ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY VOLUME 114 No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab. ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY VOLUME 114 LEON V. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-1-53610-737-1 (eBook) ISSN: 2157-5398 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Synthesis of Bisphosphonates and Their Biomedical Applications 1 Blessing A. Aderibigbe Chapter 2 Polymeric Nano-Vectors Based siRNA Delivery: A Blooming Field towards Better Therapeutics 29 R. Mankamna Kumari, Nikita Sharma, Nidhi Gupta, Ramesh Chandra and Surendra Nimesh Chapter 3 The Use of Thrombophilia and Pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis Screening in Women: The Benefits of the RIETE Registry 67 Pierpaolo Di Micco, Angeles Blanco Molina, Donatella Colaizzo, Francesco Dentali, Andrea Fontanella, Matteo Giorgi Pierfranceschi, Elvira Grandone, Benjamin Brenner and Manuel Monreal Chapter 4 Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426: A Model Organism for Moderate Thermophiles 75 Hirokazu Suzuki vi Contents Chapter 5 Glycans Provide Molecular Recognition Motifs Which Regulate Endoplasmic Protein Folding, Transport, Lysosomal Targeting, and are Used by Pattern Recognition Receptors in Pathogen Surveyance and Innate Immunity 109 James Melrose Chapter 6 The Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, and Atherosclerosis 169 Kazutaka Aoki and Yasuo Terauchi Chapter 7 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: New Hopes for an Old Malady 181 Shakeel Ahmed, Syed Rehan Ali and Anila Haroon Chapter 8 Surgical Approaches in Knee Arthroplasty 197 Prasad Ellanti, Priyanka Ellanti and Thomas McCarthy Chapter 9 Enhancement of Antioxidant System by Lipoic Acid in Experimental Lung Tumorigenesis 215 Pandi Anandakumar, Thiruvengadam Devaki and Manickam Kalappan Vanitha Index 225 PREFACE The chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One focuses on the synthesis of bisphosphonates and its biomedical applications. Chapter Two reviews polymeric nano-vectors based siRNA delivery. Chapter Three discusses the use of thrombophilia and pharmacological throboprophylaxis screening in women. Chapter Four provides insights into Geobacillus species through an overview of the model strain HTA426. Chapter Five examines how glycans provide molecular recognition motifs which regulate endoplasmic protein folding, transport, lysosomal targeting, and also how they are used by pattern recognition receptors in pathogen surveyance and innate immunity. Chapter Six discusses the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Chapter Seven discusses the various classifications, clinical features, diagnosis, and management options of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Chapter Eight studies several surgical approaches for knee arthroplasty with their relevant advantages and disadvantages. Chapter Nine explores the antioxidant potential of lipoic acid in ameliorating the oxidative stress produced during lung carcinogenesis. Chapter 1 - Bisphosphonate is a class of drugs used to slow down bone damage. They have been found to exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, antiplasmodial activities etc. However, bisphosphonates suffer from limitations such as toxicity, poor bioavailability and low intestinal adsorption. Due to the aforementioned limitations, there have been several investigations by several researchers towards the development of delivery systems for delivery of bisphosphonates. This chapter will be focused on the recent classes of bisphosphonates synthesized and biomedical applications. viii Leon V. Berhardt Chapter 2 - A plethora of encouraging studies have proposed siRNA based therapeutics as a potent and promising strategy towards treatment of various diseases, including, cancer. Several nanoparticle based vectors have been tailored in order to develop an effective delivery system. However, several barriers such as poor cellular uptake, instability and immunogenicity in physiological conditions needs to be resolved before successful clinical application. Hence, a clinically suitable and stable nanoparticle-siRNA formulation needs to be developed. In this context, polymeric nanoparticles have revolutionized drug-delivery systems owing to its ability to protect nucleic acids from degradation, intracellular uptake, low toxicity and controlled release. Amongst the available polymers, cationic polymers are one of the predominantly investigated molecules for the formation of stable complexes with the negatively charged nucleic acids. Further, these polymers also confer enhanced protection against nucleases. Manipulation of certain parameters such as molecular weight, charge density and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance have shown to result in improved vectors. Chapter 3 - Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are associated to an increased risk to develop venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to spontaneous pregnancy. Previous studies have found that VTE after a spontaneous conception is nearly 1 of 1000 pregnant women, while in women undergoing ART it may raise of three-four times. The pathophysiological mechanism by this increase is related to medical ovarian stimulation, a pharmacological ovarian stimulation that increases the number of oocytes available for ART associated to the presence of other risk factors as thrombophilia. Pharmacological ovarian hyperstimulation, in fact is able to increase procoagulant status of all women that may lead to thrombosis, as showed by several studies. However, available data about the magnitude and the duration of VTE risk in pregnancy after ART are conflicting, just as data about the risk to develop VTE for all women that perform ART and not only for those that show pregnancy after ART. Actually, the authors have only data by women that develop VTE during pregnancy after ART, as reported by clinical series or studies but the incidence of VTE for women that perform ART with or without a following successful pregnancy is unknown and only case reports or small clinical series are reported in the Literature. Several clinical aspects are lacking of full understanding as the VTE risk for women that will perform ART. The