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Marine Aquarium Fish CHAPTER 6 Marine Aquarium Fish Richard L. Pyle I. INTRODUCTION Over the past two decades there has been a tremendous increase in the popularity of marine fishes for aquaria, due in part to a greater understanding of their captive requirements. In the freshwater aquarium fish industry, many species are regularly bred in captivity, and a significant number of fishes in trade are supplied by such captive breeding efforts. Attempts at commercial-scale captive reproduction of marine fish specieshave met with only limited success. A few typesof fishes which lay demersal eggs, such as anemonefishes (4m/>/u>n'wi), have been successfully reared in fairly large numbers, and the technology and methodology have improved substantially in recent years. Several authors (Madden, 1978; Wood, 1985; Whitehead et al, 1986; Perino, 1990; Iversen, 1991; Moe, 1992) suggest that the potential for captive-bred fishes to supple­ ment wild-caught animals does exist, and they emphasise a need for continued research efforts in this field. However, captive breeding efforts on a commer­ cial scale are presently very limited, and collecting fishes from coral reefs will undoubtedly remain the most economical method of procuring the majority of marine aquarium fish species for many years to come. Relatively few studies have investigated the volume and scope of the industry on a world-wide basis. Axelrod (1971) and Conroy (1975) reviewed the industry, particularly with respect to the collection and exportation of tropical freshwater species. The total retail value of ornamental fishes (both freshwater and marine), including all equipment and accessories relating to the care of fishes, was estimated at about US$4 billion. Another study (Anon., 1979) estimated the retail value of the ornamental fish in the United States for 1972 at about US$250 million. Conroy (1975, p. 5), stated that "saltwater fish only formed approximately 1 per cent of the total ornamental fish imports into the U.S.A. during 1972 and 1973", but he went on to point out that the likelihood for the expansion of the industry in subsequent years was "extremely promising". Indeed, the marine aquarium trade has increased dramatically in the past two decades. Wood (1985) reported that the total annual c.i.f (cost, insurance, freight) value of marine aquarium animals was around US$25-40 million, which constitutes an estimated 13 per cent of the total trade. McLarney 136 Richard L.Pyle (1985) estimated that in 1985, US$100 million was spent on the purchase of tropical reef fishes. The major suppliers of wild-caught marine aquarium fishes are the Philip­ pines (Albaladejo and Corpuz, 1981, 1984; Albaladejo et al, 1984), Hawaii Taylor, 1974; Katekaru, 1978; van Poollen and Obara, 1984; Anon., 1988), Caribbean Sea (including Florida), Indonesia (Kvalvagnaes, 1980), Mexico, Red Sea, Sri Lanka (Senanayake, 1980; Wood, 1985), Mauritius, Kenya (Samoilys, 1988a), Maldives, Seychelles, Taiwan, and the Pacific region (Randall, 1987; Lewis, 1988). According to Whitehead et al. (1986), fishes collected in the Philippines, Hawaii, and the Caribbean may account for as much as 96 per cent of the international trade. However, this appears to be an overestimation. The major importers of marine aquarium fishes are Europe, Japan, and the United States. Vast expanses of coral reefs surrounding Pacific islands harbor large numbers of reef fishes. Marine aquarium fishes are presently, or have at one time been, collected and exported from Australia, Palau, Cook Islands, Feder­ ated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Philippines, Tonga, Western Samoa and Vanuatu. Exporting companies have also previously operated in Western Samoa and Vanuatu, but at the time of writing, companies at these localities are no longer in operation. With the exception of Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines, all Pacific exporters operate within member countries of the Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA). Due to the paucity of published information, it is difficult to make estimates of the total number and value of fishes exported from FFA member countries. However, preliminary data indicate that around 200,000-250,000 fish with an approximate export value of US$1-$1.5 million are exported annually from FFA member countries other than Australia. A report on the volume and scope of the industry in Australia is presently being compiled by the Department of Primary Industries (Samoilys, pers. comm.). Whitehead et al. (1986) estimate that between 150,000 and 300,000 fish with an approximate value of between US$0.5-1 million are annually collected from Cairns, Australia. Data from 1990 collections indicate that 117,600 fishes were collected from this area (R. Pearsonjjenv. comm.). If these estimates are correct, then the Pacific region (excluding Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines) accounts for 4-10 per cent of the world trade in marine aquarium fishes. Within the member countries of the FFA, reviews of the marine aquarium fish industry have been conducted in Australia (McKay, 1977; Whitehead et al, 1986; Samoilys and Green, in prep.), Fiji (Lewis, 1988), and Papua New Guinea (Perino, 1990). The last author discussed the feasibility of the industry in Papua New Guinea where no such industry presently exists. In Australia, future studies are planned for the Great Barrier Reef (as noted in Samoilys and Green, in prep.). Marine Aquarium Fish 137 II. BIOLOGY Fish species forming the bulk of the trade are generally those with the combined characteristics of small size, bright or gaudy colouration, non- restrictive diets, and overall adaptability to captive environments. Juveniles of larger species and species with particularly unusual behavior or characteristics (e.g., frogfishes [Antennariidae] and moray eels [Muraenidae]) are also in demand. Species which are drab or cryptically coloured, pelagic, or have very specialised diets are generally avoided by collectors. There are too many Pacific fish species of potential economic value to the marine aquarium industry to be listed here. In most cases, fishes can be discussed at the family level, because species within a given family usually share similar characteristics. The most important fish families in the marine aquarium trade are Pomacanthidae (angelfishes), Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes), Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes and tangs), Labridae (wrasses), Serranidae (groupers and basslets), Pomacentridae (damselfishes and anemonefishes), Balistidae (triggerfishes), Cirrhitidae (hawkfishes), Blenniidae (blennies), and Gobiidae (gobies). Some biological and ecological characteristics of these fish families are summarised in Table I. Myers (1989) and Randall et al. (1990) provide excellent guides to the reef fish species of the central and western Pacific Ocean and include a great deal of pertinent biological information. Perino (1990) presents a relatively comprehensive list of Western Pacific marine aquarium fish species, including export prices from various localities. Due to the vast diversity offish species collected for the aquarium trade, it is difficult to make generalizations about the biology and ecology of these fishes as a whole. However, because most of these species inhabit coral reefs, it is appropriate to discuss the attributes of reef fish ecology and reef fish community structure. SPAWNING Reef fishes exhibit a wide variety of reproductive strategies. Some fishes, such as many butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), form monogamous mated pairs. Others, such as the pygmy angelfishes (Pomacanthidae, genus Centropyge), form polygamous harems consisting of a single male and several females. Still others, such as surgeonfishes and tangs (Acanthuridae), spawn in mass aggregations. Daily, monthly, and annual periodicity in peak spawning times has been demonstrated for many species of reef fishes (Thresher, 1984). Spawning tends to occur at dusk or dawn, during full or new moon, and with some amount of seasonal variation. Specific times and strategies vary between different spe­ cies, and sometimes between populations of the same species in different Table I. Ecological characteristics of fish families most often collected for aquarium purpo Family Feeding strategy Reproductive Strategy8 Pomacanthidae Herbivore/ Harem-forming/pair-forming; some (Angelfisb.es) Omnivore species protogynous; spawn at dusk; pelagic eggs Chaetodontidae Omnivore/ Pair-forming/ school-forming; (Butterflyfishes) Planktivore/ pelagic eggs Corallivore Acanthuridae Herbivore School-forming; spawn at dusk in (Surgeonfishes large groups; pelagic eggs and Tangs) Labridae Omnivore Harem-forming/ school forming; (Wrasses) protogynous; spawn at all times of day"; pelagic eggs Serranidae Carnivore/ Harem-forming/ Pair forming/ Aggregate (Groupers and Basslets) Herbivore/ forming; protogynous; spawn at dusk; Planktivore pelagic eggs Family Feeding strategy Reproductive Strategy3 Pomacentridae Herbivore/ Harem-forming/ Aggregate-forming; (Damselfishes) Planktivore/ spawn in morning; demersal eggs Omnivore Balistidae and Omnivore Harem-forming/ Aggregate-forming; Monacanthidae demersal sometimes pelagic eggs; some (Triggerfishes species build nests and filefishes) Cirrhitidae Carnivore Harem-forming; spawn at dusk; pelagic (Hawkfishes) or demersal eggs Blenniidae and Gobiidae Omnivore Wide variety of reproductive strategies, (Blennies and Gobies) depending on species a From Thresher (1984) b Depending on species 140 Richard L. Pyle localities. Actual spawning usually occurs very rapidly, and fertilization virtu­ ally
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