Index

Neuquén Basin, 193 A Oran Group, 34 Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, 39, 123 Salta Group Basins, 34 Abu Dhabi, general, 4, 187 Santiago de Jujuy, 34, 37 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, 123 Arjan oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 Abu Dhabi, giant onshore field, 4, 123–148 Arun field, , 330 amplitude anomaly Asab Formation. See Abu Dhabi, giant onshore field Thamama Zone F, 129 Asab oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 analogues, outcropping, use of, 124 Ashawq Formation. See under Salalah Basin, Oman areal extent, 124 atolls and structures, 4, 92, 107, 108, 109, 169. See also under Maldives Archipelago Asab Formation, 2, 124, 126, 130–131, 133, 142, 144, 145, 146 Australia, Marion Plateau. See Marion Plateau Asab oolite, 126 Australian Geological Survey Organisation, 292, 306 Asab level (see Asab Formation, above) Australian Research Council, 306 Bab. See Bab Member, Shuaiba Formation cross section, 127 depositional geography, 142, 144, 145–146 B discovery, date of, 124 eustasy, 124 Bab level, 2 Figa rock-stratigraphic unit, 131, 132, 133, 134 Bab Member, Shuaiba Formation, Abu Dhabi, 2, 124, 126, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, geologic model, 124, 127 137, 141, 142, 145, 146 cross section, 127 sequence stratigraphy of, 142 data, 124 Bab oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 geologic setting, 124–126 Bahama Bank. See Great Bahama Bank migration of oil and gas, 127 Bahamas, 157 paleogeography, 142, 144, 145–146 Bahamas Drilling Project, 245 paleostructure, 141–142 Bahamas Platform, 291, 306 reservoir, Upper Thamama Bahamian archipelago, 209, 210 age, 124 Balbuena Subgroup, Argentina, 34, 37 depositional environment, 124–126 Balingian Province, of South China , 352 diagenesis of 126–127, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145 Baram Delta, , 331, 332 divisions of 124–126 Basel, University of, 207 facies, 124–126 Belize, 2, 157 faults and faulting 128–130, 133–136, 138, 146 Bermuda Rise, 305 lithology,general, 124 bias, operator’s, 12 models, relative to,12 oil-bearing strata, major, 124 Bida Al Qemzan, Abu Dhabi, 125 porosity, 127–128, 136–142 Big Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico, 96 ramp system, 124 Bimini Bank, Bahamas, 209, 210, 212 seismic impedance, 142 bioherms, 4 seismic surveys, 123–124, 128–146 biostromes, 4 sequence stratigraphy, 125–127 Blake Plateau, 226 shoreline features, shown on seismic line, 145–146 “blue holes,” 157 stratification, 124, 125–127 bodychecking structural geology, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134 defined, described, 14, 16 shoreline features, shown on seismic section, 145–146 to map porosity, 15–16, 37 trap, anticlinal, 124, 127, 129, 134, 135 to define depositional geometries, 36 age of, 124, 127 to define seismic facies, 24, 30, 36, 37 principal curvature surface, 135 Bonita field, Philippines, 171 Upper Thamama Group, outcrop and 3-D seismic section, comparison, 135–136 Borneo, 311, 329, 330, 331, 332, 352 wrench faults, 124, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 145 BP, 123, 166, 267 flower structures, 133 Brorson field, Williston Basin, Montana, 44–56 acoustic impedance. See seismic impedance dolomitization and porosity, 46, 47, 53, 54, 56 Adria, 210 evaporites in, 46 Adriatic Platforms, 210 gas-oil ratios, 56 , 209, 213 geologic framework, 46 AGIP, 86 key horizons in seismic data, 48–49 Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, 125 main productive zone, 48 Al Huwaisah, Oman, 195, 197, 202, 203 porosity of oil field, 202, 203 explanation and prediction of, 50–56 American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 86 regional distribution, 47 Amoco Production Company (now BP), 86, 151, 166 relative to structural geology, 44, 46, 51, 53–56 Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, 86 Red River Formation, 44, 45 Andean orogeny, 34 type log, 45 Andros Bank, Bahamas, 209, 210, 212 seismic attribute analysis Andros Island, 211 and fractures, 52 Appenines, Italy, 207 assessment of, 50–51 Apulia, Italy, 209 spectral frequency, slope of, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56 Apulia Platform, Italy, 213 volume-based attribute analysis, 48 Apulian Platform, Montagna della Maiella, Italy, 209, 210 Stony Mountain Shale, 45 Arab Formation, Abu Dhabi, 142 structure of field Arabia, 124 synthetic seismograms and fractures, 52 Arabian Gulf, 187 assessment of, 50–51 Arabian Peninsula, 187, 251, 253 spectral frequency, slope of, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56 Ghudun High, 253 volume-based attribute analysis, 48 North Hadramaut Arch, 253 synthetic seismograms, use of, 47, 49, 52 paleogeographic map of, Early Cretaceous, 187 Winnipeg shale, 43, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55 Rub’ Al Khali Basin, 253 Bu Hasa Formation, Middle East, 225 Salalah Basin, 253 Bu Hasa oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 South Hadramaut Arch, 253 Bu Labyad oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 South Oman salt basin, 253 Bu Qalla, Abu Dhabi, 125 structural elements of, 253 Wadi Jeza Trough, 253, 259 Arabian Plate, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190–194, 199 Arabian Platform, 2 C , 187, 252, 256 Cadlao field, Philippines, 171 Arabian shelf, 124 Camago field, Philippines, 175 Arabian Shield, 189 Campeche escarpment, transparent seismic facies of, 225 ARCO, 86 Canyon Formation, 91, 92, 93, 109, 110 Argentina Reineke field, New Mexico, 109, 110 Lomas de Olmedo subbasin, 34, 37, 38 South Dagger Draw field, New Mexico, 91, 92, 93 Chaco Formation, 37 Capitan reef, west Texas, 110, 193 Garganta Formation, 37 Capitan rock-stratigraphic unit, 92 Salta Group, 34–35, 37, 38 carbonate bank margins, prograding. See Maldives Archipelago

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carbonate communities, ancient, and 3-D seismic images of, 4 carbonate platforms, controls on development of, 4–7, 185–206 G Oman, 185–206 Gabus Formation, Segitiga Platform Indonesia, 312, 314, 318, 319 carbonate platforms, outcrop and seismic expressions. See Salalah Basin, Oman Galoc field, Philippines, 171 Cato Trough, 296 Gargano peninsula, Italy, 209, 213 Central Basin Platform, west Texas, 60, 92, 108 Garganta Formation, Argentina, 37 Central Luconia Province, Malaysia, 330, 352. See also Luconia Province; Mega Platform Gas Research Institute (now GTI), 86 location of, 352 gate-amplitude extractions, 24, 36 relative to Balingian Province, 352 gate-amplitude maps, 28 relative to Borneo, 352 Gaussian curvature analysis, 35 relative to South China Basin, 352 for calculation of open fractures, 35 relative to , 352 Gavrovo, 210 Chaco Formation, Argentina, 37 Geco-Prakla, 331 Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, 86 GEOCAP software, 348, 349 China. See Liuhua 11-1 field Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Institut, Hamburg, 207 China National Offshore Oil, 166 Geological Society of America, 86 China National Petroleum Corporation, 86 geometry and geologic models, 1 Cisco Formation, 91, 92, 93, 103, 109, 110 Geoquest/Schlumberger/Geco, 86 Reineke field, New Mexico, 109, 110 Gezira, Abu Dhabi, 125 South Dagger Draw field, New Mexico, 91, 92, 93, 103 Ghasha oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 Clay Sal Bank, 211 global sea level curve, 311, 313, 314, 330, 331, 332 Clear Fork rock-stratigraphic unit, West Texas, 69, 92 Glovers Reef, Belize, 2 coherence, of seismic traces, 13 Goat Seep rock-stratigraphic unit, 92 Colorado School of Mines, 59, 86 Golden Geophysical/Fairfield Industries, 86 Colorado School of Mines Reservoir Characterization Project, 62, 86 Gondwana, 93, 188 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 292 Grant Geophysical, Inc., 86 Compagnie Generale de Geophysique, 86 Grayburg Formation Conoco Inc. (now ConocoPhillips), 86 McElroy field, west Texas, 69 continuity, of seismic traces, 13 Vacuum field, New Mexico, 60, 62, 65, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86 coral reefs, outcrop and seismic expressions. See Salalah Basin, Oman flow units in, 75, 76 corals, as reef builders, 4 lithology of, 62 Crane field, Montana, 47 production from, 78 Cretaceous platform carbonates. See platform carbonates, Oman west Texas, general, 92 Great Bahama Bank, 196, 283, 286, 297, 306, 310. See also Great Bahama Bank and Maiella Platform, Italy Great Bahama Bank (and Maiella Platform, Italy), platform-to-basin transitions, D 207–250, 268 Dawson Geophysical Company, 86 Andros Bank, 209, 210, 212 Delaware Basin, New Mexico, west Texas, 60, 92, 108 Andros Island, 211 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 245 and Apulian Platform, Italy, 209, 210 Dhafra/Mushash, Abu Dhabi, 125 Bahamas Drilling Project, 226 Diablo Platform, west Texas, 60 Bahamas Transect, 213, 239, 245 Diaguita orogeny, 34 logs of, 239 dip volumes, 11, 20, 32, 34 Bimini Bank, 209, 210, 216 Discovery Bay Company (now Rock Solid Images), 86 Bimini Embayment, 218 dissemblance of seismic traces, relative to semblance, 13 buried escarpment (see also under seismic facies of Great Bahama Bank, below) Doha, Qatar, 125 buried seaway within, 212 Dongsha horst block, Pearl River Mouth Basin, 150, 151, 155 Clay Sal Bank, 211 Dongsha massif, 150 Clino borehole, 219, 226, 227, 229 Dongsha Platform, 155, 157, 159 clinoforms, 208, 218, 225, 227, 228, 230, 244, 245 “drowning unconformity,” 150 foresets, height, 208 Dubai, Dubai, 125 sigmoidal, 208, 218, 228 Dubai, UAE, 125, 187 topsets, tripartite facies, 208 clinothems, 227 data set cores and cross-bank profile, 211, 212, 213, 219 E seismic lines, 211–212 synthetic seismic profiles, 213 EarthVision, 110 dimensions, 209 East Australian Current, 291 Doubloon Saxon 1 well, 211, 213, 217 East Natuna–Sarawak Basin, 311, 312, 313 erosion, episodic, 208 East Natuna–Sarawak Sea, 309, 310 escarpments East Natuna Sea, 6, 309 buried, western Great Bahama Bank, 218–219 Eclipse flow simulator, 110 construction and erosion of, 214–215, 218–219, 243 El Bundug oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 declivities, 214 Elf Acquitaine, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276 heights, 214 Eurasian Plate, 187 Maiella (see also under Mailla Platform, below) eustasy, 5, 93, 112, 116, 124, 149, 151, 169, 175, 185, 186, 189, 193, 194, 196, 227, seismic signature, 243 232, 234, 235, 238, 267, 279, 281, 284–288, 299, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318, Exhuma Sound, 209, 211 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 344 facies, 207, 208 EX Platform, Luconia Province, Sarawak, 5 juxtaposition of, seismic evidence, 207 Exhuma Sound, Bahamas, 209, 211, 286 succession of, 208 Exxon Production Research Company (now ExxonMobil Production Research geologic history of, 209–210, 218–219, 227 Company), 86 glaciations and, 227, 232 ExxonMobil Development Company, 309 gravity-flow deposits, 208, 232 ExxonMobil Exploration Co., 1 Great Isaac area, 217 ExxonMobil Oil Indonesia, 309 Great Isaac well 1, 212 ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, 309 hardgrounds, 227, 229, 233, 239 highstand wedges, 232 Little Bahama Bank, 211, 232, 234, 235 location, 209, 210 F Lucayan Formation, 219 faults Maiella Platform, Italy as conduits for dolomitizing fluids, 44, 56 Apulian Platform, 241, 213 as conduits in karst, 4 Bocca di Valle Formation, 215 reconstruction and 3-D seismic, 4 Bolognano Formation, 215 Florida Escarpment, and chaotic seismic facies, 225 Caramanico 1, 222 compared with Great Bahama Bank, 225 Castelluccio, 222 Florida Platform, transparent seismic facies of, 225 Cima dell’Altare, 238 flow units, San Andreas Formation, Vacuum field, 59, 62 Cima delle Murelle, 220, 222, 244 Flying J Oil Company, 56 Cima delle Murelle Formation, 214, 215, 219, 220 Formation MicroImager, 22, 61, 62, 128, 129, 178, 343 Colle della Civita, 222 fractures, as conduits for dolomitizing fluids, 44, 53, 56 comparison of Grand Bahama Bank with, 207, 208, 209 French Geological Survey, 254 escarpment 211, 220, 223–226, 245

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Fara S. Martino, 222 aggrading platform interior and escarpment, 209 Fonte Gelata Formation, 215, 242 prograding margin, 209 geologic history of, 209, 210–211, 219–222, 223, 225, 226, 229–230, slope and basin, 209 239–241, 243 seismic impedance, as related to sedimentation and diagenesis, 208 Gran Sasso d’Italia area, 208, 211, 213, 241, 242 seismic sections, 212, 216, 217, 218, 226, 228, 229, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, Gran Sasso d’Italia, base of slope, 215 240, 242 Hauptdolomit-Calcare Massiccio Formation, 210 seismic modeling, 209 Lazio-Abruzzi Platform, 213, 241 borehole modeling, 209 Lettomanoppello, 222 outcrop data, modeling of, 209 location of Maiella Platform, 213 subsurface data, forward modeling, 209 Macirenellie, 222 sequence stratigraphy, 208, 214, 215, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236 Maiella, 213, 222 submarine canyons, at sequence boundaries, 208, 232, 235 Maiella Mountains, 211, 241 Straits of Andros, 209, 212, 218 Maielletta, 222 Straits of Florida, 210, 212, 227 Marsica, 213 structural geology, 212, 218 Monte Acquaviva, 222 faults, 212, 218 Monte Amaro, 222 subaerial exposure of, 227, 229 Monte Cavallo, 222 submarine canyons and channels, 208, 232, 235, 236, 238–242, 244 Monte Corvo Formation, 211, 241, 242, 244 synthetic seismic sections, 214, 220, 224, 225, 230 Monte Fosso, 242 turnaround, platform, aggradation to progradation, 218, 226–227 Monte Ravina, 231 Unda borehole, 219, 226, 227 Monte San Angelo, 239, 240, 241 Great Barrier Reef, 292 Monte d’Ugni, 222, 223 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 293 Morrone di Pacentro Formation, 214, 215, 220 Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, 60, 65, 69, 92 Gulf Coast Section SEPM Foundation, 102 Orfento Formation, 2, 211, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222, 223, 238, 229, 241, 244 , 177, 251, 254 outcrops, as analogue for seismic facies, 209 Gulf of Aden Ridge, 253 patch reefs, 230, 231 Gulf of Aden rift, 251 Pennapiedimonte, 222 , 187, 252 Pesco Falcone, 231 Pesco Falcone Formation, 222, 230 platform-interior facies, kinds of, 213, 225 H platform margin, 207–211, 213–215, 220–226, 231 Pretoro, 222 Habshan edge, Abu Dhabi, 125, 142 Rio Arno, 242 Habshan Formation, Abu Dhabi, 2, 124, 126, 142, 146, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, Santo Spirito Formation, 214, 215, 220, 230 190, 193, 195, 201, 202 seismic facies, 17, 21, 22, 23, 207, 208, 213–214, 216–217, 218–219, 220, Hail oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 222–225, 230–231, 232, 233, 234, 235–238, 242–245 Hainan Island, China, 150 Sella dei Grilli, 242 Hair Dalma oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 subaerial exposure of, 211, 214, 215, 219, 223, 225, 229 Hajar Mountains, Abu Dhabi, 124 synthetic seismic model, 213 Haliba, Abu Dhabi, 125 synthetic seismic sections, 214, 220, 224, 225, 231 Halul rock-stratigraphic unit, Abu Dhabi, 133, 134 Taranta, 222 Hampson-Russell Software Services, 57 Tavola Rotonda, 222 Hanifa-Jubaila Formation, Qatar, 200 Tre Grotte Formation, 214, 215, 220, 222, 223, 244 Hanjiang Formation, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150, 151 turnaround, platform, aggradation to progradation, 226 Hith edge, Abu Dhabi, 125, 146 Umbria-Marche basin, 213, 241 Hith Formation, Abu Dhabi, 142 Hong Kong, 150, 151, 153 Valle dell’Inferno Formation, 214, 215, 220, 223 Horseshoe Atoll, 4, 92, 107, 108, 109 Valle dell’Orfento, 221 fields in, porosity and permeability, east side compared with west side, 108 Venacquaro Formation, 242 fields in, production from, 108 megabreccias, 208 Huapache fault system, New Mexico, 92, 93, 108 Northeast Providence Channel, 209, 211 Huizhou sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150 Northwest Providence Channel, 209, 211 Huwaila, Abu Dhabi, 125 objectives of the paper, 209 Drilling Program Leg 166, 211, 226, 233, 239, 243, 245 I site 629, 234 site 1003, 235, 236, 238, 239 image filtering, 12, 35, 37, 38 site 1004, 239 noise reduction, 12 site 1005, 227, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239 structure-oriented, 12, 35, 37, 38 site 1006, 239 image-filtered reflectivity, 35 site 1007, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243 image processing, three-dimensional, 12 site 1008, 227 imaging, 16, 32, 34–35 site 1009, 227 depositional systems and facies, 16 Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, 291 structural geometries, 32, 34–35 paleogeography, Late Cretaceous, 210 Indonesia, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 324, 327, 330, 331. See also under paleolatitude, 211 Segitiga Platform periplatform ooze, 208, 227, 232, 238, 243 Innovative Transducers, Inc., 292 progradation of platforms Input/Output, Inc., 86 clinoform geometry and, 208, 227–228 INTEVEP, S.A., 86 horizontal reflections and, 213 Ionian islands, 209 Italy, 310 prograding platform margins, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213, 218–219, 226–233 sea level, variation of, relative to facies and seismic reflections, 243 seismic data set, 211–213 J seismic facies Andros Bank, 210 Japan National Oil Company, 107, 121 belts, described, 209 Japan National Oil Corporation, 86 Bimini Bank, 210 Jarn Yaphour oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 buried escarpment, western Bahama Bank, 218–219 Jason Geoscience Sparse Spike Inversion, 179 chaotic to transparent, 207, 208, 209, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, Jason Geosystems, 349 223, 225, 227, 229, 230–231, 232, 243 Jason Stochastic Inversion, 179, 180 compared with seismic and depositional facies, Maiella Platform margin, Jason Workbench software, 332, 333, 349 213–243, 244–245 , 330 correlation with depositional facies, importance of, 208, 209 Jintan Platform, 3, 329. See also Mega Platform. correlation with lithologic facies, 219 JOIDES Resolution, 245, 306 defined, 208 described, in general, 213 platform-basin transects, 209 K platform-top facies, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223, 229 Kahmah Group, Oman, 189, 190, 192, 201, 202 slope-and-basin facies, 213, 218, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230–231 Kalimantin, 311, 312 transparent facies, 207, 208, 209, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, karst, 3–4 223, 225, 227, 229, 230–231, 232, 243 and strength of seismic data transparent zones, 208 and carbonate platforms, 3–4 seismic-facies belts, 209 and deflected seismic signals, 3-D seismic, 3

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and faults as conduits in, 4 reservoir-volume maps, 163, 164 and river incision, 4 seismic sections, 158, 160, 161 data, 2-D compared with 3-D, effectiveness in discrimination, 3 seismic stratigraphy, 152 general discussion, 3–4 simulation model, 164–166 lateral distribution, 3 sinkholes, 149, 156, 157–161 Jintan Platform, Sarawak, Malaysia, 329, 336, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, stratigraphy, 152–153 345, 346, 347, 348, 349 subaerial exposure, 149, 151–152 Liuhua 11-1 field, China, 149, 151, 155, 156, 157–161, 162 seismic geophysics, 155–164 Luconia Province, Malaysia, 331–332 acoustic impedance, 155, 162 Maiella Platform, Italy, 219, 223 acquisition and inversion, 155 Marion Plateau, Australia, 297, 299, 303 objective, 155 Mega Platform Sarawak, Malaysia, 329, 330, 334, 336, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, seismic, 3-D, value of, 149, 151, 154, 166 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349 Shenhu massif, 150 “oil-field” karst, 93, 96, 102, 159 stratigraphic architecture, from 3-D seismic, 152–155 Platform carbonates, Oman, 186, 189, 199 stratigraphic column, 151 Reineke field, west Texas, 116–117, 121 trap San Andres Formation, Vacuum field, New Mexico, 65, 67, 69, 77, 84 faults and coning, 155, 157 Segitiga Platform, East Natuna Sea, Indonesia, 316, 317, 320, 324, 325, 327 faults and faulting, 151, 154, 155–157, 158, 159, 160, 166 South Dagger Draw field, New Mexico, 93, 96, 102 oil-water contact, 153, 155, 157, 159, 164 Kerr-McGee, 166 relief, 156, 157 Kharaib Formation, Abu Dhabi, 124, 126, 189, 190, 192, 194, 199, 202 seal, 151 Khuff Formation, Oman, 2, 11, 16–17, 20–23, 24, 25, 26, 36 structural geology, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155–157, 158, 159, 160 carbonate-rock mounds, 17, 22, 23 wells, performances of, relative to stratigraphy, strata beneath, 155 progradation, seismic evidence of, 22–23 Zhuhai Formation, 150, 151, 155 depositional model, and 3-D seismic data, 22 Zhujiang Formation, 150, 151, 153 depositional setting, 16, 22 Liuhua Platform, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 358, 360 lithology, description of, 20 Lomas de Olmedo subbasin, Argentina, 34 porosity, 20, 21 Lorenz plots, 72–75, 101 progradation, seismic evidence of, 22–23 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 56 seismic facies, 21, 22, 23 Lovington siltstone, Vacuum field, New Mexico, 65, 69–72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 86 seismic facies, basis for description of, 17 Luconia Platform, 311 structural geology, 20 Luconia Province, Malaysia, 23–25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 330–331. See also structure-oriented filtering, 21, 22, 23 Mega Platform; Sarawak, Malaysia, origin of EX Miocene carbonate platform Khusub, Abu Dhabi, 125 Baram delta, Borneo, effect of, 331 bathymetry, interplatform, 331 Borneo, relative to, 330, 331, 332 L carbonate-rock deposition, duration of, 330 dimensions, 330 Laccadives, 268 history of development, 330 Landmark Graphics Corporation, 57, 86, 332 Mega Platform See independent entry, Mega Platform Lazio-Abruzzi-Campagnia Platform, Italy, 210, 213 paleowinds, 333 Lecho Formation, Argentina, 34, 37 platform buildup, 23, 30 Lekhwair Formation, Abu Dhabi, 124, 126. See also under platform platforms in, 330 carbonates, Oman diagenesis of, 331 Libra field, Philippines, 171 drowning of, 331, 332 linear regression, 50 eustasy, effects of, 331, 332 LithoLogic, 91 karst, 331, 332 Little Bahama Bank, 211 numbers of, 330 Liuhua 11-1 field, China, 149–168, 330 productive of gas, 330 acoustic impedance, 155, 162 size, range in, 330 carbonate bank, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154 subaerial exposure of, 331, 332 drowning of, 149, 151 thicknesses of, 330 core porosity, relation to, 155, 162 wind systems, effects of, 331 discovery well, 151 reserves of gas, 330 Dongsha horst block, 150, 151, 155 sea level, 332 Dongsha massif, 150 demise of platform and, 3332 Dongsha Platform, 155, 157, 159 growth of platform and, 332 drowning of platform, 149 seismic facies sequence stratigraphy of, 155 back-reef, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 Hanjiang Formation, 150, 151 basis for, 23 history of, 151 depositional model, 27 horizontal wells, placement of, 151, 152, 159, 160, 161, 163 description of, 23 Liuhua horst block, 150, 155, 156, 157, 160 flooding surface and, 24 location, 149, 150 images, extraction of, methods, 24 oil, 150, 161 lagoonal, 24, 25, 29 composition, variation of, 161 paleowind direction and, 25, 29 gravity, 150 stacked-reef, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30 in place, 150 volume semblance and, 24, 29 Pearl River Mouth Basin, 149, 150 structural geologic development of, 330 production of oil, the major problem with, 163 Lumbrera Formation, Argentina, 37 reservoir age, 149 chaotic zones, 156, 157 compartmentalization, 151 M coning and channeling of water, 153, 155, 157, 160, 163, 165 M. del Fiori, Italy, 213 correlation within, 153 Maiella Platform, Italy, 207–250, 286. See under Great Bahama Bank (and “crackle breccia,” 160 Maiella Platform) cross section, 153, 154 Maiz Gordo Formation, Argentina, 37 damage halos, 157 Malampaya buildup, 5, 16 depositional environment, 149, 151–154 Malampaya field, Philippines, 12, 15, 17, 169–183, 330 development wells, 154, 156 acoustic impedance diagenesis, 149, 151–153, 160, 163 inversions, 169 “dim zones,” 160, 166 related to porosity, 177, 178, 179–181, 183 dissolution of carbonate rocks, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 159–160, 163, 166 related to 3-D time-to-depth conversion, 179 division of, ad hoc, 152–153 appraisal drilling, for oil rim, 170, 181, 183 drive, 150, 151, 159 buildup, anatomy of, 174 gas chimneys, 158, 159, 160, 166 facies, distribution, 174, 175 “gas sags,” 157, 158, 160 chronostratigraphy, 172 karst, 149, 151, 155, 156, 157–161, 162 cross section, 174 lithology of, 150, 152, 153, 155 cyclostratigraphic architecture, 169 model of 149, 151 depositional model, 172 monomineralic composition, advantages of, 152, 155 DEPSIM modeling tool, 179, 181 “oil-field karst,” 159 depth, 170 porosity, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 159–164, 166 depth map, 171 producing zone, thickness of, 161 “flat tops,” 177

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faults and faulting, 172, 173, 174 complex III, 273, 275, 276, 283–285 fractures, 178 packages within, 267 gas column, 170 data and methods, 270–272 GEOCAP modeling tool, 179, 181 seismic data, 270 Jason Geoscience Sparse Spike Inversion, 179 well data; suites of logs and descriptions of rock and fossils, 271 Jason Stochastic Inversion, 179, 180 Eight Degree Channel, Laccadives, 268 lithostratigraphy, 172 Equatorial Channel, 268 location, 170 faults and faulting, 271, 272, 273, 275, 278, 282, 287 MoRes software, 181 flat-top carbonate banks, 273, 274, 276, 284 mud loss, 170, 178, 183 forced regression, 279, 281, 284, 285 Nido field, Philippines, 330 gas chimneys, 273 Nido Limestone, 170, 172 general geologic setting, 272 age of, 172 gravity-flow deposits, 267, 274, 277, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288 distribution, regional, controls on, 172 guyots, 269 oil rim, 169 “highstand shedding,” 286 Pagasa Formation, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179 “imbricated reflections,” 287 paleohigh, 172 Inner Sea, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 286, 287 pinnacle reefs, 176 isochron maps, prograding sequences, 276 PROMISE inversion software, 179, 181 Kuda Huvadu Channel, 258 reserves, estimates of, 170 Maldives Platform, 269 reservoir size of, 269 architecture, 169 Minicoy atoll, Laccadives, 268 atoll structures, 169 mound-shaped seismic facies, 277, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286–287 cementation, marine, 177 relative to turbites, 286 characterization, 169, 170, 181, 182 relative to variation of sea level, 287 diagenesis, 160, 169, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182 Nine Degree Channel, Laccadives, 268 fractures in, 169 “nucleating mounds,” 273, 274 gas-oil contact, 171, 174, 181 One and Half Degree Channel, 268 models of, 169, 170, 177, 179–181, 183 onlapping wedges, 277 oil, distribution in reservoir, 181 physiography, 268–270 oil-water contact, 171, 174, 181 atolls, 268–269 porosity, 170, 177–183 bathymetry, 269 pressure communication, 170 progradation quality, factors, 169 and clinoform patterns, 267, 274–279, 281–284, 285–286 reef zone, 175 and delivery of sediment, 283 seals, 181 based on Elf data, 272–273 sea level, fluctuations of, 169, 175 based on Shell data, 273 seismic facies classification, 175, 176–177 control of, 284, 285 seismic inversion, 179 dating of, biostratigraphic, 273–274 seismic volume segmentation, 175 defined, 257 seismic section, 174, 175 geometries of, 267–268, 274, 275–283 seismic surveys, 170–172 Middle Miocene, 272–276 qualities of, adverse factors, 170 relative to variation of sea level, 285–288 3-D prestack depth migration, 170, 172 prograding complex, defined, 274 (see complexes, prograding, above) vertical resolution of, 170 prograding margins sequence stratigraphy, 169, 172, 177 differences among, general explanations, 267–268 structural geology, 172, 173 sedimentary units within, 268 tectonic history of buildup, illustrated, 173 slumps, 268 volumetrics, 179 turbidity currents, 268 wells in, 170, 171 prograding sequences, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 (see also complex I) locations of, 171 number of, maximal, 273 wind, prevailing direction of, 169 parts of, 275 Malaysia, 23–25, 310. See also Central Luconia Province; Luconia Province; seismic expression of, 275, 277 Mega Platform; Sarawak, Malaysia, origin of EX carbonate platform sequence boundaries, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 Maldives Archipelago, , 6, 7, 157, 267–290 SARP atolls defined, 275 Addu, 268 development, relative to sea level, 267, 285, 287 Ari, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276, 283 illustrated, 277 carbonate buildups, 277 relative to lithology and diagenesis, 285 Faddifolu, 268, 269 seismic sections, illustrated, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, Felidu, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276, 275 284, 287 Fua Mulaku, 268 sequence stratigraphy, 272, 275, 276, 277 Fuad Bank, 269 Shell/Worldwide foraminifer zones, 272, 274, 279 Gaha Faro, 268, 269, 270, 275, 276, 284 sinkholes, 272, 273 Haddummati, 268, 269 slide scars, 278 Horseburg, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276 structural geology, 271, 272, 723 Ihavandiffulu, 268 unconformities, 267 Kardiva, 268 Viemandu Channel, 268 Kolumadulu, 268, 269, 270 WARP limited progradation on, 268 defined, 275–276, 277, 285 location, 268 development, relative to sea level, 267, 285 Makunudu, 268 illustrated, 277 Malosmadulu, 268 relative to lithology, 285 Mulaku, 268, 269, 270, 276 volcanic basement rocks, 271, 272, 273 Miladummadulu, 268 wells in Maldives Archipelago North Male, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276 Elf NMA–1 well, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273 North Nilandu, 268, 269, 270, 274, 276, 283 ODP 714 well, 269 Rasdu, 268, 269, 270 ODP 715 well, 269 South Male, 268, 269, 270, 276 ODP 716 well, 269, 270, 271 South Malosmadulu, 269 Shell ARI–7 well, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279 South Nilandu, 268, 269, 270, 276 wind patterns, 273 Suvadiva, 268 Mallorca, Spain, 193, 199 Tiladummati, 268 Marathon Oil Company, 91, 92 Toddu, 270 Marathon-Ouachita orogenic front, 92 Wataru, 268, 269, 270 Marathon Petroleum Technology Company, 86 atolls of, map, 268 Marion Plateau, Australia, 3, 5, 291–307 biostratigraphy of, 274 acoustic basement, 296, 298–299, 300–301 Chagos-Laccadives ridge, 268 seismic facies, 296, 300 channels, 272, 273, 274, 277, 279, 282, 283 topography of, 298–299, 300 compared with submarine canyons, Great Bahama Bank, 283 Bahamas Platform, 291, 306 delivery of sediment and, 283, 286 Bermuda Rise, 305 clinoforms, 267, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286 biofacies, effects of in constructing the platform, 292, 299, 305, 306 complexes, prograding contourite, 303 complex I, 267, 273, 274, 276–283, 285–287 Cairns, Australia, 293 complex II, 274, 276, 283–284 Cato Trough, 296

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currents, oceanographic, 291, 292, 293, 294, 301, 303, 305, 306 aggradation of, 329 and transportation of sediment, 292, 294, 301, 303, 305 aquifer, 333 East Australian Current, 291 backsteps, 335 effects of, 291, 292, 293, 294, 301, 303, 305, 306 bank-margin collapse, 344, 347 prevailing directions of, 293 cycles of deposition, 329 data, description of, 292–294 defined, 332 diagenesis, 292, 299, 306 depositional architecture of, 336–344 Great Bahama Bank, relative to, 297, 303 depositional sequences of, 336–345, 338–349 Great Barrier Reef, 292 diagenesis, 329 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 293 dimensions of, 329 hardgrounds, 292, 305 faulting and fault system, 330, 335, 342, 343–344, 345, 346, 347 karst, 297, 299, 303 graben, 330 moat, 303 growth of, 329, 335, 336, 343, 344 Northern Marion Platform, 3, 5, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 history of, 329–330 seismic facies of, 297 karst, 329, 336, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344 sequence relationships with Southern Marion Platform, 296 relative to other terminations on Mega Platform, 334 Ocean Drilling Program reservoirs and reservoir architecture, 329, 336 Leg 133, 293, 301, 303 wells that penetrate, 333–336, 338, 339, 340–345, 348 Leg 194, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 305, 306 karst, 329, 330, 334, 336, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348 parameters controlling growth, 291, 292 and seal integrity, 344 characterization of, 291 depiction of, 343 physical, as compared with biotic, 292 episodes of, 343, 344, 345 platforms, 292 faults and, 344, 346, 347, 348 composition of, 292 most extensive karst, 343 geometries and evolution, controls on, 292 M1 field, 332, 336 purpose of investigation, 291 M1-East field, 332, 336 sea floor, modern topography, 298–299 margin collapse, 335 sea level, 291, 292, 306 paleowinds (see winds) effect on Marion Platform, 306 pressure communication, 330 general effects on platforms, 292 reservoir management, 347–348, 349 seismic data set, 292, 293 aquifer, continuity of, affected by faulting, karst, 347–348 calibration of, 292 behavior of reservoir, prediction of, 347 lines, locations of, 293 gas, migration of during production from nearby traps, 347–348 seismic facies. See seismic megasequences, below influx of water, prediction of, 347, 349 seismic megasequences, 294–306 quantification of, 347 biostratigraphy and, 294 reserves, volume of, and seismic mapping of porosity, 347, 348, 349 boundaries of, 294, 295, 296 reservoir modeling, 347 chronostratigraphy of, 294, 296 reservoirs, separate, and common aquifer, 347, 348 described, 294 wells placement relative to seismic mapping, 347 megasequence A, 296–297, 298–299, 300–301, 304 sea level, fluctuations of, 329, 330, 335, 344 megasequence B, 297, 298–299, 300, 301, 302, 304 third-order, 329 megasequence C, 298–299, 301, 302, 303, 304 seal, of gas trap, 330 megasequence D, 298–299, 301, 303, 304, 305–306 seismic facies, principal seismic sections, 294, 295, 297, 300, 302, 304 platform-interior high-impedance, 335 sequence stratigraphy. See seismic megasequences, above platform-interior low-impedance, 335 South Equatorial Current, 293 platform-margin and interior chaotic, 335 Southeast Trade Winds, 291 seismic sections of, 334, 336, 337, 342 Southern Marion Platform, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, subaerial exposure of, 330, 331, 332, 336, 341, 343, 348 304, 305 sequence stratigraphy, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343 seismic facies of, 297, 299 subsidence of, 330 sequence relationships with Northern Marion Platform, 296 synthetic seismic logs, 337 subaerial exposure, 297 terminations of Townsville, Australia, 293 F6 Platform, 335 turbidity currents, 303 G2 Platform, 334, 335 wind, prevailing directions of, 291, 292, 293 Jintan termination, 329, 335, 336–344 effects of, 291, 292 M1, 329 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 344, 346, 348 relative to ocean currents, 292, 293 M1-East, 329, 334, 335, 336 Matese, Italy, 213 M3, 333, 334, 335 Matinloe field, Philippines, 171 M4, 333, 334, 335 Maxus Energy Corporation, 86 Saderi, 334, 335 McElroy field, Permian Basin, west Texas, 69 Serai, 334, 335 Mealla Formation, Argentina, 37 thickness of, 331, 333 mean filter, 13 estimation of, 333 limitations of, 13 wells, 333 median filter, 13 total, 333 Mega Platform, Luconia Province, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, 5, 329–350. Jintan Platform (see “wells that penetrate,” above) See also Luconia Province M1-02, 334, 335, 336 accommodation space, 344, 345 M3-02, 334 aquifer, 330 Saderi-1, 334 area of, 331 winds (paleowinds) backsteps and backstepping, 329, 332, 335, 336, 342, 345, 348 circulation of, 333 Borneo, 330 effects of, 333, 340 currents, effects of, 345 Mender oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 data and methods, 331–333 Miami, University of, 207 horizon and fault data, 333 Midland Basin, west Texas, 60, 92, 108, 109, 116 seismic data, 331–332 Ministry of Oil and Gas and Petroleum Development Oman, 204 software, 333 Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals of Oman, 254 wells and well logs, 333 Mishrif Formation, Oman, 187 demise of, explanations for, 330, 345–346 models, seismic, of extinct reef-building communities, 4 diagenesis and development of karst, 346–347, 349 Montagna della Maiella, Italy, 209 recognition of, by reflection and impedance 3-D seismic, 349 Montana, 43–57 discoveries of oil and gas, similar platforms, 330 Mt. Lepini, Italy, 213 drowning of, 329, 345 Mt. Simbruini, Italy, 213 eustasy, 330, 335, 344 Mubarras oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 facies, principal, 335 Muda Formation, Segitiga Platform, Indonesia, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320 highstand facies, 335, 339 Mugsayl Formation, Oman. See under Salalah Basin, Oman reefal facies, 335 transgressive flooding facies, 335, 338, 339 faulting and fault systems, 329, 330, 331, 335, 336, 340, 342, 344, 346, 347, 348 N gas-chimney areas, 332, 334, 336, 344, 345 growth Nahr Umr Formation. See also under platform carbonates, Oman architecture of, 329–331, 333–336, 348, 349 Abu Dhabi, 126, 130–131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141, 145, 146 recognition of, by reflection and impedance 3-D seismic, 349 Oman, 34, 136 relative to Jintan termination, 336–344 (see Jintan Plaform, below) Nambe Geophysical, Inc., 86 stages of, 335–336 Napoli, Italy, 213 history of, 329–330, 348 Natih Formation, 2, 3, 4, 11. See also under platform carbonates, Oman Jintan Platform Natih E Formation, Oman, 25–26, 28–29, 31–32, 33, 34, 37

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depositional seismic geometries, 28–29, 32, 33 Al Huwaisah, 195, 197 gas-escape effects, 28 Al Huwaisah field, 202, 203 isochore map, 34 architecture, 185 lithology of reservoir, 28, 33 recognition of, implications for exploration, 185 paleosol, 32, 33 Arabian Peninsula, 187, 252, 253 platform buildup, 25 paleogeographic map of, Early Cretaceous, 187 ramp-type reservoir, 25 Arabian Plate, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190–194, 199 reservoir architecture, 29, 34 collision with Eurasian Plate, 187, 188, 199 seismic facies, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 34 margin, configuration of, 185, 190–194 prograding facies, 26, 28 platforms on, 186, 188 rudist-shoal complex, 29 Bab intraplatform basin, 189 structure-oriented filtering, 26, 31, 37 clinoform complexes, 186, 190, 192–194, 195–199, 201, 203 time slices, 28, 32, 33 correlation of strata, effects on, 196, 198, 199, 201, 203 volume semblance, 29 dips of, 186, 192–194, 196, 198 Natih Platform, Oman, 346 facies of, 190, 192–194 National Science Foundation, 245, 291 factors that control geometry, 194 Natuna Arch, 311, 312 geometry of, 190, 192, 193, 194 Natuna gas field, Indonesia, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 324, 327, 330 hardgrounds, 192, 202 Natuna Island, Indonesia, 310 lithologies of, relative to sea level, 186, 193–194 neural networks, 14 rock-stratigraphic units as components, 192, 193 depictions of facies, 175–177 Cretaceous stratigraphy, 188, 190 estimates of permeability, 69, 76, 82–83 chronostratigraphy, 188, 190 New Mexico rock-stratigraphic units, 188 Indian Basin field, 91, 92 supersequences, 188 South Dagger Draw field, 4, 91–105. See also South Dagger Draw field data taken into account, 187 Vacuum field, 59–89. See also San Andres Formation exploration and production from platform carbonates, implications for New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 43 architecture, internal, importance, 201, 202, 203 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 43 clinoforms, geometry of, effects on production, 203 Nido Formation, Philippines, 15–16, 17, 18, 19 correlation, limitations on, 201, 203 bodychecking, 15–16, 19 depositional cycles, stacking pattern of strata, relative to permeability, 202, 203 seismic facies, 15, 17, 18 diachronic lithologic units, importance of, 201 texture analysis, 15, 17, 18 reservoir risk, relative to dips of clinoforms, 201 texture mapping, 15, 17, 18 seismic data, necessary integration of, 201 Nido Limestone, Philippines, 170–183 stratigraphic traps, 201, 202 Nido Limestone Platform, Philippines, 177 time-line geometries, relative to correlation, 203 Nippon Oil Exploration Limited, 349 water, facies as conduits for, 202, 203 noise-reduction techniques, 13 facies of, 188, 190, 193, 194–195, 196 North Matinloc field, Philippines, 171 Fahud, 197 North Robertson field, west Texas, 69 Fahud fault zone, 197 Northeast Providence Channel, Bahamas, 209, 211 Fahud salt basin, 196 Northern Marion Platform. See under Marion Plateau, Australia geologic cross section, 190, 196 Northwest Borneo Trench, 311, 313 geometries, stratal, 185, 190, 192, 193 Northwest Borneo Trough, 313 internal, 190 Northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas, 209, 211 Gulf of Oman, 187 Habshan Formation, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 195, 201, 202 clinoform complex, 186 clinoform cycles, durations of, 193 O distant but similar tracts, 193 Occidental Oil and Gas Corporation, 86 “Habshan clinoform system,” 192, 193 Ocean Drilling Program lithology of, 189 Leg 133, 293, 301, 303 Habshan platform edge, 190, 196, 199 Leg 166, 211, 226, 233, 239, 243, 245 progradation, rate of, 190, 199 Leg 194, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 305, 306 history of, 189, 190 Octorn field, Philippines, 171 internal geometry of, 190 Olmedo Formation, Argentina, 37 intrashelf carbonate-rock tracts, 186, 193, 195, 200 Oman, 2, 3, 11, 16, 34, 124, 135, 136, 185–206, 251–266 growth, relative to basement highs and salt domes, 186 platform carbonates, 185–206 growth, relative to sea level, 186, 193, 195, 200 Salalah Basin, 251–266 Kahmah Group, 189, 190, 192, 201, 202 Oman Mountains, 187, 188, 190 diachronous boundaries, 189 Oran Group, Argentina, 34 formations in, 189 orogenies lithologies of, 189 Andean, 34 Kharaib Formation, 189, 190, 192, 194, 199, 202 Diaguita, 34 lithology, 189, 190 Oman, 133 Lekhwair Formation, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 201, 202 Ouachita, 96 facies tracts, 193 Zagros, 124 lithology, 189, 190 Oyo Geospace Corporation, 86 karstification, 186, 189, 199 “layer-cake” platform, 192 Madha, 187 Maradi fault zone, 197 P Mishrif Formation, 187 Pagasa Formation, Philippines, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179 Musallim, 197 Palawan Islands, Philippines, 169, 170, 175 Musallim Natih E platform, 198 paleogeomorphology, imaging of, 1 Musandam, 187 of carbonate systems with no modern analogues, 1 Muscat, 187 paleowinds, directions of, 25, 29, 333, 351, 358–360 Nahr Umr Formation, 188, 189, 190, 192, 198, 201, 202 PanCanadian Petroleum Limited (now EnCana), 86 “base Nahr Umr unconformity,” 190 Pandan field, Philippines, 171 lithology, 189, 190 Paradigm Geophysical (formerly CogniSeis), 86 upper contact, 190 Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 4, 149–168, 358, 360 Natih, 197 evolution of, 150 Natih Formation, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, Permian Basin, west Texas 201, 202 Vacuum field, New Mexico, 59–89. See San Andres Formation correlation within, 195 , 252 cross section, 196 Pertamina, Inc., 309, 327 intrashelf carbonate rocks, 186 Pescara, Italy, 213 lithology, 189, 190 PetrexAsia Consultants, 329 Natih A, 186, 192 Petroleum Development Oman, 39, 204, 251, 254 Natih B, 192 Petroliam Nasional Berhad Malaysia, 349 Natih D, 198 Petronas Carigali Berhad, 39, 349 Natih E, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200 Philippines, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 169–183, 310, 330 Oman Mountains, 187, 188, 190 Phillips Petroleum Company (now ConocoPhillips), 86 outcrops of platform carbonates, 187 Piemont-Liguria ocean, 210 paleographic elements of, 187, 191, 197 Pirgua Subgroup, Argentina, 34, 37 patterns of platform carbonates, 185 platform carbonates, Oman. See also Salalah Basin, Oman platform-interior carbonate complex

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architecture, internal, 194, 196, 198, 199, 201 oil, properties of, 119 basins, intraplatform, 195, 196, 197, 200 production history, 119 basement highs, influence of, 199 reservoir channel-fill complexes upon, 199 age, 107 cross section, with general lithologies shown, 190, 196 baffles within, 108, 117 dimensions of, 195–196, 197, 200–201 basinal strata, downlap onto reservoir, 113, 116 evaporites, 200 characterization of, method, 108–110 geometries of rock-stratigraphic units, 195, 196, 197, 198–199, 201 depth, 119 incision of intrashelf platform, 199 dolomite, 108, 117 maximal extent of, 197 drive, 119, 121 merging of platforms, 195 growth, pattern of, as shown by structural relief, 110 model, intrashelf carbonates, 200–201 karstification, 116–117, 121 progradation, rate of, 199 limestone, 107, 108, 115, 117 salt domes, influence of, 200 lithology, 107, 112 seals, lateral, within, 200, 201 original oil in place, recovery of, 108, 119, 121 sedimentary cycles in, 194–195 permeability, 109–110, 117, 121 sedimentary rocks in, 195, 196, 197 porosity, 109, 116, 117, 121 sequence stratigraphy of, 198 pressure maintenance, 119 subaerial exposure of, 194, 195 relief above original oil-water contact, 108 time of development, 194 residual oil, 119, 121 progradation, rate of, 190 secondary reservoirs, 112 Rayda Formation, 188, 189, 190 sequence stratigraphy, 112, 114, 115, 116 lithology, 189, 190 stratification of, 107, 121 Rub’ Al Khali, 187 upper surface, 107, 116, 121 Rub’ Al Khali Basin, 196 seal, of trap, 107, 108, 112, 115 Sahtan Formation, 192 seismic imaging, difficulties of, 112 Saih Rawl, 197 seismic surveys, 3-D, 110–112, 121 Salil Formation, 188, 189, 190, 201, 202 source rock, 108 lithology, 189, 190 South Dome, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115 salt domes, 196, 200 core and wire-line logs, typical, 114 salt-withdrawal basins, 192, 196 cumulative production, 108 seismic lines, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199 dolomite, distribution, model of, 118 well-correlation panel, 198 lithofacies and stratigraphy, 115 sequence stratigraphy, 187, 190, 193, 194, 198, 200 permeability, distribution, model of, 118 sea level, variation of, 185, 186, 189, 193, 194, 196 porosity, distribution, model of, 118 variation, and geometries, rock-stratigraphic units, 189, 193, 194 reservoir simulation, 121 Shuaiba Formation, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203 sequence boundaries, 115 Bab member, 188 structure, well data compared with seismic data, 111 lithology, 189 water saturation, original, 121 intraplatform basins, 200 synthetic seismograms, 112 stratigraphic architecture of platform carbonates, 190–200 trap, and components of, 108 subaerial exposure of platform carbonates, 189, 199 structural geology, Reineke field and surrounding area, 109 thickness of platform-carbonate complex, 189 structure, and similarity to original shape of eroded buildup, 109 United Arab Emirates, 186 wire-line logs, calibration for porosity, 109 Wasia Group, 189 Reineke Reef, 5 formations in, 189 Republic of Maldives, 288. See also Maldives Archipelago water fingers, 202 RESCUE export format, 110 width of platform-carbonate complex, 189 reservoir characterization, 1, 59–89 Yibal, Oman, 195, 197 dynamic characterization relative to static characterization, 60–61 platforms, carbonate, 4–5, 23–25, 67, 149–150, 155, 156, 185–206. See also platform reservoir modeling, 107 carbonates, Oman. See also under Salalah Basin Réunion hot spot, 268 architecture of, 5 Rice University, 212, 245, 267, 288 drowning of, 5 Richland County, Montana, 44–57 geometries of, relative to sea level and production of sediment, 6 Roma, Italy, 213 growth of, 4–7 root mean square amplitude extractions, 24 sea-level variation, effects of, 5–7 Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 281, 284, 288 PNOC-EC, 183 Rumaitha oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 prograding carbonate-bank margins. See under Maldives, and under platform carbonates, Ruwais, Abu Dhabi, 125 Oman R/V Lone Star, 245 Pure Resources, 107 S Q sabkha, divisions of, 16 Sahil oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 Queen rock-stratigraphic unit, New Mexico, Texas, 67, 92 Sahtan Formation, Oman, 192 Qusahwira field, Abu Dhabi, 125 Salalah carbonate margin, 5 Salalah, Oman, 256 Salalah Basin, Oman, 251–266 Adawnib Formation, 255 R Arabian Peninsula, southern, geologic framework, 253 Rajang Group, Borneo, 330 Ashawq Formation, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, Ramba field, South Sumatra Basin, 314, 330 264, 265 Rayda Formation, Oman, 188, 189, 190 age relative to Mughsayl Formation, 254, 257, 261–262, 265 Red River Formation, Williston Basin, 4, 43–57. See also Brorson field. back-reef carbonates, outcrop expression, 258 reefs and reefal buildups, 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 107–122, 175, 176, 193, 230, Nakhut Member, 252 231, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 335 Nakhlit Member, 252, 254, 264 Reineke field, west Texas, 107–122 platform carbonates in, 254–255, 256, 258, 264 CO2 flood, 108, 110, 119, 121 reefs in, 254, 255, 256, 257, 264, 265 coning of water, 119 shallow-marine carbonates, general, 254–255, 256, 257, 259–263, cores, 115, 117 264, 265 dolomite, footage cored and analyzed, 117 Shizar Member, 252, 254, 264 limestone, footage cored and analyzed, 115 Aydim Formation, 252, 255 total footage of, 117 base-of-slope carbonate rocks, 251, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265 cumulative production, 108 basinal sequence, postrift, 254. See also Mughsayl Formation date of discovery, 108, 119 carbonate margin, evolution of, 263–265 depositional model, 115–116 phases of, 263–265 drowning of, 116 coral reefs, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 264, 265 eustasy, effect of, 112, 116 cross sections, 253, 256 Horseshoe Atoll, 107, 108 northeast Yemen, 253 limestone spatial relationships, shallow-marine and deep-marine carbonates, 256 lithofacies, percentages, 115, 117 Dammam Formation, 255 percentage of reservoir, 107 debris flows, 257, 258 permeability of, 108, 115, 117 Dhalqut Formation, 255 porosity of, 107, 115 Dhofar, 251, 255

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drowning, of shallow-marine carbonate tracts, 251, 264, 265 relative to seismic resolution, 80 “empty-bucket” geometry, 260, 265 San Andres, upper part compared with lower part, 72, 83, 86 fault blocks, and coral reefs, 251, 253 use of, 69, 72, 73, 84 faulted shelf edge, 251, 256, 257, 258, 263, 264, 265 geologic model, 77–83 grabens, 253, 265 goal of study, 62 grain flows, 257, 258, 259, 264 Grayburg Formation, 60, 62, 65, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86 Gulf of Aden, 251 flow units in, 75, 76 Gulf of Aden rift, 251 lithology of, 62 Haima rock-stratigraphic unit, 253 production from, 78 Huof rock-stratigraphic unit, 253 history of, 62 Kharfot Formation, 255 karst and karstification, 65, 67, 69, 77, 84 Jabal Dirwat, 256 lithofacies in, 65, 66, 67 Jabal Had, 256 associated with sequence boundaries, 67 location of study area, 252, 253 lithology of, general, 62 marls, 251, 254, 255, 264 Lovington siltstone, 65, 69–72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 86 Mughsayl, 254, 256, 259 permeability (see flow units, above) Mughsayl Formation, 251, 252, 254, 255–258, 259, 262, 264, 265 porosity age relative to Ashawq Formation, 256–257, 262, 265 evaluated by compressional- and shear-wave attributes, 59–60 contact with Ashawq Formation, 256–257, 262, 265 inferred from 3-D seismic data, 79–82, 85 deep-marine carbonates, lithologies, 255–258, 259, 264 mapping of, 79–83, 85 environment of deposition, 257, 258, 259, 262, 264, 265 maps of, 81, 82, 84, 85 slope-to-basin carbonates, 251, 254, 256, 257–258, 259, 264 relative to shelf margin, 80 spatial relationships with shallow-marine carbonates, 256–257, 262, 265 Queen rock-stratigraphic unit, 67 outcrops, expression of platform and reef deposits, 254–258 reservoir “back-reef” deposits, 255, 258 characterization of, using 4-D, 3-C seismic data, 60–61 base-of-slope to basin sequence, environment, lithology, 255, 256, 257, 258 compartmentalization of, 60, 75, 84 geologic framework of outcrops, 256 heterogeneity of, 59, 65, 69, 72–75, 83, 84 location, 254 seismic coherency maps, 64 platform, thickness and lithology, 254 seismic data reefs, 254, 257 average porosity, transformation to, 80 shelf carbonates, 258 resolution of, relative to well-log data, 77 outcrops studied, locations of, 253 seismic surveys, 3-D, extent of, 61 platform, and platform deposits, 251, 254–255, 258, 260, 261, 263–265 sequence stratigraphy, 59, 62, 65–69, 83, 84 Qishn Formation, 253, 255 and facies successions, 68 Qitqawt Formation, 255 and systems tracts, 68 reef sequence, 254, 264, 265 shear-wave anisotropy, 60, 75–77, 78, 82, 84 reefs, 251, 254. See also Ashawq Formation; outcrops; seismic expressions fluid production and, 77, 80 fault blocks and, 251 fractures, density and orientation, 75–77, 78 mounded lithofacies, 254 permeability, estimation of, 82–83 seismic expression. See under seismic expressions stress directions in, 75, 77 “rimmed platform,” 261 structural geology of, 63, 64, 75 Rus Formation, 255 synthetic seismogram, 80 Salalah Plain-1 well, 251, 252, 253, 254, 259 trap, components of, 63–65 well summary sheet, 252 seal, 65 Salalah Plain-2 well, 253 Winland equation, 59, 71–72, 86 Samhan Formation, 255 Yates rock-stratigraphic unit, 67 seismic expressions, 258–263 San Martin field, Philippines, 171 “Gaussian slope profiles,” 262 Santa Barbara Subgroup, Argentina, 34, 37 genetic types discriminated, as related to outcrops, 259–261, 262 Santiago de Jujuy, Argentina, 34 Sarawak, Malaysia, 5, 23 platform deposits, 260, 261 Sarawak, Malaysia, origin of EX Miocene carbonate platform, 351–365 reef deposits, 252, 260, 261, 262 aggradation, of platform, 351 seismic lines, 252, 260, 261, 262, 263 backstepping, 360 sequence stratigraphy, 251, 265 burial by clastics, 351, 356 Sharwayn Formation, 255 carbonate platforms, delimitation of, limitations, 352 slumps, 257, 259 seismic models of, pseudo-unconformities in, 352 stratigraphic sequence, Cretaceous–Tertiary, southern Oman, 255 data base, 351, 353 structural geology, 253, 256 data processing, effects of, 353 time contour map, top carbonate buildup, 252 flanks, of platform, stratigraphic character of, 351 (see also slope, below) turbidites, 251, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264 compared by steepness, 357 Umm El Radhuma Formation, 253, 255 focus of study, 352 Wadi Jeza Trough, 253, 259 geologic setting of platform, 352–353 Zalumah Formation, 252 architecture of platform, 352 Salil Formation, Oman, 188, 189, 190, 201, 202 history of, 352, 353 Salta Group, Argentina, 34, 37, 38 horst-and-graben system, 352 Salta Group Basins, Argentina, 34 lithologies (see also platform, growth of, stages, below) San Andres Formation, 59–89, 110, 116. (Topic includes associated formations location, relative to major carbonate platforms nearby, 352 in Vacuum field, New Mexico.) log petrophysics, 354–355, 357 borehole breakouts in, 77 methods of study, 353 CO2 flooding, 60 models, of platform boundaries, 352 data available, 61, 62, 63 accretion vs. erosion, 352 depositional environments, 65, 83 interfingering vs. onlap, 352 facies tracts, 66 paleowinds, and distribution of sediments, 351 faults, faulting, and fractures, 64, 65, 75–77, 78 platform orientations and density, 75–77, 78 asymmetry of, 351, 358–360 variation with depth, 64 burial of, 351 fields in, west Texas and New Mexico, 60 drowning of, 353 flow profiles in, 59 growth of, controls on, 353, 354 flow units in outline of, seismic methods of determining, 355–356, 359, 360 barrier between Lower and Upper San Andres, 69–71, 72 relief of, 351 bypassed pay, 73 retrogradation of, 353 capillary pressure, relative to reservoir quality, 69, 71 shape of, 351 definition and identification of, 69, 72–75, 84 sediment, distribution of, relative to paleowinds, 351 depositional texture, relative to reservoir quality, 69 seismic lines, 353 diagenesis and, 69, 71, 84 shale, strata of, seismic reflections of, 351 distribution of, within San Andres, 72–75, 76, 79 slope angles, of platform, 351, 352, 356 dolomitization and, 69 angle of, relative to accretion, bypass and erosion, 352 flooding, effects on, 73 slope deposits, seismic reflections of, 351, 352 flow capacity relative to storage capacity, 72–75, 76 accretionary, debris tongues connected to platform, 352 karstification and, 69 slope, northern, 351, 356, 357, 358, 362, 363 location, 60 aggrading phase, 351 Lorenz plots and, 72–75 angle of, 356, 357 Lovington siltstone (see Lovington siltstone, below) bypass origin of, hypothesized, 357–358 permeability, 69, 70, 76, 78–79, 82–83, 86 debris tongues, 358 porosity, 59, 69–73, 87 erosion and interfingering of beds, 358

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erosional origin of, hypothesized, 357–358, 362 number of, 309 faulting of, 358, 362, 363 seismic sequences of Segitiga Platform, 314 slope, southern, 351, 356, 358 sequence boundaries, 310, 314 aggrading phase, 351 sequence stratigraphy, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 318–320, 321, 322, 323, 324 angle of, 356 sinkholes, 316 bypass, erosion, and onlap, 358 South China Sea, 311, 313, 321 orientation relative to paleowind, hypothesis about, 358–360 structural geology, 309, 310, 311 similarity to Liuhua Platform, Pearl River Mouth Basin, 358, 360 influence on development of platform, 310, 311 slopes, accretionary, bypass, and erosional, criteria for distinction, 352 tectonic setting, 312–313 synthetic seismogram, 354–355, 358 Terumbu “carbonate shelf,” 310 wells in, 353, 354, 359 platforms on, 310 EX-1, 353 Terumbu Formation, 309, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325 EX-2, 353, 354 evolution of, 317–320 EX-3, 353, 354, 359 lithology and lithofacies, 314 Sarawak Shell Berhad, 39, 207, 329, 349 porosity, 313, 314 Saya de Malha Bank, Indian Ocean, 268 sequences within, 313, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325 sea level, variation of, as control on carbonate platforms, 5. See eustasy thickness, 314 low-frequency, 5 Terumbu Limestone, 311, 312, 316 high-frequency, 5 topography, 310 Segitiga Platform, East Natuna Sea, Indonesia, 5, 7, 268, 309–328 effect on localization of platforms, 310 aggradation of, 316, 318, 321, 322, 323, 326, 327 wells aggradational margin, 316, 318, 321, 323, 326, 327 AL-1X, 312 Arang Formation, 312, 314, 318, 319 AP-1X, 312, 313, 314, 320 “backstepping,” 309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327 AY-1X, 312, 313, 320, 325 Borneo, 311 L-2X, 312 coalescence of, 309, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 327 wind, effects of, 310, 320, 323, 324, 325, 327 cross section, 312 prevalent direction, 325, 327 currents, oceanographic, effects of, 310, 324, 327 seismic attribute analysis, 47, 50–51 Cyclops buildup, 312, 323, 324 seismic facies drowning of, 309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326 delineation of, 11, 13, 15, 17–18, 21, 22, 23–25, 37 East Natuna-Sarawak basin, 311, 312, 313 Great Bahama Bank, 207, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, East Natuna-Sarawak sea, 310 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230–231, 232, 233, 234, 235–238, eustasy, 309, 310, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326 242–245 evolution of (see platform evolution, below) Khuff Formation, Oman, 16–18, 20, 21, 22, 23 faults, ages and abundances relative to evolution of platform, 321 Luconia Province, Malaysia, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31–32, 34 fault blocks, 309, 312, 313, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324 Maiella Platform, Italy, 207, 208, 213–214, 216–217, 218–219, 220, 222–225, faulting, 310, 311, 313, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 327 230–231, 232, 233, 234, 235–238, 242–245 Gabus Formation, 312, 314, 318, 319 Malampaya field, Philippines, 175, 176–177 geologic setting, 312–314 Marion Plateau, Australia, 296–297, 300–301, 302, 303–305 grabens, 321 Mega Platform, Malaysia, 325 gravity flows, 314, 317 Nido Formation, Philippines, 15, 17, 18 Great Bahama Bank, relative to, 310 Segitiga Platform, Indonesia, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325 history of platform, 309–310, 313, 317–320, 326–327 three-dimensional imaging of, 16–18, 20, 21, 22, 23 horst block, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322 seismic impedance, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100–102, 103, 131, 133, 136, 137, 141, interplatform seaways, 321 142, 143, 155, 162, 169, 177, 178, 179–181, 183, 208, 349 intraplatform seaways, 309, 310, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, seismic mapping, 11 326, 327 limitations of, in carbonate reservoirs, 11 Kalimantan, 311, 312 seismic reflectivity volumes, 14 karst, 316, 317, 320, 324, 325, 327 seismic sedimentology, 1 life cycle of platform, 310 seismic texture mapping, 14–16 lithofacies, general, 314 semblance, of seismic traces, defined, 13 location, 311 relative to coherence, continuity and covariance, 13 Luconia Platform, relative to, 311 relative to dissemblance, 13 maximum size of platform, 318 semblance volumes, 2, 11, 13, 15, 24, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 methods, 311–312, 314 and faults, 15, 34, 37, 38 seismic facies method, 311, 314 SEPM, 288 Muda Formation, 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320 sequence stratigraphy, 4, 59, 62, 65–69, 83, 84, 91, 95, 96–98, 112, 114, 115, 116, Natuna Arch, 311, 312 125–127, 142, 155, 169, 172, 177, 187, 190, 193, 194, 198, 200, 208, 214, 215, Natuna gas field, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 324 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236, 251, 265, 272, 275, 276, 277, 309, Natuna Island, 310, 311, 313 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 318–320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, Natuna “L” structure, 310 342, 343 Northwest Borneo Trench, 311, 313 Seven Rivers Embayment, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, 92 objectives, 310 Seven Rivers rock-stratigraphic unit, 92 pedestals, 310 Shah Zarrara oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 platform evolution, 309–310, 317–327 Shanayel oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 stratigraphic evolution of, 309, 317–321 shear-wave anisotropy, 60, 75–77, 78, 80, 82–83 platform initiation and growth, controls on, 320–327 Shell Abu Dhabi, BV, 123, 169 sea level, variation of, 324–325 Shell Compañia Argentina de Petroleo, 39 sequences, stacking of, 323–324, 325, 326, 327 Shell E & P Technology Company, 86 structural movements, 320–327 Shell Exploration & Production Technology and Applied Research, 169, 183 wind, direction of, 325 Shell International Technology Applications and Research, 1, 11 platform margins, 310, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, Shell Philippines Exploration and Production BV, 39, 169, 183 326, 327 Shell Research and Technical Services, 251 aggradational, 316 Shell Technology Applications and Research, 39 backstepping, 316 Shell/Worldwide foraminifer zones, 272, 274, 279 progradation, 309, 310, 314–315, 316, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, Shenhu massif, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150 326, 327 shoal complexes, 16 history of the concept, 310 Shuaiba Formation, Middle East relative to currents, 310, 314, 323, 324, 325 Abu Dhabi, 124, 125, 126, 142, 225 relative to leeward sides of platforms, 310, 323, 324, 325 Oman, 34, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194, 199, 200, 202, 203 relative to local subsidence, 310, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327 Shuaiba shelf margin, Abu Dhabi, 125, 142 Ramba field, South Sumatra Basin, 314 Shuwaihat, Abu Dhabi, 125 sea level, curve of, 313 Silicon Graphics Corporation, 86 sedimentary rocks, major packages of, 313 Simsima rock-stratigraphic unit, Abu Dhabi, 128, 130–131, 133, 134 seismic facies, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316 “skeletonizing” of seismic images, 13 chaotic facies, 315, 316–317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325 Society of Professional Well Log Analysts (now Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log for prediction of reservoir properties, 312, 314, 315–317 Analysts), 86 identified, 314 Solid State Geophysical, 86 inclined (slope) facies, 315, 317, 319, 320, 321 South China Basin, 352 mounded facies, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321 horst-and-graben system in, 352 parallel (basinal) facies, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321 platforms in, 352 parallel (platform) facies, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321 history of, 352 progradational facies, 314–316, 318, 319, 320, 321 sea-floor spreading in, 352 seismic facies maps and platform evolution (see platform evolution, above) South China Sea, 150, 172, 175, 311, 313, 321, 331, 352 seismic sequences, 309, 310, 314 South Dagger Draw field, New Mexico, 4, 91–105

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acoustic impedance, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100–102, 103 Texaco Group, Inc. (now Chevron Texaco), 86 derived from logs and seismic data, 100–101 Texaco Philippines, Inc, 183 process of, 98, 100 texture analysis, 14–16, 17, 18 relative to lithology, 99 texture mapping, 14–16, 17, 18 borehole image logs, 91 THII zone, offshore Abu Dhabi, 126 Canyon Formation, 91, 92 Thamama B reservoir, Middle East, 34, 124, 125, 126–127, 128, 131, 133, 134 Cisco Formation, 91, 92, 103 Thamama Group, Upper, Abu Dhabi, 123–148 cumulative production, 91, 92, 102 time slices, 15, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 100, 102 data used in study of, 91, 92, 96–102 Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas, 209, 286 limitations relative to stratigraphy, 91, 92, 96–102 transparent seismic facies, general, and porosity/velocity variations, 225 depositional model, 93, 95, 100, 102 , 213 interpretation of stratigraphic framework, value of, 100 geologic model, 91, 100–102, 104 Huapache fault system, 92, 93, 94, 100 U Indian Basin gas pool, relative to, 92, 102 “oil-field karst,” 93, 96, 102 Umbria-Marche Basin, Italy, 213 exposed in outcrop, 96 Union Pacific Resources Company (now Anadarko Petroleum Corporation), 86 reservoir United Arab Emirates, 123–148, 186 compartmented, 92 University of Colorado, 59 diagenesis of, 91, 93, 96, 97, 102 University of Miami, 1, 245 dissolution of, 91, 93, 96 University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, 91 distribution of, 93, 96 UNOCAL/Sprint Energy, 86 drive, 92 Unocal Corporation, 107, 121 facies, 93, 95, 96, 97 Umm Al Dalakh field, Abu Dhabi, 125 flow units, 101 Umm Lulu field, Abu Dhabi, 125 fractures in, 91, 96 Umm Shaif field, Abu Dhabi, 125 lithology of, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 permeability, 93, 96 porosity, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 102, 103, 104 V quality of, determinants, 93–96 Vacuum field, New Mexico, 59–89. See San Andres Formation. ramp, components of, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97 Veritas DGC, Inc., 86 seismic data, resolution of Vietnam, 310 carbonate rocks compared with siliclastic rocks, 92 volume dip, 32, 36 integration with log data, necessity of, 100 volume semblance, 11, 13, 15, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36. See also semblance sequence stratigraphy, 91, 95, 96–98 volumes seismic data and, 97 volume-based attribute analysis, 48 Spraberry Dean rock-stratigraphic unit, 92, 110 structural geology, 93, 94, 100, 102, 103, 104 faults, 94, 100 W fractures, 96, 102 lineaments, 93, 102, 103 Wadi Ghul, Oman, 136 time slices, 100, 102 West Antarctica Ice Sheet, 287 trap, components of, 91, 92 West Linapacan field, Philippines, 171 well spacing, relative to variation of petrophysical properties, 100 Western Geophysical, 86, 130, 245 South Equatorial Current, 293 Williston Basin, Montana, 4, 43–57 South Lho Sukon field, Indonesia, 330 Winland equation, 59, 71–72, 86 South Sumatra Basin, 314 Winnipeg shale, Williston Basin, 43, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55 Southern Marion Platform, Australia, 6. See also under Marion Plateau, Australia Wolfcamp rock-stratigraphic unit, 92 Southeast Trade Winds, 291 Spearman rank coefficients, 50, 52 spectral frequency, slope of, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56 X for prediction of porosity, 43, 50, 54, 56 SPEX, 183 Stony Mountain Shale, Brorson field, Montana, 45 Straits of Andros, Bahamas, 209, 212, 268 Y Straits of Florida, 210, 212, 226, 283, 287 Yacoraite Formation, Argentina, 12, 34, 35 Strawn Formation, 92, 109, 110 Yates field, west Texas, 100, 161 structural geometries, 3-D imaging of, 32, 34–35 Yates rock-stratigraphic unit faults, network, imaging of, 32 Reinecke field, west Texas, 110 structural vector attributes, calculation of, 14 South Dagger Draw field, New Mexico, 92 structure-oriented filtering, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31, 32, 36, 37 Vacuum field, New Mexico, 67 Sundaland, 330 Yemen, 253 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 207, 291 Yucatan, 210 Swiss National Science Foundation, 245 synthetic seismograms, 47, 49, 52, 80, 131, 133 Z Zagros orogeny, 124 T Zakum oil field, Abu Dhabi, 125 Tansill rock-stratigraphic unit, west Texas, 92 Zhu I basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150 Tara field, Philippines, 171 Zhu II basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150 Tatum Basin, New Mexico, 108 Zhu III basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150 “Terumbu carbonate shelf,” Indonesia, 310 Zhuhai Formation, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150, 151 Terumbu Formation. See under Segitiga Platform, Indonesia Zhuhai sandstone, 159 Tethys ocean, 124, 209, 210 Zhujiang Formation, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, 150, 151, 153, 155 Texaco, Inc., 62, 245 Zhujiang Limestone, 157, 159

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