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Safe Use of Smokeless Powder for Small Arms
Safe Use of Smokeless Powder for Small Arms Propellant is designed to create gas when burned. The speed by which it creates gas is what we call, “Burn Rate”. You will hear about “faster powders” or “slower powders”. These descriptions refer ONLY to the rate at which relative propellants create gas. The burn rate of a propellant is controlled by surface area of the individual grains, density, particle size, energetic content, and burn rate modifiers (deterrents). It is impossible to tell the burn rate of a propellant by its physical traits alone. Burn rates of a propellant must be matched to the chamber and bore dimensions of a firearm, and the weight and resistance of a projectile. Many additional variables contribute to the correct balance of propellant burn rate and firearm requirements. Experts test these variables, using pressure-test barrels, and fired remotely. It is unwise and potentially dangerous for individuals to develop loads outside of established recipes. We call this, “Tickling the dragons belly”, and strongly advise against the practice. The ballistic output of your loaded rounds WILL change from many variables. Among them: Case length, case volume, primer type and brand, primer seating depth, temperature, altitude, atmospheric pressure, projectile weight, projectile seating depth, projectile form, projectile material, internal case capacity, propellant burn rate, charge weight, moisture contamination, residual solvent, bore conditions, case hardness, mouth crimp, bullet-pull, load length, powder lot, primer lot, projectile lot, firing pin or hammer force, and firearm. Propellants that look very similar, when loaded in a cartridge, can lead to disastrous results. Therefore, ensure your own safety by diligently following safe reloading practices. -
ICOHTEC, TICCIH & Worklab Joint Conference in Tampere, Finland
ABSTRACTS ICOHTEC, TICCIH & Worklab joint conference in Tampere, Finland 10th–15th of August 2010 WEDNESDAY TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS: Session W1A PROCESSES, TOOLS, RE-THINKING I Room A1 8:30–10:00 Chair: Helmuth ALBRECHT, Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Technical University Freiberg, Germany Industrial Cultural Landscape Montane Region Ore Mountain on the Way to UNESCO – Public Participation and Community Involvement Heidi PINKEPANK INIK GmbH, Germany Based on the hypothesis that heritage protection (in particluar World Heritage) creating economical and development barriers is due to restricted communica- tion with and participation of the local communities, this paper discusses the im- portance of Public Acceptance, Participation and Community Involvement using the example of the Industrial Cultural Landscape Montane Region Ore Mountain (Erzgebirge/ Krusnohori). The Montane Region is of particular interest since it is a Cultural Landscape, a serial and transnational property and therefore features a variety of aspects of participation and community involvement including lan- guage and mentality barriers. The central challenge of dealing with such a living cultural landscape, however, lies in responding to development dynamics to allow socio-economic changes and growth on one hand, while simultaneously respect- ing the traditional cultural landscape and its surroundings. In order to achieve this, goals have to be defined and strategies for implementation developed. In the context of this Paper, important insights regarding the variety of stake- holders were gained through face-to-face interviews of representatives of cer- tain stakeholder groups (e.g. local tourism, local businesses, local people, church representatives, museums, culture representatives) in the Ore Mountain (Ger- many and Czech Republic). -
Intro to Reloading
Intro to Reloading This introductory manual will cover the basics of handloading ammunition. It will include information regarding necessary equipment, required materials, and the reloading process. This is not intended to be a comprehensive guide. Reloading is an in-depth, complex subject. This guide is a starting point for absolute beginners. Further information should be sought out for your specific calibers you are reloading, your specific brand and models of equipment, and your specific reloading components and materials. Follow all instructions that come with your equipment and materials. When someone who has never reloaded their own ammo looks into it, the needed equipment list is daunting and expensive. It is the intention of this guide to make reloading seem easy and accessible. Anyone, even children, can reload ammunition if shown the steps. My 8 year old is more than eager to help me de-prime, drop powder, or resize shells. Hopefully the knowledge presented here will increase your confidence when it comes to starting your reloading journey. [2] Socialistra.org Why Reload? Self Sufficiency: A decade ago, the generally accepted wisdom was “You will always be able to find .22lr. You will always be able to find .223. You will always be able to find .30-06. You will always be able to find XYZ.” After Sandy Hook in 2012, that all changed. For YEARS afterward, certain kinds of ammo were simply non-existent on store shelves. In this Time of Trump, it may not seem to make sense to spend $.10-$.25 more on each round you would make vs just buying the factory ammo. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 MARCHISIO, GIULIO How to cite: MARCHISIO, GIULIO (2012) Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7323/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 Giulio Marchisio This thesis analyses the rise of private armaments firms in Great Britain and in Italy from mid-19th century to the outbreak of the First World War, with a focus on naval armaments and military shipbuilding. During this period, the armaments industry underwent a radical transformation, moving from being based on public-owned arsenals and yards to being based on private firms – the system of military procurement prevalent today. -
University of Huddersfield Repository
University of Huddersfield Repository Wood, Christopher Were the developments in 19th century small arms due to new concepts by the inventors and innovators in the fields, or were they in fact existing concepts made possible by the advances of the industrial revolution? Original Citation Wood, Christopher (2013) Were the developments in 19th century small arms due to new concepts by the inventors and innovators in the fields, or were they in fact existing concepts made possible by the advances of the industrial revolution? Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/19501/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Were the developments in 19th century small -
Modern Guns and Smokeless Powder
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1S91 /\:,JM^n? ^I'tClfl ofseo Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030760072 : : MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. ARTHUR RIGG JAMES GARVIE. LONDON E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND. NEW YORK SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12, CORTLANDT STREET. 1892. MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. PART I. INTRODUCTION. Gunpowder, the oldest of all explosives, has been the subject of many scientific investigations, sup- ported by innumerable experiments ; but Nature guards her secrets well ; and to this day it cannot be said that the cycle of chemical changes brought about by the combustion of gunpowder is thoroughly understood. Its original components vary, but are generally about 75 parts potassium nitrate, 15 parts carbon, and 10 parts sulphur, with other ingredients some- times added. These materials, when simply mixed together, burn with considerable vigour, but cannot rank as an explosive until they have been thoroughly incorporated, so that the different molecules are brought into such close proximity that each finds a neighbour ready and willing to combine on the smallest encouragement. Heat furnishes the necessary stimulus, by pro- 2 MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. moting chemical activity ; and, when combined with concussion, the molecules are driven closer to- gether, and this intimate association accelerates their combination. The effect of mere concussion is shown to greater advantage when any of the more dangerous ex- plosives, such as iodide of nitrogen, are subjected to experiment. -
Winchester® Components Catalog
WINCHESTER® COMPONENTS CATALOG Winchester® Powder . .02 Winchester® Primers . .03 Winchester® Wads & Shot . .04 Shotshell Reloading Data . .07 Winchester® Centerfire Rifle Data . .12 Winchester® Centerfire Handgun Data . .20 Winchester® Warnings . .25 Winchester ® Powders WST Target shotshell and standard velocity handgun propellant. Ideal for use in 45 Auto match applications. Consistent,clean, low flash and smoke are benefits to the shooter. Powder of choice for reloading AA shells. 231 As the most popular reload propellant, 231 is a pistol powder ideally suited to the 38 Special, 45 auto, and 9mm standard loads. Consistency, clean burning, low flash, and a broad range of applications make this a powder of choice on any pistol cartridge reloader’s shelf. WSF Super-Field® propellant is the propellant of choice for Winchester 20 gauge AA® Target Load and 12 gauge 3 3/4 dram equivalent Super-X® load. WSF is an ideal choice to maximize velocities in 12 gauge 1 1/8 oz. and 1 1/4 oz. loads. Super-Field also performs well in 38 Super, 9mm and 40 S&W pistol loads. Excellent propellant for fast shooting action pistol applications. 296 This propellant was developed for Winchester factory loaded ammunition for 357 magnum, 44 magnum and 410 bore. Its high loading density provides optimal velocity. 296 is also the powder type used by Winchester for factory loaded 410 bore AA loads. However, 296 is not suitable for most rifle cartridges. 748 748 is the powder of choice by Winchester and the U.S. military for 5.56mm and 223 Rem. ammunition. The low flame temperature of 748 extends barrel life versus other similar speed powders. -
History of Black Powder the Following Is Adapted from "A Chronology of Black Powder" by Richard D Frantz
History of Black Powder The following is adapted from "A chronology of Black Powder" by Richard D Frantz (Reference: http://footguards.tripod.com/06ARTICLES/ART28_blackpowder.htm) About Black Powder Black Powder is a mixture of three components: Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3 or saltpeter/saltpetre, or nitre/niter). Sulphur/sulphur . Charcoal. Ignition brings about a rapid reaction in which a group of gases is generated, and energy, in the form of heat, is liberated. The heating causes the gases to expand rapidly, producing an explosive force, especially if confined. The faster the reaction, the more powerful is the effectiveness. If this process is fully enclosed, we have a bomb. When the internal pressure exceeds the container's ability to contain it, we have an explosion. If the container has a vent, such as the open end of a gun barrel, the expanding gases may be used to propel a missile up its length. The length of barrel allows the process to sustain a major portion of the initial pressure, while the inertia of the missile is continually overcome. The missile continues to accelerate until it leaves the barrel, at which time, the effects of air resistance, and to a smaller effect, gravity, cause it to decelerate at predictable rates. Black Powder is classified as an explosive. This is because its actions after ignition meet some arbitrary criteria that takes it beyond the sense of "burning" - a slower reaction such as the burning of wood. Black Powder will indeed explode with considerable force if ignited when uncontained. In mining, it was often poured down cracks or into drilled holes to blast apart rock. -
The Bulletin Summer 2 0 1 4 Page 1
SUMMER 2014 The Centennial of the First State Highway had to occur starting with California voters’ approval in Contra Costa County John Mercurio in 1910 of an eighteen million dollar bond issue for the construction of a network of paved highways up Most of us give little thought, as we negotiate the and down the state. It was then necessary to create an highway and freeway network of Contra Costa organization to plan design and construct the County, about what it was like to travel overland a promised network of highways that would get century ago. But exactly one hundred years ago in the travelers (which still included horse drawn western part of our county an important event took conveyances at that time) out of the mud. place. The California Highway Commission awarded a contract to grade an improved road between San Three commissioners appointed by Governor Hiram Pablo and Pinole on August 11, 1914. While it was Johnson had the responsibility to initiate all that, only 3.6 miles in length, it would become not only an beginning with a motoring adventure all around important route for the county and the state, but a California to figure out the routes of the various link in a transcontinental highway. But for those highways. One of the routes laid out was designated present at the time it was recognized as the first state as route 14 in the statutes and was to run between highway contract in Contra Costa County. Albany and Martinez, and serve as part of the route to Sacramento via Benicia and Davis. -
Introduction to Propellants
Propellants are those explosives that are used to propel projectiles (hence the name) from Guns, Howitzers, Mortars, Pistols, machine guns and anti-submarine weapons, to eject bombs from aircraft, cut cables in emergencies, drive nails into concrete and a thousand other applications. They operate ejector seats on jet aircraft and they also start jet engines in some systems. They are used to drive guided and unguided missiles through the air, and they will be found in two forms: Solid Liquid Solid propellants are by far the most common although much work is being done on the application of liquid propellants to Artillery cartridges and Small Arms Ammunition. If you compare the firing of a .22 cartridge and the launch of a Space Shuttle you will have some idea of the awesome power and diversity of propellants when you realize that the same material is driving both of them, a solid propellant. Liquid propellants are the rarer of the two. Perhaps the most immediate historical example that will spring to mind is the WWII launch of a German V2 liquid fuelled rocket. Who can forget the striking spectacle of the V2 that rises slightly before falling back to the launch pad to explode in a giant ball of fire? This is liquid propellant at work. (Albeit not very well) Propellants are those substances which, because of their regularity of burning and their relatively low pressures are suitable to propel missiles from gun, howitzer and mortar tubes. They are required to possess conflicting characteristics not all of which can be satisfied in the one variety, as is usual compromise is the name of the game. -
Dictionary of Explosives
DICTIONARY OF EXPLOSIVES BY ARTHUR MARSHALL A .C .G j., F.I.C., F.C.S. CHEMICAL INSPECTOR INDIAN ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT PHILADELPHIA P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO. 1012 WALNUT STREET 1920 Printed in Great Britain INTRODUCTION It is a generation since a dictionary of explosives has been published, and, in the meantime, many new explosives have been introduced. It is hoped, therefore, that this small volume, giving concise information about these special materials, may prove useful to those who have to deal with them. In Cundill and Thomson’s “ Dictionary of Explosives,” issued in 1895, there arc many entries of the names of inventors and of mixtures which had been proposed but have never been used commercially, nor are likely to be. As modem explosives were then in their infancy, it was no doubt wise to insert all the available information whether it appeared to be important or not; but now it seems to me better to restrict the scope of the dictionary so as to keep its size within moderate limits. Practically only explosives with special or proprietary names are therefore dealt with here. For information concerning chemical substances, such as the nitro-toluenes and other nitro-compounds, reference should be made to the text-books on explosives and chemistry. A few words may, however, be said here about the nitro- celluloses. These are made by treating cellulose with a mix ture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and then purifying the product by washing it thoroughly with hot water. The variety of cellulose most used for this purpose is cotton, and the product obtained from it is frequently called nitrocotton, three special varieties of which are collodion cotton, pyro- collodion and guncotton (q. -
The California Powder Works
Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 46:2-5 Additional articles available at http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/ THE CALIFORNIA POWDER WORKS by A1 Cali 1,ocated about 75 miles south of San Francisco on the Moriterey Bay lies the town of Sarita Cruz. For liuridreds of years this area was kriown orlly to the Iritiians who fished in the clear running streams and hunted deer througli the greeri forests. In the year 1769,a band of Spariish explorers carric into the Sarlta Cruz area arld camped at the mouth of the Sari Tmrerizo River. One of these rnen, a Catholic priest named Father Crespi, wrote iri his diary under I he date of October 10, 1769, these words: "After going three inilcs over plains arld extensive hills well covered with high trees I ofa red-c:olored wood, trees not krlowrl to us, we gave it the name of its color, "redwood" (Palo Colorado)." Since Father Crespi. speaks- of walking- three miles frorn the campsite at the rrlouth of the river and corriing into the groves of rcdwood trees, we feel safe to assume that he was water of the river was diverted tl~rouglithe tunnel. one of the first rnen ever to see what was to become the This r~aturalrriotor deterrr~ined~hc site of the works and location of the C:alifornia Powder Works. the Sar~Lorerizo basin a1:)ounded with (thoice woods for F'ollowirlg the discovery of gold in California, powder was charcoal, and with the timber for r:onstruction, fuel, and iri great demand.