Milestones in History aod Government

Form 3

• Priscilla Kivuitu • Fungo Chenge

-- LONGHORN. PUBLISHERS expanding minds ( content)

Chapter 1: European Invasion of Africa and the process of CoIonisation...... 1 The Scramble for and Partition of Africa 1 Meaning of Scramble 1 Meaning of Partition 3 Factors that led to the Scramble for colonies in Africa 3 The Process of Partition 8 Methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa...... 12 Impact of partition...... 13 African reaction to,European colonisation 14 Resistance ....:...... 14 Maji Maji Uprising (1905-1907) 14 Samori Toure of the Mandika Empire...... 19 Lobengula of the Ndebele...... 23 Collaboration...... 27 Baganda 28 Lewanika of the Lozi kingdom 30

Chapter 2: Establishment of colonial role in ...... 34 Background to the Scramble and Partition of East Africa...... 34 The British occupation of Kenya 38 The response of the people of Kenya to the British invasion and occupation 40 Resistance 41 Nandi 41 Agiriama...... 45 Bukusu 47 Somali...... 48 Collaboration...... 48 Maasai 48 The Wanga...... 51 Mixed reactions...... 52 Akamba...... 52 Agikuyu...... 54 ® Luo...... 56 Reasons for the failure of armed resistance by Kenyan communities...... 58

Chapter 3: Colonial Administration 60 Indirect rule 60 The British in Kenya 61 The British in Nigeria 62 Direct rule 67 The British in Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)...... 67 Assimilation...... 70 The French in Senegal...... 70

Chapter 4: The Economic and Sodal developments during the colonial period in Kenya...... 74 The Kenya- Railway...... 75 Colonial Land Policies 77 Settler Farming in Kenya...... 80 Devonshire White Paper (1923)...... 84 Urbanisation...... 85 Education...... 87 Health...... 91

Chapter 5: Political developments and the struggle for Independence in Kenya (1919-1963) 95 Early Political Organisations in Kenya upto 1939...... 95 East African Association (EAA) 95 Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) 97 Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare Association...... 98 Ukamba Members Association (UMA)...... 99 Taita Hills Association (THA)...... 99 Coast African Association (CAA) 100 The emergence of Independent Churches and Schools...... 100 The Trade Union Movement...... 103 The Political Organisations and Movements in Kenya after 1945...... 106 The (KAU)...... 107 The Kenya African Study Union (KASU)...... 107 The Mau Mau Movement 108 The Kenya African National Union (KANU)...... 112 Kenya African Democratic Party (KADU) 113 African Peoples Party (APP)...... 114 The role of women in the struggle for independence 114 Constitutional changes leading to independence (1945-1963) .. 116 African Representation in the LegCo 117 The Lytteiton Constitu tion...... 117 The Lennox-Boyd Constitution...... 119 The First Lancaster House Conference (1960)...... 119 The Second Lancaster House Conference (1962)...... 120

Chapter 6: Rise of African Nationalism 123 Factors that favoured the development of African Nationalism 123 Factors that strengthened the development of African Nationalism...... 124 Nationalism in Ghana 125 Nationalism in Mozambique 127 Nationalism in 131

Chapter 7: Lives and contributions of Kenyan leaders...... 142 142 145 Ronald Gideon Ngala 149 151 155 Wangari Maathai 158

ChapterS: The formation, structure and functions of the ...... 164 Electoral Process 164 Functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya...... 171 Formation of Government 172 National Government...... 172 County Government...... 174 Structure and Functions of the National Government 174 The Legislature 175 Formation and composition 175 Functions 176 Process of law making 177 Parliamentary Supremacy...... 178 The Execu tive 179 Powers and Functions of the President...... 179 Functions of the Deputy President 180 Composition and functions of the Cabinet...... 180 Functions of the Attorney General and Director of Public Prosecution...... 181 Composition and functions of the Public Service 183 Composition and functions of National Security Organs...... 184 Kenya ...... 184 National Intelligence Services 185 National Police Service 186 Functions of Correctional Services 187 The Judiciary 188 Judicial authority and legal system 188 Structure and functions of the court system in Kenya...... 188 Judicial Service Commission 193 Concepts of the 'Rule of Law' and 'National Justice'...... 194 Rule of law 194 The Concept of Natural Justice 194 Challenges and possible solutions...... 195 National Security Organs 195 Judiciary 196 Correctional Services...... 197 Possible solutions 199

SampIe test papers and answers...... 202 Glossary 230