B.E.ST is a low cost alternative output. The output from BUILD USING are strings which may be to an Applesoft compiler. printed, written to disk, saved for later usage, or even reformatted. With BUILD USING, you can choose how many digits should be B.E.ST requires a 48K Apple 11111 + , Applesoft in ROM or Language displayed to the left and right of the decimal point, and even fill the card, and DOS 3.3 $40.00 leading pOSitions with the character of your choice. For example, you EDIT·SOFT. A powerful, yet affordable, line editor for Applesoft. Us­ can print the number '157.23' and '157.2' or '000157.230', of ing EDIT-SOFT, you can drastically cut your programming time. EDIT­ ' •••• $157. AND 23/100 DOLLARS', or hundreds or other wavs SOFT not only contains the standard line editor features like inserting (including exponential formats). Working with strings is just as easy. or deleting characters, moving to a specific character, entry of lower Also included are three levels of error trapping, so you can correct case letters, going to the beginning or end of a line, and displaying numbers that cannot fit into your specified format. control characters, but it also has the advanced features that will Utilities like BUILD USING are usually difficult to use because they prove indispensable must be located in one memory location (usually between DOS and • AUTO LINE NUMBERING the DOS file buffers), they cannot be used with your favorite editor or • SPLICING two lines together other special routines. BUILD USING does not have this limitation, as • AUTOMATIC CHARACTER COUNTER for quoted strings it can be easily located in many different memory locations: 1) the makes screen formatting a snap "standard" between DOS and DOS file buffers, 2) at HIMEM, 3) • EDITING LINES as they are being TYPED APPENDED to your Applesoft program, or 4) anywhere else in • A STATUS LINE keeps you constantly aware of which memory, Appending BUILD USING to your program is as simple as options are currently being used EXECing a TEXT file. BUILD USING uses the "CALL" command • Up to TWENTY MACROS available at any time thereby leaving the ampersand vector free for your own use. • MACRO EDITING AT ANY TIME BUILD USING requires Applesoft in ROM (Language cards are fine), • HELP PAGES available when needed DOS 3.3 and a minimum of 32K ... Only $30.00 Compare the features of EDIT-SOFT to other line editors, tllen com­ pare the price. No other line editor has so many features at such a reasonable price I EDIT-SOFT requires 48K of RAM, Applesoft in ROM (language and RAM expansion cards are fine), and DOS 3.3. ONLY $30.00 41 £ I. Se~~,~ D~~Qre West Bloomfield, Michigan 48033 APLUS. The original Structured Basic enhancement for Applesoft . (313) 399-8877 Basic. APLUS provides the tools that will increase your efficiency, Please specify program desired. simplify program rewriting, and make your program flow more Visa and Mastercard Welcome. Add $1.25 postage and handling per diskette

• Applesoft is a registered trademark of APPLE Computer Company.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0048 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

SO WHAT DID YOU EXPECT? UNRAVELING AN APPLESOFT PUZZLE Camelis Bongers/Call -A.P.P.LE. Staff Writer

Introduction Enter the program exactly as running a program, whereas in fact shown and next, enter the direct com­ the execution mode is immediate. On VERY computer user is con­ mand GOSUB5 (don't put a blank executing the GOSUB statement, fronted with confusing situa­ between "GOSUB" and "5"). On the Applesoft's GOSUB handler saves on tions regularly. In particular, input request, type ERR. Contrary to the stack (among others) the text­ .E people who just start pro­ what you may expect, the program pointer, which points at that time to gramming, frequently encounter will print the text "APPLESOFT the first digit of the line number problems not mentioned in any ERROR," although line 100 is not ex­ following the GOSUB. Next, the manual. The reaction of almost every ecuted at all. To show how stubborn GOSUB handler transfers control to beginner when their computer the Apple can be, delete line 100 by the GOTO handler, which subse­ refuses to execute their instructions, entering 100. Next, execute the quently converts the line number to or worse, when it wanders off in GOSUB5 instruction again and you hex, searches for the line number in never-never land for the first time, is see that the text "APPLESOFT the program, saves it in the current that there must be a system failure ERROR" will still be displayed. line number location and starts exe­ somewhere. I vividly remember run­ The cause of the strange behavior cution of the specified line. ning memory tests almost daily dur­ of the Apple is neither a hardware Note that now the high byte of the ing the first months I had my Apple, problem nor a bug in the program, current line number does not contain as I was convinced that a hidden bug but rather the occurrence of a situ­ $FF anymore, so Applesoft will from in the hardware had to be the cause ation not foreseen by the creators of now on think it is running a program. of my numerous system crashes. Applesoft. The error is caused by the Therefore, Applesoft doesn't gener­ However, time and again it appeared mixture of immediate and deferred ate an ILLEGAL DIRECT ERROR that the crash was caused by pro­ mode instructions that are being exe­ on encountering the INPUT A$ gramming errors. Instead of testing cuted. Furthermore, the error occurs statement (which would be the right memory, I began looking more not only in Applesoft, but also on the thing to do), but executes the state­ critically to my own efforts. This CBM 4032, as was checked out by ment instead. worked alright till, about two months my colleague Hans Geilenkirchen. ago, I spent three days searching a ~~~~s mysterious bug in a complex machine Explanation WOW! language sort program. Finally, it When entering a sequence of WHAT SUMMER occurred to me that a hardware immediate mode instructions, these SPECIALS failure was not completely to be ex­ are tokenized and stored in the input J)/ECf.~II buffer. Then Applesoft executes the cluded, so I got the (dusty) diskette Apple Software • All Programs On Disk with the memory test. On execution, instructions (just like a normal pro­ the test reported - more or less to gram line), but it sets a pointer to List Spec/al indicate that the execution mode is AppiePanlc ...... 29.95 - 22.15 my surprise - a RAM failure. After Arcade Machine ...... 44.95 - 33.16 having replaced the bad RAM, the immediate. The pointer corresponds Barg ...... 29.95 - 22.15 program worked fine. Although the to the high byte of the current line Castle Wallenstein ...... 29.95 - 22.15 number: this byte is set to $FF if the David's Mldnlte Magic ...... 34.95 - 26.76 odds of a hardware failure versus a Dung Beetle ...... 29.95 - 22.15 program error are very low, it may be mode is immediate. As is well known, Hadron ...... 34.95 - 26.76 worth the trouble to check your not all BASIC commands are allowed Kabul Spy ...... 34.95 - 26.76 in immediate execution mode. For in­ StarBIazer ...... 31.95 - 24.16 system now and then. Sub-Lagle Pinball ...... 29.95 - 23.96 When programming in BASIC, a stance, the INPUT and GET state­ TrackAttack ...... 29.95 - 22.15 ments are forbidden. The reason is Warp Destroyer ...... 29.95 - 22.15 third potential crash causing factor Wizardry ..2 ...... 34.95 - 26.76 must be taken into account, namely that by specifying INPUT A$ in Zork lor II ...... 39.95 - 29.85 Applesoft. Applesoft has some in­ immediate execution mode, the input Alpha Plot ...... 39.50 - 29.45 ternal bugs, most of which are well buffer would be used for two pur­ Apple Speller ...... 75.00 - 57.96 poses simultaneously. The users D.B. Master ...... 229.00 - 173.96 documented by now. However, there Data Capture 4.0 ...... 64.95 - 49.85 still are fortunately some opportun­ input on the INPUT statement is Executive Secretary ...... 250.00 - 188.86 ities to discover new mysteries. One namely also stored in the input buf­ Harne Accountant ...... 74.95 - 57.96 fer, which would have the conse­ Screenwriter II ...... , 129.95 - 99.96 of these was pointed out to me by Val Vlslcalc 3.3 ...... 250.00 - 201.16 Golding (who saw it in Softalk) and it quence that the user's input over­ Vlsltrend/Vlslpiat ...... 300.00 - 241.96 writes the sequence of instructions Zoom Gra/lx ...... 39.95 - 29.85 occurs in the following program. COD· Money Orders. Certified Checks. Personal Check Allow 2 Weeks (that were previously stored in the NYS Res. Add 725% Sales Tax. Orders Under $100, Add P&H • :;r~nUcSh~!:~;Oo~fyn~~~,' ~&SHF$u~~ ~ 5 INPUT A$:RETURN input buffer). 100 TEXT:HOME:VTAB 10:PRINT Since the GOSUB statement is • SEND FOR FREE PRICE LIST #267. "APPLESOFT ERROR" allowed in immediate execution BYTES & PIECES (516) 751-2535 mode, we have the opportunity to Box 525 Dept. G6· E. Setauket. N.Y. 11733 trick Applesoft by letting it think it is

Call -A.P.PLE. July 1982 45

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0049 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

UNRAVELING A PUZZLE AMPERGRAPH is a powerful, easy-to-use graphics utility for the Apple II Plus. AMPERGRAPH adds twenty-two Applesoft commands that allow ef­ fortless generation of professional-looking plots of It will be clear that by entering a the end of text at $203 (see column scientific or financial data. All of the necessary scal­ ing and screen formatting is accomplished with just a long string, problems will arise, for 4). Then Applesoft encounters the few, simple Applesoft lines sooner or later, Applesoft will en­ RETURN, and so pulls Textpointer Unlike most other plotting systems for the Apple II which are stand-alone systems, the AMPERGRAPH counter a RETURN statement which from the stack again. The RETURN utility provides extended BASIC graphics language transfers control back to the instruc­ macros that you can use directly in your own Ap­ handler searches for the next end of plesoft programs. The additional commands are tions that are stored in the input buf­ statement symbol which is a colon or &SCALE, &LlMIT, &AXES, &GRID, &FRAME, &LOG X, &LOG Y, &LABEL AXES, &LABEL, &VLABEL, fer. As Applesoft will find there the a (hex) zero. (Note that the RETURN &CENTER LABEL, &CENTER VLABEL, &DRAW, inputted character string rather than &PENUP, &CROSS, &OPEN SQUARE, &CLOSED handler doesn't check the characters SQUARE, &OPEN CIRCLE, &CLOSED CIRCLE, the tokenized BASIC instructions, a following the GOSUB token, so state­ &ERROR BARS, &DUM P (to dump the graph on a Silentype printer) and &' DUMP (to link with crash will usually occur. ments like: 100 GOSUB 1000 without AM PER DUMP, see below). The reason the program above a colon or 100 GOSUB 1000/3 will AMPERGRAPH uses the Applesoft ampersand machine language jump vector to link to a relocatable doesn't crash is that Applesoft is also be accepted and executed by 9K routine which normally resides above the second tricked once again, whereby use is page of high-resolution graphics in the Apple II Plus. Applesoft). SAMPLE AMPERGRAPH PROGRAM LISTING' made of the fact that Applesoft stores Because the restored textpointer to &SCALE, 0, SO, SO, t3000 a zero in the input buffer at the end of equals $201 and location $203,coP­ 15 LX$ = "TIME (SECONDS)":LY$ = "VELOCITY (CM/SEC)" each input line. tains a zero, Applesoft will thin.k that 20 &LOG Y:&LABEL AXES, 10, 10 If the end of the line is at $203. 25 LABEL$ = "VELOCITY VS. TIME":&LABEL, 30, program line 100 has been To 200 entered, the exact contents of the in­ check whether the program is fin­ 30 FOR T = 0 TO SO:&DRAW, T, 150 + TI2:NEXT T 35 FOR T = 10 TO 70 STEP 10 put buffer are as displayed in column ished, Applesoft compares the byte 40 &CLOSED SQUARE, T, (150+ TI2)·(.S + .4'RND(3)) 2 of figure 1. As can be seen, Apple­ stored in $205 with zero. Since $205 45 &ERROR BARS, 5, TI2/2 soft has stored a zero at $21A and contains the value 53, execution is 50 NEXTT:&DUMP $21C. These zeros indicate that exe­ continued. However, as Applesoft cution must be terminated since the still thinks it is running a program, it end of the instruction sequence is will treat the bytes at $204 and $205 reached. as the pointer to the next line and the ~:J ~ When executing GOSUB5 [return], bytes at $206 and $207 as the (new) Applesoft saves on the stack the current line number. The instruction ~ l+!0:1TY us mE value $201, being the current value of starting at $208 is then executed. 2 10 ~-'---'--'------'--'---'---'-"""; the textpointer. Next, the INPUT A$ Since this instruction corresponds to 10 10 30 40 ~o 60 70 TI"E (SECONDS) statement is executed and the result the last part of line 100 previously is that the inputted text ERR is entered and still present in the input stored at $200 and a zero, indicating buffer, Applesoft kindly prints AMPERDUMP is a high-resolution graphics dump utility which was written specifically to take "APPLESOFT ERROR" before con­ advantage of the graphics features of the Epson MX­ trol is returned to the user. SO and MX-l00 printers (MX-SO must have the Graftrax conversion). AMPERDUMP offers many features which are not available in other graphics dump routines: • Three horizontal magnifications (2.33, 4.66 and 6.99 inches wide) Figure 1 Contents of the input buffer after the different inputs , Nine vertical magnifications with the MX-SO (O.SS, 1.77,2.64. 3.7S, 4.25, 4.45, 5.31, 5.S7, and 7.96 inches (1) (2) (3) (4) high); and three vertical magnifications with the input MX-loo (2.64,5.31, and 7.96 inches high) buffer "after" • Horizontal and vertical magnifications can be "after" "after" "after" specified independently to produce 27 different location line 5 line 100 GOSUB5 INPUT A$ plot size formats with the MX-SO, and 9 different formats with the MX-l00 , Normal/Inverse dumps ' Fast , Adjustable horizontal tab ' Easy to use $200 INPUT TEXT GOSUB E • Compatible with AMPERGRAPH ' Relocatable $201 A : 5 R The AMPERGRAPH and AMPERDUMP graphics utilities require and Apple II Plus (or Apple II with $202 $ HOME o (EOl) R language card) with 48K and DOS 3.3. The $203 : : 85 (U) (EOT) AMPERDUMP utility requires and Epson MX-SO with o Graftrax, or an MX-loo, and one of the following $204 RETURN VTAB o (EOP) 0 interface cards: Epson, Apple, Grappler, Interactive $205 o (EOl) 1 53 (5) Structures, or Mountain Computer. 53 (5) $206 0 (EOT) AMPERGRAPH and AMPERDUMP are available from - o 0 your dealer for 530.00 each, or order direct. Include $207 o (EOP) : : : $1_50 for shipping and handling; Wisconsin residents $208 add 4% sales tax. - PRINT PRINT PRINT $209 - " " " $20A - <-- APPlESOFT ERROR--> $219 - " " " madWest $21A - o (EOl) o (EOl) o (EOl) SOFT ARE $21B - - - - $21C - o (EOP) o (EOP) o (EOP) DEP'T C P.O. Box 9822 Explanation: Madison, WI53715 EOT: End Of Text EOl: End Of Line 608-238-4875 EOP: End Of Program

46 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0050 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

MODEL GB75c VISION SO@ Typewriter Interface I·· Video Display Card Apple to IBM Electronic 50, 50, 75 Type­ writers Interface lIawe • Reads IBM keyboard in parallel with Apple keyboard • Supports the IBM code functions using an escape sequence • Types at about 13 characters per second • Full upper and lower case character • Prints from Integer or AppleS9ft programs ••e capability with 3 dot descenders • Supports the "Control I Number N" para­ • 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S. (9x11 llel line length mode sequence Europe) • Has switch selectable upper/lower case • 128 ASCII character set 1/0.60,66,78 continuous form feeE! page • BASIC. FORTRAN and Pascal languages lengths, 40+video, 80, 95, 132 character supported lin~ lengths allllle: • Z80'· and CP/M'· compatible Suggested price $225,00 • Compatible with all standard Apple'· peripherals • Shift and lock for upper and lower case PROM DEVELOPMENT • Source switches between 40x24 and SYSTEM@ 80x24 software and hardware • Rated #1 video card by Softalk and Call ••• Apple lei Suggested price $395.00 V-1000 • Menu driven program development monitor • Programs 2708, 2716, 2532, 2732 and 48016 EPROMS a • Simulates PROM from RAM (4K) • Data and address interface for operator location and control • Complete user documentation Suggested price $495.00 _1I.le Features: • Deluxe chassis with internal slide allows VISION 40© easy access • Storage capacity from 250 kilobytes to 2.5 megabytes .r.llard • Accommodates both single-sided and of apple add-ons from double-sided drives Prices: Cabinet with (2) single-sided drives staCOMPUTER w/power supply ...... $1795.00 Vi COMPANY, inc, Cabinet with (2) double-sided drives w/power supply ...... $2495.00 Softscreen programmable character/ 1317 East Edinger Cabinet w/power supply ...... $ 495.00 generator card for the Apple II computer • Allows use of DOS tool kit upper/lower Santa Ana, CA 92705 case character sets in Apple 40 column 714-953-0523 mode MODEL A800© • Permits creation of new alpha/numeric Available through your Double Density 8" Controller and graphic characters under Aminatrix -- - .... --~ • Ideal for non-English language applica­ local computer dealer. tions c COPYright 1981 Vista Computer Company. Inc ... 11 ""- ,. ,. • Compatible with most popular word 'MApple Computer Company. Inc processing software packages '''Digital Research. Inc c DeSigned by Burtronlx , "I .. Suggested price $195.00 --~=-~

0 • High speed DMA transfer of data (1 MODEL 150 micro-second/byte) Type Ahead Buffer • Documentation provided - includes theory of operation and diskettes • Uses all standard Apple DOS commands (OPEN, CATALOG. LOCK, DELETE, LOAD, ETC.) except for INIT which has Multi-function time utility for the APPLE III computer system. Contains the year of the been improved and enhanced in a Vista • up to 40 character type ahead capability century, the month, the date, the day of format routine • Enter- commands or data while your week. the hour. the minute. the second. • Compatible with Apple DOS 3.3. Pascal Apple is processing previous instructions • A countdown timer with a range of one 1.1 and CPM 2.2 (with the zao soft card by • Compatible with all Apple computers, millisecond to 999 hours. 59 minutes, Microsoft) keyboards and software 59 second. 999 milliseconds • 2K x a PROM contains Autoboot func­ • No cuts - no jumpers - no software • Selectable 12 or 24 hour time formats tions and all eight-inch floppy driver code patches required • Diagnostic error reporting allowing complete compatibility with • Includes complete instructions for quick • Fully compatible with the APPLE SOS and easy installation operating system Apple DOS 3.3 Suggested price $49.95 Suggested price $195.00 Suggested price $595.00

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0051 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0052 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 PATCHING DOS THE EASY WAY

Leighton Paul

ANY Apple users like to o - 2 on the diskette to find where Here is an example of how to customize their DOS a little the same code resides on the disk. patch DOS to avoid reloading the bit, adding patches published language card on bootup: M in Call -A.P.P.L.E. and The final steps were to use the ]LOAD DOS UPDATE other sources. For example, patches disk utility program to change the ]CALL-151 to DOS have been published to allow necessary bytes on the disk, then *BFD3:EA EA EA direct keyboard typing of the textfile boot up with it and try the patches *3DOG commands OPEN, WRITE, and out. ]RUN Mer typing RUN, the program CLOSE. Other patches prevent auto­ The following short program is a matic reloading of the language card will ask for the name of the greeting utility to greatly speed the patching program to be stored in the DOS im­ on bootup, and things like making the process. It also allows the user to greeting program a binary file or EX­ age. If it is HELLO, just type change the name of the program that HELLO, and hit return. The DOS on EC file. is automatically run on bootup. Writ­ Making a patch to DOS that is the disk will then be updated. ten for a 48K system, it uses the DOS The program should be run only permanent has usually involved file manager to store the RAM image several steps: on standard DOS 3.3 disks originally of DOS back to the disk, the same formatted with the INIT command. way that the INIT command does, Because changing the image of It should never be used on a copy­ but without reformatting the disk, or protected disk containing non­ DOS that exists in RAM memory erasing any files. is effective only until the next standard DOS. bootup, this means that the image To make patches to DOS on a This same program is also avail­ of DOS stored on tracks 0-2 of the disk, all the user needs to do is LOAD able, already typed and tested, for diskette must be changed. The DOS UPDATE, make the desired FREE by calling Telephone Software first step involved finding the patches in the RAM image of DOS, Connection's 24-hour MODEM num­ place in RAM memory where the then type RUN from BASIC. ber (213) 516-9432. ~ patch was to reside.

The next step involved using a disk utility program to read indi­ vidual tracks and sectors of tracks ~ELEPHONE SOJWARE CONNE~ ,:: lL I ST 10 REM DOS UPDATE BY LEICHTON PAUL CALL - A.P.P.L.E. ; JULY 1982 (48K APPLE ][ ONLY)

40 FOR I • 32768 TO 32822; READ A; POKE 1,A; NEXT 50 PR INT "ENTER THE NlltE OF THE CREETING PROGRAM" 55 PRINT "TO BE RUN AUTOMATICALL Y UPON BOOTING UP;" &0 PRINT; INPUT "FILENAME: "; FS

70 IF NOT LEN (FS) THEN 60 80 T. ASt ( LEFTS (Ft,l»; IF T ( 64 OR T > 90 THEM PRINT ; PRINT "ILLEGAL FILENAME!"; GOTO 60 90 POlE 32792, LEN

Call -A.P,P,LE. July 1982 49 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0053 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TOGETHER, 10CKSMITHTLTHE INSPECTOR™ AND WATSON™ GIVE YOU 'l'OTAl CONTROL OurFne~w04.1UveRrsl.oAn PPLE AND ITS DISKS. O memory and disks forward and backwards, read ~DTM is by far the most nibbles, map disk space, locate strings, the uses are reliable nibble-copy program for the endless. At your local dealer or direct- Apple. There simply is no competition. Allows THE INSPECTOR, $59.95. you to backup just about any diskette. Includes read/write Nibble Editor, Quickscan Analysis, TM Includes. such goodies Media Surface Check, Degauss and Erase, Wcatsan as scrolling screen dump, Inspector Interface and Disk-drive Speed The Inspector's Assistant disassembler that shows Calibration utilities. All for just $99.95 at your ASCII, me follower of me, track/sector list-finder by name, disk-sector lockout, disk comparer, ~ ~f local dealer or direct. much more. At your local dealer or direct­ WATSON,* $49.95.

by 1[1 fMPuts all di k ,- o.• bill~. your s f you're at all serious about programming or 1~ . . ..honl t and memory utilities I about business use of your Apple, you must \Ion:" "together where have these interactive utilities. they~ belong - inside your Apple. MasterCard and Visa Eprom or disk version is always ~ ~ A ~ holders order toll-free, at your fingertips. Search ~ V '11 v-' 1-800-835-2246.

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~16M The one 16-K memory 45-sector disk-drive emulator. At your local (lookMa, no straps!) expansion card for dealer or direct for just $34.95. your Apple that requires no unnecessary surgery: THE This board just plugs in with no strap or additional ~fM connections. In spite of its quality, the Ramex-16™ ~ If you use VisiCalc'·, costs just $139.95, complete with a one year , i· then you must have limited warranty. i: THE CONSOliDATOR. It will save you hours of keyboard time, by allowing ~ . Acomplete turnkey you to manipulate totals of separate mes without ~ memory management reentering them. Easy to use, invaluable to • ., -I system on a disk- own. Just $49.95 at your dealer or direct. I~ -- T'!..., using either one or two ,lll three of these together help make your Apple 16K cards. HmOS™ loads DOS onto one RAM d a more complete business system - giving card and with the second card loads an you expanded memory, extra convenience, alternate language onto another. sure control. MasterCard SOliDOS™ turns a 16K and Visa holders order card into a fast, toll-free, 1-800-835-2246.

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Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0054 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

CALL -A.P.P.L.E. TECHNIOUE: IMBEDDING MACHINE CODE IN APPLESOFT PROGRAM FILES William J. Cheeseman

HERE are at least four tech­ This article discusses a modifica­ 1) At the Beginning niques commonly in use to tion of the DATA statement READ/ The first example, Listing #1, "imbed" machine code rou­ POKE approach, which overcomes generates the machine code at the Ttines in an Applesoft program these disadvantages. It is based on beginning of the Applesoft program, file: (1) Linear POKEing, (2) READ­ the realization that a READ/POKE then raises the start of program ing a DATA statement and POKEing loop may be allowed to overwrite the pointer over it. This has the apparent in a loop, (3) the S.H. Lam string DATA statement and related routines effect of "deleting" the first few method, and (4) the "transparent" without interrupting execution of the Applesoft lines, which will be method of inserting machine code in generating loop. Thus, the DATA modified as machine code is POKEd an artificial gap created between the statement itself, which is used only into them. No effort to preserve the end of the program and the end of once, can become the final location of integrity of line numbers and line program pointer. See "All About the machine code routine. There will number pointers in this pre-empted Applesoft, " Call-A.P.P.L.E. In Depth always be enough room, because area is needed, because Applesoft No.1, pp.29-30. each element of the DATA statement line searches will always start with While in a sense the seed of the occupies at least two bytes (a digit the raised start of program pointer. machine code routine resides in the and a comma), but generates only one Subsequent program listings will not Applesoft program, these four tech­ byte of machine code. In this manner, show the modified area, which will niques have in common the feature the Applesoft program can be loaded appear to have disappeared (much that the final machine code resides at and listed to reveal the machine code like the "transparent" method). some location outside of the Apple­ generating routines, but no space is Raising the start of program soft program itself. The first three wasted when the machine code they pointer over an area at the beginning allow selection of any unused generate is POKEd into the midst of of the program is not new. See memory location, such aspage 3. The the Applesoft program file. This "Pointers on Pointers", Call last requires that the machine code, makes available a virtually unlimited -A.P.P.L.E. vol. V; no. 1, p. 75. generated independently, appear im­ number of memory locations for However, I have introduced one mediately following the Applesoft short, relocatable machine code rou­ refinement which not only buries the program in memory. In none of them tines, which do not interfere with use unneeded lines, but also buries. the is the Applesoft program modified in of page three and other desirable undertaker, so to speak. Line 30 of any way, but instead continues to scratch areas. Furthermore, if the Listing #1 uses the OLDTXT pointer reside in memory in its original form. machine code is POKEd into the at $79, $7 A (dec 121, 122) to locate The machine code is not really "im­ beginning of the Applesoft program at the pointer to the next line, POKEs bedded" in the Applesoft program. $801, nonrelocatable code can be used. the latter pointer directly into the Each of these techniques has This technique is possible because start of program pointer, TXTTAB, some disadvantages. The first three the READing of DATA statements is at $67, $68 (dec 103, 104). Thus, sub­ waste memory, in the sense that the controlled by a zero page pointer sequent listings will show the pro­ Applesoft routines which generate which references absolute memory gram as beginning at the next line, the machine code normally remain in locations, automatically incrementing line 40. Lines 1 through 30 will have memory, unused, after they have as each DATA element is READ. disappeared from view. This is completed their task of loading the Once the pointer has found the cleaner than the method described machine code. Furthermore, if you DATA token and moved beyond it, in "Pointers on Pointers", which want to use a lot of small code the DATA token and following left the "undertaker" line visible as routines, appropriate locations can elements can be overwritten without the first line of the modified pro­ soon be in short supply. The "trans­ interrupting the functioning of the gram. In addition, it avoids an ap­ parent" method does not suffer from pointer. The pointer always stays parent bug which may cause the these shortcomings, but it is singularly ahead of the POKEd machine code. "Pointers on Pointers" technique to uninformative to anyone examining All of the examples listed and fail on page boundaries. the Applesoft listing - there is no discussed below create a trivial hint that machine code lurks in the machine code routine for demonstra­ file. Also, if editing of the Applesoft tion purposes: JSR $DB5A, JMP program is contemplated, relocatable $D7D2. When CALLed by the pro­ machine code must be used. The gram, it executes an Applesoft inter­ machine code must be generated by nal routine which prints a question an assembler or some other device mark to the screen, then calls a extrinsic to the Applesoft program. routine which continues execution of the next Applesoft statement.

Call -AP.P.L.E. July 1982 51 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0055 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

IMBEDDING CODE IN APPLESOFT FILES Placing the machine code at the just as easily have been incorporated statement aimed at the next line, so beginning of the program has the ad­ directly into line 30, but they should the rest of the line will simply be vantage of allowing use of nonrelo­ be subroutines if you have more than bypassed on subsequent passes. It is eatable code, since the code will one machine code routine to generate.) easy enough to POKE the GOTO always start at $800 (assuming the Line 30 uses FN ADR(121) to calcu­ token (171) and a null byte (0) or Applesoft program is loaded at the late the address of the null byte at the ASCII colon (58) signalling the end of normal location). CALL 2048 will end of the prior program line, using the statement, but how to generate always execute the machine language the pointer OLDTXT at $79, $7A the right line number? This can be routine. In addition, this is at the (dec 121, 122). An offset (in this ex­ done with Applesoft routines, but the beginning of a page of memory. With ample, 9) is added to place the begin­ overhead is extensive. The gimmick careful counting of bytes, additional ning of the machine code routine, A, used here is to start the line with the nonrelocatable routines can be stacked well into the line (for reasons to be statement "IF [next line number] up in this area. The self-modified described). The programmer must THEN ... " Thus the GOTO token Applesoft program can be rerun supply the correct offset, as well as can be POKEd over the IF token, and without reloading as often as desired the length, L, of the machine code the null byte or colon can be POKEd - the machine code need not be routine, which is needed to control over the THEN token. The correct regenerated because it is already the READ/POKE loop. Note that line number remains in place, as there from the first run. Note that the variables A and L will have the cor­ supplied originally by the program­ start of program pointer and the rect values to be used with BSA VE mer. Applesoft treats any positive null byte at $800 should nor­ and other DOS file commands. In integer as a Boolean "true" value, so mally be reset before loading another addition, the programmer must supply the IF ... THEN statement will program - either by POKEing from the proper negative offset in line 110 cause the rest of the line to be exe­ an exit routine in your program, (in this case, -4). cuted the first time through. On the POKEing manually, typing "FP," or Because of the way Applesoft second pass, it will have become a rebooting. However, if you wish to executes, it is necessary to provide a GOTO ... , which will bypass the use the same machine code routines means for the program to bypass the (now modified) remainder of the line. with the next program, you can simply machine code after it has been This leaves one task, to accommo­ load it without resetting the pointer. generated, before the program circles date line numbers of differing This same technique should work back to re-execute this section. (If lengths. The proper offsets must be with the S.H. Lam string method as this section will not be executed supplied by the programmer, as well, since the real string is usually in again, the remainder of this discus­ described above. Bearing in mind high string memory space by the time sion can be ignored and the house­ that the defined FN ADR (121) the POKE loop begins to overwrite keeping routines can be omitted.) returns the memory location of the the program line which creates the The problem is this: Once the last byte of the prior line, the loca­ string variable assignment. machine code has been generated, on tions of the needed POKEs can be a subsequent pass through this sec­ counted on this basis: add four bytes 2) Scattered Hither and Yon tion, the program would try to inter­ for the program line number and the Alternatively, the machine code pret it as Applesoft statements and pointer to the next line, add one byte routines and their generating DATA generate a syntax or logic error. for the IF token, add one byte for statement READ/POKE loops can be Three solutions are possible. One each digit in the next line number, scattered throughout your Applesoft is to POKE the Applesoft token for add one byte for the THEN token, program. This requires a little more REM (178) into the first byte of the and add one byte to get to "A", overhead, but may be useful in com­ line. Then subsequent passes will where the machine code starts. The plex programs. It has the advantage ignore the rest of the line, thinking it negative offset in line 110 is ob­ of leaving the start of program is a comment. This method does tained by counting backwards from pointer in its normal location. work; it obviates the need to calculate "A" to the IF token, where a GOTO However, under most circumstances, offsets; and it is shorter. However, I token will be POKEd. relocatable code must be used, and dislike the approach. For one thing, a POKEing a null byte in place of the location of the code must be listing of the program after execution the THEN token fools the Applesoft calculated and preserved in a variable is unsightly, since the machine code listing routine into believing it is the so it can be CALLed later. Because bytes are printed as a "comment" end of the line. Thus, listing the pro­ this variable would be cleared, the after the REM. They appear as a gram after it has been run hides the program cannot be rerun unless it is combination of garbage and the un­ machine code. See the "after execu­ first reloaded. (The value of the modified balance of the Applesoft tion" version of Listing #2. If the colon variable, however, may be preserved statements. Worse, the machine code (ASCII 58) were used, the technique by POKEing the high and low bytes is expanded in the listing because it is would still work but the machine into an unused zero page location and interpreted as if it were Applesoft code would list as garbage, just as it subsequently restoring the variable in tokens, and the resulting line might does if REM is used. a second program with PEEKs.) be longer than the maximum permis­ You can see that the machine The "before" version of Listing sible Applesoft line. code is present by editing, adding or #2 demonstrates the technique. Line A better approach (or at least deleting a line in the program after it 30 is the key. (Lines 10 and 110 could more pleasing) is to POKE a GOTO is run once, then listing it again.

52 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0056 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

16K RAM EXPANSION BOARD FOR THE APPLE II * SI ZO.OO The Andromeda 16K RAM Expansion Board Now with One Year Warranty. allows your Apple to use RAM memory in place of the BASIC Language ROMs giving you up to 64K of programmable memory. Separate Applesoft* or Integer BASIC ROM cards are no longer needed. The 16K RAM Expansion Board works with the Microsoft 2-80 card, Visicalc. DOS 3-3, Pascal, Fortran, Pilot. and other ~fk~919852-1482 P.O. Box 19144 software. A switch on the card selects either Price for Andromeda J 6K RAM the RAM language or the mainboard ROMs expansion board now only $ 120.00. when you reset your Apple. Please add $ 5 for Shipping and The Andromeda 16K RAM Expansion handling. North Carolina residents Board has a proven record for reliability with thousands of satisfied customers. == add 4% sales tax. • *DEALER INOUIRIES WELCOME. Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0057 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 TiDle and Money Our software saves you both.

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Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0058 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

IMBEDDING CODE IN APPLESOFT FILES This regenerates the linked list of Finally, if the machine code Note that the S.H. Lam string line pointers, and Applesoft inter­ generator is placed in a subroutine, technique cannot conveniently be prets the first few bytes of machine the IF ... THEN gimmick and all of used in this "hither and yon" fashion, code as a line number. See line 19675 these offset calculations can be avoided. since you normally will not know what of the "after editing" version of Merely POKE a RETURN token into starting memory location to specify. If Listing #2. For this reason, it is the first byte of the line and a null you are willing to calcula te the mem· important to be careful while devel­ into the second byte, and POKE the ory location once editing has been oping or editing any program which machine code starting with the third completed, however, it should work. uses these tricks. It can be helpful to byte. Then on subsequent passes the insert a REM at the beginning of the call to this subroutine will simply ~ line during development, to prevent it return without doing anything. See from executing. Listing #3. ]LIST JLIST LISTING 12 (AFTER EXECUTION) 1 REM * * lit READ POINTER FUNCT I ON * * * LISTING 1 10 DEF FN ADR(X) = PEEK (X) + 10 DATA 32,90,219,76,210,215 PEEK (X + 1) lit 256 20 FOR I = 2048 TO 2053: READ B: 20 REM POKE I,B: NEXT 30 PTR = PEEK <121> + PEEK (122 tTHIS IS A CHUNK OF YOUR PROGRAM] ) '/( 256 + 1: POKE 103, PEEK 30 GOTO 40 (PTR): POKE 104, PEEK (PTR + 40 PRINT lOA = "A", L ="L: CALL A 1) 40 REM 50 PRINT : PRINT "THE TEST WAS S UC'CESSFUL IF YOU SEE A '? II, tTHE REST OF YOUR PROGRAM] 60 REM

50 CALL 2048 tTHIS IS MORE OF YOUR PROGRAM] 60 PRINT: PRINT "THE TEST \JORKE 70 END: REM D IF YOU SEE A '1' 70 END ' *** CODEPOKER SUBROUTINE *** 110 FOR I = A TO A + L - 1: READ B: POKE I,B: NEXT : POKE A - 4,171: POKE A - 1,0: RETURN

lLIST lLIST 1 REM 1 REM LISTING 12 (BEFORE) LISTING 12 (AFTER MORE EDITING)

**lIt READ POINTER FUNCTION *** * 11 * READ POINTER FUNCTION 111 11"11 10 DEF FN ADR(X) = PEEK (X) + 10 DEF FN ADR(X) = PEEK (X) + + lit PEEK (X 1) 256 PEEK (X + 1) lit 256 20 REM 20 REM

tTHIS IS A CHUNK OF YOUR PROGRAMl [THIS IS A CHUNK OF YOUR PROGRAMl 30 IF 40 THEN A = FN ADR<121> + 30 GOTO 40 9:L • 6: DATA 32,90,219,76, 210,215: GOSUB 110: REM (TH 19675 SCN SCRN( (121) + 9:L = 6: IS LINE WILL BE MODIFIED> DATA 32,90,219,76,210,215: 40 PRINT "A :: "A", L = "L: CALL COSUB 110: REM (THIS LINE A WILL BE MODIFIED> 50 PRINT: PRINT "THE TEST \JAS S 40 PRINT "A = "A", L = "L: CALL UCCESSFUL IF YOU SEE A '1"' 60 REM A 50 PRINT: PRINT liTHE TEST \JAS S UCCESSFUL IF YOU SEE A '1"' tTHIS IS MORE OF YOUR PROGRAM] 60 REM 70 END: REM [THIS IS MORE OF YOUR PROCRAMl 10 END: REM *** CODE POKER SUBROUTINE *** 110 FOR I .. A TO A + L - 1: READ *111111 CODEPOKER SUBROUTINE 11111111 B:POKEI,B: NEXT: POKE A - 4 110 FOR I == A TO A + L - 1: READ ,171: POKE A - 1,0: RETURN B: POKE I,B: NEXT: POKE A - 4,171: POKE A - 1,0: RETURN

Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 55 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0059 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Get MORE out of VISICALC With IMBEDDING CODE t'!0f100 lLIST [!o~~~ILi~w'J REM V-UTILITY CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING APPLE II ALL PROGRAMS AVAILABLE PROGRAMS THAT EXPAND THE USE OF VISICALC. SEPARATELY $39.95 EACH LISTINC 13 PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING SELECTION OF OVERLAYS TO LOAD ON TO THE VISICALC SHEET. MOVING AVERAGES, EXPOTENTIAL *** READ POINTER FUNCTION *** SMOOTHING EQUATIONS, STOCK AND COMMODITY 10 DEF FN ADR(X) PEEK (X) + TREND EQUATIONS, DATE COLUMNS FOR DAYS MARKET IS OPEN. A REAL TIME SAVER. PEEK (X + 1) * 256 20 REM THIS PROGRAM AUTOMATICALLY INPUTS DATA FROM A VISICALC COLUMN, PERFORMS AUTO SCALING THEN PLOTS EITHER 1 OR 2 COLUMNS [THIS IS A CHUNK OF YOUR PROGRAM] ON A REGULAR LINE PRINTER (GRAPHICS PRINTER NOT REQUIRED). IDEAL FOR QUICK ANALYSIS OF UP TO 254 NUMERICAL DATA 30 COSUB 90 POINTS. 40 PRINT "A = "A", L = "L: CALL PROGRAM COLLECTS DATA AUTOMATICALLY A FROM THE VISICALC COLUMN AND CALCULATES NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION, CORRELATION 50 PRINT PRINT "THE TEST \liAS S COEFFICIENT, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, CHI2 UCCESSFUL IF YOU SEE A 11111 TEST AND T-TEST. YOU SELECT THE COLUMNS FOR DATA ENTRY AND SPECIFY THE ROW' TO 60 REM START AND ROW' TO END DATA COLLECTION.A VALUAHLE PROGRAM FOR MANUFACTURING, ENGINEERING, EDUCATION, AND STOCK [THIS IS MORE OF YOUR PROGRAM] ANALYSIS. PROGRAM IS EASY TO OPERATE. 80 END: REM WITH THIS PROGRAM YOU MAY SELECT THOSE COLUMNS YOU WANT TO PRINT AND PLACE THEM IN ANY ORDER YOU SELECT. A VERY FLEXIBLE * * * 'UNDERTAKER' SUBROUTINE * * * VISICALC PRINTING UTILITY. 90 A FN ADR<.121) + 7:L = 6: DATA 32,90,219,76,210,215: COSUB 110: RETURN : REM (THIS LIN WID~£mwM ~€IDTIFW&rnrn E "'ILL BE MODIFIED> 12343 12TH ST· YUCAIPA·CA·92399 100 REM PHONE (7141 797-6331 *** CODEPOKER SUBROUTINE *** APPLE II is a Trademark of APPLE COMPUTER INC 110 FOR I = A TO A + L - 1: READ VISICALC is a Trademark of PERSONAL SOFTWARE INC B: POKE I,B: NEXT: POKE A - DOS 3.2 OR DOS 3.3 2,177: POKE A - 1,0: RETURN

DOUBLETIME PRINTER W.P.) is an extremely thorough and extensive pacl~age, which can easily pay for itself in a matter of weel~s in computer time savings. Until now, whenever the Apple was outputting infor­ mation to a printer, it was "out of commission" until the printing was done. Because most printers ore rather • Files can be FORMAlTED when deSired to include slow, this can mean a loss of use of the computer ranging margins, paging and even variable number of copies. 5 to 10 minutes to an hour or more. • Files can be prioritized so that other users can add D.P. now liberates your Apple from being "printer­ their files to a disl~ette while printing is in progress. bound" by allowing the computer to essentially do two Urgent files can supercede earlier files placed on things at once. With D.P. installed you'll be able to the disl~. continue using many programs in the "foreground" while • DOUBLETIME PRINTER is supplied with a special F8 the printer faithfully prints out the desired files in the ROM (under special license from Apple Computer, "background" . Inc.) and an interrupt driver interface card. Both are D.P. is more than just a simple interrupt driven utility simple to install by either end·user or dealer. though. Over a year of development has gane into SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: 48K Apple 11/11+ with DOS :3.:3 producing a complete and integrated pacl~age with a wide voriety of functions and features, A few of these are: Apple. Apple II. Apple 11+ are rrademarks of Apple Com purer. Inc. SDutnwesteAn data sYstems'· P.O, BOX 582 • SANTEE, CALIFORNIA 92071 • 714/562-3670

Call -A.P.P,LE, JulY 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0060 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

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ALL YOU NEED TO EXTEND • Easy-PatCh No. maChine language knewledge is necessary - beginners can use it. YOUR APPLESOFT BASIC. • Excellent tuteria.1 step by step manual. Written APPLE SPICE is a set ef fast, in easy to. understand English. assembly language reutines that alleviate APPLE SPIC~ is net cepyprotected. Yeu seme ef the drudgery ef writing pregrams may include APPLE SPICE in yo.ur cemmercial programs witheutadditienal charge. Just men­ in Applesoft BASIC. APPLE SPICE allews tien you used APPLE SPICE en yeur title screen yeu to. cencentrate mere en yeur pregram and in yo.ur decumentien. logic and less en things like "prettifying" APPLE SPICE cernes with a clearly written the screen and detecting keybeard entry hands-en manual (52 pages) that explains every errors. APPLE SPICE also. greatly ex­ feature in detail. All ef the examples listed in the pands Appleseft's capabilities by adding manual are included en the APPLE SPICE diskette, as well as some user-friendly pro.­ features feund in many larger BASICs grams that make it a snap to. change APPLE such as PRINT USING, STRING SEARCH SPICE'S parameters and to. relecate APPLE "Let your Apple II take car. 01 the (INSTR), IF-THEN-ELSE, and LINE INPUT. SPICE to. where YOU want it in memery. details so you can Just programl"

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Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0061 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

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Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0062 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

CALL -A'p.P.LE. TECHNIOUE: DYNAMIC LOADING AND LINKING

John L. Shanks

HERE are a number of ways The code used in this procedure Preamble to link machine code to Apple­ consists of a short loader program, It is desirable to be able to load a soft Basic programs, and some written in BASIC, which may be number of machine code files, with Tof these were discussed in the embedded in the BASIC code, a the first being loaded at the address June, 1979 issue of Call -A.P.P.L.E. linker routine which is run as a part of Fl found by subroutine 63999. The ("Hiding Out in Basic," by Val J. the initialization of the BASIC pro­ second one, of course, should be loaded Golding, p. 5, and "The Basic-6502 gram, and a machine code preamble right above the first, and the third Linker," by Andy Hertzfield, p. 7). In which is appended to each machine right above that, and so on, so we particular, I would like to present an code file to be loaded. need to know the length of each file extension of the technique of append­ This procedure hinges on the one­ loaded. Also, this information has to ing machine code to the top of the line BASIC subroutine, be available to the running program Applesoft program. This is also called so it knows where to link into the the "transparent" method, and is fur­ 63999 F1 = PEEK(121) + 256 machine code. For this purpose, I ther discussed by Val Golding in Call *PEEK(122) + 34: RETURN; propose to use a machine code rou­ -A.P.P.L.E. in Depth, no. 1, pg. 30, which is a slight modification of the tine at the beginning of each file, the as well as William Cheeseman in this code presented by Mark Cross in his "preamble" mentioned above. The issue. article "Appending Machine Lan­ purpose of the preamble is twofold; By putting the machine code on guage to BASIC," p.60 of the June, first, to move the end-of-program and top of the BASIC, and then changing 1981 issue of Call -A.P.P.L.E. This beginning-of-variable pointers from the various "top-of-program" and must be the last statement of the pro­ the beginning of the machine code "beginning-of-variables" pointers, gram, as it is used to find the first file to the end of the machine code the machine code becomes a part of available free memory location after file, and secondly, to provide loca­ the BASIC. Hence, the machine code the last BASIC statement. Fl is the tions where the BASIC program can is saved and loaded with the BASIC. location at which we wish to load our find the information it needs to ac­ Also, the BASIC editor will automati­ first machine code file. cess the machine code. cally move the machine code up and down in memory when changes are made to the BASIC statements. This points out one problem with this technique. The machine language code must be relocatable, since you have no control over where it is loaded, and it may be moved after it is loaded. BY CASES, INC. However, there are coding techniques to overcome this restriction, and I DESIGNED TO PROTEG YOUR COMPUTER believe the procedure is quite useful. The extensions in this article Features - allow you to load and link any • Aigid Shell Made of Plywood number of machine code files to an Supported High Impact ABS. Applesoft program. Each file may • Shock Aesistant Foam lining. have any number of entry points, or • Heavy Duty Hardware other locations which must be accessed Includes Key Locking Latches from BASIC. Since the linking is • Bound Metal Edges. dynamic and occurs at the time the • Interlocking Tongue and BASIC program is run, the entry Groove Extrusion. Mating lid points are picked up automatically. and Bottom. Also, the machine code may be main­ Apple II Plus 2 Drives $175.00 tained separately from the BASIC code, and no changes are required to OTHEA be made in the BASIC code when up­ MODELS dated machine code files are loaded. AVAILABLE Furthermore, the machine code files may be either executable code or data files, such as "shape tables." CLUB AND DEALEA DI~OUNTS AVAILABLE CASES. INC. P.O. Box 33820 Seattle. WA 98133 (206) 365-5210

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 59

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0063 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

DYNAMIC LOADING AND LINKING

Listing A shows the preamble. DA ENTRY1 - ORG is "BLOADed" from the disk to that The MVPTRS routine fetches the DA ENTRY2 - ORG location. Instead ofthe "file 1 name", end-of-program address from the DA ENTRY3 - ORG, etc. use the actual name of the machine EOP location, adds the length of the These are the addresses of all the en­ code as it is saved on disk. machine code, and stores the result in try points in this file, relative to the Now that the file is loaded, it is the locations EOP, SVSTRT, origin, or load point of the file. There necessary to move the program ARSTRT, AND ENSTOR. These may be up to sixty-two of these entry pointers. This is done by the machine locations may be found in several point addresses in the table, but the code preamble which is CALLed at references, including Call first item in the table must be DA = location Fl. However, the variable -A. P.P. L.E. in Depth, referenced FILEND - ORG. F1 has been destroyed by BLOADing above, and the publication What's the machine code file, so it is Where in the Apple, by W. F. Lueb­ LOADER necessary to pick up that address by bert. Each machine code file should Given that every file to be loaded CALLing the value previously saved contain this code. The operational now contains the preamble code, we at locations 175 and 176. code should be inserted between the can now design the loader. An exam­ If there were only one file to load, MVPTRS routine and the FILEND ple of a loader is shown in lines this would be the only statement re­ = '" statement. With the Big Mac 63990-63993 of Listing B. In this ex­ quired in the loader. Statement 63991 Assembler, it is a simple matter to ample, four machine code files are shows how the next file is loaded. append the operational source code being loaded. Since we want the first Since the CALL to the preamble to the preamble, and move the file to be loaded at the address right moves the pointers to the top of the FILEND = '" statement to the end of first file, it is sufficient to simply the program. above the last BASIC statement, the first statement executes a "GOSUB BLOAD the second file to the ad­ One other change is required in 63999," which sets F1 equal to that dress now contained in locations 175 the assembler program. Following location. Next, since we know that and 176. A CALL to that address the DA = FILEND -ORG should be the preamble requires that the "top­ executes the preamble in the second a list of entry points for that file in the of-program" pointer contain that file and moves all the required form same address, it is POKEd into loca­ BASIC pointers. This continues for tions 175 and 176. Then the first file all the machine code files which need to be loaded. ASM 1 % • ••• LISTING A ••• 3 • 4 • PREAMBLE FOR LOADING AND LINKING S a MACHINE CODE TO BASIC 6 7 • 8 SVSTRT• 169 9 ARSTRT ·• $6B 10 ENSTOR t6D 11 EOP ·• tAr 12 • 13 ORG • • 14 • 8000: II 15 START CLV iReslt the V bit 8001: SO 02 16 BVe MVPTRS iBranch alway. 17 18 • LINKING ADDRESSSES TABLE 19 8003: IF 00 ZO * DA PRGEND-ORG U • U • Add re1ati •• addre ••• s of .ntry pOints h.r. Z3 a in tbe following foraat Z4 • %5 • DA ENTRYI-0RG 26 * DA ENTRY! -ORC Z7 • DA ENTRY3-0RG U * DA ENTRY4-0RC U • (UP TO n ENTRY POINTS) 30 31 * 32 • This routine .oves the Applesoft protraa pointer. 33 * to the end of the mach i ne code. I t assume. tha t 34 • the loading addre •• of this file i. a.ailable in the 35 • End-Of-Prograa (EOP) looation 36 37 • 8005: A5 AF 38 KVPTRS* LDA EOP ;Get tbe aaohine ood. starting LaC 8007: 11 39 CtC jas loaded by BASIC

60 Call -A.P.P.LE. Julv 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0064 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

1001 69 IF 40 AOC t(PRCEND-ORC iadd the cod. l.nvth 8001 8S AF 41 STA EOP iput in Appl •• oft EOP location, loDe IS " 4Z STA SVSTRT i.i_ple variable Itart addr ••• , 800E IS &B 43 STl ARSTRT iarray spac •• tart addr ••• , and 1010 IS 60 44 STA ENSTOR ;end of numeric storav. addr •••. 45 1012 AS 10 46 * LOA EOP+1 ;C.t the Hi byte 8014 69 00 47 AOC t>PRCEND-ORC iadd the Hi byte 1016 8S 80 48 STA EOP+l ;and .av. it 8011 85 U 49 STA SVSTRT+1 1011 15 6C 50 STA ARSTRT+1 80 It 85 6E 51 STA ENSTOR+ 1 101£ 60 5Z RTS iReturn to callinv provra_ 53 t 54 - Th. operational user cod. voe. here 55 t 56 -ENTRY1 XXI XXXI 57 58 * 59 -* RTS 60 BUSINESS AUTHORS WANTED 61 *ENTRYZ* XII XIXI 62 (APPLE AND IBM P.C.) 63 * 64 * RTS If you have written Business Software for the Apple 65 * Computer, or the IBM personal computer, Westware, Inc., 66 *ENTRY* 3 IIX IXXI would like to hear from you. 67 * Westware, Inc., offers national advertising, experienced 68 * documentation writing, and software support. If you 69 * RTS are interested in nationally marketing your business 70 product, write: 71 --ENTRY4 XII XIXI 72 WESTWARE SOFTWARE, INC. 73 * 2455 S. W. 4th Avenue, Suite #2 74 * RTS Ontario, OR 97914 75 * 76 t* 77 PRCEND • *

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Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 61

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0065 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

DYNAMIC LOADING AND LINKING

It is important to note that the The statement at 10000 just Finally, there are extensions to loader is terminated by an "END" defines a double word PEEK func­ this procedure which could be con­ statement. The loader is a stand­ tion to cut down on having to type so sidered. For example, the loader alone program. It is only run to in­ many asterisks and parentheses. At could be made into an EXEC, rather itially load the machine code files on 10010, the GOSUB 63999 finds the than put right into the program. Also, top of the BASIC code. Thereafter, beginning of the first machine file, if sufficient memory space is saved the BASIC may be saved, loaded, which was loaded there by the loader. above the BASIC program, dynamic changed, etc., and the machine code To find the beginning of the second loading could be used by loading in files will still be a part of the pro­ file, we need to know the length of only those machine code files which gram. The loader need be run again the first file. Recall that this informa­ are needed, at the time they are only if there has been some change in tion is the first item of the address called by the BASIC code. the machine code, or if for some table of the preamble of machine File reason the machine code section of 1. We know where that is. It must be SUMMARY the BASIC program gets clobbered. three locations up from the beginning The procedure presented here If no such occurrences are antici­ of File 1. Therefore, by PEEKing at provides a general approach to pated, the loader code may be deleted the double word at F1 + 3, we get the loading and linking machine code to from the program after the machine length of File 1. Hence, the address Applesoft. It tends to modularize the code files have been loaded. of the second file can be obtained program development, so that the from BASIC programmer does not need to LINKER F2 = F1 + FN PK(F1 +3) become directly involved in the The linker code is a part of the machine code development. He only BASIC program and must be run Thus we continue to find the begin­ needs to know the names of the somewhere in the program before the ning of each of the machine code files machine code files, and the order in machine code is required by the which were loaded by the loader. which the entry points are listed in BASIC. Listing B also shows an After finding the beginning of the address linking tables. On the example of a linker. each file, we need to know the loca­ other hand, the machine coder can tion of the various entry points in develop and maintain the assembler each of the files. As an example, it programs without too much concern was assumed that File 1 had two en­ about impact on the BASIC program ATTENTION try points, File 2 had four entry (unless functional specificatons points, and both Files 3 and 4 each change). The new machine code, SOFTWARE AUTHORS had only one entry point. Lines after being loaded by the special 10050-10120 show how these ad­ loader, is automatically linked when dresses are obtained. the BASIC program is run. The com­ We will assume that the entry plete program can be saved and used points are listed in the linking ad­ until new machine code needs to be dress table in ascending order, as loaded. shown in Listing A. Each address re­ To implement the system, the quires two bytes, so the relative ad­ BASIC programmer needs to add the dress of Entry 1 of File 1 will be found line 63999 to the end of his program, at F1 + 5, Entry2 at F1 + 7, etc. Lines and write the loader and linker for his 10050-10060 pick up the two entry application. The machine coder points in the machine File 1. needs to append the preamble code to As we indicated above, File 2 has each of his files, making sure the Cortland Data Systems four entry points, and line 10070- FILEND = ... statement is at the end 10100 get the addresses of those. of each, and that all the entry points Let our team of professionals These are all entry points in machine are entered into the address linking design, package and distribute code File 2, so the base address is F2 tables. your software creatio!,!s. Royal­ now instead of F1. Lines 10110 and The following steps will put the ties paid monthly. 10120 get the single entry points for loader and linker into operation: If you have a quality software files 3 and 4. product, call or write us today Listing B illustrates a particular 1. Load the BASIC program. for a free authors kit or send us example, but in general, if FS(J) indi­ 2. Insert the disk containing all a machine readable copy of your cates the starting address of machine the machine code files to be work. All submitted programs File J, and EP(I,J) indicates the Ith loaded. will be reviewed in strictest con­ entry point of File J, then the follow­ 3. Run the loader program in the fidence. ing equations hold: BASIC code. P.O. Box 14414 F5(1) = F1 (From GOSUB 63999) Now the program can be run, saved, Chicago, IL. 60614 F5(J + 1) = F5(J) + FN PK(F5(J) + 3), FOR J = 1,2,3,... , loaded, and/or changed, without any Telephone: 312-929-7727 EP(I,J) = f5(J) + FN PK(F5(J) + further need to run the loader. t!i 3 + 2*1).

62 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0066 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

USTING B LOGO 10 REM © M.I.T. LOAD AND LINKER SUBROUTINES App.nding machin. fil •• to FP Krell's LOGO for APPLE 11* Includes: our new low price and II, John L. Shants Call -A.P.P.L.E. : July 1981 1 Two copies of Krell S LOGO for Apple 11* 2. A UTILITY disk containing M I Ts extremely valuable dem­ 9999 REM onstration material. a s.eries of pre-defined shapes which may be substituted for the LOGO TURTLE. and Krells timesaving library LINKER SUBROUTINE of pre-defined procedures 3 ALICE IN LOGOLANO. a twenty program tutorial series for To •• run as part of the intermediate and experienced programmers new to the LOGO program initialilation language 4. The technical manual LOGO for Apple 11* by H. Abelson & 10000 DEF FN (PK>l = PEEK (I) + L Klotz ThiS is the offiCial technical manual Issued by MIT 25& * PEEK (I + 1): REM" 5 LOGO FOR THE APPLE 11* by Harold Abelson. Byte Books A complete iilstrucllonal manual for intermediate and advanced Find the Itarti~9 addr.s ••• for users of LOGO .ach machine file 6 THE ALICE IN LOGOLAND PRIMER. a step by step. lavishly illustrated introducllon to LOGO for those who are new to both 10010 COSUB 63999 programming and to LDGO. (available in May and sent free to 10010 F2 • Fl + FN PK(FI + 3) all purchasers of Krell's LOGO for Apple 11*) 1 0 0 3 0 F3 • F2 + FN PK (F1 + 3) 7 A comprehensive wall chart that portrays explainS and graph­ 10040 F4 • F3 + FN PK(F3 + 3): REH ically illustrates the LOGO commands in acllon 8. A one-years free Subscription to the LOGO & EDUCATIONAL Find all the entry point. COMPUTING NEWSLETTER. (Regularly S3000 per year) A new file t ... two ."try points authoritative source of informatIOn about the structure. classroom application and capabilities of LOGO. plus an up to the minute forum 10050 El • Fl + FN PK(FI + 5) on the most significant new Ideas and issues in educational 10060 E2 • Fl + FN PK(FI + 7): REH compullng $149.95 Filt 2 ... four entry points College Board SAT· Prep Series TRS-80. APPLE. PEl. ATARI, CP/M. PDP-ll Based on past 10070 E3 • F2 + FN PI Examination Board or th. Educadonal Tf'Sttreg ~ ... Krf'1I is, how~1 a supplier of products to the £.T.S. N.V.S. residents add salH tax PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR THE TRS80. APPLE II, PET 8< ATARI ·Tra

Call -A.P'p.LE. Jufy 1982 63

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0067 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 ______ntroducing low cost, Apple 1-----, compatible disk drives 40-track drive with half-tracking for only $375.00

Easy to install Eight colors to choose from Simple plug-in with no additional wiring or The drive cabinet is available in a standard power supply required. Apple offwhite, lime green, dark green, bright orange, computer blue, brilliant yellow, black Complete Apple II compatibility or chrome. 40-track, 5'/4 inch drive that runs 3.3 DOS, PASCAL or CP/M (Apple disk controller Complete Disk Drive System required). For only $375, you get the 5'/. inch disk drive, color coordi­ Full Warranty and nated cabinet, and cable. Or, Service there's a dual drive system that gO-day warranty plus serv­ includes dual 40-track disk ice center for out-of-warranty drives, cabinets, Apple disk service. controller, and cables for only $850.00. For further information, or to order the Apple II compatible disk drives, call or write:

2 INTERFACE, INC. Dealer and quantity discounts available upon request 7630 Alabama Ave., Unit 3 MasterCard, VISA or COD orders accepted. Apple and Apple II Canoga Park, CA 91304 I are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. (213) 341-7914

~ameJ> (7\. , -i ,-, ,_ ~ v "''', I, 1 .,... ",' , '(... ' " 1/ , f TIRED OF ,/ " , ~.~ "'(,'" .-. L .- I .- .-, ,~, .~ , '_'C::' I'J. ' ,_ COMPLICATIONS? MENTOR, for your Apple H, H+ or /// computer, saves you time at the design bench by calculating a vast number of AC, DC, filter, communication, transistor & vacuum tube formulas - each in an instant. Quotients to these formulas are accompanied by HIRES graphics and tables whenever applicable. The user-friendly MENTOR program is completely menu-driven with single-letter commands which require no carriage return. Optional use of single-letter suffixes allows entry of values as milli, micro, meg, kilo & pico. The MENTOR manual includes listings of mathematical formulas, background information, required user input and more. *$124.95 + $6.25 shipping & handling. SLICK SWITCH is the 4O-to-80 column-mode toggle for Sup'R'Term owners. Change modes with just the flip of a switch - great for a quick change between Pascal text and graphic modes too. Installation is easy, requires no soldering and uses no I/O sockets. *$24.95 + $1.50 shipping. QUICK SLOPE makes it possible for the alphaSyntauri musician to change between linear and exponential envelope modes in approximately one second. With this speed, you can use both modes in the same tune without the delay you've had to endure before now. QUICK SLOPE appends to your alphaPlus software quickly and easily, eliminating the need for any disc swapping. *$34.95 + $1.50 shipping.

Ask your local Apple Dealer to show you the MENTOR Demo Disc and for help in ordering any of our software/hardware line. *Direct sale terms are prepaid or C.O.D. - CA customers include 6% sales tax.

MENTOR, SLICK SWITCH & QUICK SLOPE - trademarks of Korsmeyer Electronic Design Apple-a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Sup'R'Term-a trademark of M & R Enterprises alphaSyntauri & alphaPlus - trademarks of Syntauri Corp.

KORSMEYER ELECTRONIC DESIGN • 16411 Del Mar • Huntington Beach, CA 92649

64 Call -A.P'p.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0068 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

DUAL DRIVE MASTER CREATE

David L Deever

nuisance problem with the Doing the same thing in Applesoft If you wish to change slot as well DOS 3.3 MASTER CREATE Basic is a bit tricky. The correspond­ as drive, you should be able to POKE program is that it insists on ing program would be the same except the slot-number * 16 (e.g., 96 for slot A having the slave diskette in that line 10 is omitted and the commas 6, 80 for slot 5, etc.) into 3664, but I the same drive as the master. When I in INPUT statemens become semi­ haven't tried this. t!i spend the bucks for a second drive I colons. However, memory from $800 would like my software to use it up to nearly $4000 is required by effectively. The information in Worth MASTER CREATE. Since an and Lechner's Beneath Apple DOS on Applesoft program normally begins how to split MASTER CREATE into at $801 it must be moved out of the a loading segment and a writing seg­ way. There are several options. You ment (pp. 7-1,7-2) together with may use the &LOMEM: utility (Apple some searching to find the lOB table Orchard Vol. 1, No.1 or from Higher in MASTER CREATE (at $E4F) Text) or you may do a lLIST give rise to the following Integer Basic program for a DUAL DRIVE POKE 103,1: POKE 104,64: 10 FOa I = 1 TO 117 MASTER CREATE. The master POKE 16384,0 20 POlE 50,1 30 PUrr"?" i diskette containing the MASTER 41 NEIT CREATE program and the DUAL before loading your program, or you 50 IEM DRIVE MASTER CREATE pro­ may place the above statement in a gram is the SOURCE DISKETTE. small "boot" program followed by 50 VIIAT DID tOU UPECT DEPT. The slave diskette to be mastered is CHRIS VOLPE : CALL -A. P.P.L. E. the TARGET DISKETTE. PRINT CHRS(4)"RUN DUAL DRIVE MASTER"

)L 1ST 5 REM DUAL DRIVE MASTER CREATE 1~~~:~~u~~~:r~ R. H. Electronics Inc. $ With ROM SOCKET COPYRIGHT © 1981 - PATENTS PENDING by David L Deever 2 Yr" Warranty 566 Irelan, Bi n CA 12 5 o Buellton, CA 93427 Call -A.P.P.L.E. : July 1982 COMPUTER PRODUCTS (805) 688-2047 MANUFACTURINGDESIGNING SUPER FAN II ™ 10 POKE 74,0: POKE 75,64: POKE ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 204,0: POKE 205,64: REM FOR YOUR APPLE II COMPUTER' LOMEM: 16384 $74.95 20 TEXT : CALL -936 30 PRINT "DUAL DRIVE MASTER CREATE" : PRINT 40 INPUT "SOURCE DRIVE: ",S: IF S(1 OR 5)2 THEN 40 50 INPUT "TARGET DRIVE: ", T: IF T( 1 OR T)2 THEN SO 60 PRINT "BLOAD "ASTER CREATE" : REM BECINS WITH CTRL-D 70 POKE 2061,76: REM • CLIPS ON-NO HOLES OR SCREWS. REPLACEABLE SWITCH SPLIT INTO TWO PARTS • AVAILABLE IN 120V OR 240V AND SO/60HZ· DURABLE MOTOR • REDUCES HEAT CAUSED BY EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS 80 POKE 3665,S: REM • INCREASED RELIABILITY-SAVES DOWN TIME AND REPAIR CHARGES • TAN OR BLACK COLOR SET SOURCE DRIVE • LOW NOISE DUE TO DRAWING EFFECT OF AIR THROUGH YOUR COMPUTER AND SPECIAL FAN AND MOTOR DESIGN 90 CALL 2048: REM • "QUIETEST FAN ON THE MARKET" • EXTRA 120V OUTLET FOR MONITOR OR ACCESSORIES TURNS ON WHEN EX ECUTE DOS LOAD YOU TURN ON YOUR FAN (NOT AVAILABLE ON 240V MODEl) • SOLD WORLD WIDE· UNIQUE I YEAR WARRANTY 100 POKE 3665,T: REM COPYRIGHT" © 1981 - PATENTS PENDING HOW TO HOOK IT UP: I) Clip it on your APPLE 2) Unplug your 120V cable (you won't SET TARCET DRIVE need it). 3) Plug short 120V'cabJe from Super Fan II to the back of your computer. 4) Plug the supply cable from Super Fan',11 to your 120V power source, 5) Turn on the rocker switch and 110 CALL 2093: REM a built-in, red. ready light cofnes on. 6) You are all set to "COOL IT' This switch also turns EXECUTE DOS WRITE your computer "off" and "on" Dealer Inquires Invited ·Plus 6% California Sales Tax and $2.50 shipping charge per item 1%0 END

Call -AP.P.L.E. July 1982 65 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0069 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR COLLECTION OF DISK-BASED SORWARE! THE SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DISK LIBRARY Is an elegant, user-oriented system for creating and maintaining a thorough, cross-referenced Index of all your dlsk­ based programs and data flies. It provides for AUTOMATIC entry Into your library file of the full catalog of any Apple" diskette. Disks for­ matted under other operating systems (such as Pascal and CP/M") are easily entered from the keyboard. Written entirely In machine code, DISK LIBRARY'S operation Is both smoath and swift.

EASY TO OPERATE: • Menu-driven. User-definable prompt defaults. Single keystroke operation. Full featured Editing. Super fast Sorts byanyfleld (1200 Items sorted In 4 secondsl) • Works with all disks created under DOS 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 • User definable Program Types (e.g., Business, Game, Utility) of up to 15 characters each can be assigned to each program entry with single keystrokes or via block actions. On­ screen and printed Summaries, by File type (Integer, Applesoft, Binary, Text) and by Program Type (e.g., Accounting, Graphics, Music) • Block Actions (global editing/deleting) • Instant Searches ... byfull or partial string (find any Item In 1/3sec.l). New Flies can be Appended to existing records, In memory or on disk. Unique Feature: User cdn redefine the Disk Volume Number displayed by the DOS Catalog Command. A Unique Volume Identifier and Disk SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 48K Apple II or II. with DOS 3.3 DISK lIlRARY II IIeenMd by Title can be Assigned to each disk entry In your library file. Printed ••MODUlAR Reports are attractively formatted for easy readability Suggested Retail Price $59.95 a.MEDIA

'Apple, Apple II and Apple 11+ ore regist8fed trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc soutnwesteRn cJata Systems ™ P,O, BOX 582-C • SANTEE. CALIFORNIA 92071 • 714/562-3670

ANSWERVOU~ TELECOMMUNICATIONS NEEDS WITH HELLO CENTRAL!

HELLO CENTRAL! from files. Instruct your Apple to to work with any Apple II~ or Advanced Operating Systems answer the phone, send out a Apple II Plus~ with Applesoft~ changes your Apple II~ or greeting, a,nd save any in ROM and 48K. Only one Apple II Plus~ into a incoming messages to disk. disk drive is required. highly-versatile You can do all of these things communications center_ With and more with HELLO Hook. up with HELLO any acoustic or direct-connect CENTRAL! CENTRAL! today, and say telephone modem and HELLO HELLO to a whole new realm CENTRAL!, you can put your Text can be uploaded arid of computing power I downloaded using text Apple in direct communication Now available at your local with other distant computer buffering. The buffer provides a temporary storage space, software retailer, or call (800) systems-mainframes, minis, 348-8558 to order. (Indiana and other micros. You can also holding up to 18,000 characters. Complete buffer residents, call (219) 879-4693). easily tap into the wealth of MasterCard and VISA information available from control allows you to easily alter any portion of the accepted. any of the hundreds of public $99. data-base services like THE buffered file before transmission or SAVEing. SOURCE. Advanced Establish your own electronic The best thing about HELLO mail system. Create an CENTRAL! is that you don't Operating automatic phone-dialer have to be a professional to Systems directory. Produce, edit, get professional results. 450 St. John Road manipulate, and print text HELLO CENTRAL! is designed Michigan City, IN 46360

• Apple II. Apple II Plus and Applesoft are registered trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc.

66 Call -AP.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0070 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

APPLEMASH: Aharuestol IN AMIDST STRINGS savings from

Michael Thyng

RE you still interested in ILIST MID$ and IF? To start with did you know that you don't 7 IEM EXAItPLE 5 ApPle~he 10 INPUT "ENTER NAItE "iNAS A even need MID$? That's 10 FOR Ie. 1 TO LEN (KUI ElBctJonics right because we can use LEFT$ and 31 IF. KIDS (KAS ,1,1) • " .• THEK RIGHT$. See example 4. tOO 41 NEXT l ILIST 50 PRINT "THERE WAS KO INITIAL" APPlE - ATARI- 1RS80 - IBM &0 END A full line of software for business, games 1 IEIt EXAltPLE 4 100 1$. KIDS (I(AS,(I - 1) ,1) 10 1$ • "THE FASTIDIOUS WINO UNeO 111 PRINT IS and education Up to 35% om IKED THE DGWIt OF BUBBLY FR MUSE IUS !II THE NAPA VALLEY." In this example, the data is all in­ V1S1CORP STONEWARE 10 lIS = LEFTS (1$,63) put using an input statement, but cer­ ON UNE SYNERGISTIC 30 KlS. RIGHTS (ItH, 301 40 13$ = RIGHTS ( LEFTS (1$,63), tainly names could have been read in EDU-WARE HAYDEN 301 from a disk file. Line 20 sets up the HOWARD AND MANY MORE SO 14$ = III DS

Call -AP.P.L.E. July 1982 67

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0071 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

The FULL-VIEW 80 provides an 80 x 24 display yet retains the standard APPLE display too. You can switch between 80 and 40 column mode via keyboard or pro­ gram. An 8 x 10 cell size character set provides DUAL-COMM PLUS quality characters, full descenders, adds two fully independent serial I/O and line-drawing graphics. The interfaces to your APPLE II. Terminal mode firmware converts an APPLE in- FULl:VIEW 80 to a full or half duplex computer ter­ is compatible with APPLE peri­ minal. With a modem such as the pheral cards, Basic, Pascal and NOVATION CAT™ or the HAYES several word processing systems. SMART-MODEMTM connected to one All for $295.00 - no extras needed. serial port and a printer connected to the other port you can use the APPLE as a re­ All BIT 3 products feature easy plug-in mote terminal with online printer. 16 baud installation and are designed with you, the rates are available from 50 to 19200 baud. user in mind. Contact your local APPLE Price: $239.00 dealer or our offices for more information. The MEMORY PLUS adds 16K of RAM memory for your 48K APPLE II or APPLE II PLUS. The addition of the MEMORY PLUS represents a

33% capacity increase in RAM memory and 40% more available COMPUTER CORPORATION RAM for disk users since APPLE DOS occupies almost 11K of It is 8120 PENN AVENUE SOUTH, SUITE 548 memory. compatible with Integer Basic, Applesoft Basic, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55431 Pascal, Z80 Softcard, Fortran and other products such as Lisa (612) 881-6955 2.0 and Visicalc 3.3. Price: $149.00

Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.; Z80 Softcard is a registered trademark of Microsoft Consumer Products. D.C. Hayes SmartwModem is a trademark of D.C. Hayes, Associates, Inc.; Novation CAT is a registered trademark of Novation, Inc. ['_I~~.·. I i~· I, "'--- "',,----,'

Cool·Mark II Fan Unit KEEP YOIJR APPLE* 1:001 as a l:ul:ulUber

How? ... with a Cool·Mark II fan unit.

• Protects against overheating caused by plug-in boards and prolonged use. • Saves down time and repair due to overheating. • Mounts easily INSIDE your Apple 1/* in seconds, with- out hardware. • High performance airflow and low noise level. • Precision bal/ bearings = long service life. • One year warranty.

See Your Authorized Apple Dealer or Order Direct How To Order: Send money order or check for $34.95, plus $2 for UPS surface shipping any­ where in continental USA. California residents add 6% sales tax.

Send money order for PROMPT delivery. Personal checks must clear before shipment. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Collect To:(213) 287-9945, COD orders accepted. Mark Four Imports

• Apple is a registered'trademark of Apple Computer Inc, P.O. Box A • San Gabriel, Ca. 91776 • (213) 287-9945

68 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0072 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TOMORROW'S APPLES TODAY

BASIC' For most managers accounting and the preparation of financial reports has been a time consuming and sometimes costly task. But now accounting procedures can be simpli­ fied! GL-PLUS, "The Management Tool for Better Account­ ing" is an accounting system designed for the Apple III computer. It is a flexible, easy to use, journal based GENERAL LEDGER system. The computer and GL-PLUS combine to provide the user with a tool which will make accounting easier. GL-PLUS guides one quickly through journal entries and then posts them. Report preparation is a "snap" because GL-PLUS does it automatically. No more long hours of "balancing the books." The GL-PLUS system is flexible to use. It will accept a chart of general ledger accounts using a numbering system of the users choosing (between 1 and 9999). The user can use existing account names and numbers or create a new one to fit their needs. In addition, GL-PLUS can easily support accounting for multiple companies. Each company's records are kept on separate data disks or different volumes on a hard drive and each can have a different chart of accounts. A Delta Micro Systems announces the release of Basic', a menu option allows the user to quickly switch companies. supremely logical programming environment. Basic' was Both accounts payable and accounts receivable are easily developed in 1980 by Dr. J.L. Schmit as an "in house" tool implemented. The user decides if and when to use either or and was subsequently used for all new system development both. Each supports a subsidiary set of company records, by Computer Assisted Analysis-the developers of Compu­ invoice by invoice, for all current or outstanding balances. Trac and Intra-Day Analyst. At the urging of many Receipts and payments can be applied to specific invoices, colleagues it is now being made available to the public. including partial receipts or payments. Basic' - a powerful, completely structured extension of The GL-PLUS accounting system is written for the Apple the BASIC language - is an invaluable aid to the serious III computer. It requires an Apple III and a second disk drive programmer. Blocks of code are indicated by a unique in­ or can be used wiht a hard disk drive. A printer with at least dentation convention, eliminating the need for both ex­ a 132 column capability is recommended, however, slightly traneous statements (such as BEGIN & END) and statement abbreviated reports can be displayed on the screen, printed numbers. Comments are right justified for ease of reading, on an 80 column printer or on the Apple Silentype printer. block indentation reveals the flow of control, procedures are Available from Apple Computer Dealers or Great Divide separated by white spaces and an extensive cross-reference Software, Inc., 8060 W. Woodard Dr., Lakewood, CO 80227, is provided. (303) 337-0383. Suggested retail price is $495.00. Basic' provides full documentation and a program diskette in a handy binder format. It is now available for the APPLE, IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER and TRS/80 (other versions are under development) at $129 (plus postage, handling and applicable sales tax) from Delta Micro Systems, P.O. Box 15952, New Orleans, LA 70175, (800) 535-1814. VlSISCHEDUIEM PROGRAM FOR APPLE III VisiCorpTM has made available a more powerful version of GL-PLUS - THE MANAGEMENT its VisiSchedule™ software program for use on the Apple® TOOL FOR BETTER ACCOUNllNG III personal computer. The new VisiSchedule program is an interactive project Great Divide Software, Inc. has introduced a general management program that takes full advantage of the ledger accounting system for use on the Apple III Computer advanced capabilities of the Apple III. These include the 80- called GL-Plus. It is a flexible, easy to use, journal-based character, upper- and lower-case display, expanded keyboard, general ledger system with a PLUS. The PLUS is a built-in greater internal memory and hard.

Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 69 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0073 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TOMORROW'S APPLES TODAY Because of the larger internal memory of the Apple III, the LOGO COMPUTER SYSTEMS number of tasks that can be performed is nearly double that of the version available for Apple II. A 128K Apple III ANNOUNCES APPLE LOGO, computer will support from 145 to 215 tasks per project, AVAIlABLE FOR THE APPLE II while the 256K Apple III will support 300 tasks per project. VisiSchedule projects can be stored on the Apple Ill's floppy Apple Logo is an exciting interactive computer language or the Profile or Corvus hard-disk system and recalled when designed to be easy to learn and use. It encourages a begin· needed. ner to do many simple and interesting projects, yet is a The timechart and other reports produced by the Visi· powerful and modern language for experienced program· Schedule program provide valuable information to any mers. Apple Logo feature Turtle Graphics-a quick, easy business involved in planning projects and managing way for you to create pictures on your screen. Apple Logo is resources. Managers, executives, engineers and manufac· an ideal learning language for children and adults. turing personnel can profitably use VisiSchedule to track Apple Logo is a language for learning: children and adults any project in which deadlines and a schedule of events are write programs quickly and easily and acquire valuable important. problem·solving skills; is a modern, procedural programming The VisiSchedule program requires an Apple III computer language with list processing, recursion, and an arithmetic with a minimum of 128K memory and one external disk package; has helpful aids such as an easy·ta-use screen text drive (either a floppy disk drive, Corvus hard disk drive or editor and clear and friendly error messages; helps you Apple ProFile hard disk drive). A printer is strongly recom· understand computers and programming by providing easy mended. access to central ideas of computer science. The suggested U.S. price of the VisiSchedule program is To use Apple Logo, you need an Apple II or Apple II plus $300. It will be available in July. VISICORP, 2895 Zanker with 64K of memory (48K plus an Apple Language Card or Road, San Jose, CA 95134, (408) 946·9000. other 16K expansion card), a disk drive, and a TV or monitor. Logo Computer Systems Inc. and Apple Computer, Inc. will support Apple Logo with publications and Logo soft­ CRlllCAL PATH SCHEDUUNG ware. Contact your Apple dealer and watch for more of our THE MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR special mailings from Logo Computer Systems, Inc., 368 BETTER PlANNING Congress St., Boston, MA 02210. Great Divide Software, Inc., has announced the CRIT­ ICAL PATH SCHEDULING SYSTEM, an aid in scheduling WALlACE MICRO-MART complex projects such as those in construction, aerospace, and many other industries. It is a powerful tool for analyzing ANNOUNCES NEW CATALOG and scheduling all the tasks required to complete any multi­ level project ON TIME AND AT THE LOWEST COST. Ron Wallace, President of Wallace Micro-Mart, Peoria, Features include: 1) Simple operation; 2) Large project Illinois, recently announced the publication of his company's capacity (over 2000 tasks); 3) Easy update of project status; new catalog for Apple Computer software and accessories. 4) Large variety of reports; 5) Graphical project presentation; 6) Provision for manpower planning; 7) Can be used with a one or two disk drive system or with a hard disk drive. The use of the CRITICAL PATH SCHEDULING SYS­ TEM permits proper planning to insure that ALL important tasks are included at the start of the project and providesan overview of the entire project down to the lowest level task. It does this by using the information that the operator supplies for each task and then analyzing the whole project, from start to finish. It then compiles a report that lists every task, with start and completion times and determines which tasks are MOST critical (in the scheduling sense) to the completion of the project. For each task the AUTOMATIC DATE feature generates an early start and finish date, and a late start and finish date. These dates represent the earliest The "Wallace User's Guide" includes the latest programs a task can be expected to start and end, and the latest the and accessory items for Apple Computer system operators. task can be postponed without affecting the completion time The catalog, according to Wallace, currently has 1,500 items of the project. The difference between these two dates (called and is updated monthly with an average of 100 new items. the "float") is shown on the report. Also shown is "Free According to Wallace, the "Wallace User's Guide" can be Float" which is the amount of time a task can be delayed used by corporations, dealers, clubs or enthusiasts. Plus, without affecting any other task or the completion time of there are group discounts for quantity purchases. "There has the project. Armed with this kind of information the been a great demand for our catalog since we began offering manager is better prepared to make decisions regarding the it," says Wallace. "This field is moving so ql!ickly that we impact any task will have on any other task or the whole have to constantly update to include the state-of-the-art project and permits him to be instrumental in guiding the materials." project rather than just monitoring its progress. The catalog is available from Wallace Micro-Mart, 2619 N. Available from Apple Computer Dealers or Great Divide University, for $5, (refundable with order). Software, Inc., 8060 W. Woodard Dr., Lakewood, CO 80227, (303) 337-0383. Suggested retail price is $495.00.

70 Call -A.P'p.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0074 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

PROGRAMMABLE SERIAL I/O HARDWARE: BOARD

THE COMPUTER USTENER A board fully compatible with current Apple® software including Pascall.l, Applesoft®, and Integer Basic. It provides The Computer Listener allows you to add a whole new a full EIA RS-22 DTE interface to most modems, printers and dimension of sound to your programs. Now you can actually CRT terminals as well as an opto-isolated current loop inter­ hear your Apple's internal activity just like in the movies. face strappable for full or half duplex, active or passive, 2-wire The Computer Listener adds sound effects to machine code or 4-wire, 20mA or 60mA operation up to 2ooV. games, math calculations, graphics, print statements, On board 1K ROM software enables user programmable plotting, pokeing, listing, etc. Hear the disk save and load. All printer width control, delay after carriage return, automatic activity within the computer can be generated into unique line-feed generation, and video display. Serial character format sounds. The Computer Listener converts all the buss activity is user alterable with the most popular configurations set as down to an audible level creating a variety of unique sounds. default conditions. The internal activity is converted into a unique pulses which Unique to the PSIO are a full range of continuously variable, are then amplified and played through the Apple's Built-in programmable asynchronous data rates to 19.2 K baud; speaker. automatic recognition of the incoming data rate from a remote terminal; and firmware routines to pulse-dial calls onto the international Telex-TWX network. Software programmable baud rates to 19200 BPS; Auto­ baud: Automatic incoming baud rate recognition & matching; Telex/TWX pulse-dial function; 5-Bit baudot code, 7-Bit ASCII or 8-Bit EBCDIC capability; software break/send detect; CPU interrupt hardware/firmware. Price: $199.95. Intra Computer, 120-10 Audley Street, Kew Gardens, N.Y. 11415, (212) 947- 5533.

SLOT 8 FOR APPLE II COMPUTER

- Legend Industries, Ltd. announces a space saver for Apple Computer users: Slot 8 for the Apple motherboard. The Computer Listener can be used as a diagnostic tool to Are you finding that your Apple is overcrowded? If you debug software and hardware problems; as a teaching device need more space for your peripheral cards, consider Legend enabling the student to "see" the internal activity; or as a Industries as a haven for an inexpensive way to solve your novelty device to give incredible arcade like sound to your problems. Legend has just introduced a product for your programs. Apple II called "Slot 8." This product is just what the name SPECIFICATIONS: The Computer Listener plugs into reveals; slot number 8 for your Apple Computer. any slot, can be activated in the software, the on board Slot 8 is a card that plugs into slot seven and provides two volume control adjusts loudness, plugs into Apple's built-in (2) slots for peripheral use. Instead of slots 0-7, you now have speaker as well as an external speaker jack, compatible with slots 0-8! other plug-in boards. Most of the peri pheral cards for the Apple will work in slot Price $79.00. M. Reinhart Engineering Co., 4730 W. Addison, 8, and this device is really a space saver. Price: about $50.00. Chicago, IL 60641 (312) 286-6606. Legend Industries, Ltd., 2220 Scott Lake Road, Pontiac, MI 48054.

INTELUGENT DISK ASSEMBLY OMNICOLOR 640 If you're looking to add mass storage capacity to your Apple COLOR PRINTER II without looking for the rich uncle to fund the enterprise, look no further. $999 is all you'll pay for our Intelligent Disk The Omnicolor 640 ink-jet printer provides professional Assembly, which includes a state·<>f-the-art Winchester disk quality color graphics at the lowest possible cost. Besides drive and an advanced Xebec single board controller. Add a few sharp, clear, high-resolution color graphics, the Omnicolor 640 hundred dollars more and you'll also get the components to is so quiet it can operate in any office environment. complete the subsystem. A highly reliable 115V/230V power Apple J. .. Apple 111 ... The ffiM Personal Computer. Interface module. A cable set. A host adapter personality card. Apple any of these popular computers to the Omnicolor printing DOS, CP/M® or Pascal software and a component cabinet. system for only $4,995. Installation instructions and documentation make assembly Crisp color contrast. Ink-jet technology provides excellent simple. More important, it makes you a richer person because print quality in both the graphic and alphanumeric mode. you do it yourself and save up to half the cost of comparable When the Omnicolor 640 prints a solid color, it's solid. storage products. Simplicity of operation. From screen to color copy in just a Even if you have CPU attachments other than the Apple II, few keystrokes. Xebec would like to hear from you. They are currently Features include: professional print quality, 64 vivid colors, developing a whole range of small computer interfaces. For low cost per copy, fast precision graphics, full-color more information contact Xebec, 432 Lakeside Drivel alphanumerics, affordable, and available now from Quadram Sunnyvale, CA 94086. In California, call 800-672-1842, all Corp., 4357 Park Drive, Norcoss, GA 30093, (404) 923-6666. others call 800-538-1644.

call -AP.P.LE. July 1982 71

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0075 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

TOMORROW'S APPLES TODAY

WIZARD BUFFERED PRINTER CARDREADERFOR CARD (FOR APPLE III PERSONAL COMPUTERS The WIZARD Buffered Parallel Output (BPO) is a revolu­ Mountain Computer Incorporated announces a low-cost, tionary new card designed to take the frustration out of optical card reader for the personal and desk-top computer normally time consuming printing jobs. With the WIZARD­ market. At $1,495.00, the MCI ModeillOOA Intelligent Card BPO you will never again have to wait for your printer to Reader offers automatic card feeding with sophisticated finish a job before your computer is free to start on a new features previously available only on much higher priced project. The WIZARD-BPO also unleashes all of your printer's equipment. For example, the MCI Model llOOA can: read built in capabilities... Block Graphics, Hi-Res Graphics pencil marked and punched cards up to 14 inches in length, Screen-Dumps, Full control of text formatting and page automatically feed 200 cards at a rate of 2 cards per second, indexing. A personality ROM installed on your WIZARD-BPO distinguish marks from erasures, perform diagnostic self­ tailors the operation to your particular printer. Personality test, send data remotely via a modem, provide multiple data ROM currently available for Epson printers, other person­ conversion methods, including ASCII, Hexadecimal, Binary, ality ROMs available soon. Buffer sizes of 16K or 32 K avail­ numeric, and multiple choice grading, be remotely pro­ able now. grammed, offer user-friendly interface. The WIZARD-BPO is remarkable both for its advanced _.. design and its ultra-reliable construction. Component leads, except for the RAMs and the firmware ROM, are all soldered directly to the board for the most reliable component inter­ connections. Low power consumption by the WIZARD-BPO also keeps things cool while presenting a minimum load on the power supply. The WIZARD-BPO comes complete with a five-foot long cable for your printer, plus an owners manual that tells you how to enjoy all the BPO benefits. You also get a full two-year factory-replacement warranty from Wesper Micro Systems. 800-854-8737. Retail $179.00.

THE ONE CARD SOLUll0N TO EXECUTE CP/MZ APPUCATION PROGRAMS FOR APPLE II & III

APPLI-CARDTM,4 or 6 mhz Z-80 and 64K on-card memory. The cost-effective MCI ModelllOOA Card reader opens an The features include: CP/M available, SB-80 with card, 40 exciting new world of applications for automatic data entry col. to 255 col. horizontal scroll, choice of application, 2K PROM in the education, office and manufacturing environments. on the card, real time clock available, expansion interface, For additional information, contact: Mountain Computer, upper and lower case capability, a self-<:ontained Z-80A or Z- Inc., 300 El Pueblo Road, Scotts Valley, CA 95066 (408) 438- 80B with memory, one-<:ard Wordstar execution, 63K available 6650. for program development or execution, and menu driven set up. The prices for each product is: Wordstar APPLI-CARD, with 64K, 4mhz, Softvideo tm features SB-80 (CP/M LPS II - HIGH RESOLU110N, compatible operating system), $545; Wordstar APPLI-CARD HIGH SPEED UGHT PEN SYSTEM with 64K, 4mhz, Softvideo tm features CP/M is $595; APPLI­ CARD with 64K, 4mhz, Softvideo tm features SB-80 (CP/M The LPS II is a true raster-scan light pen, the first ever made compatible operating system) is $395; APPLI-CARD with 64K, available for the Apple. This means that the instantaneous 4mhz, Softvideo tm features CP/M is $445; and Z80 Develop­ location of the Light Pen is determined at a full 60 cycle rate ment APPLI-CARD with 64K, 4mhz, Softvideo tm features SB- (sixty times each second), and that applications never before 80 (CP/M compatible operating system) includes PCPI-BASIC, possible are made incredibly simple. Z80 assembler, linker is $495. These products are available The Light Pen System comes with a standard software from Personal Computer Products, Inc., 16776 Bernardo diskette in DOS 3.3 format. On the diskette is the PENTRAK Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92128, (714) 485-8411. driver and an entire selection of Applesoft application pro­ grams for the Light Pen, including four complete drawing pro­ grams which each take a different approach to Light Pen drawing. In addition, the interactive INSTALL utility cus­ ACOLYTE tomizes the PENTRAK driver for your particular hardware With the ACOLYTE you can have hardware control of configuration, and calibrates the Light Pen to operate with APPLE memory and program flow. The features include: read your video monitor. The TYPEFACE LOADER program inter­ and write to memory, trace program execution, interrupt and actively loads supplementary Hi-Res typefaces for use in Hi­ alter program flow, slow execution to a crawl, and halt on any Res graphics annotation. OPART demonstrates full-screen program access to a specific address. All of this without animation on a scale never before seen on the Apple. The stopping the program and without the program's 'knowledge' PENTRAK driver interfaces Applesoft programs to the Light or co-operation. The price is $349.00 complete. Pen electronics. Using very simple commands, Applesoft For more information write: Access Memory, 1701 West End programs can produce sophisticated interactive results with Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19151. the LPS II.

77 Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0076 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

The Sensor Diode in the point of the Light Pen is sensitive to expandable to 128K; 2K system ROM, plus sockets for 10K the entire visible light spectrum. The Light Pen works equally additional user ROM; RGB and Composite Video; selectable 80 well on monochrome white, green or amber monitors, and or 40 column text display; High Resolution Graphics: six performs beautifully on color monitors and television sets of all colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text; Color kinds. RF modulators are no problem either. The Light Pen Graphics Mode: 15 colors 4Ox48 or 8Ox48; 40x40 or 80x40 with will function with any monitor you're currently using. four lines of text; 8 bit parallel VO; RS-232c serial VO; The LPS II requires an Apple II computer running Applesoft. Detached Keyboard: all standard keyboard functions, upper/ This could be either an Apple II Plus, or an Apple II with a ROM lower case characters, numeric keypad, cursor control block, or RAM card properly loaded. You must have at least one disk and 15 programmable special function keys; built-in mounting drive with DOS 3.3 proms installed in the disk controller and, for two 51,4 inch floppy disk drives; six Apple II compatible slots of course, a video display monitorof any sort. Installation of the for plug-in peripherals; game paddle VO; built-in loudspeaker; LPS II could not be easier; it simply plugs into an VO slot of the two switched accessoy power outlets; mounting slots for up to Apple computer and is ready to go. While in the computer, the six DP-25 VO plugs. The price is $1949.00 from BASIS Inc., Light Pen does not interfere in any way with the normal opera­ 23116 Summit Road, Los Gatos, CA 95030, (408) 353-1102, tion of the system. TWX: 910-590-8000. The LPS II includes complete user-oriented documentation A comprehensive review of the Basis 108 will appear in the August Call taking you step-by-step from installation and calibration - A. P. P.L. E. through basic operation and into advanced programming. The wide assortment of Application programs on the software THE FRANKUN ACE 100 diskette serve as additional user aids. Price is $349.00 + $5.00 from Gibson Laboratories, 406 Orange Blossom, Irvine, CA The Franklin ACE 100 is hardware and software compatible 92714. with the Apple® II. It is sweeter because it is more versatible, it includes 64K of RAM memory and-it costs less. BASIS 108, THE ALTERNATIVE Any program that runs on the Apple II will run on the Franklin ACE 100. Any peripheral that works with Apple will The BASIS 108 dual processor microcomputer system has work with ACE. The Franklin ACE 100 generates upper and features and capabilities not found in systems much more lower case characters and includes a numeric pad, an alpha costly. But, more importantly, the system is totally compatible lock key and VisiCalc® keys. with the largest library of microcomputer software and plug-in Franklin ACE 100 features: Apple II compatible, 64K of peripherals available today. Its design and organization permit RAM, Upper and lower case, Typewriter-style keyboard, the BASIS 108 to be fully compatible with programs and peri­ Twelve key numeric pad, Alpha lock shift key, 50 watt power pherals originally developed for use with the Apple IITM micro­ supply and built-in fan. The price is $1595.00. computer, including CPJMTM-based applications software For more information contact your computer dealer or packages. contact Franklin Computer Corporation, 7030 Colonial Standard features: 6502 and 280 microprocessors; 64K RAM Highway, Pennsauken, NJ 08109, (609) 488-1700. t!I

S&H Software enables Apple ][TM users increase speed and product as much as 500%.

Universal Boot Initializer 4.0 Amper-Sort/Merge (A-S/M) works up to 500% faster than works up' to 500% faster than even standard Apple DOS 3.3 ... '69.95 VisiCorp s VisiFile™ program ...'52.95 UBI 4.0, with The DOS Enhancer,'· allows execution of BASIC The fastest "file clerk" you've ever met. Of all the sort utilities and Binary programs up to 500% faster, depending on file length, developed to manage Apple 1[ data files, none does the job nearly and is completely compatible with standard Apple DOS 3.3 so fast as A-S/M. programs. For improved file management a new "FREE" A-S/M can sort/merge from one to five unsorted files into a command in DOS determines free space on disks. Single file of up to 125K per disk. UBI 4.0 breaks the language and time barriers between Apple 1[ Because sort routines can take up to 50% of computer running hardware and software by loading the RAM card with FPBASICI time in many business applications, you'll reap continuing bene­ INTBASIC (or your own program) in 1.7secondsand by providing fits having the A-S/M "invisible speed demon" on your Apple ][ one-stage booting with DOS 3.3 or DOS 3.2.1 PROMS. team - saving 20 - 30 minutes a day of a human clerk's time spent The UBI 4.0 package includes: training, utility, support and "waiting" needlessly. demo disks with complete documentation. The A-S/M "speed demon" package includes: training disk and System requirements: 48K Apple ][ or ][+, ROMIRAM card, utility disks with complete documentation. DOS 3.3/DOS 3.2.1 and or more disk drives. System requirements: 48K Apple 1[, ROM or RAM card, DOS 3.3 and one or more disk drives or 48K Apple ][+, DOS 3.3 and one or more disk drives. Available from your dealer. Mall Order: Send check to S&H Software, Box 5, Manvel, ND 58256. Credit Cards: Phone Cybertronics International Clearinghouse at 212-531-3089. (Overseas Airmail: Add $3.00 postage and handling.) Box 5 Manvel ND 5825;6 (701) 696-2574 S&H Software f, Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 73 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0077 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A DATA BASE, WORD PROCESSOR AND REPORT GENERATO ALL COMBINED INTO ONE INTEGRATED SYSTEM. r------~ WORD PROCESSOR DATA BASE FEATURES REPORT GENERATOR • Menu Driven • Instantaneous Sort .Capitalization • Line Spacing instructions are visible on the screen lOriS through 1000 pieces 01 shiftlock access, displayed In Inverse SIngle, double, t"ple. etc at III times information per second. forwards • Margin Spacing • Indentation • Up to 20 Fields per Record or backwards. alpha-numerically • Tabulation • About 200 Records per File or by number value. elnsert-Delete • Fillers • Up to 9 Files per Diskene • Instantaneous Search dots. spaces, asterisks. etc characters of one or many • Requires only One Disk Drive search a part or a whole Ille lor a • Fill in Preprinted Forms -Right-Left Margin Justification • 48K Applesoft in ROM lingle character, I single word or a • Create your own Forms from 30 to 130 characters per hne .1\10 WRITE PROTECTION group 01 words Use IS many diskettes IS you wish; .Divide and Merge • Print Mailing Labels • Variable Line Spacing make back-up copies or make modi­ divide I I.rge file into two smaller address and print form letters .Endless Applications fications within the program files or merge two smaller files into • Telephone Lists form letters. diary. meeting notes. etc • Works with most Printers one large Ille • Check Registers .Machine Language .Easy Update and Correction • Integrated with Report Generator • Shopping Lists allows many of the routines to run add, delete or rename files at any • Billing Statements • Works with most any Printer several times faster for instantaneous time; reorganize files or move an • Endless Applications response to commands while saving • All Instructions Visible entire block of records within the file. • Pre-Programmed Report Formats memory space. .Simple Mathematical Functions instructions are displayed on the several to use at the push of a button e Easy Entry of Records perform simple mathematical func­ acreen at all times • Integraled with Data-Base and enter records at any time. in any order tions between fields such as payroll, • Word Processor -Instant Access to Records checkbook, sales projections, etc call all, lOme or one record to the eField Modification INCLUDES: • 39 pages 01 Documentation acr.. n inatan"y; mOve an entire. add. delete. fename or reorganize $149.00* btOCk 01 records elIM/where in lIIe lile. • Table 01 Contents fields at any time with.ase Mlchl"en R•• ld.nl. e Extensive Index .dd 4'10 ..I •• I••• • One Program Dlskelle New Dealer Prices Available. • Instructions for setting up Checkbook Register and Telephone Directory VISA & MC • 6"" x 9 inch Oxford Binder for handy I .•.• Cltll ---l . storage 01 master dlSkelle and docu­ 517-337-7423 ~ mentation -l'IS4'" 6443 COLEMAN RD • E LANSING. MI 48823

MASTER OF YOUR DISKETTES with "the most versatile and user - friendly disk editing utility." *

OISKEOIT review in HARDCORE Attache style cases for carrying and protecting a complete computer set,up. Computing Constructed of the highest q"ality luggage material with saddle stitching. Will accommodate equipment in a fully operational configuration along with REVIVE CRASHED DISKS! manuals, working papers and disks. Never a need to remove equipment from case. Simply remove lid, connect power and operate. RECOVER DELETED FILES! Insert or remove illegal characters, • AP101 Apple II with Single Disk Drive ...... $109 Write flashing and inverse titles. • AP102 Apple II with Double Disk Drives ...... 119 Hide or disguise file names, • AP103 Apple II, 9 Inch Monitor & Double Drives .. 129 Customize the CATALOG • AP104 Apple III, two additional Drives & Silentype 139 • AP105 12 Inch monitor plus accessories ...... 99 Source Code and • P401 Paper Tiger 440/445/460 ...... 99 Fully-COmmented Llsttng • P402 Centronics 730/737 ...... 89 included on disk. • P403 Epson MX70 or MX80 •..•..•..•.••.••.•.• 89 • P404 Epson MX100 ...... 99 ONLY • P405 IDS 560 or Prism Printer ...... 109 • CC80 Matching Attache Case (5") ...... 85 • CC90 Matching Attache Case (3") .•...... 75 • CC91 Malchlng Accessory Case ...... 95 compurer CISI company-,IC 5650 INDIAN MOUND CT. COLUMBUS, OHIO 43213 (614) 868-9464

74 Call -A,P,P,L.E, July 1982

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0078 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

DOS PATCH FOR 80 COLUMN CARDS

Glen Bredon

number of copies of BIG To change the DOS on the original These two patches can be used on MAC (LC) were sent out disk, or a copy of it, you can use a other disks and are not specifically without a DOS modification copy program that allows you to copy restricted to BIG MAC. People with A which was designed to pre­ individual tracks, and copy just 80-column cards might consider us­ vent interference with 80 column tracks 0,1,2 from the new disk you ing them as part of their standard cards resulting from inverse and/or have just fixed to the original. If you DOS. The modification at $9E42 is flashing characters in the catalog. do not have such a copy program, you the change required to use a binary They also lacked a patch which might make it one of your projects to program as the boot program and is enabled the control C catalog abort write one of your own. It is really not not related to the other patches. feature at the catalog pause point. hard and is just a matter of learning It should be noted that BIG MAC Moreover, the disks were masters how to use the RWTS routine in makes some other patches to DOS rather than slaves, so that disk boots DOS. This is the way to learn how to for its own use. Thus it is important would write over source files. do things of this sort. Just remember that you not try to patch any other It is a simple matter to re­ to thoroughly test out such a program locations in DOS for your BIG MAC establish these patches on another on scratch disks before you try it on disks. t!i disk. To do this, first boot your 3.3 anything important. system master disk so that a clean DOS is in memory. Type new to get 12 •-.-----.----.------.- •• -----.-.• rid of the Hello program. Then enter 3 - DOS patches for CATALOG • the monitor by CALL -151 and care­ 4 • - 5 - For 4 8K DO S 3. 3 0 n 1 y I I I • fully enter the following data: 6 • - 9E42:34 7 - G. Bredon 1/1/82 - AE3A:F286 8 • • AE1C:00 86 9 •••••••••• --••••••••••• -.------8600:30 OA 46 32 46 32 29 3F 10 - • 11 • Also a&ke: - 69 1 F 49 EO 20 ED FO A9 FF 85 32 12 • • 6000 13 - AE3A: F2 16 • 86F2:20 OC FO C9 83 FO 01 60 4C 14 • AE1e: DD B6 • 7F 83 15 • • Next type B6DDL to list the pro­ 16 • Modi f ie&t ion of the • gram just entered and check it with 17 - addresses of these routines • 18 • aay interfere with proper • care against the listing supplied here. 19 • opeut ion of IIC MACI I I • If it differs, it is wise to start over at 20 • • the beginning. 21 •••••• - ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Finally, insert a blank disk and 22 type INIT BIG MAC. When the INIT 23 24 INVFLG • $32 is finished you should DELETE BIG 25 eOUT SFDED MAC. Then you can use FID to 26 RDKEY HDOC transfer the files you wish to have on 27 FMDONE n37F iE.it routine fro. file anqr the new disk. CONFIGURE ASM 28 29 ORC n6DD iOk only for DOS 3.3 could also be used to transfer the files 30 _ __ _ BIG MAC and ASM.OB]. 31 ...... _...... -. 32 B6DD: 30 OA 33 BMI CCOUT iTreat - chr &5 usual 86DF: 46 32 34 LSR INVFLC ilill 2 high bits of INVFLC B6E1 : 46 32 35 LSR INVFLC B6E3 : 29 3F 36 AND '''00111111 iInv & flash -} ue B6E5 : &9 1F 37 ADC ISH iCarty is set 86E7 : 49 EO 38 EOR lSEO B6E9 : 20 ED FD 39 CCOUT JSR COUT iLet eOUT handle inverse 86EC: 19 FF 40 LDA tIFF iRe.et INVFLC to noraal B6EE: 15 3Z 41 STA INVFLC 86FO: 60 42 RTF. 43 86Fl: 00 44 BRK 45 86F2: 20 DC FD 46 JSR RDKEY Thi. mu.t ORC SB6F2 86F5: C9 83 47 eMP U83 . Control C at catalog pause7 B6 F7: FO 01 48 BEQ ABORT \ Skip re.t if 10 86F9: 60 49 RTS Otherwi.e .end re.t of eat B6FA: 4C 7F B3 50 ABORT JMP FMDONE Abort. catalog routine --End atn •• b I y-- 32 by til Errors: 0

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 75 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0079 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

201 • 839·3478 Dealer and Distributor Inquiries Invited. NIBBLES AWAY II AGAIN I Ahead of all others • AUTO· LOAD PARAMETERS . . . Free's the user from FORMATTER BOARD for Epson, OKI, ~a~:~gp~gul~ra~~W~ar~~~c~~:eaSr~~i~aa~~:~O~steh~ ~~~let~l~ ~~~ent8~~(e'en ~IJ~:; an~5~~intP:grv,:,~~~ • EXPANDED USER MANUAL .. Incorporates new Tutorials ting in firmware. Plugs into Apple slot for all levels of expertice; Beginners Flowchart for 'where and easily accessed through PR# com- do I begin' to 'Advanced Disk Analysis' is included. mand - Use with standard printer cards. • TRAC.K/SECTOR. EDITOR ... An all new Track/Sector $49.00 specify printer. Editor, including the following features: Read, Write, 11.!i~j;rnmrn-7rn1~;AmrFOi~w~mtmij?~~~~~~. Insert. Delete Search, and impressive Print capabilities! 1 • DI~~i~~fa~~~~i~!CSSpe~ci,C~i~~~~tSeUCh ----~~ Media Reliability, and Erasing Diskettes . • HIGHEST RATED... Best back up Program in Softalk Poll (Rated 8.25 out of 10). -"::":~~':":;~=:7.'~~::-:':':~•• CONTINUAL UPDATES ... Avail- able from. Computer Applications

A Universal centronics type parallel printer board com­ plete with cable and connect­ or. This unique board allows ~l£.sJ~~~~f~.n~'!c.J.~~!I~~.r_~_~~,~eJ you to turn on and off the up to 1000 Entries on single 3.3 Disk (only 1 high bit so that you can access Drive required) 2 second access time to any name full sort capatulitles additional features in many Dual Index Modes supports new 9 digit Zip. Easy to follow manual printers. Use with EPSON, Not Copy Protected 4 user defined tables WIth 26 sort selectiOns per table C.ITOH, ANADEX, STAR- Beta tested for 6 months user defined label generation ~~~i;~h st~;dCard 8e~~ro~rc~ INTRODUCTORY PRICE~. $99.00 Dealer & Dist. InqUIries InVited ~I"." configuration. Super PIX HIRES SCREEN DUM P ------___... ______... The Software package that will allow your printer to dump page 1 or page 2 of the Apple Hires screen horizontally or vertically. Use with EPSON@ MX-80 with or without GRAFTRAX® Roms. MX-70 - OKI® Microline BO, B2. B3, 82A, B3A - C. ITOH® B510 and NEC B023A. Requires Tymac Parallel Printer Board PPC-100, .. $24.95

DOUBLE DOS Plus - a piggy­ back board that plugs into the disk-controller card so that you can switch select between DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3 DOUBLE DOS Plus requires

You've Seen the Rest ( Jyji.} :BUi~~rA~p~~Of~~~~r~Ce Now Get the Best at affordable prices. \ ~ \ For the FIRST time - PACKED GLOBAL Program Line Editor ~A " disks with 60 outstanding Global PLE has all these fine new features to /~ - /" ~ ~~Oug/:~ie ' needs programs! further ease your editing tasks: flRaURA"';J At last you have an opportunity ~... to use your Apple' to its fullest • Global edit, search and replacement , 1-EA ... " capacity! • Compatible with 80 column cards "-~ • Typeahead buffer • 1152 bytes of Escape functions definable from ~PPlElJJ~RE ~~[. offers on each disk an keyboard and nestable extensive variety of programs including: • Page list mode Business Printer Graphics • Completely transparent to user Music Games Text • Loads in regular RAM or Language card. Utilities • Data Base Finance Science Engineering and many Plus all of the powerful standard PLE others with 3.3 DOS for easy demuffining. commands and features First 3 disks available at $59.95 each $38.50 Order all 3 for a free bonus disk. A.P.P.L.E. Orders Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664 304 Main Ave. S., Suite 300 Fla. Residents: 305-584-7004 Renton, WA 98055 Please add $3 for postage & handling. (206) 271-4514 Washington state residents add 6.5'70 sales tax. 6400 Hayes St. All foreign orders (including Canada) will require Hollywood, FL 33024 =-= • additional postage and shipping. 'TM Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Co. Shipping wt. 3.0 oz.

7£, Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0080 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A CALL -AP.P.LE. UTILITY: BINARY TO TEXT CONVERTER

Val J. Golding with Dave Ungwood

EAVE it to Lingwood is a Should you wish to use them, just limited to one byte. Thus it could be favorite saying around our remove the REM from the statement. used only for short programs using neck of the woods. Dave, Another innovative feature we memory up to $CFF. Lneeding to transmit a binary would like to suggest our readers The BASIC program is set up to file to us via a modem and the phone, study and perhaps improve upon, is place the machine code in memory devised the basis for this short utility. the method of loading the binary code using the S. H. Lam routine, so all While one can, with a bit of deter­ in memory. This converts the dec­ you need do is type it in and fire mined effort, transmit binary files imal starting address to HEX char­ away. The Assembly listing is pro­ over the phone, it is usually far acters that the Lam routine can use, vided for those that wish to explore simpler to handle a text file, the file the program more fully. type most terminal programs expect t!i to find. ******************************** Apple's monitor has a "hex 2 * * dump" routine that prints a memory 3 * Routine to save binarv data * address in hex followed by a dash and 4 * and addresses to a teit file * eight bytes of data, each separated by 5 * * a space. This is what you see when 6 * Stolen from Apple's monitor * 7 * by D. Lingwoood/V. Colding 11 you enter monitor and type, for ex­ 8 ample, 300.308. 9 * This code fully relocatable * Even though Dave's gem did its 10 * * job, when we got our hands on it, we 11 11 Call -A.P.P.L.E. : July 1982 11 12 spotted an additional use to which it ********11**11***11**111111**11********11 * could be put, to save a binary file as 14 text, then EXEC the file into mem­ 15 STADR* $00 ory. Only three things need be done, 16 NOAOR $02 17 BLEN $1A60 we replace the monitor's dash with a 18 BSTART SAA72 colon, add an opening line to the text­ 19 PRNTYX = $F940 file to CALL -151, and add a closing 20 PRBYTE HODA line to return to BASIC. Since these 21 COUT = $FOED are optional features, they are shown 22 23 *11 in the BASIC listing only as REMs. 24 ORG $300 25 * 26 * 0300: AD n AA 27 LDA BSTART ;Get start addr from DOS 0303: 85 00 18 STA STADR ;Save it 0305: 18 29 CLC 030&: &0 &0 AA 30 ADC BLEN iAdd the length 0309: 48 31 PHA ; Check la ter . 030A: 85 02 32 STA NDADR iand save it 030 C: AD 73 AA 33 LOA BSTART+l iNow do same for hi byte 030F: 85 01 34 STA STAOR+l 0311: 6D 61 AA 35 ADC BLEN+1 0314: 85 03 36 STA NOADR+l 031&: 68 37 PLA 0317: DO 02 38 BNE LOIJONLY 0319: C6 03 39 DEC NDADR+l 0318: C6 02 40 LOIJONLY DEC NOADR ;Fia DOS goof 0310: 38 41 SEC o alE: BO 06 42 BC:S PRA1 ;Unconditional branch 43 0320: AS 00 44 MOD8CHX* LOA STAOR oa22: 29 07 45 AND 1$ 07 oa24: DO 13 46 BNE DATAOUT 47 oa26: A4 01 48 PRAI* LOY STADR+l ;Output routine starts here oa2l: AI. 00 49 LOX STADR 0321: 19 80 50 PRYX2 LOA 1$80 oaze: 20 ED FD 51 JSR COUT iPrint a [C/R]' oa2F: 2040 F9 5Z JSR PRNTYX imemory address 0332: AD 00 53 LOY 1$ 00 oa 34: 19 BA 54 LOA I,,·n ;and a colon o3 3 &: 20 ED FO 55 JSR COUT 56 o a a9: 19 AD 57 O~TAOUT* LOA I" .. i Space

Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 77 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0081 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

BINARY TO TEXT CONVERTER

0338 : 20 ED 1'0 58 JSR COUT iOutput the space 03 3E: 20 DA 1'0 59 JSR PRBYTE ;Output by te in hex 0341 : AS 00 &0 NXTAl LOA STADR ; Increllent 2 byte s tar t addr 0343 : CS 01 61 CKP NDADR 0345 : AS 01 62 LOA STADR.1 i and cOllpare to 2 by te end addr 0347 : E5 03 63 SBe NDADR+l 0349 : E6 00 64 INC STADR ; (Carry set i f ) =) 0348 : DO 01 65 BNE KOD8 03 4D: E6 01 66 INC STAOR.1 0341' : 90 CF 67 MOD8 BCC KOD8CHK iReady for next addr? 0351 : 60 68 RTS iBack to BASIC --End assemblv-- n by t as Errors: 0

lLI ST 150 INPUT "TARGET DRIVE (liZ) ? " ; Dl$: INPUT "1' ILENAKE TO SA 10 REM VE ";F2$: ON NOT VAL (D2$) OR VAL (OZS)} 2 GOTO 150: BINARY TO TEXT SAVE IF 1'2$ = "" THEN 150 160 PRINT DS"MONCIO"OS"OPEN"F2$" by Oave LinQwood & VI.I J GoldinQ ,D"D2$DS"VRITE"F2S 170 REM PRINT"CALL-151" Call -A.P.P.L.E. : July, 1982 180 CALL BP • 256: REM MIL start address 100 HOME VTAB 4: PRINT" H EX LIST TO DISK": PRINT 19 0 PRINT 110 GOSUB 800 200 REM PR INT" 3DOG" 120 DS = CHRS (13). CHRS (4) UO PRINT DS"CLOSE": END: REM 130 INPUT "FILE TO COPY? ";FU: INPUT "SOURCE DRIVE (112) ? 800 XS = "0123456789ABCDEF" " ; D1$: ON NOT VAL (D lS) OR 900 BP = PEEK (110) • 2: FOR I = VAL (01 $) ) Z GOTO 130: IF 1 TO BP:HS = MIDS (XS,I • 1 1'1$ = "" THEN PRINT DS"CATA ,t>: NEXT: REM LOG": GOTO 130 140 PRINT D$"BLOAD"Fl$",O"DU Find free space pointer, convert I d d re sst 0 he x, stu f fin 5 t r in g $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 910 HS = H$ • "OO:AO 72 AA 85 0 1 1 6D 60 AA 41 85 2 AD 73 AA I CLOSEOUT SPECIAL I 85 1 60 61 AA 85 3 68 00 2 C 6 3 C6 2 38 BO 6 A5 0 29 7 D o 13 A4 1 16 0 19 80 20 ED l' D ZO 40 F9 AD 0 A9 SA 20 ED 1'0 19 AO .. The WOZPAK ][ $20.00 92 0 H S = H S • "20 EO 1'0 B1 0 20 D A 1'0 A5 0 C5 2 A5 1 E5 3 E6 WOZPAK DISKETTE 17.50 o DO 2 E6 1 90 CD 60 N09C6C" Total ~.-id:: 930 FOR I z 1 TO LEN (HS): POKE 511.1, ASe (KIDS (HS,I,ll 'ZO~ ) • 121: NEXT: POKE 72.0: CALL While Supply Lasts, * you can save $1:>.«1 and - 144: RETURN: REM get both for just ~ '2000. ~17.50 Stuff machine cod. into lIe.or, The WOZPAK ][ is the source for Integer Basic using Lam routine ROM technical information, containing articles DOUBLE your DISKETTES on the Integer Floating point routines, Sweet The only reasons your APPLE II cannot use the back side of 16, Integer line number and symbol cross your diskette are: reference programs and related information. 1. There is no notch. 2. The diskette manufacturer either did not test the back A.P.P.L.E. Orders side, or worse, put the flawed side to the back. 304 Main Ave. S., Suite 300 A pair of diagonal cutters will solve problem number 1. Renton, WA 98055 DISK PREP will solve problem number 2. (206) 271-4514 DISK PREP formats and tests your disk. Sectors with flaws Washington state residents add 6.5% sales tax. are left so they cannot be used. Your disk is left ready to All foreign orders (incl. Canada) will require additional boot, complete with a flaw report program saved on it. postage and shipping. $25.00 ·Less than 200 copies remain sympathetic software Shipping weight 13.02 oz. 9531 Telhan Drive A.P.P.L.E. Members only Huntington Beach, Ca. 92646 DOS 3.3 and DOS 3.2.1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ California residents add $1.50 tax.

78 Calf -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0082 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

MOVING BIG MAC SYMBOL TABLE

Thomas G. Williams

HE Symbol Symon symbolic memory. Neither Big Mac.LC nor use page 3, this program will not be debugger is a major improve­ Symbol Symon uses page 3, so if the disturbed, and can be executed by a ment over the capability in­ program you are debugging does not CALL 768 after exit from Big Mac.LC. Tcluded in the Apple ][ monitor. Unfortunately, it does not know : A Sit tri about the Big Mac.LC assembler and •• , •••••• ", •••••• ".** ••• **** •• 2 • * thus can not save or use the symbol 3 , MOVE BIC MAC.LC SYMBOL TABLE * table produced by Big Mac.LC. Sym­ 4 , by TomlJillla.. * 5 bol Symon can be used without a , ,* Call -A.P.P.L.E. : July 1982 ,* symbol table, but you lose the capa­ 7 8 , MO.,1 Big ltac.LC Symbol table' bility to refer to locations by name 9 * to whir. it would b. if • instead of address. Fortunately, the 10 , a.sl.blld by Big "ac.STO so , 11 • SYMBOL SYMON can find it. * Big Mac.LC symbol table is in the 12 , , same format as the Big Mac.STD 13 * Mov. bank 1 SOOOO-OFFF to * 14 , 57000-57FFF. Put 56FFF (Ind , symbol table, which Symbol Symon 15 * of source) in S800-80E. Put , can use. If the Big Mac.STD symbol U * pro~er.,alues in S8BC-S8CI. * 17 . , table is moved to where Big ****'********'****************** Mac.STD would have put it, and if 19 * certain memory locations are set to 20 * Equa t .. 21 * values that Big Mac.STD would have lZ Al L EOU S3C 23 A IH EaU S 3D set, Symbol Symon can find and use 24 A4L EOU $42 the symbol table. 25 A4H Eau S 43 When the Symbol Symon "Save 26 ENOSRC EOU saoo ;End of lource Z7 CHKLOC EaU UBC ;Loc'ns chlctld by SS Symbol Table" option is selected, 18 29 Symbol Symon checks locations 30 ORC S300 $8BC-$8CO for the sequence $02,$09, 31 $07,$20,$OD ("BIG 3l * Moye symbol table M" in inverse 33 , video). If it finds this sequence, it 0300 2C 88 CO 34 START BlT scoas ;Slllct RAM read. bk 1 assumes that Big Mac.STD was used 0303 19 00 35 LDA 10 ;Set up src, dlst ptrs 0305 85 3C 36 STA AlL and takes the two byte datum stored 0307 85 U 37 STA AU at $80D,$80E as the address of the 0309 19 DO 38 LOA ISOO ;Sourc. 030B 8S 3D 39 STA AIM last byte of the assembler source file. 030D 19 70 40 LOA 1S70 ;Ol5tination Big Mac.sTD starts the symbol table 030F as 43 41 STA A4H 0311 AO 00 U LOY 10 ;Clr Y for indir addr immediately after the source file. 0313 B1 3C 43 LOOP LOA (AIL) .Y ;Cet Datu. Big Mac.LC puts the symbol table 0315 9t U 44 STA (AU), Y ;Store Datu. 0317 E6 3C 45 INC AlL ;lnerlmlnt pOinters on the language card in bank one of 0319 E6 U 4t. INC A4L $DOOO-$DFFF. This program is for o 3IB DO F6 47 SNE LOOP 031 D E6 3D 48 INC AlH ;Must inere.ent hi byte use with assembly language pro­ 03lF E6 43 49 INC A4H grams where all of the symbol table 0321 A5 3D 50 LOA AlH ;Check if don. 0323 C9 EO 51 CMP lSEO will fit into this space. It moves the 0325 DO EC 52 BNE LOOP data from bank one of $DOOO-$DFFF 53 54 , Move finished. let end of louree pointer to $7000-$7FFF. It then puts the 55 proper values on $8BC-$8CO and 0327: 19 FF 5& LOA ISFF 0329: aD 00 08 57 STA ENOSRC sets $80D-$80E to $6FFF. Thus the onc: 19 6F 58 LOA ISH Symbol Symon "Save Symbol Table" 03lE: 80 DE oa 59 STA ENOSRC+I 60 option will think Big Mac.STD was 61 •* Set up locations checked by SYMBOL SYMON used and save the data starting at 62 0331: AI 04 63 LOX 14 $7000. This program always moves 0333: BO 40 03 64 LOOPI LOA CHKOATA.I 4096 bytes; it makes no attempt to 0336: 90 BC OS '5 STA CHKLOC.I identify the end of the symbol table. 0339: CA U DEI 0331: 10 F7 67 BPL LOOPI This works fine because Symbol 61 69 • Re.et to ROM read Symon can identify the end of the 70 table and will not save extraneous 03 3C: 2C 11 CO 71 BIT SC08l data. 033F: 60 72 RTS 73 To use the program, BRUN it 74 * Data ahlakld by SYMBOL SYMON after the assembly is complete but 75 0340: 01 09 07 before Symbol Symon is started. As 0343: 00 76 CHKOATA HEX 02.09.07.00 given here, it runs in page 3 of .--End ... e.bly-- 68 by til Errors: 0

Call -A.P.P.LE. July 1982 79 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange TPage 0083 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

A.P.P.L.E. MEETING MINUTES

Michael Thyng/guest secretary

May 18, 1982 said there were members coming in from A.P.P.L.E. picked up about 85 new Computer Empire Seattle, Tacoma, Bend, Eugene, Bremer­ members. We adjourned the formal busi­ ICE President Bob Huelsdonk ton, and Washougal to participate. There ness portion of the meeting at 7:50. called the meeting together at were visitors coming from Canada. Others 7:33 PM, sixty five members were encouraged to participate. Speaker: were present. Tom Benett of the University of V Other Reports: Washington Academic Computer Center Old Business: Val Golding gave a first-hand account spoke to us about communicating over A.P.P.L.E. office hours are extended of his impressions of the Boston Apple­ phone lines to a large host computer. Tom to 7:00 PM on Thursday evenings. An in­ fest. He said that Boston had improved its is the Terminal Services Coordinator at formal show of hands indicated that 95% facilities from a four aisle show last year the "U." He told us that to talk to the of the members currently receive Softtalk. to a fourteen aisle extravaganza this year. university's computer - which is a main­ No further news about the possibility of He saw only a few new products. Among frame CDC Cyberg 170-750, a 60 bit A.P.P.L.E. sponsoring subscriptions. It is them, a new Z-80 card which features word machine - you needed three things. still under investigation. There were some on-board 64K RAM and your choice of a questions on the results of the user four or six mhz chip. Val thought it ran 1) Hardware interface; the RS232-C survey. Some asked when it would be faster than Microsoft's l-80. 2) A Modem published. David Lingwood was unavail­ The star of the show seemed to be the 3) Software to let your Apple able for comment. first ever high resolution light pen. This emulate a terminal comes with a $349.00 plug-in card. The A modem translates electronic pulses to Franklin Ace 100 - a dual processor, New Business: None. and from the Apple into analog signals for Apple similar computer - was displayed. transmission over the phone lines. The Committee Reports: XEBEC demonstrated an Apple compat­ software you buy for emulating a terminal Mike Thyng reported that there were ible hard disk. The 51f4 inch five megabyte comes in two major catagories. dumb ter­ many volunteers for the Pacific Science storage device sells for about $1300.00 minal and smart terminal. Center and A.P.P.L.E. co-sponsored, A dumb terminal gives you the ability first annual Apple Computer Festival. He to talk to the host computer, to load pro­ grams, to read data that the host has avail­ TM able and to enter data remotely through TAKE CONTROL your keyboard. A smart terminal lets you ~&HJ:I do all that, plus it allows you to transfer OF YOU R APPLE® DISKS data (text) files to or from your disk drive ralTI& YOU CAN NOW HAVE UNEQUALLED t:t."UTEH ACCESS AND CONTROL OF YOUR from or to the host computer. Tom IllitJJ DISKS WITH THE ULTIMATE described an abundance of data available DISK UTILITY PACKAGE for the users of the University of Wash­ ington computer center. Rates are very low for non-commercial DISKOVERYTM a users. To sign up to use this system or to a get more information, you may call Tom UTILITIES INCLUDED: TRACK/SECTOR EDITOR DRIVE SPEED TEST at (206) 543-5970. Tom left us with a The most VERSATILE and USEFUL sector editor available! High accuracy disk drive speed testing program. Displays thought that microcomputer owners Among the more than 70 commands (with more on the way!) are: drive rotation speed with an accuracy of + / - 20 microseconds. should carry into the '80's. "The best way • Simultaneous operation In both 13 and 16 sector 10rmats. CATALOG MANAGEMENT TOOLS • Compatible wllh 35,40,70, and 80 track drives. Alphabetize the catalog by liIe names or by liIe names within to compute is to let the microcomputer do • Compatible with CP/M@ and PASCALTM liIetypes. what it does best and let the mainframes • 128 sector holding area with fully automatic index. Purge all deleted liIes from catalog. • Automatic index keeps track of all 128 holding blocks' origin Patch DOS to show deleted liIes during a catalog command. do what they do best." information Including slot, drive, track, and sector. Undelete a liIe in the catalog - checks for liIe integrity. • Search for a string of up to 255 characters within a file or MISCELLANEOUS UTILITIES Q&A sequentially by selected tracks. Initialize disk without ODS. Increases usable disk space. • Reconstruct a VTOC (Volume Table Of Contents). Erase disks to a totally unformal1,d state. There were questions about the • Reconstruct catalog sectors. DOS patches to allow BRUN or EXEC ex,cution of boot liIe. • Verify all used sectors on a disk. rumors of new Apple computers, why a Setup program to aflow use of lowercase adapters and disk system would not boot up, comments • Initialize any one track or range of tracks. drives other than APPLE DISK II. • Load or Save up to 8 tracks at one time. about the large capacity boards that simu­ • Load or Save flies of up to 128 sectors long at one time. Extensive manual packed with lots of valuable information. • Compare any held sector or range of sectors to any other Disk supplied comes unprotected to allow easy customizing late disk drives without diskettes, and a sector or range of sectors. for special user applications and user patches. comment that one piece of software called • Edit sectors in Hex or ASCII. When in ASCII, characters may Program updates GUARANTEED FOR 5 YEARS. Planned be entered as inverse, flashing. control, or normal. updates include macros for the editor, rename DOS commands. Crunch correctly removed REM state­ • 3 Hardcopy formats with 3 selectable line lengths. Any printer text liIe editor for sequential and random liles, and many more. ments, but then went ahead and removed initialization string can be sent to output slot. some semi-colons too. • Locate all track/sector lists on a disk. INTRODUCTORY OFFER t!I • Ability to override checksum check to read bad sectors. • Abilily to mask display to show Inverse and flashing as normal $59.95 mode characters. Micro Mantic Computer Constant on screen Indication of active slot and drive, tracks COD, Check, or Money Order 541 NE McWilliams Rd on the disk, disk volume II, present track and sector, mask Requires:!:. Apple III II + with condition, DOS Iype in use, last hold block used, and number 48K and disk drive. Speclly Bremerton, WA 98310 01 hold blocks currently not being used for storage. 3.2 or 3.3 format. Call now (206) 373-9231 APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc PASCAL is a trademark 01 U.C.S.D. Regents

80 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0084 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0085 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 Finally. High-speed CRT look-alike software for your Apple

CRT Emulation to Your Bost Computer at 9800 Baud. Now there's a fast, new, affordable emulation program that lets your Apple II Plus do 80 Column Display double duty. It's called Softerm. Option And it can turn your Apple into an exact look -alike for these popular Softerm gives you exceptional CRT terminals at an unparalleled display capability. In addition to baud rate: providing full support for a wide IBM 3101 selection of 80-Column video boards, DEC VT-IOO Softerm allows the standard Apple DATA GENERAL D-200 40-column video to be used. The 80 LEAR SIEGLER ADM-3A AND ADM-5 HAZElTINE 1400 AND 1500 SERIES column boards include: ADDS REGENT SERIES ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS SMARTERM ~ TElEVIDEO 900 SERIES VIDEX VIDEOTERM ~ SSM MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS SIO, AIO, AIO II~ M & R ENTERPRISES SUP-R-TERM~ Softerm gives you the security and HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS­ BIT 3 COMPUTER FUll VIEW 80~ convenience of a personal computer MICROMODEM II~, SMARTMODEM~ VISTA COMPUTER VISION 80~ NOVATION APPLE-CAT~ WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS WIZARD 80~ plus the benefits of an on-line ter­ COMPUTER STOP OMNIVISION~ BIT 3 COMPUTER DUAL-COMM PLUS~ minal. You can even transfer files simply, quickly, and safely. With F1ezible file transfer Most advanced Softerm you can access your main­ emulator available. frame, talk to your timesharing ser­ Softerm makes it simple to transfer text, program, and binary files from Softerm is written entirely in 6502 vice, or communicate with another assembly language. You simply can't Apple computer. one computer to another. You'll enjoy a variety of modes to satisfy buy a more sophisticated package Simple to use your host computer's requirements, or one that's easier to use. Softerm mcluding character, block, and the is the most advanced intelligent Softerm operates on any Apple II intelligent Softrans~ mode which communications software on the Plus with 48K memory and Apple guarantees error-free transmission market. II disk drive. For a connection to and reception. another computer directly or through Other mode selections offered Order Softerm now. a communications modem, you'll include manual or unattended opera­ The sooner you can put Softerm need an asynchronous serial inter­ tion, auto-dial and auto-answer, to work for you the sooner you'll face board. Here are the boards adjustable character and block put the power of other computers Softerm supports: delays, character echo wait, hand­ APPLE COMMUNICATIONS CARD at your fingertips. So order your APPLE HIGH SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE shake sequencing, unattended Softerm program today and discover CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 7710 multiple file transmit queueing, re­ a world of new uses for your Apple. MOUNTAIN COMPUTER CPS MULTIFUNCTION CARD ceive to print, and many others. Send $150 to Softronics, Inc. B3i_ SBFFRONICS r~ 6626 PRINCE EDWARD PLACE' MEMPHIS. TN 38119· (9011 7~~-~00h i_J Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0086 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WRITE -A.P.P.L.E.

The Readers

Dear Val, seeded the RND function by PEEKing test after only a few hundred calls. I don't these locations and using that value as a know what to make of the pattern AVING recently programmed a negative argument to seed the generator exactly, perhaps some other curious C.A.!. package containing sequence! In fact the generator can be reader might delve into the issue. I several educational games, I seeded by any negative argument as ex­ haven't tried David Sparks' assembly Hnoticed that one of the games plained in the Basic Programming Re­ routines yet as I don't dabble in machine exhibited a flaw when invoking the ran­ ference Manual for Applesoft (page 159)_ language. In any case my problem was dom (RND) function. The game was a I would refer fellow readers to a past solved by that back issue of Call variation on the wordgame "Hangman," issue of Call-APPLE. (February 1981, -APPL.E. with Crawford's suggestion. and the mystery words were chosen from page 24) where Tom Crawford came up Thanks Tom, David, and David ... for the a data array "randomly." I use this word with a clever solution for the non-random learning experience - and may you all metaphorically only, as it seems that the RND function_ He refers to these same have truly Random adventures!! choice was not so random at all. After try­ locations ($4E and $4F) as a "counter" Marc Weiner ing out the program repeatedly-it seemed which is always being updated whenever 11642 Kiowa Ave. apL9 that every time you began to play the the Apple is awaiting keyboard inpuL Los Angeles, CA 90049 game anew, the same words tended to PEEKing these locations gives one a come up first. value between 0 and 65535. PEEKing * Sparks was here re/errillf.{ 10 /lIlef.{er Basic, Upon complaining of this to a friend only one of these locations will give you a 1101 Appleso/1. ... ed who programs for a C.A.!. company, he single byte between 0 and 255 which may Dear Val, told me there was a bug in the Applesoft be enough as we will see. RND function and that there was a simple The idea is simply to use the value in When we at Superior Software Inc., fix for it! (namely POKE 205,255) I happily this counter to determine the end point of first introduced the The Quest for the Holy tried out the fix only to see the problem a random loop. When the loop is exited, Grail in December of 1981, we decided persist! you will be at a relatively random spot in not to copy-protect our disks! I narrowed it down to this observation: the not so random sequence that the Apple It is our sincere belief that the micro­ when using the RND function from a cold has generated with its initial seed value. computer industry as a whole, and the start (power up situation), the Apple will The key is to have areas in your program Apple community in particular, will always give you the same sequence of ran­ before calling the RND function where benefit from the most complete exchange dom numbers. Later I learned that the the program awaits a user's input, or of ideas and information possible, consis­ random number generator can be seeded whatever from the keyboard (even if only tent with the legitimate rights of software to produce a certain sequence over and to read the title!). producers to adequate compensation. As over. While this is useful in some gaming Then you will have some random authors and publishers, we recognize and situations (replaying of card hands, for values at these two locations ... Now the understand the arguments for protection; example) it was totally in the way for my rest is easy! Once I understood this, it was but as users and enthusiasts, we oppose application! simple to apply Crawford's solution to uncopyable and, by their nature, unlist­ What I wanted was a relatively ran­ generate a more random sequence for my able and unmodifiable programs. dom selection from my mystery list of word list in my game. One of the greatest pleasures of own­ words, even upon cold power on situa­ I hope other readers who have a ing an Apple or other personal computer tions! If each time the player booted-up, similiar need for a random sequence will comes from learning, and one of the best helshe faced the same sequence, then the benefit from the use of this counter value ways to learn is to review and try to game took on a truly boring character. held in locations $4E and $4F. It is an understand what others have done previ­ Obviously the random generator is seeded easy way out of the cold boot sequence ously. Then you can customize programs with some value upon booting, and I could problem about which the definitive word to suit your own specific needs or write always place whatever value I wanted in has I'm sure not yet been heard!! your own with the knowledge gained. the program to reseed the generator - By the way, I enjoyed experimenting This is the way most of the early greats in but how would I get a random seed value with David Sparks' random test in Apple­ micros learned. However, this is impossible out of a cold methodical Apple??? soft using Hi-Res! I ran these tests on the when you can't list the program or make It seems that most of the literature on random function with no seeding, with a your own modifications. The learning the RND function concentrates on the seed of -1 and with selected negative process ends before it begins. problem of degeneration - i.e. that after seeds. I also tried Dr. Norman Holthouse's Furthermore, a great many commercial prolonged usage, the RND function will routine (from D. Lingwood's article). After programs would be much more valuable tend to get less and less random produc­ about 25000 generations, there was no to the user if modifications were possible ing a pattern of numbers. This has been great difference in the distribution of (not to mention the much discussed prob­ discussed in David Lingwood's Amplify­ numbers being selected. I did notice a dif­ lem of backing-up valuable, uncopyable ing Applesoft (Call -A.PPL.E. in Depth ference between using the RND function disks). Locking the program in these in­ #1), and also just recently in the May issue and Holthouse's algorithm. This routine stances actually makes the program less of Call-A.PPL.E. (in David Sparks' arti­ was written in BASIC and hence much valuable to the user and may even reduce cle: Random Adventures). His discussion slower than the call to the Applesoft RND future sales. We believe this to be un- of seeding is, I believe, misleading. He function. Besides that difference, , desirable and that the risks involved in stated that "Seeding Basic's function is Holthouse's routine generated a specific , "going bare" are outweighed by the value simply a matter of POKEing locations pattern spread on the Spark's black hole \ to the user and the basic fairness of pro- $4E and $4F."* This is not exactly cor­ viding quality software which can be rect. It is not what he did himself in his listed, understood, modified, and legiti­ BASIC program examples (page 49). He mately backed-up.

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 83

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0087 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

WRITE -A.P.P.L.E. We are not, under any circumstances, your check arrives, and why there is no condoning piracy! Duplicating another's waiting for your personal check to clear. copyrighted work and distributing it (even Superior Software will continue to bring for free) without permission is, and should you superior products at reasonable be, illegal. Pirates are not romantic prices, together with honest and fair heroes; they are thieves who should be business practices. We trust you will be punished. However, we believe the vast just as fair and honest with us. majority of users are honest and will pay a Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or fair price for good software. We are build­ Thorne D. Harris III other text into your word processing com­ puter. ing our company on that belief ... and you. President Although almost all major software Superior Software Inc. Send it to us on a diskette or via- a producers use some form of protection, 4312 Arizona Ave. modem transmission and we'll send you there have been several recent announce­ Kenner, LA 70062 camera ready film copy. ments to the contrary. Apple's Mike Computer typesetting provides high Markkula stated recently that he would Call -A.P'P'L.E. encourages software quality, easy to read copy at a fraction of like to see the elimination of locked soft­ manufacturers to advise us of policy changes the cost of conventional typesetting. ware altogether. Also, Mark Pe1czarski of in re to unprotecting disks. Penguin Software announced in March, Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, format­ Penguin's decision to "go unprotected" Dear Val, ting instructions, and examples. with certain software. We applaud these efforts. It takes courage and trust in you, There is a small typo in my "So What the user. Did You Expect" on page 70 of the May As Superior Software prepares to ex­ Call -A.P.P.L.E. pand its product line with the introduction Line 50 should read: this summer of Doom Valley, Useable Graphics, and Asteroid Belt, we once again 50 FOR K = T TO B STEP 2 pledge to you, our customers, that we will There there is no need to add line 55. continue to produce our software unlocked. Hope this helps the readers out there. Trust must start somewhere, so we will start by trusting you. This trust is also the reason we will ship orders received via The Source and telephone even before

Pig out on fun with PIG PEN (for the Apple 11* and the IBM-PC!) Here's the newest and freshest idea in dot-maze games. You'll go hog-Wild at the way Pig Pen's clever switches make this the most intriguing game you ever got hooked on! With Pig Pen you run the maze leaving dots wherever you go! And the 4 beady eyed pigs are out to stop you. Take a potent, pulsing pig pill and you can zap the pigs. turning them into delicious ham hocks! Why be 'boared' with the old-fashioned versions. Get the freshest - have the most fun of all! Oink, $29.95 in Apple or IBM versions. At your computer store, or from:

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0088 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0089 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

NEW ... from PEEA.laN'~L lC

THE ------

FEATURES Z·CARD* SoftCard* APPLI-CARD

A self-contained Z-BOA or Z-BOB with memory No No Yes

63K available for program development or execution No No Yes

fOlt .. -"-.nm. /nc.,

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0090 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

FUTRACO. GONE FISHING SALEI AP. COOLKIT AD INDEX Who Needs a Baked Apple? A.P.P.LE...... 16, 41, 76, 78, 87, 88 Stay Cool With a Kensington Fan. Advanced Operating Systems ...... 48, 66 $74.00 List $89.00 Available July 15th Adventure International ...... 57, 81 Amdek Corp ...... 4 Vldel Vldeotenn $219.95 A.P.P.L.E. Members Andromeda ...... 53 Electronic Switch $25.00 wNideoterm purch. Apple Tree Electronics...... 67 Keyboard Enhancer $109.00 wNideoterm purch. App/eware, Inc...... 76 Axlon ...... , ... , ...... 61 Microsoft Z-80 Softcard $269.00 $22.50 Beagle Brothers ...... 28 CP/M User's Guide FREE w/Softcard purch. Bit 3 Computer Corp...... 68 16K Ramcard $119.00 w/Softcard purch. Businessmaster ...... 74 Bytes & Pieces ...... 45 New! Commodore 64 $Call Consisting of a Tarin slow speed Cases, Inc...... 59 Mail Order Computer Case Co...... 74 fan, line cord and mounting tape. Computer Consulting Services ...... 36 FUTRA COMPANY Connecticut Information Systems ...... 14 P.O. BOX 4380-C (See Keep Your Cool, Call - Cortland ...... 62 Torrance, CA 90510 A.P.P.L.E., May 1982) Datamost ...... IBC. 84 Order Line: Discount Data Products...... 32 (800) 421-5006 Dream Electronics ...... 84 A.P.P.L.E Orders Fourth Dimension ...... 1 (213) 328-8951 304 Main Ave. S., Suite 300 Futra Company ...... 87 Retail The Geegety Software Works ...... 12 OMC Renton, WA 98055 HajOen Book Company Inc...... , ...... 13 20695 S. Western #124 (206) 271-4514 Interface. Inc...... 64 Torrance, CA 90505 Kensington Microware ...... 7 Korsmeyer Electronic Design...... 64 Retail: Washington State Residents Krell Software Corp...... 63 (213) 328-1760 add 6.5% sales tax Leading Edge Products ...... IFe. BC Link Systems ...... 17 'Inns: Shipping add 3% for product shipped within continental U.S.A. (AK & HI excluded) via UPS surface. (minimum $6.00). " All foreign orders (including Canada) Madwest Software .. , ...... 46 1111 ordlr pilCH Is prljJIld with U.S. fundi In fonn of chick or require additional postage & shipping Mark Four Imports ...... 68 ",onay ordlr, 110111 Chlrgl of $8.00 Is III you PlY within thl Micro Lab ...... 85 contlnlntll U.S.A. vii UPS surflci. Allow 14 working days for Shipping Wt. 16 oz. Micro Mantic Computer ...... 80 personal and company checks to clear. Credit card charges limited to $1000 maximum. We cannot accept COD orders. FPO, APO or Microware Distributing ...... 76 orders outside continental U.S.A. (including AK & HI) call or Omega Microware ...... 50 write for shipping charges or add 20% to purchase price (any Orange Micro, Inc ...... , ...... 6 difference will be refunded). CA residents add 6% sales tax. All Personal Computer Products...... 86 offers subject to change or withdrawal without notice. R.H. Electronics...... 65 Sensible Software ...... 18, 44 S & H Software...... 73 SofTech Microsystems ...... 29, 31. 33, 35, 37 Soft Key Publishing...... 74 Softronics, Inc...... 82 A.P.P.L.E. ORDERS Software & Peripherals ...... 58 304 Main Ave. S., Suite 300 Southeastern Software ...... 39 Southwestern Data Systems ...... 25, 56, 66 Renton, WA 98055 SSM Microcomputer Corp...... 23 12061271-4514 Strategic Simulations Inc...... 42 Strobe, Inc...... 8 Sympathetic Software ...... 78 Telephone Software Connection ...... 49 Vista Computer Company...... 47 I am enclosing my check/MO for $ ______Westware Inc...... 61 Xps, Inc...... 54 My membership number is: ----______expo date Yucaipa Software ...... 56

Please send me the following:

For A.P.P.L.E Members Only

Name: OISKPAK 12 - $16. 50 Addr5s: ______Newly Revised for Apple 11+*

City: ------State: _____ Zip Code: ______A collection of 40 Applesoft programs including games, 8 color demos, etc. Phone: ______A.P.P.L.E. Orders acc. # ______304 Main Ave. 5., Suite 300 Renton, W A 98055 (206) 271-4514 Visa, M/C welcome VISA" Washington State residents add 6.5% tax. Overseas ShIppIng wt I oz acc. # ______expo date ____ All foreIgn orders I'nel Canada} WIll require addItIonal postage and shIPP,ng Washington state residents must add 6.5% state sales tax. *Apple 11+ is registered trademark of All foreign orders will require shipping and handling charges (including Canada). Apple Computer Inc.

Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 87 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0091 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

UNClASSIFIEDS - A.P.P.L.E. ORDERS

CALL -A.P.P.L.E. fun)Classlfteds STOLEN: One Apple computer and related equipment taken from REOUEST FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS Members Non-commerical rate .DS/word room 407 Physics on 4/17/82. EqLipment inciudes:Apple 11+ Members commerical rate .2S/word 148K), serial no. A2S2-257308, Disk II with controller for Dear A.P.P.L.E., All others: LOO/word, S25 minimum above, ser. 442872, second disk unit serial 437984, Zenith I am moving and my present address is: hi-res monitor Igreen phosphor), ser. 3616598, Lexicon LEX- Send ad copy with payment to editorial office 11 telephone coupler. The Apple contained a Language PRESENT: System Card, a Tymac parallel printer interface card, and a PEACHY WRITER - New! A Simple. easy to use text editor at a hand-built interface card. A 5100 reward is offered for NAME price you can afford l 524.95. HAPPY FACE - 4 hi-res games recovery of this equipment. Contact: RJ. Wilkes, Physics for children: Riddles. Famous Sayings, Nursery Rhymes. Dept., FM-15, University of Washington, 543-4963. ADDRESS ______Spelling. 48K Sl500 COLLEGE PHYSICS - 11 diSks, 75 programs. extensNe graphiCS S200 AOUARIUM 25; NEEDED: Apple Computer System. Looking for someone who CI~ ______DINOSAURS S15; CHRISTIAN EDUCATION S15. Write for a wants to sell their Apple, but who can afford to let me pay free catalog. VISA M/C Cross Educational Software, "lox payments for the first six months or so and then pay it off. I 1536. Ruston. LA 7127013181255-8921 have several original hardware enhancements and software STATE _____.L-ZIP CODE ______ideas that I need to develop, but can't because I don't have WANTED: Volunteer consultant to specialize in Data Base ques­ rT¥ own system. Think of it as sort of an investment Will pay EFFECTIVE DATE ______tions. Contact Val Golding 1206) 932-6588. over retail price for yuur inconvenience. Terms negotiable. Also-looking for computer technician and/or digital electronics engineer. Degrees not essential, but yuu MUST "PUT AN ATLAS IN YOUR APPLE! Now yuu can quickly locate know yuur stuff. Familiarity with Apple computer and video/ North American cities and determine exact distances NEW ADDRESS: graphics systems preferable. Should be located in the Chico, between them. Includes a 411 city Data Base and Hi-Res CA area. Write to: Bill Donnelly, POB 1978, Oroville, CA NAME MAP. Ten day mol1€)t>ack GUARANTEEI ONLY 524.95 95965 or call 1916) 534-9254. Icheck/VISA/Mc)' DOS 3.2/3.3. For FREE information/ ADDRESS ______order write: Micro-ATLAS, Columbia Software, Box 2235E, Columbia, Maryland 21045. 1301) 997-3100" MICROSOFT Z-80 card for sale. All software and manuals included. Perfect condition. S260. Write: Karl Merris, 2384 Cl~ QJalo Way, San Diego, CA 92111 Phone: 1714) 462-5400 SEE THE CORE OF YOUR APPLE! Just released:A 400 square inch Idays). poster of the 6502 CPU's micro topology. See the Apple's STATE ______ZlPCODE _____ microprocessor enlarged over 20,000 times in full color. WANTED: MAGAZINE WRITERS for Technical Analysis of Stocks You've played with it, programmed it, and cursed at it. Now MEMBERSHIP NUMBER discover what the little beastie looks like. Search for that and Commodities. Any subject matter related to application and interpretation of chart and numerical analysis of stock or infamous "bit bucket" or try to find out where all those soft­ *Please fill out and return this notice two weeks ware bugs hide. Each order includes a free fact sheet that commodity data. Write to: p.o. Box 46518, Seattle, WA explains chip history, component location and topology. 98146-0518 before you move. Satisfaction guaranteed, poster will arrive undamaged, one week delivery. Send S4.50 to: Omicron Digital Systems ltd., P.o. Box 3055, Falls Church, VA 22043

APPLE ITEMS: Graphics tablet - 5490.00; Applesoft ROM card - 110.00; Integer ROM card lnever used) - 120.00; PRODUCTS NOW AVAIlABLE TO A.P.P.LE. MEMBERS Centronics card - 120.00; CCS Analog/Digital card - 90.00; Mt. Hardware ROMPLUS lnever used) - 115.00; Desktop Pian Inever openedl - 75.00; Strategic Simulation Call -AP.P.L.E. Specials A.P.P.LE. HARDWARE games - S11-S19; IDS 440 w/graphics - S590.00. 513-932- 0345 after 7:00 PM. Wozpak Closeout S20.00 ApController S95.00 A.P.P.L.E. SpeciaP S52.50 Ap.Coolkit S22.50 SILENTYPE excellent condition, includes manual, etc. S175. D.W. APDRIVE S395.00 Harsin, 5325 Oakhurst Dr., Cambria, CA 93428(805) 927- A.P.P.LE. LIBRARY 3953. APDR/VE with Controller 5475.00 A.P. Drive Technical Manual 530.00 Ap l Case 1 S30.00 PRINTER - Apple Silentype with interface, manual and 6 rolls "Apple Orchard" No. 1 (magazine) S2.50 Ap l Case 2 (lower case chip) S27.50 180') paper. S300 or best offer. Tom Little, 800 Cielo Circle, Apple Users Guide S13.00 Las Cruces NM 88005. 1505) 523-0602 Disk Banks 2 for S15.00 Assembly lines; The Book S16.50 Beneath the Apple DOS SI7.00 MICRO/MAILER + is a complete mailing list system. Functions: "Best of Cider Press" create, delete, catalog lists; add, correct, delete, sort, dis­ play, and list records. Prints labels I, 2, or 3 up; stores 900 (S.F. Newsletter Annual) Vol 1 54.50 Apple Prestige Product linE records per disk. Even interfaces with Magic \XIindow files to (S.F. Newsletter Annual) Vol II S9.50 APfile - Text file utility S18.50 create customized form lettersl S29.95 - Prairie Call -A.P.PLE. annuals MicroSystems, Inc., 8711 Black Maple Drive, MN 55344. Applesoft Carpenter S18.50 1978 S7.50 Aptest S18.50 1979 SIO.OO APPLE GRAPHICS TABLET - Complete with Apple and On-Line Big Mac Macro-Assembler/Ted S22.50 1980 SI5.00 Systems software. S500. 1206) 941-1084. Big Mac.lC S28.50 1981 S18.50 APU/LTYP - Smart typewriter program. Lower case printing, Big Mac X-Ref S7.50 Call -A.P.P.L.E. in Depth No. 1 S7.00 capitals inverse on display. Disk save, load, combine, back­ Global Program line Editor S38.5O Inside Washington Apple Pi S7.00 space, tabs, line insert, delete, shift lock. Wrap around for Higher Fonts I S13.00 heads down typing. S19.95 on 16 sector diskette with Pawer of VisiCalc \A:l1 I or II, each sa. 50 Higher Text Plus S27.5O copyable source code and documentation. 481< Applesoft, Using 6502 Assembly language SI7.00 disk printer. K M Systems, 7955 E. 50th St., Suite F-1006, Program Global Editor SI8.SO \XIhat's \XIhere in the Apple S12.50 Tulsa, OK 74145. Program line Editor S20.00 Woz Talks (VHS Video cassette) S27.50 Soft Seventy S22.00 GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM - menu driven, error checking on AS IS SOFTWARE Symbol Symon S20.oo data entry, user formatted statements. Developed tfy CPA and CDP. Copyable source code furnished on 16 sector Public domain diskettes (DOS 3.2.1) ea. 54.00 WordWeaver III S75.00 diskette. 48K Applesoft, one disk drive. S39.95 or (Send 37¢ SA.s.E. for list of titles) documentation only SIO.OO refundable on purchase. K M Systems, 7955 E. 50th St., Suite F-1006, Tulsa, OK 74145. Diskettes supplied on DOS 3.3 except as noted. IMust be postmarked or phone ordered by 8/31/82 7S7.50 With Ap l Case I A.P.P.LE. elSKPAKS FOR RENT: APPLE" PLUS computers: tfythe day, week or mDrith. SIO.OO With Ap l Case 2 Expert Systems, PO Box 345, Redmond, WA 98052, (206) Call -A.P.P.L.E. Anthology Vols I-VII, incl. ea. 512.50 382-6616. DICE 827 S12.50 250 APPLE CASSElTE PROGRAMS, every kind imaginable. Rrst Diskpak 12 S16.5O S200 takes all. Jerry Strong, 4229 Baker Ave. NW., Seattle, Diskpak 34A S13.00 WA 98107 1206) 784-2081. Diskpak 5 SI3.00 Diskpak 6B (DOS 3.2 disk utility) S18.50 To avoid shippIng delays~ always I Diskpak 6B-16(DOS 3.3 disk utility) S18.50 Il--_orde __r_n_ew---=p_roducb ___ ·_sepa:.::.:.:.:..:rate::.::..Iy~. -..J Diskpak 7 S17.50 Diskpak 8 SI3.00 In Depth I Diskette S16.50 ORDER FORM ON REVERSE

88 Call -A.P.P.L.E. July 1982 Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange I Page 0092 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982

List off your favorite card games your lay-offs, rearrange your cards and you'll agree not one has the at will, even take back a bad dis­ fun and enjoyment offered by Gin card before it's fully in play. Makes all Rummy ... provided you're up Once you start playing Computer against a tough opponent. Gin Rummy you'll find all other other card Good Gin players have always card games seem dull and boring, been agonizingly hard to find, because none give you such a great ones almost impossible ... smart competitor. Now for some games seem especially at the times you're in extra good news. Along with GIN the mood. Until Now. Now you RUMMY, you also get KNOCK have Computer Gin Rummy! - RUMMY and ONE-MELD RUMMY boring ... the perfect opponent who's ready so you can relax with a change of to play whenever you are, for as pace. long as you want! Get your copy now and let's DEAL! Computer Gin Rummy is no sim­ Only $29.95 for the apple II; at ple "Go Fish" type of competitor ... your computer store, or from: but a master tactician who plays like a pro, who has all the strategy, COMPUTER knows all the moves to give you a []DATAMOS~ terrific battle every time! He knocks 9748 Cozycroft Avenue when you least expect it, holds out Chatsworth, California 91311 GIN RUMMY to undercut you - he discards the (213) 709-1202 right cards (which are wrong for you!), and suddenly lays down his VISAIMASTERCHARGE accepted. hand, as if to say, "name of the $1.00 shipping/handling charge. game;' and gins! This is real Gin (California residents add 6% sales tax.)

Rummy where you can change * Apple I~as a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0093 of 0094 Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine • July 1982 •

MORE 11111 JUST MOTHER PRETTY FACE. Says who? Says ANSI. make life miserable for everyone in the disk-making Specifically, subcommittee X3B8 of the American business. National Standards Institute (ANSI) says so. The fact How? By gathering together periodically (often, is all Elephant ™floppies meet or exceed the specs one suspects, under the full moon) to concoct more required to meet or exceed all their standards. and more rules to increase the quality of flexible But just who is "subcommittee X3B8" to issue such disks. Their most recent rule book runs over 20 single­ pronouncements? spaced pages-listing, and insisting upon-hundreds They're a group of people representing a large, upon hundreds of standards a disk must meet in well-balanced cross section of disciplines-from order to be blessed by ANSI. (And thereby be taken academia, government agencies, and the computer seriously by people who take disks seriously.) industry. People from places like IBM, Hewlett-Packard, In fact, if you'd like a copy of this formidable docu­ 3M, lawrence livermore labs, The U.S. Department ment, for free, just let us know and we'll send you of Defense, Honeywell and The Association of Com­ one. Because once you know what it takes to make puter Programmers and Analysts. In short, it's a bunch an Elephant for ANSI ... of high-caliber nitpickers whose mission, it seems, in We think you'll want us to make some Elephants order to make better disks for consumers, is also to for you. B.EPHIIT~M HEAVY DUTY DISKS. Distributed Exclusively by leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021 Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (617) 828-8150. Telex 951-624.

Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange Page 0094 of 0094