DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidants in Health and Disease J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jcp.54.3.176 on 1 March 2001

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidants in Health and Disease J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jcp.54.3.176 on 1 March 2001 176 J Clin Pathol 2001;54:176–186 Antioxidants in health and disease J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.54.3.176 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from I S Young, J V Woodside Abstract induced tissue damage, and the function of Free radical production occurs continu- antioxidant defence systems in health and dis- ously in all cells as part of normal cellular ease. function. However, excess free radical production originating from endogenous Free radicals and their chemical or exogenous sources might play a role in reactions many diseases. Antioxidants prevent free A free radical can be defined as any molecular radical induced tissue damage by prevent- species capable of independent existence that ing the formation of radicals, scavenging contains an unpaired electron in an atomic them, or by promoting their decomposi- orbital.2 The presence of an unpaired electron tion. This article reviews the basic chem- results in certain common properties that are istry of free radical formation in the body, shared by most radicals. Radicals are weakly the consequences of free radical induced attracted to a magnetic field and are said to be tissue damage, and the function of anti- paramagnetic. Many radicals are highly reac- oxidant defence systems, with particular tive and can either donate an electron to or reference to the development of athero- extract an electron from other molecules, sclerosis. therefore behaving as oxidants or reductants. Department of Clinical (J Clin Pathol 2001;54:176–186) As a result of this high reactivity, most radicals Biochemistry, Institute have a very short half life (10−6 seconds or less) of Clinical Science, Keywords: free radicals; antioxidants; oxidative stress; coronary heart disease; atherosclerosis in biological systems, although some species Grosvenor Road, may survive for much longer.2 The most Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT12 6BJ, UK important free radicals in many disease states I S Young An antioxidant can be defined as: “any are oxygen derivatives, particularly superoxide substance that, when present in low concentra- and the hydroxyl radical. Radical formation in Department of tions compared to that of an oxidisable the body occurs by several mechanisms, Surgery, Royal Free involving both endogenous and environmental substrate, significantly delays or inhibits the and University College factors (fig 1). London Medical oxidation of that substrate”.1 The physiological Superoxide (O −.) is produced by the addi- School, 67–73 Riding role of antioxidants, as this definition suggests, 2 tion of a single electron to oxygen, and several House Street, London, is to prevent damage to cellular components W1P 7LD, UK mechanisms exist by which superoxide can be arising as a consequence of chemical reactions 3 J V Woodside produced in vivo. Several molecules, including http://jcp.bmj.com/ involving free radicals. In recent years, a adrenaline, flavine nucleotides, thiol com- Correspondence to: substantial body of evidence has developed Professor Young, pounds, and glucose, can oxidise in the Department of Clinical supporting a key role for free radicals in many presence of oxygen to produce superoxide, and Biochemistry, Institute of fundamental cellular reactions and suggesting these reactions are greatly accelerated by the Clinical Science, Royal that oxidative stress might be important in the Group of Hospitals, presence of transition metals such as iron or Grosvenor Road, Belfast pathophysiology of common diseases including copper. The electron transport chain in the BT12 6BJ, UK atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, and inner mitochondrial membrane performs the [email protected] diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to reduction of oxygen to water. During this on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Accepted for publication consider mechanisms of free radical formation process free radical intermediates are gener- 5 June 2000 in the body, the consequences of free radical ated, which are generally tightly bound to the components of the transport chain. However, Endogenous sources Environmental sources Free radical production there is a constant leak of a few electrons into •mitochondrial leak •cigarette smoke the mitochondrial matrix and this results in the •respiratory burst •pollutants 4 •enzyme reactions •UV light formation of superoxide. The activity of O –., H O •autooxidation reactions 2 2 2 •ionising radiation several other enzymes, such as cytochrome •xenobiotics p450 oxidase in the liver and enzymes involved Transition in the synthesis of adrenal hormones, also metals results in the leakage of a few electrons into the Fe2+, Cu+ surrounding cytoplasm and hence superoxide formation. There might also be continuous OH. production of superoxide by vascular endothe- lium to neutralise nitric oxide,56production of superoxide by other cells to regulate cell growth and diVerentiation,7 and the produc- Lipid peroxidationModified DNA bases Protein damage tion of superoxide by phagocytic cells during the respiratory burst.8 Any biological system generating superoxide will also produce hydrogen peroxide as a result Tissue damage of a spontaneous dismutation reaction. In Figure 1 Major sources of free radicals in the body and the consequences of free radical addition, several enzymatic reactions, includ- damage. ing those catalysed by glycolate oxidase and www.jclinpath.com Antioxidants in health and disease 177 D-amino acid oxidase, might produce hydro- The net result of the reaction sequence illus- gen peroxide directly.9 Hydrogen peroxide is trated above is known as the Haber-Weiss reac- not a free radical itself, but is usually included tion. Although most iron and copper in the J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.54.3.176 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from under the general heading of reactive oxygen body are sequestered in forms that are not species (ROS). It is a weak oxidising agent that available to catalyse this reaction sequence, it is might directly damage proteins and enzymes still of importance as a mechanism for the for- containing reactive thiol groups. However, its mation of the hydroxyl radical in vivo. The most vital property is the ability to cross cell actual reactions, however, may be somewhat membranes freely, which superoxide generally more complex than those described above and cannot do.10 Therefore, hydrogen peroxide it is possible that other reactive intermediates such as the ferryl and perferryl radicals might formed in one location might diVuse a consid- 12 erable distance before decomposing to yield also be formed. the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which is Approximately 4.5 g of iron can be found in the average adult man, most of which is likely to mediate most of the toxic eVects contained in the haemoglobin molecule and ascribed to hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, other haem containing proteins. Dietary iron is hydrogen peroxide acts as a conduit to transmit absorbed preferentially from the proximal part free radical induced damage across cell com- of the small intestine in the divalent form and is partments and between cells. In the presence of transferred to the circulation in which it is car- hydrogen peroxide, myeloperoxidase will gen- ried by transferrin.14 Under most circum- erate hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen, a stances iron remains tightly bound to one of reaction that plays an important role in the 11 several proteins, including transferrin, lactofer- killing of bacteria by phagocytes. rin, haem proteins, ferritin, or haemosiderin. In . The hydroxyl radical (OH ), or a closely addition, however, it seems likely that a small related species, is probably the final mediator of iron pool will be maintained as complexes with 12 most free radical induced tissue damage. All a variety of small molecules, such as nucleo- of the reactive oxygen species described above tides and citrate within the cytoplasm and exert most of their pathological eVects by subcellular organelles.14 This pool is probably giving rise to hydroxyl radical formation. The capable of catalysing an iron driven Fenton reason for this is that the hydroxyl radical reaction in vivo. Certainly, these complexes can reacts, with extremely high rate constants, with promote hydroxyl radical formation in vitro.15 almost every type of molecule found in living Redox reactive iron can be measured using the cells including sugars, amino acids, lipids, and bleomycin iron assay,16 although it remains nucleotides. Although hydroxyl radical forma- unclear to what extent iron detected by this tion can occur in several ways, by far the most assay correlates with any discrete anatomical or important mechanism in vivo is likely to be the physiological pool. In normal circumstances, transition metal catalysed decomposition of no bleomycin reactive iron is detectable in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.13 plasma from healthy subjects, implying that All elements in the first row of the d-block of transferrin or ferritin bound iron is not http://jcp.bmj.com/ the periodic table are classified as transition available to drive hydroxyl radical production.17 metals. In general, they contain one or more However, transferrin will release its iron at an unpaired electrons and are therefore them- acidic pH, particularly in the presence of small selves radicals when in the elemental state. molecular weight chelating agents such as 15 However, their key property from the point of ADP, ATP, and citrate. Such conditions are view of free radical biology is their variable found in areas of active inflammation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nourishing and Health Benefits of Coenzyme Q10 – a Review
    Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 26, No. 4: 229–241 Nourishing and Health Benefits of Coenzyme Q10 – a Review Martina BOREKOVÁ1, Jarmila HOJEROVÁ1, Vasiľ KOPRDA1 and Katarína BAUEROVÁ2 1Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 2Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Abstract Boreková M., Hojerová J., Koprda V., Bauerová K. (2008): Nourishing and health benefits of coen- zyme Q10 – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 26: 229–241. Coenzyme Q10 is an important mitochondrial redox component and endogenously produced lipid-soluble antioxidant of the human organism. It plays a crucial role in the generation of cellular energy, enhances the immune system, and acts as a free radical scavenger. Ageing, poor eating habits, stress, and infection – they all affect the organism’s ability to provide adequate amounts of CoQ10. After the age of about 35, the organism begins to lose the ability to synthesise CoQ10 from food and its deficiency develops. Many researches suggest that using CoQ10 supplements alone or in com- bination with other nutritional supplements may help maintain health of elderly people or treat some of the health problems or diseases. Due to these functions, CoQ10 finds its application in different commercial branches such as food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. This review article gives a survey of the history, chemical and physical properties, biochemistry and antioxidant activity of CoQ10 in the human organism. It discusses levels of CoQ10 in the organisms of healthy people, stressed people, and patients with various diseases. This paper shows the distribution and contents of two ubiquinones in foods, especially in several kinds of grapes, the benefits of CoQ10 as nutritional and topical supplements and its therapeutic applications in various diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure and Antioxidant Properties
    materials Review Recent Developments in Effective Antioxidants: The Structure and Antioxidant Properties Monika Parcheta 1 , Renata Swisłocka´ 1,* , Sylwia Orzechowska 2,3 , Monika Akimowicz 4 , Renata Choi ´nska 4 and Włodzimierz Lewandowski 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (W.L.) 2 Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland 4 Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology–State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (R.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Since the last few years, the growing interest in the use of natural and synthetic antioxidants as functional food ingredients and dietary supplements, is observed. The imbalance between the number of antioxidants and free radicals is the cause of oxidative damages of proteins, lipids, and DNA. The aim of the study was the review of recent developments in antioxidants. One of the crucial issues in food technology, medicine, and biotechnology is the excess free radicals reduction to obtain healthy food. The major problem is receiving more effective antioxidants. The study aimed to analyze the properties of efficient antioxidants and a better understanding of the molecular ´ Citation: Parcheta, M.; Swisłocka, R.; mechanism of antioxidant processes. Our researches and sparing literature data prove that the Orzechowska, S.; Akimowicz, M.; ligand antioxidant properties complexed by selected metals may significantly affect the free radical Choi´nska,R.; Lewandowski, W.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione Support
    nutrients Review A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione Support Deanna M. Minich 1,* and Benjamin I. Brown 2 1 Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine Graduate Program, University of Western States, 2900 NE 132nd Ave, Portland, OR 97230, USA 2 BCNH College of Nutrition and Health, 116–118 Finchley Road, London NW3 5HT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 July 2019; Accepted: 23 August 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Abstract: Glutathione is a tripeptide that plays a pivotal role in critical physiological processes resulting in effects relevant to diverse disease pathophysiology such as maintenance of redox balance, reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of metabolic detoxification, and regulation of immune system function. The diverse roles of glutathione in physiology are relevant to a considerable body of evidence suggesting that glutathione status may be an important biomarker and treatment target in various chronic, age-related diseases. Yet, proper personalized balance in the individual is key as well as a better understanding of antioxidants and redox balance. Optimizing glutathione levels has been proposed as a strategy for health promotion and disease prevention, although clear, causal relationships between glutathione status and disease risk or treatment remain to be clarified. Nonetheless, human clinical research suggests that nutritional interventions, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and foods can have important effects on circulating glutathione which may translate to clinical benefit. Importantly, genetic variation is a modifier of glutathione status and influences response to nutritional factors that impact glutathione levels. This narrative review explores clinical evidence for nutritional strategies that could be used to improve glutathione status.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Study on Chemistry and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Plants, and Their Role in Human Health
    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume. 1 Issue. 3, PP 57-60 www.iosrjournals.org A Critical Study on Chemistry and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Plants, and Their Role in Human Health Nisreen Husain1, Sunita Gupta2 1 (Department of Zoology, Govt. Dr. W.W. Patankar Girls’ PG. College, Durg (C.G.) 491001,India) email - [email protected] 2 (Department of Chemistry, Govt. Dr. W.W. Patankar Girls’ PG. College, Durg (C.G.) 491001,India) email - [email protected] Abstract: Phytochemicals are the secondary metabolites synthesized in different parts of the plants. They have the remarkable ability to influence various body processes and functions. So they are taken in the form of food supplements, tonics, dietary plants and medicines. Such natural products of the plants attribute to their therapeutic and medicinal values. Phenolic compounds are the most important group of bioactive constituents of the medicinal plants and human diet. Some of the important ones are simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids and phenyl-propanoids. They act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers, and hence function to decrease oxidative stress and their harmful effects. Thus, phenols help in prevention and control of many dreadful diseases and early ageing. Phenols are also responsible for anti-inflammatory, anti-biotic and anti- septic properties. The unique molecular structure of these phytochemicals, with specific position of hydroxyl groups, owes to their powerful bioactivities. The present work reviews the critical study on the chemistry, distribution and role of some phenolic compounds in promoting health-benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: a Literature Review
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Potential Adverse Effects of Resveratrol: A Literature Review Abdullah Shaito 1 , Anna Maria Posadino 2, Nadin Younes 3, Hiba Hasan 4 , Sarah Halabi 5, Dalal Alhababi 3, Anjud Al-Mohannadi 3, Wael M Abdel-Rahman 6 , Ali H. Eid 7,*, Gheyath K. Nasrallah 3,* and Gianfranco Pintus 6,2,* 1 Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, 1105 Beirut, Lebanon; [email protected] 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, and Biomedical Research Center Qatar University, P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; [email protected] (N.Y.); [email protected] (D.A.); [email protected] (A.A.-M.) 4 Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; [email protected] 5 Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, 1105 Beirut, Lebanon; [email protected] 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O Box: 27272, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] 7 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.H.E.); [email protected] (G.K.N.); [email protected] (G.P.) Received: 13 December 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2020; Published: 18 March 2020 Abstract: Due to its health benefits, resveratrol (RE) is one of the most researched natural polyphenols.
    [Show full text]
  • Alterations of Endogenous Hormones, Antioxidant Metabolism, and Aquaporin Gene Expression in Relation to Γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Regulated Thermotolerance in White Clover
    antioxidants Article Alterations of Endogenous Hormones, Antioxidant Metabolism, and Aquaporin Gene Expression in Relation to γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Regulated Thermotolerance in White Clover Hongyin Qi †, Dingfan Kang †, Weihang Zeng †, Muhammad Jawad Hassan, Yan Peng, Xinquan Zhang , Yan Zhang, Guangyan Feng and Zhou Li * College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; [email protected] (H.Q.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (M.J.H.); [email protected] (Y.P.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (G.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Persistent high temperature decreases the yield and quality of crops, including many important herbs. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a perennial herb with high feeding and medicinal ◦ value, but is sensitive to temperatures above 30 C. The present study was conducted to elucidate the impact of changes in endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level by exogenous GABA Citation: Qi, H.; Kang, D.; Zeng, W.; pretreatment on heat tolerance of white clover, associated with alterations in endogenous hormones, Jawad Hassan, M.; Peng, Y.; Zhang, antioxidant metabolism, and aquaporin-related gene expression in root and leaf of white clover plants X.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, G.; Li, Z. under high-temperature stress. Our results reveal that improvement in endogenous GABA level in Alterations of Endogenous leaf and root by GABA pretreatment could significantly alleviate the damage to white clover during Hormones, Antioxidant Metabolism, high-temperature stress, as demonstrated by enhancements in cell membrane stability, photosynthetic and Aquaporin Gene Expression in capacity, and osmotic adjustment ability, as well as lower oxidative damage and chlorophyll loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Antioxidants and L-Carnitine – a Clever Combination to Combat Oxidative Stress in Farm Animals
    DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND L-CARNITINE – a clever combination to combat oxidative stress in farm animals By Tanja Diedenhofen and Joseane Willamil, Lohmann Animal Health GmbH OXIDATIVE STRESS: DEVELOPMENT – DEFINITION – mycotoxins are described in literature as factors for oxidative stress. A DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS further factor which is directly linked to feeding is the intake of oxidised For the majority of organisms, oxygen is absolutely vital: animals, plants fatty acids. and a number of microorganisms need oxygen to produce energy. Oxidative stress plays an important role in many degenerative Oxygen-dependent redox-reactions, like energy metabolism, result illnesses. It is assumed that the majority of illnesses in humans and in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These so-called animals are linked at various stages of their development to the formation “free radicals” are very unstable due to their unpaired electrons and and metabolism of free radicals. (Lohmann Information, 01/2005) are thus highly reactive. If free radicals meet up with proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates and DNA in the organism, they can react with INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS ON MEAT these and damage them. This damage can lead to the impairment of QUALITY many processes in the organism, e.g. growth, immune competence Feeding oxidised feedingstuffs means the animals are exposed to a and reproduction. Furthermore, the oxidation of membrane-bound high number of free radicals, inducing oxidative stress. It also leads to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences the composition, structure decreased vitamin E content in the tissue which has a negative impact and properties of membranes, such as fluidity and permeability, as well on animal health and the quality of animal products.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise
    antioxidants Article Effects of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise Alenka Nemec Svete 1 , Tomaž Vovk 2 , Mojca Bohar Topolovec 1,3 and Peter Kruljc 3,* 1 Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiˇcevaulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (A.N.S.) 2 The Chair of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerˇcevacesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] 3 Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiˇcevaulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-1-4779-325 Abstract: The effects of antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been investigated in untrained leisure horses. We investigated the effects of 14-day supplementation with vitamin E (1.8 IU/kg/day), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; ubiquinone; 800 mg/day), and a combination of both (the same doses as in mono-supplementation) on the blood levels of CoQ10, vitamin E, and oxidative stress parameters in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise. Correlations between lipid peroxidation and muscle enzyme leakage were also determined. Forty client-owned horses were included in the study, with 10 horses in each of the antioxidant and Citation: Nemec Svete, A.; Vovk, T.; placebo (paraffin oil) groups. Blood parameters were measured before supplementation, before and Bohar Topolovec, M.; Kruljc, P. Effects immediately after exercise, and after 24 h of rest. The differences in individual parameters between of Vitamin E and Coenzyme Q10 blood collection times and groups were analysed with linear mixed models (p < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • The Responses of Glutathione and Antioxidant Enzymes to Hyperoxia in Developing Lung
    LUNG GLUTATHIONE RESPONSE TO HYPEROXIA 8 19 Physiol 55: 1849- 1853 alkalosis on cerebral blood flow in cats. Stroke 5:324-329 21. Lou HC, Lassen NA. Fnis-Hansen B 1978 Decreased cerebral blood flow after 24. Arvidsson S, Haggendal E, Winso 1 1981 Influence on cerebral blood flow of administration of sodium bicarbonate in the distressed newborn infant. Acta infusions of sodium bicarbonate during respiratory acidosis and alkalosis in Neurol Scand 57:239-247 the dog. Acta Anesthesiol Scand 25:146-I52 22. Rapoport SI 1970 Effect ofconcentrated solutions on blood-brain barrier. Am 25. Pannier JL, Weyne J, Demeester G, Leusen 1 1978 Effects of non-respiratory J Physiol 219270-274 alkalosis on brain tissue and cerebral blood flow in rats with damaged blood- 23. Pannier JL, Demeester MS, Leuscn 1 1974 Thc influence of nonrcspiratory brain hamer. Stroke 9:354-359 003 1-3998/85/1908-08 19$0:.00/0 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 19, No. 8, 1985 Copyright 8 1985 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc Prinled in U.S.A. The Responses of Glutathione and Antioxidant Enzymes to Hyperoxia in Developing Lung JOSEPH B. WARSHAW, CHARLIE W. WILSON, 111, KOTARO SAITO, AND RUSSELL A. PROUGH Departmmls qfP~diufricsarid Biochemistr,~, The University of Texas Health Srience Center ul DaNas. Dallas, Texas 75235 ABSTRACT. Total glutathione levels and the activity of Abbreviations enzymes associated with antioxidant protection in neonatal lung are increased in response to hyperoxia. GIutathione SOD, superoxide dismutiase levels in developing rat lung decreased from 24 nmol/mg GSH, reduced glutathione protein on day 19 of gestation to approximately 12 nmol/ GSSG, oxidized glutathione mg protein at birth.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Resveratrol
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 660–668 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/10 www.nature.com/ejcn REVIEW Anti-atherogenic effects of resveratrol VR Ramprasath and PJH Jones Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Resveratrol (RS), a polyphenol compound found in grapes and grape products, including wine, peanuts and berries, exists in cis- and trans-isomeric forms. RS is believed to decrease circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it is possible that RS has other mechanisms to reduce the risk of CVD without altering lipid levels. The objective of this review is to critically examine results from recent research concerning potential effects of RS on CVD. RS exerts several health benefits including anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. RS may also prevent lipid oxidation, platelet aggregation, arterial vasodilation and modulates the levels of lipids and lipoproteins. As a potent, anti-oxidant RS reduces oxidative stress and regenerates a-tocopherol, which further strengthens the anti-oxidant defense mechanism. RS has been considered safe as no significant toxic effects have been identified, even when consumed at higher concentrations. This evidence identified RS as an effective anti-atherogenic agent, which could be used in the prevention and treatment of CVD. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 660–668; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.77; published online 19 May 2010 Keywords: resveratrol; atherosclerosis; lipids; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidant Introduction mechanisms have been proposed for RS in reducing the CVD risk including alteration in lipid metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin and Coenzyme Q10 in Mini Organ Cultures of Human Nasal Mucosa Cells
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 29: 33-40 (2009) Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin and Coenzyme Q10 in Mini Organ Cultures of Human Nasal Mucosa Cells MAXIMILIAN REITER, KRISTINA RUPP, PHILIPP BAUMEISTER, SABINA ZIEGER and ULRICH HARRÉUS Department of Otorhinolaryngology / Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany Abstract. Background: Oxidative DNA damage is a known prevention plays an important role in this subject. In this risk factor of head and neck cancer. Antioxidants, such as context, antioxidants and may help to prevent DNA damage coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and quercetin, a member of flavonoids caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (2) and flavonoids present in red wine and tea, are thought to play a significant represent one of the most important group of substances. role in protecting cells from oxidative stress induced by These low molecular weight compounds are found in seeds, reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to citrus fruits, olive oil, tea and red wine, and to have possible investigate antioxidant effects of quercetin and CoQ10 on mini antioxidant activities in vivo (3, 4). Antiproliferative effects organ cultures (MOCs) of human nasal mucosa. Materials on human cancer cell lines have been shown in various and Methods: Macroscopically healthy tissue of nasal mucosa studies (5, 6). However, their antioxidant properties in vitro was harvested from 20 patients undergoing surgery of the are known only in some cases (7). Controversy has arisen nasal turbinates. The tissue samples were cultured and regarding the antioxidant properties of quercetin, which has incubated with quercetin (5 μM and 50 μM) and CoQ10 (1 been reported to act in a pro-oxidant or antioxidant manner μM and 10 μM).
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant Lifestyle, Co-Morbidities and Quality of Life Empowerment Concerning Liver Fibrosis
    antioxidants Article Antioxidant Lifestyle, Co-Morbidities and Quality of Life Empowerment Concerning Liver Fibrosis Diego Martinez-Urbistondo 1,*, Rafael Suarez del Villar 1, Josepmaria Argemí 2, Lidia Daimiel 3 , Omar Ramos-López 4 , Rodrigo San-Cristobal 3 , Paula Villares 1 and Jose Alfredo Martinez 3,5 1 Internal Medicine Department, Hospital HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, 28050 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (R.S.d.V.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; [email protected] 3 Precision Nutrition Program, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (L.D.); [email protected] (R.S.-C.); [email protected] (J.A.M.) 4 Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico; [email protected] 5 CIBERobn: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Abstract: The assessment of liver fibrosis has gained importance since the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Indeed, the description of the association between undetected liver fibrosis and lifestyle in terms of antioxidant habits, comorbidity and quality of life (QoL) domains may help in the characterization of subjects with NAFLD. A cross-sectional evaluation of (n = 116) consecutive patients from an Internal Medicine ambulatory evaluation was performed. Demographic data, lifestyle, co-morbidity, QoL (according to the SF-36 index) and analytical values to calculate the oxidative related Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index were recorded.
    [Show full text]